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Huang X, Su L, Xian B, Yu Q, Zhang M, Fan J, Zhang C, Liu Y, He H, Zhong X, Li M, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family reveals a role for CsbHLH085 as a regulator of citrus bacterial canker resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131442. [PMID: 38621573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a harmful bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), negatively impacting citrus production worldwide. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family plays crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. This study aimed to identify and annotate bHLH proteins encoded in the Citrus sinensis genome and explore their involvement and functional importance in regulating CBC resistance. A total of 135 putative CsbHLHs TFs were identified and categorized into 16 subfamilies. Their chromosomal locations, collinearity, and phylogenetic relationships were comprehensively analyzed. Upon Xcc strain YN1 infection, certain CsbHLHs were differentially regulated in CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive citrus varieties. Among these, CsbHLH085 was selected for further functional characterization. CsbHLH085 was upregulated in the CBC-resistant citrus variety, was localized in the nucleus, and had a transcriptional activation activity. CsbHLH085 overexpression in Citrus significantly enhanced CBC resistance, accompanied by increased levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, CsbHLH085 virus-induced gene silencing resulted in opposite phenotypic and biochemical responses. CsbHLH085 silencing also affected the expression of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling genes involved in SA, JA, and ABA signaling. These findings highlight the crucial role of CsbHLH085 in regulating CBC resistance, suggesting its potential as a target for biotechnological-assisted breeding citrus varieties with improved resistance against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liyan Su
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Houzheng He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Man Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Fan J, Xian B, Huang X, Yu Q, Zhang M, Zhang C, Jia R, Chen S, He Y, Li Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis) GATA Family Reveals a Role for CsGATA12 as a Regulator of Citrus Bacterial Canker Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2924. [PMID: 38474170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a severe bacterial infection caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which continues to adversely impact citrus production worldwide. Members of the GATA family are important regulators of plant development and regulate plant responses to particular stressors. This report aimed to systematically elucidate the Citrus sinensis genome to identify and annotate genes that encode GATAs and evaluate the functional importance of these CsGATAs as regulators of CBC resistance. In total, 24 CsGATAs were identified and classified into four subfamilies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, collinear relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains for each of these GATA family members were also evaluated. It was observed that Xcc infection induced some CsGATAs, among which CsGATA12 was chosen for further functional validation. CsGATA12 was found to be localized in the nucleus and was differentially upregulated in the CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive Kumquat and Wanjincheng citrus varieties. When transiently overexpressed, CsGATA12 significantly reduced CBC resistance with a corresponding increase in abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzyme levels. These alterations were consistent with lower levels of salicylic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the bacteria-induced CsGATA12 gene silencing yielded the opposite phenotypic outcomes. This investigation highlights the important role of CsGATA12 in regulating CBC resistance, underscoring its potential utility as a target for breeding citrus varieties with superior phytopathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Baohang Xian
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyuan Yu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ruirui Jia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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Fodor J, Nagy JK, Király L, Mészáros K, Bányai J, Cséplő MK, Schwarczinger I, Künstler A. Heat Treatments at Varying Ambient Temperatures and Durations Differentially Affect Plant Defense to Blumeria hordei in a Resistant and a Susceptible Hordeum vulgare Line. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:418-426. [PMID: 37665321 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0191-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research showed that a powdery mildew resistant barley line (MvHV07-17) maintains its resistance to Blumeria hordei (Bh) even if plants are exposed to a long-term high temperature of 35°C for 120 h before Bh inoculation, whereas such high temperature pretreatment further increases susceptibility to infection in the susceptible barley line MvHV118-17. In the present study, we extended this approach using short-term high-temperature water treatment (49°C for 30 s) to determine how it affects powdery mildew resistance in these barley lines. We found that this short-term heat shock (HS) impaired plant defense responses, as reflected by development of Bh colonies and visible necrotic spots on leaves of MvHV07-17, which does not develop visible symptoms upon Bh inoculation under optimal growth conditions. In contrast, both HS and