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Shao T, Gao Q, Ma Y, Gu J, Yu Z. Hyperforin improves matrix stiffness induced nucleus pulposus inflammatory degeneration by activating mitochondrial fission. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112444. [PMID: 38901245 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The continuously increasing extracellular matrix stiffness during intervertebral disc degeneration promotes disease progression. In an attempt to obtain novel treatment methods, this study aims to investigate the changes in nucleus pulposus cells under the stimulation of a stiff microenvironment. DESIGN RNA sequencing and metabolomics experiments were combined to evaluate the primary nucleus pulposus and screen key targets under mechanical biological stimulation. Additionally, small molecules work in vitro were used to confirm the target regulatory effect and investigate the mechanism. In vivo, treatment effects were validated using a rat caudal vertebrae compression model. RESULTS Our research results revealed that by activating TRPC6, hyperforin, a herbaceous extract can rescue the inflammatory phenotype caused by the stiff microenvironment, hence reducing intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Mechanically, it activates mitochondrial fission to inhibit PFKFB3. CONCLUSION In summary, this study reveals the important bridging role of TRPC6 between mechanical stiffness, metabolism, and inflammation in the context of nucleus pulposus degeneration. TRPC6 activation with hyperforin may become a promising treatment for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; First Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Acoustic, Optical and Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qichang Gao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; First Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Acoustic, Optical and Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; First Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Acoustic, Optical and Electromagnetic Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaao Gu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; First Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhange Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; First Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Cai J, Deng Y, Min Z, Li C, Zhao Z, Jing D. Deciphering the dynamics: Exploring the impact of mechanical forces on histone acetylation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23849. [PMID: 39096133 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400907rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Living cells navigate a complex landscape of mechanical cues that influence their behavior and fate, originating from both internal and external sources. At the molecular level, the translation of these physical stimuli into cellular responses relies on the intricate coordination of mechanosensors and transducers, ultimately impacting chromatin compaction and gene expression. Notably, epigenetic modifications on histone tails govern the accessibility of gene-regulatory sites, thereby regulating gene expression. Among these modifications, histone acetylation emerges as particularly responsive to the mechanical microenvironment, exerting significant control over cellular activities. However, the precise role of histone acetylation in mechanosensing and transduction remains elusive due to the complexity of the acetylation network. To address this gap, our aim is to systematically explore the key regulators of histone acetylation and their multifaceted roles in response to biomechanical stimuli. In this review, we initially introduce the ubiquitous force experienced by cells and then explore the dynamic alterations in histone acetylation and its associated co-factors, including HDACs, HATs, and acetyl-CoA, in response to these biomechanical cues. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate interactions between histone acetylation and mechanosensors/mechanotransducers, offering a comprehensive analysis. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the nuanced interplay between histone acetylation and mechanical forces within an academic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yudi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyuan Li
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dian Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Nagase T, Nagase M. Piezo ion channels: long-sought-after mechanosensors mediating hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy. Hypertens Res 2024:10.1038/s41440-024-01820-6. [PMID: 39103520 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in mechanobiology and the discovery of mechanosensitive ion channels have opened a new era of research on hypertension and related diseases. Piezo1 and Piezo2, first reported in 2010, are regarded as bona fide mechanochannels that mediate various biological and pathophysiological phenomena in multiple tissues and organs. For example, Piezo channels have pivotal roles in blood pressure control, triggering shear stress-induced nitric oxide synthesis and vasodilation, regulating baroreflex in the carotid sinus and aorta, and releasing renin from renal juxtaglomerular cells. Herein, we provide an overview of recent literature on the roles of Piezo channels in the pathogenesis of hypertension and related kidney damage, including our experimental data on the involvement of Piezo1 in podocyte injury and that of Piezo2 in renin expression and renal fibrosis in animal models of hypertensive nephropathy. The mechanosensitive ion channels Piezo1 and Piezo2 play various roles in the pathogenesis of systemic hypertension by acting on vascular endothelial cells, baroreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta, and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Piezo channels also contribute to hypertensive nephropathy by acting on mesangial cells, podocytes, and perivascular mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagase
- Kunitachi Aoyagien Tachikawa Geriatric Health Services Facility, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Nagase
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Richfield O, Cortez R, Navar LG. Modeling the interaction between tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic mechanisms in the control of glomerular mechanics. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1410764. [PMID: 38966231 PMCID: PMC11223525 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1410764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mechanical stresses and strains exerted on the glomerular cells have emerged as potentially influential factors in the progression of glomerular disease. Renal autoregulation, the feedback process by which the afferent arteriole changes in diameter in response to changes in blood pressure, is assumed to control glomerular mechanical stresses exerted on the glomerular capillaries. However, it is unclear how the two major mechanisms of renal autoregulation, the afferent arteriole myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), each contribute to the maintenance of glomerular mechanical homeostasis. Methods: In this study, we made a mathematical model of renal autoregulation and combined this model with an anatomically accurate model of glomerular blood flow and filtration, developed previously by us. We parameterized the renal autoregulation model based on data from previous literature, and we found evidence for an increased myogenic mechanism sensitivity when TGF is operant, as has been reported previously. We examined the mechanical effects of each autoregulatory mechanism (the myogenic, TGF and modified myogenic) by simulating blood flow through the glomerular capillary network with and without each mechanism operant. Results: Our model results indicate that the myogenic mechanism plays a central role in maintaining glomerular mechanical homeostasis, by providing the most protection to the glomerular capillaries. However, at higher perfusion pressures, the modulation of the myogenic mechanism sensitivity by TGF is crucial for the maintenance of glomerular mechanical homeostasis. Overall, a loss of renal autoregulation increases mechanical strain by up to twofold in the capillaries branching off the afferent arteriole. This further corroborates our previous simulation studies, that have identified glomerular capillaries nearest to the afferent arteriole as the most prone to mechanical injury in cases of disturbed glomerular hemodynamics. Discussion: Renal autoregulation is a complex process by which multiple feedback mechanisms interact to control blood flow and filtration in the glomerulus. Importantly, our study indicates that another function of renal autoregulation is control of the mechanical stresses on the glomerular cells, which indicates that loss or inhibition of renal autoregulation may have a mechanical effect that may contribute to glomerular injury in diseases such as hypertension or diabetes. This study highlights the utility of mathematical models in integrating data from previous experimental studies, estimating variables that are difficult to measure experimentally (i.e. mechanical stresses in microvascular networks) and testing hypotheses that are historically difficult or impossible to measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Richfield
- Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ricardo Cortez
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - L. Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Yuan X, Zhao X, Wang W, Li C. Mechanosensing by Piezo1 and its implications in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14152. [PMID: 38682304 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Piezo1 is an essential mechanosensitive transduction ion channel in mammals. Its unique structure makes it capable of converting mechanical cues into electrical and biological signals, modulating biological and (patho)physiological processes in a wide variety of cells. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the piezo1 channel plays a vital role in renal physiology and disease conditions. This review summarizes the current evidence on the structure and properties of Piezo1, gating modulation, and pharmacological characteristics, with special focus on the distribution and (patho)physiological significance of Piezo1 in the kidney, which may provide insights into potential treatment targets for renal diseases involving this ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Kliewe F, Siegerist F, Hammer E, Al-Hasani J, Amling TRJ, Hollemann JZE, Schindler M, Drenic V, Simm S, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer M, Hecker M, Völker U, Endlich N. Zyxin is important for the stability and function of podocytes, especially during mechanical stretch. Commun Biol 2024; 7:446. [PMID: 38605154 PMCID: PMC11009394 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocyte detachment due to mechanical stress is a common issue in hypertension-induced kidney disease. This study highlights the role of zyxin for podocyte stability and function. We have found that zyxin is significantly up-regulated in podocytes after mechanical stretch and relocalizes from focal adhesions to actin filaments. In zyxin knockout podocytes, we found that the loss of zyxin reduced the expression of vinculin and VASP as well as the expression of matrix proteins, such as fibronectin. This suggests that zyxin is a central player in the translation of mechanical forces in podocytes. In vivo, zyxin is highly up-regulated in patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy and in hypertensive DOCA-salt treated mice. Furthermore, zyxin loss in mice resulted in proteinuria and effacement of podocyte foot processes that was measured by super resolution microscopy. This highlights the essential role of zyxin for podocyte maintenance in vitro and in vivo, especially under mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Hammer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jaafar Al-Hasani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vedran Drenic
- NIPOKA GmbH, Center of High-End Imaging, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology; Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology; Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- NIPOKA GmbH, Center of High-End Imaging, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Ogino S, Yoshikawa K, Nagase T, Mikami K, Nagase M. Roles of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in the renal podocyte injury of experimental hypertensive nephropathy. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:747-759. [PMID: 38145990 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocyte injury plays an essential role in proteinuria pathogenesis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease, including hypertensive nephropathy. Although podocytes are susceptible to mechanical stimuli, their mechanotransduction pathways remain elusive. Piezo proteins, including Piezo1 and 2, are mechanosensing ion channels that mediate various biological phenomena. Although renal Piezo2 expression and its alteration in rodent dehydration and hypertension models have been reported, the role of Piezo1 in hypertensive nephropathy and podocyte injury is unclear. In this study, we examined Piezo1 expression and localization in the kidneys of control mice and in those of mice with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Uninephrectomized, aldosterone-infused, salt-loaded mice developed hypertension, albuminuria, podocyte injury, and glomerulosclerosis. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed that Piezo1 expression was enhanced in the podocytes, mesangial cells, and distal tubular cells of these mice compared to those of the uninephrectomized, vehicle-infused control group. Piezo1 upregulation in the glomeruli was accompanied by the induction of podocyte injury-related markers, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1. These changes were reversed by antihypertensive drug. Exposure of Piezo1-expressing cultured podocytes to mechanical stretch activated Rac1 and upregulated the above-mentioned markers, which was antagonized by the Piezo1 blocker grammostola mechanotoxin #4 (GsMTx4). Administration of Piezo1-specific agonist Yoda1 mimicked the effects of mechanical stretch, which was minimized by the Yoda1-specific inhibitor Dooku1 and Rac inhibitor. Rac1 was also activated in the above-mentioned hypertensive mice, and Rac inhibitor downregulated gene expression of podocyte injury-related markers in vivo. Our results suggest that Piezo1 plays a role in mechanical stress-induced podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoyuki Ogino
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagase
- Kunitachi Aoyagien Tachikawa Geriatric Health Services Facility, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Mikami
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Miki Nagase
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.
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8
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Schindler M, Endlich N. Zebrafish as a model for podocyte research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F369-F381. [PMID: 38205541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00335.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytes, specialized postmitotic cells, are central players in various kidney-related diseases. Zebrafish have become a valuable model system for studying podocyte biology because they are genetically easy to manipulate, transparent, and their glomerular structure is similar to that of mammals. This review provides an overview of the knowledge of podocyte biology in zebrafish larvae, with particular focus on their essential contribution to understanding the mechanisms that underlie kidney diseases as well as supporting drug development. In addition, special attention is given to advances in live-imaging techniques allowing the observation of dynamic processes, including podocyte motility, podocyte process behavior, and glomerulus maturation. The review further addresses the functional aspects of podocytes in zebrafish larvae. This includes topics such as glomerular filtration, ultrastructural analyses, and evaluation of podocyte response to nephrotoxic insults. Studies presented in this context have provided important insights into the maintenance and resistance of the glomerular filtration barrier in zebrafish larvae and explored the potential transferability of these findings to mammals such as mice, rats, and most importantly, humans. The recent ability to identify potential therapeutic targets represents a promising new way to identify drugs that could effectively treat podocyte-associated glomerulopathies in humans. In summary, this review gives an overview about the importance of zebrafish as a model for podocyte-related disease and targeted drug development. It also highlights the key role of advanced imaging techniques in transparent zebrafish larvae, improving our understanding of glomerular diseases and the significant potential for translation of these findings to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Rogg M, Maier JI, Helmstädter M, Sammarco A, Kliewe F, Kretz O, Weißer L, Van Wymersch C, Findeisen K, Koessinger AL, Tsoy O, Baumbach J, Grabbert M, Werner M, Huber TB, Endlich N, Schilling O, Schell C. A YAP/TAZ-ARHGAP29-RhoA Signaling Axis Regulates Podocyte Protrusions and Integrin Adhesions. Cells 2023; 12:1795. [PMID: 37443829 PMCID: PMC10340513 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular disease due to podocyte malfunction is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Identification of podocyte-specific signaling pathways is therefore a prerequisite to characterizing relevant disease pathways and developing novel treatment approaches. Here, we employed loss of function studies for EPB41L5 (Yurt) as a central podocyte gene to generate a cell type-specific disease model. Loss of Yurt in fly nephrocytes caused protein uptake and slit diaphragm defects. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of human EPB41L5 knockout podocytes demonstrated impaired mechanotransduction via the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. Further analysis of specific inhibition of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription factor complex by TEADi led to the identification of ARGHAP29 as an EPB41L5 and YAP/TAZ-dependently expressed podocyte RhoGAP. Knockdown of ARHGAP29 caused increased RhoA activation, defective lamellipodia formation, and increased maturation of integrin adhesion complexes, explaining similar phenotypes caused by loss of EPB41L5 and TEADi expression in podocytes. Detection of increased levels of ARHGAP29 in early disease stages of human glomerular disease implies a novel negative feedback loop for mechanotransductive RhoA-YAP/TAZ signaling in podocyte physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany (N.E.)
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Weißer
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clara Van Wymersch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karla Findeisen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna L. Koessinger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Tsoy
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (O.T.)
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (O.T.)
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Markus Grabbert
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany (N.E.)
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Kaga H, Matsumura H, Saito A, Saito M, Abe F, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Odaka M, Komatsuda A, Wakui H, Takahashi N. Comparative proteomic analysis of glomerular proteins in IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis with nephritis. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:21. [PMID: 37179321 PMCID: PMC10182656 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis with nephritis (IgAVN) are related glomerular diseases characterized by marked similarities in immunological and histological findings. We herein performed a comparative proteomic analysis of glomerular proteins in IgAN and IgAVN. METHODS We used renal biopsy specimens from 6 IgAN patients without nephrotic syndrome (NS) (IgAN-I subgroup), 6 IgAN patients with NS (IgAN-II subgroup), 6 IgAVN patients with 0-8.0% of glomeruli with crescent formation (IgAVN-I subgroup), 6 IgAVN patients with 21.2-44.8% of glomeruli with crescent formation (IgAVN-II subgroup), 9 IgAVN patients without NS (IgAVN-III subgroup), 3 IgAVN patients with NS (IgAN-IV subgroup), and 5 control cases. Proteins were extracted from laser microdissected glomeruli and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The relative abundance of proteins was compared between groups. An immunohistochemical validation study was also performed. RESULTS More than 850 proteins with high confidence were identified. A principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between IgAN and IgAVN patients and control cases. In further analyses, 546 proteins that were matched with ≥ 2 peptides were selected. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), complements (C3, C4A, C5, and C9), complement factor H-related proteins (CFHR) 1 and 5, vitronectin, fibrinogen chains, and transforming growth factor-β inducible gene-h3 were higher (> 2.6 fold) in the IgAN and IgAVN subgroups than in the control group, whereas hornerin levels were lower (< 0.3 fold). Furthermore, C9 and CFHR1 levels were significantly higher in the IgAN group than in the IgAVN group. The abundance of some podocyte-associated proteins and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) proteins was significantly less in the IgAN-II subgroup than in the IgAN-I subgroup as well as in the IgAVN-IV subgroup than in the IgAVN-III subgroup. Among the IgAN and IgAVN subgroups, talin 1 was not detected in the IgAN-II subgroup. This result was supported by immunohistochemical findings. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest shared molecular mechanisms for glomerular injury in IgAN and IgAVN, except for enhanced glomerular complement activation in IgAN. Differences in the protein abundance of podocyte-associated and GBM proteins between IgAN and IgAVN patients with and without NS may be associated with the severity of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kaga
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Matsumura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan.
| | - Ayano Saito
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masaya Saito
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Fumito Abe
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Masafumi Odaka
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Komatsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ogachi Central Hospital, Yuzawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Wakui
- Emeritus Professor, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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11
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Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Bruggeman LA, DeWalt M, Nguyen JK, O'Toole JF, Sedor JR. Essential role of Wtip in mouse development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F272-F287. [PMID: 35862649 PMCID: PMC9394782 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) has been implicated in cell junction assembly and cell differentiation and interacts with proteins in the podocyte slit diaphragm, where it regulates podocyte phenotype. To define Wtip expression and function in the kidney, we created a Wtip-deleted mouse model using β-galactosidase-neomycin (β-geo) gene trap technology. Wtip gene trap mice were embryonic lethal, suggesting additional developmental roles outside kidney function. Using β-geo heterozygous and normal mice, Wtip expression was identified in the developing kidneys, heart, and eyes. In the kidney, expression was restricted to podocytes, which appeared initially at the capillary loop stage coinciding with terminal podocyte differentiation. Heterozygous mice had an expected lifespan and showed no evidence of proteinuria or glomerular pathology. However, heterozygous mice were more susceptible to glomerular injury than wild-type littermates and developed more significant and prolonged proteinuria in response to lipopolysaccharide or adriamycin. In normal human kidneys, WTIP expression patterns were consistent with observations in mice and were lost in glomeruli concurrent with loss of synaptopodin expression in disease. Mechanistically, we identified the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 (ARHGEF12) as a binding partner for WTIP. ARHGEF12 was expressed in human podocytes and formed high-affinity interactions through their LIM- and PDZ-binding domains. Our findings suggest that Wtip is essential for early murine embryonic development and maintaining normal glomerular filtration barrier function, potentially regulating slit diaphragm and foot process function through Rho effector proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterized dynamic expression patterns of Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) and demonstrates the novel role of Wtip in murine development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu M Madhavan
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan DeWalt
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jane K Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John F O'Toole
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Koehler S, Huber TB, Denholm B. A protective role for <i>Drosophila</i> Filamin in nephrocytes via Yorkie mediated hypertrophy. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101281. [PMID: 35922155 PMCID: PMC9351128 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the kidney glomerulus and are an essential part of the filtration barrier. Because of their position, they are exposed to constant biomechanical forces such as shear stress and hydrostatic pressure. These forces increase during disease, resulting in podocyte injury. It is likely podocytes have adaptative responses to help buffer against deleterious mechanical force and thus reduce injury. However, these responses remain largely unknown. Here, using the <i>Drosophila</i> model, we show the mechanosensor Cheerio (dFilamin) provides a key protective role in nephrocytes. We found expression of an activated mechanosensitive variant of Cheerio rescued filtration function and induced compensatory and hypertrophic growth in nephrocytes depleted of the nephrocyte diaphragm proteins Sns or Duf. Delineating the protective pathway downstream of Cheerio we found repression of the Hippo pathway induces nephrocyte hypertrophy, whereas Hippo activation reversed the Cheerio-mediated hypertrophy. Furthermore, we find Yorkie was activated upon expression of active Cheerio. Taken together, our data suggest that Cheerio acts via the Hippo pathway to induce hypertrophic growth, as a protective response in abnormal nephrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Koehler
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barry Denholm
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Martin CE, Phippen NJ, Keyvani Chahi A, Tilak M, Banerjee SL, Lu P, New LA, Williamson CR, Platt MJ, Simpson JA, Krendel M, Bisson N, Gingras AC, Jones N. Complementary Nck1/2 Signaling in Podocytes Controls α Actinin-4-Mediated Actin Organization, Adhesion, and Basement Membrane Composition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1546-1567. [PMID: 35906089 PMCID: PMC9342632 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of the kidney filtration barrier requires coordinated interactions between podocytes and the underlying glomerular basement membrane (GBM). GBM ligands bind podocyte integrins, which triggers actin-based signaling events critical for adhesion. Nck1/2 adaptors have emerged as essential regulators of podocyte cytoskeletal dynamics. However, the precise signaling mechanisms mediated by Nck1/2 adaptors in podocytes remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS We generated podocytes deficient in Nck1 and Nck2 and used transcriptomic approaches to profile expression differences. Proteomic techniques identified specific binding partners for Nck1 and Nck2 in podocytes. We used cultured podocytes and mice deficient in Nck1 and/or Nck2, along with podocyte injury models, to comprehensively verify our findings. RESULTS Compound loss of Nck1/2 altered expression of genes involved in actin binding, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix composition. Accordingly, Nck1/2-deficient podocytes showed defects in actin organization and cell adhesion in vitro, with podocyte detachment and altered GBM morphology present in vivo. We identified distinct interactomes for Nck1 and Nck2 and uncovered a mechanism by which Nck1 and Nck2 cooperate to regulate actin bundling at focal adhesions via α actinin-4. Furthermore, loss of Nck1 or Nck2 resulted in increased matrix deposition in vivo, with more prominent defects in Nck2-deficient mice, consistent with enhanced susceptibility to podocyte injury. CONCLUSION These findings reveal distinct, yet complementary, roles for Nck proteins in regulating podocyte adhesion, controlling GBM composition, and sustaining filtration barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noah J Phippen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ava Keyvani Chahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manali Tilak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara L Banerjee