long-term heat stress enhanced susceptibility to Bh in MvHV118-17 plants. These results were supported by the measurement of Bh biomass using a qPCR method. Furthermore, microscopic examinations showed that HS elevated the rate of successful Bh penetration events and the spread of cell death in the surrounding mesophyll area and allowed for colony formation and sporulation in resistant barley, whereas early and effective plant defense responses, such as papilla formation and single-cell epidermal hypersensitive response, were significantly reduced. Furthermore, we found that the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in both resistant and susceptible barley was correlated with susceptibility induced by HS and long-term heat-stress. This study may contribute to a better understanding of plant defense responses to Bh in barley exposed to heat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Fodor
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Mészáros
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Judit Bányai
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Mónika Károlyiné Cséplő
- Cereal Breeding Department, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-2462, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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GmWAK1, Novel Wall-Associated Protein Kinase, Positively Regulates Response of Soybean to Phytophthora sojae Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010798. [PMID: 36614246 PMCID: PMC9821614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot is a destructive soybean disease worldwide, which is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae). Wall-associated protein kinase (WAK) genes, a family of the receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) genes, play important roles in the plant signaling pathways that regulate stress responses and pathogen resistance. In our study, we found a putative Glycine max wall-associated protein kinase, GmWAK1, which we identified by soybean GmLHP1 RNA-sequencing. The expression of GmWAK1 was significantly increased by P. sojae and salicylic acid (SA). Overexpression of GmWAK1 in soybean significantly improved resistance to P. sojae, and the levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), SA, and SA-biosynthesis-related genes were markedly higher than in the wild-type (WT) soybean. The activities of enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) antioxidants in GmWAK1-overexpressing (OE) plants were significantly higher than those in in WT plants treated with P. sojae; reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation was considerably lower in GmWAK1-OE after P. sojae infection. GmWAK1 interacted with annexin-like protein RJ, GmANNRJ4, which improved resistance to P. sojae and increased intracellular free-calcium accumulation. In GmANNRJ4-OE transgenic soybean, the calmodulin-dependent kinase gene GmMPK6 and several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were constitutively activated. Collectively, these results indicated that GmWAK1 interacts with GmANNRJ4, and GmWAK1 plays a positive role in soybean resistance to P. sojae via a process that might be dependent on SA and involved in alleviating damage caused by oxidative stress.
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Chai M, Fan R, Huang Y, Jiang X, Wai MH, Yang Q, Su H, Liu K, Ma S, Chen Z, Wang F, Qin Y, Cai H. GmbZIP152, a Soybean bZIP Transcription Factor, Confers Multiple Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810935. [PMID: 36142886 PMCID: PMC9505269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important food crops in the world. However, with the environmental change in recent years, many environmental factors like drought, salinity, heavy metal, and disease seriously affected the growth and development of soybean, causing substantial economic losses. In this study, we screened a bZIP transcription factor gene, GmbZIP152, which is significantly induced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum), phytohormones, salt-, drought-, and heavy metal stresses in soybean. We found that overexpression of GmbZIP152 in Arabidopsis (OE-GmbZIP152) enhances the resistance to S. sclerotiorum and the tolerance of salt, drought, and heavy metal stresses compared to wild-type (WT). The antioxidant enzyme related genes (including AtCAT1, AtSOD, and AtPOD1) and their enzyme activities are induced by S. sclerotiorum, salt, drought, and heavy metal stress in OE-GmbZIP152 compared to WT. Furthermore, we also found that the expression level of biotic- and abiotic-related marker genes (AtLOX6, AtACS6, AtERF1, and AtABI2, etc.) were increased in OE-GmbZIP152 compared to WT under S. sclerotiorum and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we performed a Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and found that GmbZIP152 could directly bind to promoters of ABA-, JA-, ETH-, and SA-induced biotic- and abiotic-related genes in soybean. Altogether, GmbZIP152 plays an essential role in soybean response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Chai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongbin Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaohu Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Myat Hnin Wai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Han Su
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kaichuang Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Suzhuo Ma
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Pingtan Science and Technology Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350400, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (H.C.)
| | - Hanyang Cai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (H.C.)