- Division of Oncology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peihua Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura A New
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Casey R Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew J Platt
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Division of Oncology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Jones
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Li X, Hu J, Zhao X, Li J, Chen Y. Piezo channels in the urinary system. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:697-710. [PMID: 35701561 PMCID: PMC9256749 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Piezo channel family, including Piezo1 and Piezo2, includes essential mechanosensitive transduction molecules in mammals. Functioning in the conversion of mechanical signals to biological signals to regulate a plethora of physiological processes, Piezo channels, which have a unique homotrimeric three-blade propeller-shaped structure, utilize a cap-motion and plug-and-latch mechanism to gate their ion-conducting pathways. Piezo channels have a wide range of biological roles in various human systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their antagonists and agonists, and therefore further investigation is needed. Remarkably, increasingly compelling evidence demonstrates that Piezo channel function in the urinary system is important. This review article systematically summarizes the existing evidence of the importance of Piezo channels, including protein structure, mechanogating mechanisms, and pharmacological characteristics, with a particular focus on their physiological and pathophysiological roles in the urinary system. Collectively, this review aims to provide a direction for future clinical applications in urinary system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junwei Hu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuedan Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuelai Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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Zhao W, Song S, Chu W, Li Y, Chen S, Ji Y, Chen Q, Jin X, Ji F. Disruption of hippocampal P2RX2/CaMKII/NF-κB signaling contributes to learning and memory impairment in C57BL/6 mice induced by surgery plus anesthesia in neonatal period. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112897. [PMID: 35378503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A great number of pediatric patients undergoing varied procedures make neonatal surgery plus anesthesia become a matter of great concern owing to underlying neurotoxicity in developing brain. The authors set out to assess long-term effects of surgery plus anesthesia in mouse model. Six-day-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive either anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane, abdominal surgery under the same anesthesia, or the control condition. These mice were examined of learning and memory at juvenile age in Morris water maze test. The brain tissues of mice were harvested for Western blot analysis, including purinergic receptors P2X family, CaMKII and NF-κB. Another battery of mice were administered with inhibitors of P2RX2/3 (e.g., A317491) into hippocampal dentate gyrus before behavioral testing. We found that neonatal surgery plus anesthesia, but not sevoflurane anesthesia alone, impaired the learning and memory of juvenile mice, as evidenced by delayed escape latency and reduced platform-crossing times. Immunoblotting analysis showed that behavioral abnormalities were associated with increased levels of P2RX2, phosphorylated-CaMKIIβ and activated NF-κB in mouse hippocampus. Injection of A317491 ameliorated the impaired learning and memory of juvenile mice undergoing neonatal surgery plus anesthesia, and it also mitigated the neonatal surgery-induced signaling enhancement of P2RX2/CaMKII/NF-κB. Together, these results indicate that neonatal surgery plus anesthesia may cause long-term cognitive dysfunction, with potential mechanism of increasing P2RX2 and downstream signaling of phosphorylated-CaMKII and NF-κB. Our findings will promote more studies to assess detrimental effects of surgery and accompanying inflammation, diverse anesthetics and even sleeping deprivation on mouse neurodevelopment and neurobehavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China
| | - Shaoyong Song
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Department of Pain Medicine, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215124, PR China
| | - Wei Chu
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yumeng Ji
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China; Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China.
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16
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Chen J, Wang X, He Q, Harris RC. TAZ is important for maintenance of the integrity of podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F419-F428. [PMID: 35157550 PMCID: PMC8934679 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00426.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte is an important component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and maintenance of the integrity of its highly specified structure and function is critical for normal kidney function. Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two crucial effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, and recent studies have shown that podocyte-specific YAP deletion causes podocyte apoptosis and the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis followed by progressive renal failure. In the present study, we investigated a potential role of the YAP paralog TAZ in podocytes. TAZ was found to be constitutively active in podocytes, and mice with podocyte-specific deletion of TAZ (TazpodKO) developed proteinuria starting at 4 wk of age and had increased podocyte apoptosis. Using primary cultured podocytes or immortalized mouse podocytes from Tazflox/flox mice, we found that TAZ is a transcriptional activator for TEAD-dependent expression of synaptopodin, zonula occludens-1, and zonula occludens-2. This is the first study to determine that TAZ plays an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of podocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Podocytes play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the structure and function of the kidney. We observed that mice with selective deletion of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in podocytes developed proteinuria. TAZ is constitutively active and critical for expression of synaptopodin, zonula occludens-1, and zonula occludens-2 in podocytes. The findings of this study implicate TAZ as an important mediator of podocyte structural integrity and provide further insights into the role of Hippo-Yes-associated protein/TAZ in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qian He
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C Harris
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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17
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van de Leemput J, Wen P, Han Z. Using Drosophila Nephrocytes to Understand the Formation and Maintenance of the Podocyte Slit Diaphragm. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:837828. [PMID: 35265622 PMCID: PMC8898902 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.837828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocyte slit diaphragm (SD) is an essential component of the glomerular filtration barrier and its disruption is a common cause of proteinuria and many types of kidney disease. Therefore, better understanding of the pathways and proteins that play key roles in SD formation and maintenance has been of great interest. Podocyte and SD biology have been mainly studied using mouse and other vertebrate models. However, vertebrates are limited by inherent properties and technically challenging in vivo access to the podocytes. Drosophila is a relatively new alternative model system but it has already made great strides. Past the initial obvious differences, mammalian podocytes and fly nephrocytes are remarkably similar at the genetic, molecular and functional levels. This review discusses SD formation and maintenance, and their dependence on cell polarity, the cytoskeleton, and endo- and exocytosis, as learned from studies in fly nephrocytes and mammalian podocytes. In addition, it reflects on the remaining gaps in our knowledge, the physiological implications for glomerular diseases and how we can leverage the advantages Drosophila has to offer to further our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pei Wen
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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18
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Sharma M, Singh V, Sharma R, Koul A, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Joshi T, Srivastava T. Glomerular Biomechanical Stress and Lipid Mediators during Cellular Changes Leading to Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020407. [PMID: 35203616 PMCID: PMC8962328 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperfiltration is an important underlying cause of glomerular dysfunction associated with several systemic and intrinsic glomerular conditions leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). These include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), congenital abnormalities and reduced renal mass (low nephron number). Hyperfiltration-associated biomechanical forces directly impact the cell membrane, generating tensile and fluid flow shear stresses in multiple segments of the nephron. Ongoing research suggests these biomechanical forces as the initial mediators of hyperfiltration-induced deterioration of podocyte structure and function leading to their detachment and irreplaceable loss from the glomerular filtration barrier. Membrane lipid-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their metabolites are potent transducers of biomechanical stress from the cell surface to intracellular compartments. Omega-6 and ω-3 long-chain PUFA from membrane phospholipids generate many versatile and autacoid oxylipins that modulate pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory autocrine and paracrine signaling. We advance the idea that lipid signaling molecules, related enzymes, metabolites and receptors are not just mediators of cellular stress but also potential targets for developing novel interventions. With the growing emphasis on lifestyle changes for wellness, dietary fatty acids are potential adjunct-therapeutics to minimize/treat hyperfiltration-induced progressive glomerular damage and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA;
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.K.); (V.J.S.); (T.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-816-861-4700 (ext. 58222)
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA;
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA;
| | - Arnav Koul
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.K.); (V.J.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Ellen T. McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA;
| | - Virginia J. Savin
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.K.); (V.J.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
| | - Tarak Srivastava
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.K.); (V.J.S.); (T.S.)
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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19
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Yes-associated protein reacts differently in vascular smooth muscle cells under different intensities of mechanical stretch. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:286-296. [PMID: 34983026 PMCID: PMC8791225 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are stromal cells of the vascular wall and are continually exposed to mechanical signals. The loss of VSMCs is closely related to the occurrence of many vascular diseases, such as aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection. The proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs are mechanically stimulated. Yes-associated protein (YAP), one of the core components of the Hippo pathway, plays a key role in the response of VSMCs to mechanical signals. In this study, we tested the impact of different intensities of mechanical stretch on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs, as well as YAP. We tested VSMCs’ proliferation and apoptosis and YAP reaction via immunocytochemistry, western blotting, CCK-8 and flow cytometric analysis. We found that 10% elongation could increase the phosphorylation of YAP and prevent it from entering the nucleus, as well as inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. However, 15% elongation reduced YAP phosphorylation and promoted its nuclear entry, thereby promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Accordingly, YAP knockdown suppressed the phenotype of VMSCs induced by 15% elongation. Taken together, YAP regulates proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs differently under different intensity of mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch with appropriate intensity can promote the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of VSMCs by activating YAP.
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20
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Wang Z, Fu Y, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Li X, Mouton A, Omoto ACM, Sears J, Hall JE. Transient receptor potential cation channel 6 contributes to kidney injury induced by diabetes and hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F76-F88. [PMID: 34866402 PMCID: PMC8742740 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00296.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) are major risk factors for chronic kidney injury, together accounting for >70% of end-stage renal disease. In this study, we assessed whether DM and HTN interact synergistically to promote kidney dysfunction and whether transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) contributes to this synergism. In wild-type (WT; B6/129s background) and TRPC6 knockout (KO) mice, DM was induced by streptozotocin injection to increase fasting glucose levels to 250-350 mg/dL. HTN was induced by aorta constriction (AC) between the renal arteries. AC increased blood pressure (BP) by ∼25 mmHg in the right kidney (above AC), whereas BP in the left kidney (below AC) returned to near normal after 8 wk, with both kidneys exposed to the same levels of blood glucose, circulating hormones, and neural influences. Kidneys of WT mice exposed to DM or HTN alone had only mild glomerular injury and urinary albumin excretion. In contrast, WT kidneys exposed to DM plus HTN (WT-DM + AC mice) for 8 wk had much greater increases in albumin excretion and histological injury. Marked increased apoptosis was also observed in the right kidneys of WT-DM + AC mice. In contrast, in TRPC6 KO mice with DM + AC, right kidneys exposed to the same levels of high BP and high glucose had lower albumin excretion and less glomerular damage and apoptotic cell injury compared with right kidneys of WT-DM + AC mice. Our results suggest that TRPC6 may contribute to the interaction of DM and HTN to promote kidney dysfunction and apoptotic cell injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A major new finding of this study is that the combination of moderate diabetes and hypertension promoted marked renal dysfunction, albuminuria, and apoptotic cell injury, and that these effects were greatly ameliorated by transient receptor potential cation channel 6 deficiency. These results suggest that transient receptor potential cation channel 6 may play an important role in contributing to the interaction of diabetes and hypertension to promote kidney injury.
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MESH Headings
- Albuminuria/metabolism
- Albuminuria/pathology
- Albuminuria/physiopathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Female
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Risk Factors
- TRPC6 Cation Channel/genetics
- TRPC6 Cation Channel/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yiling Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alan Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ana Carolina M Omoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jaylan Sears
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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21
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Löwen J, Gröne EF, Groß-Weißmann ML, Bestvater F, Gröne HJ, Kriz W. Pathomorphological sequence of nephron loss in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F600-F616. [PMID: 34541901 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00669.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following our previous reports on mesangial sclerosis and vascular proliferation in diabetic nephropathy (DN) (Kriz W, Löwen J, Federico G, van den Born J, Gröne E, Gröne HJ. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 312: F1101-F1111, 2017; Löwen J, Gröne E, Gröne HJ, Kriz W. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 317: F399-F410, 2019), we now describe the advanced stages of DN terminating in glomerular obsolescence and tubulointerstitial fibrosis based on a total of 918 biopsies. The structural aberrations emerged from two defects: 1) increased synthesis of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) components by podocytes and endothelial cells leading to an accumulation of GBM material in the mesangium and 2) a defect of glomerular vessels consisting of increased leakiness and an increased propensity to proliferate. Both defects may lead to glomerular degeneration. The progressing compaction of accumulated worn-out GBM material together with the retraction of podocytes out of the tuft and the collapse and hyalinosis of capillaries results in a shrunken tuft that fuses with Bowman's capsule (BC) to glomerular sclerosis. The most frequent pathway to glomerular decay starts with local tuft expansions that result in contacts of structurally intact podocytes to the parietal epithelium initiating the formation of tuft adhesions, which include the penetration of glomerular capillaries into BC. Exudation of plasma from such capillaries into the space between the parietal epithelium and its basement membrane causes the formation of insudative fluid accumulations within BC spreading around the glomerular circumference and, via the glomerulotubular junction, onto the tubule. Degeneration of the corresponding tubule develops secondarily to the glomerular damage, either due to cessation of filtration in cases of global sclerosis or due to encroachment of the insudative spaces. The degenerating tubules induce the proliferation of myofibroblasts resulting in interstitial fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Based on analysis of 918 human biopsies, essential derangement in diabetic nephropathy consists of accumulation of worn-out glomerular basement membrane in the mesangium that may advance to global sclerosis. The most frequent pathway to nephron dropout starts with the penetration of glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule (BC), delivering an exudate into BC that spreads around the entire glomerular circumference and via the glomerulotubular junction onto the tubule, resulting in glomerular sclerosis and chronic tubulointerstitial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Löwen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Wilhelm Kriz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Renal injury resulting from obesity is a growing concern caused by the global obesity epidemic. We discuss the glomerular structure, obesity-related glomerular changes, and diagnostic pathologic criteria for obesity-related glomerulopathy. The three main hypothesized mechanisms of podocyte injury are mechanical stress on the podocytes, metabolic derangement, and genetic/molecular factors. Weight loss, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, and improved insulin resistance may slow the progression. A more comprehensive understanding of obesity-related glomerulopathy will help in developing more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Giannini
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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23
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Ni L, Yuan C, Wu X. The recruitment mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of podocytes from parietal epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2021; 19:441. [PMID: 34674704 PMCID: PMC8529729 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated postmitotic cells which cannot be replaced after podocyte injury. The mechanism of podocyte repopulation after injury has aroused wide concern. Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are heterogeneous and only a specific subpopulation of PECs has the capacity to replace podocytes. Major progress has been achieved in recent years regarding the role and function of a subset of PECs which could transdifferentiate toward podocytes. Additionally, several factors, such as Notch, Wnt/ß-catenin, Wilms’ tumor-1, miR-193a and growth arrest-specific protein 1, have been shown to be involved in these processes. Finally, PECs serve as a potential therapeutic target in the conditions of podocyte loss. In this review, we discuss the latest observations and concepts about the recruitment of podocytes from PECs in glomerular diseases as well as newly identified mechanisms and the most recent treatments for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Armelloni S, Mattinzoli D, Ikehata M, Alfieri C, Belingheri M, Moroni G, Cresseri D, Passerini P, Cerutti R, Messa P. Urinary mRNA Expression of Glomerular Podocyte Markers in Glomerular Disease and Renal Transplant. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1499. [PMID: 34441433 PMCID: PMC8392587 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The research of novel markers in urinary samples, for the description of renal damage, is of high interest, and several works demonstrated the value of urinary mRNA quantification for the search of events related to renal disease or affecting the outcome of transplant kidneys. In the present pilot study, a comparison of the urine mRNA expression of specific podocyte markers among patients who had undergone clinical indication to renal transplanted (RTx, n = 20) and native (N, n = 18) renal biopsy was performed. The aim of this work was to identify genes involved in podocytes signaling and cytoskeletal regulation (NPHS1, NPHS2, SYNPO, WT1, TRPC6, GRM1, and NEUROD) in respect to glomerular pathology. We considered some genes relevant for podocytes signaling and for the function of the glomerular filter applying an alternative normalization approach. Our results demonstrate the WT1 urinary mRNA increases in both groups and it is helpful for podocyte normalization. Furthermore, an increase in the expression of TRPC6 after all kinds of normalizations was observed. According to our data, WT1 normalization might be considered an alternative approach to correct the expression of urinary mRNA. In addition, our study underlines the importance of slit diaphragm proteins involved in calcium disequilibrium, such as TRPC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Armelloni
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.A.); (D.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.A.); (D.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.A.); (D.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Carlo Alfieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Mirco Belingheri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Gabrilella Moroni
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Donata Cresseri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Patrizia Passerini
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Cerutti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (D.C.); (P.P.); (R.C.)
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25
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Höhfeld J, Benzing T, Bloch W, Fürst DO, Gehlert S, Hesse M, Hoffmann B, Hoppe T, Huesgen PF, Köhn M, Kolanus W, Merkel R, Niessen CM, Pokrzywa W, Rinschen MM, Wachten D, Warscheid B. Maintaining proteostasis under mechanical stress. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52507. [PMID: 34309183 PMCID: PMC8339670 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell survival, tissue integrity and organismal health depend on the ability to maintain functional protein networks even under conditions that threaten protein integrity. Protection against such stress conditions involves the adaptation of folding and degradation machineries, which help to preserve the protein network by facilitating the refolding or disposal of damaged proteins. In multicellular organisms, cells are permanently exposed to stress resulting from mechanical forces. Yet, for long time mechanical stress was not recognized as a primary stressor that perturbs protein structure and threatens proteome integrity. The identification and characterization of protein folding and degradation systems, which handle force-unfolded proteins, marks a turning point in this regard. It has become apparent that mechanical stress protection operates during cell differentiation, adhesion and migration and is essential for maintaining tissues such as skeletal muscle, heart and kidney as well as the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of mechanical stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- Institute for Cell BiologyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports MedicineGerman Sport UniversityCologneGermany
- Department for the Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sports ScienceUniversity of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain CenterMedical FacultyRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms UniversityBonnGermany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for GeneticsCologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) and CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
- CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Institute of Biology IIIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- LIMES‐InstituteRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms University BonnBonnGermany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI‐2: MechanobiologyForschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology and CECADUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine and Aarhus Institute of Advanced StudiesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate ImmunityUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Institute of Biology IIFaculty of Biology, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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26
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Butt L, Unnersjö-Jess D, Höhne M, Schermer B, Edwards A, Benzing T. A mathematical estimation of the physical forces driving podocyte detachment. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1054-1062. [PMID: 34332959 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of podocytes, possibly through the detachment of viable cells, is a hallmark of progressive glomerular disease. Podocytes are exposed to considerable physical forces due to pressure and flow resulting in circumferential wall stress and tangential shear stress exerted on the podocyte cell body, which have been proposed to contribute to podocyte depletion. However, estimations of in vivo alterations of physical forces in glomerular disease have been hampered by a lack of quantitative functional and morphological data. Here, we used ultra-resolution data and computational analyses in a mouse model of human disease, hereditary late-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis, to calculate increased mechanical stress upon podocyte injury. Transversal shear stress on the lateral walls of the foot processes was prominently increased during the initial stages of podocyte detachment. Thus, our study highlights the importance of targeting glomerular hemodynamics to treat glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Butt
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö-Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aurelie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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27
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Greiten JK, Kliewe F, Schnarre A, Artelt N, Schröder S, Rogge H, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Endlich K, Endlich N. The role of filamins in mechanically stressed podocytes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21560. [PMID: 33860543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001179rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular hypertension induces mechanical load to podocytes, often resulting in podocyte detachment and the development of glomerulosclerosis. Although it is well known that podocytes are mechanosensitive, the mechanosensors and mechanotransducers are still unknown. Since filamin A, an actin-binding protein, is already described to be a mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, we hypothesized that filamins could be important for the outside-in signaling as well as the actin cytoskeleton of podocytes under mechanical stress. In this study, we demonstrate that filamin A is the main isoform of the filamin family that is expressed in cultured podocytes. Together with filamin B, filamin A was significantly up-regulated during mechanical stretch (3 days, 0.5 Hz, and 5% extension). To study the role of filamin A in cultured podocytes under mechanical stress, filamin A was knocked down (Flna KD) by specific siRNA. Additionally, we established a filamin A knockout podocyte cell line (Flna KO) by CRISPR/Cas9. Knockdown and knockout of filamin A influenced the expression of synaptopodin, a podocyte-specific protein, focal adhesions as well as the morphology of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the cell motility of Flna KO podocytes was significantly increased. Since the knockout of filamin A has had no effect on cell adhesion of podocytes during mechanical stress, we simultaneously knocked down the expression of filamin A and B. Thereby, we observed a significant loss of podocytes during mechanical stress indicating a compensatory mechanism. Analyzing hypertensive mice kidneys as well as biopsies of patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy, we found an up-regulation of filamin A in podocytes in contrast to the control. In summary, filamin A and B mediate matrix-actin cytoskeleton interactions which are essential for the adaptation of cultured podocyte to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Greiten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annabel Schnarre
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Rogge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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28
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Wang X, Zhang H, Ge Y, Cao L, He Y, Sun G, Jia S, Ma A, Liu J, Rong D, Guo W. AT1R Regulates Macrophage Polarization Through YAP and Regulates Aortic Dissection Incidence. Front Physiol 2021; 12:644903. [PMID: 34305627 PMCID: PMC8299470 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.644903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is one of the most fatal cardiovascular emergency. At the anatomical level, AD occurs due to the formation of intimal tears. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a important effector in the development of cardiovascular disease that acts through binding to angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R). Yes-associated protein (YAP) was recently recognized as a key protein in macrophage activation. To determine whether AT1R and YAP are involved in macrophage-induced endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and AD incidence, we co-cultured THP-1 cells and HAECs in transwell chambers under different culture conditions and apply different conditions to the AD mice model. The results showed that Ang II promoted macrophage M1 polarization and adhesion, upregulated YAP phosphorylation, and induced EC injury that was related to increased levels of multiple pro-inflammatory chemokines. Blocking AT1R function pharmacologically or by transfection with AT1R siRNA can reduce the pro-inflammatory effect induced by Ang II. In addition, siRNA knock down of YAP expression further aggravated the pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II. Treatment with ARB effectively alleviated these pro-inflammatory effects. In the mice AD model, ARB effectively reduced the incidence of AD in mice, decreased M1 macrophages infiltration and AT1R content in the aortic wall and increased the tissue content of YAP. We found that AT1R induces YAP phosphorylation through binding to Ang II, and further promotes macrophage M1 polarization and adhesion to ECs. ARB reduces the incidence of AD in mice and affect macrophage polarization in mice aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Ge
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Cao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Senhao Jia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Rong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Platform for Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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29
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Richfield O, Cortez R, Navar LG. Simulations of increased glomerular capillary wall strain in the 5/6-nephrectomized rat. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12721. [PMID: 34192389 PMCID: PMC9285434 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chronic glomerular hypertension is associated with glomerular injury and sclerosis; however, the mechanism by which increases in pressure damage glomerular podocytes remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that increases in glomerular pressure may deleteriously affect podocyte structural integrity by increasing the strain of the glomerular capillary walls, and that glomerular capillary wall strain may play a significant role in the perpetuation of glomerular injury in disease states that are associated with glomerular hypertension. Methods We developed an anatomically accurate mathematical model of a compliant, filtering rat glomerulus to quantify the strain of the glomerular capillary walls in a remnant glomerulus of the 5/6‐nephrectomized rat model of chronic kidney disease. In terms of estimating the mechanical stresses and strains in the glomerular capillaries, this mathematical model is a substantial improvement over previous models which do not consider pressure‐induced alterations in glomerular capillary diameters in distributing plasma and erythrocytes throughout the network. Results Using previously reported data from experiments measuring the change of glomerular volume as a function of perfusion pressure, we estimated the Young's modulus of the glomerular capillary walls in both control and 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions. We found that in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions, the Young's modulus increased to 8.6 MPa from 7.8 MPa in control conditions, but the compliance of the capillaries increased in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions due to a 23.3% increase in the baseline glomerular capillary diameters. We found that glomerular capillary wall strain was increased approximately threefold in 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions over control, which may deleteriously affect both mesangial cells and podocytes. The magnitudes of strain in model simulations of 5/6‐nephrectomized conditions were consistent with magnitudes of strain that elicit podocyte hypertrophy and actin cytoskeleton reorganization in vitro. Conclusions Our findings indicate that glomerular capillary wall strain may deleteriously affect podocytes directly, as well as act in concert with other mechanical changes and environmental factors inherent to the in vivo setting to potentiate glomerular injury in severe renoprival conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Richfield
- Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ricardo Cortez
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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30
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Koehler S, Rinschen MM. A stressed barrier left behind: stochastic podocyte ablation triggers secondary injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F866-F869. [PMID: 33779312 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00109.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Koehler
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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EPB41L5 controls podocyte extracellular matrix assembly by adhesome-dependent force transmission. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108883. [PMID: 33761352 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the kidney filtration barrier essentially relies on the balanced interplay of podocytes and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Here, we show by analysis of in vitro and in vivo models that a loss of the podocyte-specific FERM-domain protein EPB41L5 results in impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. By using quantitative proteomics analysis of the secretome and matrisome, we demonstrate a shift in ECM composition characterized by diminished deposition of core GBM components, such as LAMA5. Integrin adhesome proteomics reveals that EPB41L5 recruits PDLIM5 and ACTN4 to integrin adhesion complexes (IACs). Consecutively, EPB41L5 knockout podocytes show insufficient maturation of integrin adhesion sites, which translates into impaired force transmission and ECM assembly. These observations build the framework for a model in which EPB41L5 functions as a cell-type-specific regulator of the podocyte adhesome and controls a localized adaptive module in order to prevent podocyte detachment and thereby ensures GBM integrity.
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Fukuda M, Fukuda S, Ando J, Yamamoto K, Yonemoto N, Suzuki T, Niwa Y, Inoue T, Satoh-Asahara N, Hasegawa K, Shimatsu A, Tsukahara T. Disruption of P2X4 purinoceptor and suppression of the inflammation associated with cerebral aneurysm formation. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:102-114. [PMID: 31860812 DOI: 10.3171/2019.9.jns19270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no effective therapeutic drugs for cerebral aneurysms, partly because the pathogenesis remains unresolved. Chronic inflammation of the cerebral arterial wall plays an important role in aneurysm formation, but it is not clear what triggers the inflammation. The authors have observed that vascular endothelial P2X4 purinoceptor is involved in flow-sensitive mechanisms that regulate vascular remodeling. They have thus hypothesized that shear stress-associated hemodynamic stress on the endothelium causes the inflammatory process in the cerebral aneurysm development. METHODS To test their hypothesis, the authors examined the role of P2X4 in cerebral aneurysm development by using P2X4-/- mice and rats that were treated with a P2X4 inhibitor, paroxetine, and subjected to aneurysm-inducing surgery. Cerebral aneurysms were induced by unilateral carotid artery ligation and renovascular hypertension. RESULTS The frequency of aneurysm induction evaluated by light microscopy was significantly lower in the P2X4-/- mice (p = 0.0488) and in the paroxetine-treated male (p = 0.0253) and female (p = 0.0204) rats compared to control mice and rats, respectively. In addition, application of paroxetine from 2 weeks after surgery led to a significant reduction in aneurysm size in the rats euthanized 3 weeks after aneurysm-inducing surgery (p = 0.0145), indicating that paroxetine suppressed enlargement of formed aneurysms. The mRNA and protein expression levels of known inflammatory contributors to aneurysm formation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS], and cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]) were all significantly elevated in the rats that underwent the aneurysm-inducing surgery compared to the nonsurgical group, and the values in the surgical group were all significantly decreased by paroxetine administration according to quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques and Western blotting. Although immunolabeling densities for COX-2, iNOS, and MCP-1 were not readily observed in the nonsurgical mouse groups, such densities were clearly seen in the arterial wall of P2X4+/+ mice after aneurysm-inducing surgery. In contrast, in the P2X4-/- mice after the surgery, immunolabeling of COX-2 and iNOS was not observed in the arterial wall, whereas that of MCP-1 was readily observed in the adventitia, but not the intima. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that P2X4 is required for the inflammation that contributes to both cerebral aneurysm formation and growth. Enhanced shear stress-associated hemodynamic stress on the vascular endothelium may trigger cerebral aneurysm development. Paroxetine may have potential for the clinical treatment of cerebral aneurysms, given that this agent exhibits efficacy as a clinical antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Fukuda
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Shunichi Fukuda
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
| | - Joji Ando
- 3Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu City, Tochigi
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
| | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
- 6Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto; and
| | - Youko Niwa
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
| | - Takayuki Inoue
- 7Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- 7Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute
| | | | - Akira Shimatsu
- 9Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukahara
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto
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Bersie-Larson LM, Gyoneva L, Goodman DJ, Dorfman KD, Segal Y, Barocas VH. Glomerular filtration and podocyte tensional homeostasis: importance of the minor type IV collagen network. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2433-2442. [PMID: 32462439 PMCID: PMC7606712 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The minor type IV collagen chain, which is a significant component of the glomerular basement membrane in healthy individuals, is known to assemble into large structures (supercoils) that may contribute to the mechanical stability of the collagen network and the glomerular basement membrane as a whole. The absence of the minor chain, as in Alport syndrome, leads to glomerular capillary demise and eventually to kidney failure. An important consideration in this problem is that the glomerular capillary wall must be strong enough to withstand the filtration pressure and porous enough to permit filtration at reasonable pressures. In this work, we propose a coupled feedback loop driven by filtration demand and tensional homeostasis of the podocytes forming the outer portion of the glomerular capillary wall. Briefly, the deposition of new collagen increases the stiffness of basement membrane, helping to stress shield the podocytes, but the new collagen also decreases the permeability of the basement membrane, requiring an increase in capillary transmural pressure drop to maintain filtration; the resulting increased pressure outweighs the increased glomerular basement membrane stiffness and puts a net greater stress demand on the podocytes. This idea is explored by developing a multiscale simulation of the capillary wall, in which a macroscopic (µm scale) continuum model is connected to a set of microscopic (nm scale) fiber network models representing the collagen network and the podocyte cytoskeleton. The model considers two cases: healthy remodeling, in which the presence of the minor chain allows the collagen volume fraction to be increased by thickening fibers, and Alport syndrome remodeling, in which the absence of the minor chain allows collagen volume fraction to be increased only by adding new fibers to the network. The permeability of the network is calculated based on previous models of flow through a fiber network, and it is updated for different fiber radii and volume fractions. The analysis shows that the minor chain allows a homeostatic balance to be achieved in terms of both filtration and cell tension. Absent the minor chain, there is a fundamental change in the relation between the two effects, and the system becomes unstable. This result suggests that mechanobiological or mechanoregulatory therapies may be possible for Alport syndrome and other minor chain collagen diseases of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Bersie-Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lazarina Gyoneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Goodman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kevin D Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yoav Segal
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victor H Barocas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Nils Hasselmo Hall, 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Hansen KUI, Siegerist F, Daniel S, Schindler M, Iervolino A, Blumenthal A, Daniel C, Amann K, Zhou W, Endlich K, Endlich N. Prolonged podocyte depletion in larval zebrafish resembles mammalian focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:15961-15974. [PMID: 33070374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000724r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histological pattern frequently found in patients with nephrotic syndrome that often progress to end-stage kidney disease. The initial step in development of this histologically defined entity is injury and ultimately depletion of podocytes, highly arborized interdigitating cells on the glomerular capillaries with important function for the glomerular filtration barrier. Since there are still no causal therapeutic options, animal models are needed to develop new treatment strategies. Here, we present an FSGS-like model in zebrafish larvae, an eligible vertebrate model for kidney research. In a transgenic zebrafish strain, podocytes were depleted, and the glomerular response was investigated by histological and morphometrical analysis combined with immunofluorescence staining and ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy. By intravenous injection of fluorescent high-molecular weight dextran, we confirmed leakage of the size selective filtration barrier. Additionally, we observed severe podocyte foot process effacement of remaining podocytes, activation of proximal tubule-like parietal epithelial cells identified by ultrastructural cytomorphology, and expression of proximal tubule markers. These activated cells deposited extracellular matrix on the glomerular tuft which are all hallmarks of FSGS. Our findings indicate that glomerular response to podocyte depletion in larval zebrafish resembles human FSGS in several important characteristics. Therefore, this model will help to investigate the disease development and the effects of potential drugs in a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Siegerist
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sophie Daniel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schindler
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Iervolino
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Biogem Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
Podocytopathies are kidney diseases in which direct or indirect podocyte injury drives proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome. In children and young adults, genetic variants in >50 podocyte-expressed genes, syndromal non-podocyte-specific genes and phenocopies with other underlying genetic abnormalities cause podocytopathies associated with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome or severe proteinuria. A variety of genetic variants likely contribute to disease development. Among genes with non-Mendelian inheritance, variants in APOL1 have the largest effect size. In addition to genetic variants, environmental triggers such as immune-related, infection-related, toxic and haemodynamic factors and obesity are also important causes of podocyte injury and frequently combine to cause various degrees of proteinuria in children and adults. Typical manifestations on kidney biopsy are minimal change lesions and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesions. Standard treatment for primary podocytopathies manifesting with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesions includes glucocorticoids and other immunosuppressive drugs; individuals not responding with a resolution of proteinuria have a poor renal prognosis. Renin-angiotensin system antagonists help to control proteinuria and slow the progression of fibrosis. Symptomatic management may include the use of diuretics, statins, infection prophylaxis and anticoagulation. This Primer discusses a shift in paradigm from patient stratification based on kidney biopsy findings towards personalized management based on clinical, morphological and genetic data as well as pathophysiological understanding.
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36
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Maddala R, Rao PV. Global phosphotyrosinylated protein profile of cell-matrix adhesion complexes of trabecular meshwork cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C288-C299. [PMID: 32432933 PMCID: PMC7500213 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00537.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanical properties and cell adhesive interactions of trabecular meshwork (TM) are known to impair aqueous humor drainage and elevate intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. The identity of regulatory mechanisms underlying TM mechanotransduction, however, remains elusive. Here we analyzed the phosphotyrosine proteome of human TM cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion complexes, which play a key role in sensing and transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical cues into intracellular activities, using a two-level affinity pull-down (phosphotyrosine antibody and titanium dioxide beads) method and mass spectrometry. This analysis identified ~1,000 tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins of TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes. Many consensus adhesome proteins were found to be tyrosine phosphorylated. Interestingly, several of the phosphotyrosinylated proteins found in TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes are known to be required for podocyte glomerular filtration, indicating the existence of molecular parallels that are likely relevant to the shared fluid barrier and filtration functions of the two mechanosensitive cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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37
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Blaine J, Dylewski J. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Podocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071700. [PMID: 32708597 PMCID: PMC7408282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are an integral part of the glomerular filtration barrier, a structure that prevents filtration of large proteins and macromolecules into the urine. Podocyte function is dependent on actin cytoskeleton regulation within the foot processes, structures that link podocytes to the glomerular basement membrane. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics in podocyte foot processes are complex and regulated by multiple proteins and other factors. There are two key signal integration and structural hubs within foot processes that regulate the actin cytoskeleton: the slit diaphragm and focal adhesions. Both modulate actin filament extension as well as foot process mobility. No matter what the initial cause, the final common pathway of podocyte damage is dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton leading to foot process retraction and proteinuria. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can be due to acquired causes or to genetic mutations in key actin regulatory and signaling proteins. Here, we describe the major structural and signaling components that regulate the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes as well as acquired and genetic causes of actin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Blaine
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - James Dylewski
- Renal Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Denver Health Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +303-724-4841
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38
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Srivastava T, Joshi T, Jiang Y, Heruth DP, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Novak J, Staggs VS, Alon US, Garola RE, El-Meanawy A, McCarthy ET, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Sharma R, Savin VJ, Sharma M. Upregulated proteoglycan-related signaling pathways in fluid flow shear stress-treated podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F312-F322. [PMID: 32628542 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00183.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrafiltrate flow over the major processes and cell body generates fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) on podocytes. Hyperfiltration-associated increase in FFSS can lead to podocyte injury and detachment. Previously, we showed that FFSS-induced upregulation of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-PGE2-prostaglandin E receptor 2 (EP2) axis in podocytes activates Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3β-β-catenin and MAPK/ERK signaling in response to FFSS. Integrative MultiOmics Pathway Resolution (IMPRes) is a new bioinformatic tool that enables simultaneous time-series analysis of more than two groups to identify pathways and molecular connections. In the present study, we used previously characterized COX2 [prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2)], EP2 (Ptger2), and β1-catenin (Ctnnb1) as "seed genes" from an array data set of four groups analyzed over a time course. The 3 seed genes shared 7 pathways and 50 genes of 14 pathways and 89 genes identified by IMPRes. A composite of signaling pathways highlighted the temporal molecular connections during mechanotransduction signaling in FFSS-treated podocytes. We investigated the "proteoglycans in cancer" and "galactose metabolism" pathways predicted by IMPRes. A custom-designed PCR array validated 60.7% of the genes predicted by IMPRes analysis, including genes for the above-named pathways. Further validation using Western blot analysis showed increased expression of phosho-Erbb2, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), CD44, and hexokinase II (Hk2); decreased total Erbb2, galactose mutarotase (Galm), and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4galt1); and unchanged total mTOR and AKT3. These findings corroborate our previously reported results. This study demonstrates the potential of the IMPRes method to identify novel pathways. Identifying the "proteoglycans in cancer" and "galactose metabolism" pathways has generated a lead to study the significance of FFSS-induced glycocalyx remodeling and possible detachment of podocytes from the glomerular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri.,Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics and University of Missouri Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,MU Data Science and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Mohamed H Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vincent S Staggs
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Core, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Uri S Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri, Kansas City
| | - Ashraf El-Meanawy
- Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Varun C Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ram Sharma
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri.,Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
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39
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Martin CE, New LA, Phippen NJ, Keyvani Chahi A, Mitro AE, Takano T, Pawson T, Blasutig IM, Jones N. Multivalent nephrin-Nck interactions define a threshold for clustering and tyrosine-dependent nephrin endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs236877. [PMID: 31974115 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of signaling molecules into micrometer-sized clusters is driven by multivalent protein-protein interactions, such as those found within the nephrin-Nck (Nck1 or Nck2) complex. Phosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues within the tail of the nephrin transmembrane receptor induces recruitment of the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Nck, which binds via its triple SH3 domains to various effectors, leading to actin assembly. The physiological consequences of nephrin clustering are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that nephrin phosphorylation regulates the formation of membrane clusters in podocytes. We also reveal a connection between clustering and endocytosis, which appears to be driven by threshold levels of nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation and Nck SH3 domain signaling. Finally, we expose an in vivo correlation between transient changes in nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation, nephrin localization and integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier during podocyte injury. Altogether, our results suggest that nephrin phosphorylation determines the composition of effector proteins within clusters to dynamically regulate nephrin turnover and podocyte health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laura A New
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Noah J Phippen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ava Keyvani Chahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander E Mitro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tony Pawson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ivan M Blasutig
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nina Jones
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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40
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Mechanisms of Synergistic Interactions of Diabetes and Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ER Stress. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:15. [PMID: 32016622 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-1016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the importance of synergistic interactions of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) in causing chronic kidney disease and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. RECENT FINDINGS DM and HT are the two most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The combination of HT and DM may synergistically promote the progression of renal injury through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Hyperglycemia and other metabolic changes in DM initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial (MT) adaptation in different types of glomerular cells. These adaptations appear to make the cells more vulnerable to HT-induced mechanical stress. Excessive activation of mechanosensors, possibly via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 6 (TRPC6), may lead to impaired calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and further exacerbate ER stress and MT dysfunction promoting cellular apoptosis and glomerular injury. The synergistic effects of HT and DM to promote kidney injury may be mediated by increased intraglomerular pressure. Chronic activation of mechanotransduction signaling may amplify metabolic effects of DM causing cellular injury through a vicious cycle of impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress.
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Rheault MN, Savige J, Randles MJ, Weinstock A, Stepney M, Turner AN, Parziale G, Gross O, Flinter FA, Miner JH, Lagas S, Gear S, Lennon R. The importance of clinician, patient and researcher collaborations in Alport syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:733-742. [PMID: 31044288 PMCID: PMC7096363 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes COL4A3, COL4A4 or COL4A5 and is characterised by progressive glomerular disease, sensorineural hearing loss and ocular defects. Occurring in less than 1:5000, Alport syndrome is a rare genetic disorder but still accounts for > 1% of the prevalent population receiving renal replacement therapy. There is also increasing awareness about the risk of chronic kidney disease in individuals with heterozygous mutations in Alport syndrome genes. The mainstay of current therapy is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, yet potential new therapies are now entering clinical trials. The 2017 International Workshop on Alport Syndrome in Glasgow was a pre-conference workshop ahead of the 50th anniversary meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Nephrology. It focussed on updates in clinical practice, genetics and basic science and also incorporated patient perspectives. More than 80 international experts including clinicians, geneticists, researchers from academia and industry, and patient representatives took part in panel discussions and breakout groups. This report summarises the workshop proceedings and the relevant contemporary literature. It highlights the unique clinician, patient and researcher collaborations achieved by regular engagement between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Rheault
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Judith Savige
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J. Randles
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Melissa Stepney
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Neil Turner
- Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Oliver Gross
- Clinic of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frances A Flinter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Melica ME, La Regina G, Parri M, Peired AJ, Romagnani P, Lasagni L. Substrate Stiffness Modulates Renal Progenitor Cell Properties via a ROCK-Mediated Mechanotransduction Mechanism. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121561. [PMID: 31816967 PMCID: PMC6953094 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell (SC)-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (RM) approaches may provide alternative therapeutic strategies for the rising number of patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. Embryonic SCs and inducible pluripotent SCs are the most frequently used cell types, but autologous patient-derived renal SCs, such as human CD133+CD24+ renal progenitor cells (RPCs), represent a preferable option. RPCs are of interest also for the RM approaches based on the pharmacological encouragement of in situ regeneration by endogenous SCs. An understanding of the biochemical and biophysical factors that influence RPC behavior is essential for improving their applicability. We investigated how the mechanical properties of the substrate modulate RPC behavior in vitro. We employed collagen I-coated hydrogels with variable stiffness to modulate the mechanical environment of RPCs and found that their morphology, proliferation, migration, and differentiation toward the podocyte lineage were highly dependent on mechanical stiffness. Indeed, a stiff matrix induced cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly trough a Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated mechanism. Similarly, the proliferative and migratory capacity of RPCs increased as stiffness increased and ROCK inhibition, by either Y27632 or antisense LNA-GapmeRs, abolished these effects. The acquisition of podocyte markers was also modulated, in a narrow range, by the elastic modulus and involved ROCK activity. Our findings may aid in 1) the optimization of RPC culture conditions to favor cell expansion or to induce efficient differentiation with important implication for RPC bioprocessing, and in 2) understanding how alterations of the physical properties of the renal tissue associated with diseases could influenced the regenerative response of RPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Melica
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Gilda La Regina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Parri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Julie Peired
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
- Nephrology Unit and Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Viale Morgagni 50, 50136 Florence, Italy; (M.E.M.); (A.J.P.); (P.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.L.R.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2758165
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Kliewe F, Kaling S, Lötzsch H, Artelt N, Schindler M, Rogge H, Schröder S, Scharf C, Amann K, Daniel C, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Endlich K, Endlich N. Fibronectin is up-regulated in podocytes by mechanical stress. FASEB J 2019; 33:14450-14460. [PMID: 31675484 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900978rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the central causes of kidney damage. In the past it was shown that glomerular hypertension leads to morphologic changes of podocytes and effacement and is responsible for detachment of these postmitotic cells. Because we have shown that podocytes are mechanosensitive and respond to mechanical stress by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in vitro, we look for mechanotransducers in podocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn1) might be a potential candidate. The present study shows that Fn1 is essential for the attachment of podocytes during mechanical stress. By real-time quantitative PCR as well as by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found a significant up-regulation of Fn1 caused by mechanical stretch (3 d, 0.5 Hz, and 5% extension). To study the role of Fn1 in cultured podocytes under mechanical stress, Fn1 was knocked down (Fn1 KD) by a specific small interfering RNA. Additionally, we established a Fn1 knockout (KO) podocyte cell line (Fn1 KO) by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). During mechanical stress, a significant loss of podocytes (>80%) was observed in Fn1 KD as well as Fn1 KO podocytes compared with control cells. Furthermore, Fn1 KO podocytes showed a significant down-regulation of the focal adhesion proteins talin, vinculin, and paxillin and a reduced cell spreading, indicating an important role of Fn1 in adhesion. Analyses of kidney sections from patients with diabetic nephropathy have shown a significant up-regulation of FN1 in contrast to control biopsies. In summary, we show that Fn1 plays an important role in the adaptation of podocytes to mechanical stress.-Kliewe, F., Kaling, S., Lötzsch, H., Artelt, N., Schindler, M., Rogge, H., Schröder, S., Scharf, C., Amann, K., Daniel, C., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Cohen, C. D., Endlich, K., Endlich, N. Fibronectin is up-regulated in podocytes by mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sören Kaling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henriette Lötzsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadine Artelt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Rogge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medicine Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, University Medicine Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jiang Y, Song T, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang X, Huang Z, Fan Y, Lin T. Single kidney transplantation from donors with acute kidney injury: A single-center experience. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13326. [PMID: 30770619 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a severe shortage of organ supply, patients are reluctant to accept organs from deceased donors with AKI, let alone from pediatric AKI donors. METHODS We assessed 70 patients who received kidneys from donors with AKI (10 with pediatric and 60 with adult donors) and 176 contemporaneous patients who received kidneys from non-AKI donors (41 with pediatric and 135 with adult donors) between March 2012 and February 2017 for retrospectively evaluating the clinical outcomes. RESULTS AKI was defined and staging by the RIFLE criteria and pediatric-modified RIFLE criteria. Median age was 11.00 years IQR (4.50-14.00 years), and median weight was 25.00 kg (IQR, 17.00-45.00 kg) for all pediatric donors. Median follow-up was 8 months (range, 1-49 months). Adult AKI group had the highest incidence of DGF (35.0% vs 10%, 9.8%, and 19.3%, P = 0.011). There was a significant increase in DGF in higher AKI stages (Risk: 20.7%, Injury: 46.7%, Failure: 50.0%; P = 0.014) among patients with adult donors. No significant differences were noted in 1-year (100.0%, 95.1%, 98.3%, and 97.8%; P = 0.751) and 3-year (100.0%, 95.1%, 98.3%, and 97.8%; P = 0.751) patient survival, and 1-year (90.0%, 97.6%, 98.3%, and 95.6%; P = 0.535) and 3-year (90.0%, 97.6%, 98.3%, and 95.6%; P = 0.535) graft survival. CONCLUSION Transplants procured from donors with AKI, particularly pediatric ones, could achieve excellent intermediate-term clinical outcomes and thus potentially expand the donor pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Jiang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Turun Song
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiling Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianding Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongli Huang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Odenthal J, Brinkkoetter PT. Drosophila melanogaster and its nephrocytes: A versatile model for glomerular research. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:217-240. [PMID: 31493819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular disorders are a predominant cause of chronic kidney diseases and end-stage renal failure. Especially podocytes, epithelial cells which represent the outermost part of the filtration barrier, are affected by disease and experience a gradual loss of function. Despite recent advances in identifying potential pathways underlying podocyte injury, treatment remains challenging. It is therefore desirable to employ suitable model organisms in order to study glomerular disease and elucidate affected pathways. Due to its diverse ways of genetic manipulation and high genomic conservation, Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for biomedical research. The fly was recently used to assess podocytopathies by exploiting the nephrocyte system. Nephrocytes are spherical cells within the body cavity of the fly responsible for detoxification and clearance of unwanted substances. More importantly, they share many characteristics with mammalian podocytes. Here, we summarize how to use Drosophila as a model organism for podocyte research. We discuss examples of techniques that can be used to genetically manipulate nephrocytes and provide protocols for nephrocyte isolation and for morphological as well as functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Odenthal
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Thomas Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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46
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Abstract
Kidney donors face a small but definite risk of end-stage renal disease 15 to 30 years postdonation. The development of proteinuria, hypertension with gradual decrease in kidney function in the donor after surgical resection of 1 kidney, has been attributed to hyperfiltration. Genetic variations, physiological adaptations, and comorbidities exacerbate the hyperfiltration-induced loss of kidney function in the years after donation. A focus on glomerular hemodynamics and capillary pressure has led to the development of drugs that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), but these agents yield mixed results in transplant recipients and donors. Recent work on glomerular biomechanical forces highlights the differential effects of tensile stress and fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) from hyperfiltration. Capillary wall stretch due to glomerular capillary pressure increases tensile stress on podocyte foot processes that cover the capillary. In parallel, increased flow of the ultrafiltrate due to single-nephron glomerular filtration rate elevates FFSS on the podocyte cell body. Although tensile stress invokes the RAAS, FFSS predominantly activates the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2-EP2 receptor axis. Distinguishing these 2 mechanisms is critical, as current therapeutic approaches focus on the RAAS system. A better understanding of the biomechanical forces can lead to novel therapeutic agents to target FFSS through the cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2-EP2 receptor axis in hyperfiltration-mediated injury. We present an overview of several aspects of the risk to transplant donors and discuss the relevance of FFSS in podocyte injury, loss of glomerular barrier function leading to albuminuria and gradual loss of renal function, and potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate hyperfiltration-mediated injury to the remaining kidney.
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47
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Schulz A, Müller NV, van de Lest NA, Eisenreich A, Schmidbauer M, Barysenka A, Purfürst B, Sporbert A, Lorenzen T, Meyer AM, Herlan L, Witten A, Rühle F, Zhou W, de Heer E, Scharpfenecker M, Panáková D, Stoll M, Kreutz R. Analysis of the genomic architecture of a complex trait locus in hypertensive rat models links Tmem63c to kidney damage. eLife 2019; 8:42068. [PMID: 30900988 PMCID: PMC6478434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the genetic susceptibility of complex diseases such as chronic kidney disease remains challenging. Here, we used inbred rat models of kidney damage associated with elevated blood pressure for the comprehensive analysis of a major albuminuria susceptibility locus detected in these models. We characterized its genomic architecture by congenic substitution mapping, targeted next-generation sequencing, and compartment-specific RNA sequencing analysis in isolated glomeruli. This led to prioritization of transmembrane protein Tmem63c as a novel potential target. Tmem63c is differentially expressed in glomeruli of allele-specific rat models during onset of albuminuria. Patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis exhibited specific TMEM63C loss in podocytes. Functional analysis in zebrafish revealed a role for tmem63c in mediating the glomerular filtration barrier function. Our data demonstrate that integrative analysis of the genomic architecture of a complex trait locus is a powerful tool for identification of new targets such as Tmem63c for further translational investigation. The human kidneys filter the entire volume of the blood about 300 times each day. This ability depends on specialized cells, known as podocytes, which wrap around some of the blood vessels in the kidney. These cells control which molecules leave the blood based on their size. Normally large molecules like proteins are blocked, while smaller molecules including waste products, toxins, excess water and salts pass through into the urine. If this filtration system is damaged, by high blood pressure, for example, it can lead to chronic kidney disease. A hallmark of this disease, often called CKD for short, is high levels of the protein albumin in the urine. Previous studies involving rats with high blood pressure have found several regions of the genome that contribute to high levels of albumin in the urine, including one on chromosome 6. However, this region contains several genes and it was unclear which genes affected the condition. Schulz et al. set out to narrow down the list and find specific genes that might contribute to elevated albumin in the urine of rats with high blood pressure. This search identified the gene for a protein called TMEM63c as a likely candidate. This protein spans the outer membrane of podocyte cells. Analysis of kidney biopsies showed that patients with chronic kidney disease also had low levels of this protein in their podocytes. Further experiments, this time in zebrafish, showed that reducing the activity of the gene for tmem63c led to damaged podocytes and a leakier filter in the kidneys. The results suggest that this gene plays an important role in the integrity of the kidneys filtration barrier. It is possible that faulty versions of this gene are behind some cases of chronic kidney disease. If this proves to be the case, a better understanding of the role of this gene may lead to new treatments for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schulz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Victoria Müller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Anne van de Lest
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Eisenreich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidbauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei Barysenka
- Westfälische Wilhelms University, Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Purfürst
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Advanced Light Microscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodor Lorenzen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Herlan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Witten
- Westfälische Wilhelms University, Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Rühle
- Westfälische Wilhelms University, Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, Münster, Germany
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Emile de Heer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Scharpfenecker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Panáková
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- Westfälische Wilhelms University, Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, Münster, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wei WC, Bianchi F, Wang YK, Tang MJ, Ye H, Glitsch MD. Coincidence Detection of Membrane Stretch and Extracellular pH by the Proton-Sensing Receptor OGR1 (GPR68). Curr Biol 2018; 28:3815-3823.e4. [PMID: 30471999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The physical environment critically affects cell shape, proliferation, differentiation, and survival by exerting mechanical forces on cells. These forces are sensed and transduced into intracellular signals and responses by cells. A number of different membrane and cytoplasmic proteins have been implicated in sensing mechanical forces, but the picture is far from complete, and the exact transduction pathways remain largely elusive. Furthermore, mechanosensation takes place alongside chemosensation, and cells need to integrate physical and chemical signals to respond appropriately and ensure normal tissue and organ development and function. Here, we report that ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) (aka GPR68) acts as coincidence detector of membrane stretch and its physiological ligand, extracellular H+. Using fluorescence imaging, substrates of different stiffness, microcontact printing methods, and cell-stretching techniques, we show that OGR1 only responds to extracellular acidification under conditions of membrane stretch and vice versa. The level of OGR1 activity mirrors the extent of membrane stretch and degree of extracellular acidification. Furthermore, actin polymerization in response to membrane stretch is critical for OGR1 activity, and its depolymerization limits how long OGR1 remains responsive following a stretch event, thus providing a "memory" for past stretch. Cells experience changes in membrane stretch and extracellular pH throughout their lifetime. Because OGR1 is a widely expressed receptor, it represents a unique yet widespread mechanism that enables cells to respond dynamically to mechanical and pH changes in their microenvironment by integrating these chemical and physical stimuli at the receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Fabio Bianchi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Yang-Kao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Maike D Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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Bonse J, Wennmann DO, Kremerskothen J, Weide T, Michgehl U, Pavenstädt H, Vollenbröker B. Nuclear YAP localization as a key regulator of podocyte function. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:850. [PMID: 30154411 PMCID: PMC6113334 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are crucial for the establishment of the blood-urine filtration barrier in the glomeruli of the kidney. These cells are mainly affected during glomerulopathies causing proteinuria and kidney function impairment. Ongoing podocyte injury leads to podocyte loss, finally followed by end-stage kidney disease. Podocytes display a predominant nuclear localization of YAP (Yes-associated protein), one effector protein of the Hippo pathway, which regulates the balance between proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in cells. Nuclear active YAP seems to be critical for podocyte survival in vivo and in vitro. We can show here that different treatments leading to sequestration of YAP into the cytoplasm in podocytes, like decreased rigidity of the substrate, incubation with dasatinib, or overexpression of Hippo pathway members result in the induction of apoptosis. A RNA sequencing analysis of large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) overexpressing podocytes confirmed a significant upregulation of apoptotic genes. The downregulation of Hippo pathway components suggests a feedback mechanism in podocytes. Noteworthy was the regulation of genes involved in cell–cell junction, the composition of the extracellular space, and cell migration. This suggests an influence of Hippo pathway activity on podocyte integrity. As focal segmental glomerulopathy (FSGS) goes along with an activation of the Hippo pathway in podocytes, a comparison of our data with two independent studies of transcriptional regulation in human FSGS glomeruli obtained from the Nephroseq database was performed. This comparison affirmed a multitude of consistent transcriptional changes concerning the regulation of genes influencing apoptosis and the Hippo signaling pathway as well as cell junction formation and cell migration. The link between Hippo pathway activation in podocytes and the regulation of junction and migration processes in vivo might be a fundamental mechanism of glomerular sclerosis and loss of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bonse
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Oliver Wennmann
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kremerskothen
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ulf Michgehl
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Beate Vollenbröker
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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50
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Hagmann H, Brinkkoetter PT. Experimental Models to Study Podocyte Biology: Stock-Taking the Toolbox of Glomerular Research. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:193. [PMID: 30057894 PMCID: PMC6053518 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases affecting the glomeruli of the kidney, the renal filtration units, are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Despite recent advances in the understanding of glomerular biology, treatment of these disorders has remained extraordinarily challenging in many cases. The use of experimental models has proven invaluable to study renal, and in particular, glomerular biology and disease. Over the past 15 years, studies identified different and very distinct pathogenic mechanisms that result in damage, loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) and progressive renal disease. However, animal studies and, in particular, mouse studies are often protracted and cumbersome due to the long reproductive cycle and high keeping costs. Transgenic and heterologous expression models have been speeded-up by novel gene editing techniques, yet they still take months. In addition, given the complex cellular biology of the filtration barrier, certain questions may not be directly addressed using mouse models due to the limited accessibility of podocytes for analysis and imaging. In this review, we will describe alternative models to study podocyte biology experimentally. We specifically discuss current podocyte cell culture models, their role in experimental strategies to analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms as well as limitations with regard to transferability of results. We introduce current models in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Danio rerio that allow for analysis of protein interactions, and principle signaling pathways in functional biological structures, and enable high-throughput transgenic expression or compound screens in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul T. Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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