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Sun Y, Luo M, Ge W, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Wei B, Cheng S, Ji S. Phenylpropanoid metabolism in relation to peel browning development of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111363. [PMID: 35750293 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears are susceptible to peel browning during subsequent shelf life. In this study, 'Nanguo' pears were cold-stored for different periods to elucidate the metabolism of phenylpropanoid accompanying browning. Changes in phenolics and flavonoids and the crucial enzyme activity and related gene expression involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were monitored. It was found that the fruit that underwent long-term storage showed peel browning symptoms prior to softening, and the symptom got worse with increasing shelf life. Meanwhile, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decrease of ROS scavenging ability were noted. The content of phenolics and flavonoids and the activity and expression of shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway decreased with prolonged storage. Correlation analysis revealed that browning was positively correlated with ROS accumulation, and the content of phenolics and flavonoids directly affected ROS scavenging ability. In addition, the decrease in phenolics and flavonoids might be owing to the reduced activity of SKDH, PAL, and 4CL and the down-regulated expression of PuPAL and Pu4CL. Collectively, this study indicated that the metabolism of phenylpropanoid is associated with the browning response induced by low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manli Luo
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanying Ge
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baodong Wei
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunchang Cheng
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shujuan Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Gupta A, Awasthi P, Sharma N, Parveen S, Vats RP, Singh N, Kumar Y, Goel A, Chandran D. Medicarpin confers powdery mildew resistance in Medicago truncatula and activates the salicylic acid signalling pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:966-983. [PMID: 35263504 PMCID: PMC9190973 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe pisi is an economically important disease of legumes. Legumes are rich in isoflavonoids, a class of secondary metabolites whose role in PM resistance is ambiguous. Here we show that the pterocarpan medicarpin accumulates at fungal infection sites, as analysed by fluorescein-tagged medicarpin, and provides penetration and post-penetration resistance against E. pisi in Medicago truncatula in part through the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway. Comparative gene expression and metabolite analyses revealed an early induction of isoflavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation of the defence phytohormones SA and jasmonic acid (JA) in the highly resistant M. truncatula genotype A17 but not in moderately susceptible R108 in response to PM infection. Pretreatment of R108 leaves with medicarpin increased SA levels, SA-associated gene expression, and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide at PM infection sites, and reduced fungal penetration and colony formation. Strong parallels in the levels of medicarpin and SA, but not JA, were observed on medicarpin/SA treatment pre- or post-PM infection. Collectively, our results suggest that medicarpin and SA may act in concert to restrict E. pisi growth, providing new insights into the metabolic and signalling pathways required for PM resistance in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Pallavi Awasthi
- Medicinal and Process ChemistryCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Neha Sharma
- Advanced Technology Platform Centre, Regional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Sajiya Parveen
- Medicinal and Process ChemistryCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Ravi P. Vats
- Medicinal and Process ChemistryCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Advanced Technology Platform Centre, Regional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadHaryanaIndia
- Present address:
Institute of Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology InstituteNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Atul Goel
- Medicinal and Process ChemistryCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchGhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
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Balotf S, Wilson R, Nichols DS, Tegg RS, Wilson CR. Multi-omics reveals mechanisms of resistance to potato root infection by Spongospora subterranea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10804. [PMID: 35752627 PMCID: PMC9233701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Spongospora subterranea infects potato roots and developing tubers resulting in tuber yield and quality losses. Currently, there are no fully effective treatments for disease control. Host resistance is an important tool in disease management and understanding the molecular mechanisms of defence responses in roots of potato plants is required for the breeding of novel resistant cultivars. Here, we integrated transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to uncover these mechanisms underlying S. subterranea resistance in potato roots. This multi-omics approach identified upregulation of glutathione metabolism at the levels of RNA and protein in the resistant cultivar but not in the susceptible cultivar. Upregulation of the lignin metabolic process, which is an important component of plant defence, was also specific to the resistant cultivar at the transcriptome level. In addition, the inositol phosphate pathway was upregulated in the susceptible cultivar but downregulated in the resistant cultivar in response to S. subterranea infection. We provide large-scale multi-omics data of Spongospora-potato interaction and suggest an important role of glutathione metabolism in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia.
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Adhikary D, Mehta D, Uhrig RG, Rahman H, Kav NNV. A Proteome-Level Investigation Into Plasmodiophora brassicae Resistance in Brassica napus Canola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860393. [PMID: 35401597 PMCID: PMC8988049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot of Brassicaceae, an economically important soil borne disease, is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, an obligate, biotrophic protist. This disease poses a serious threat to canola and related crops in Canada and around the globe causing significant losses. The pathogen is continuously evolving and new pathotypes are emerging, which necessitates the development of novel resistant canola cultivars to manage the disease. Proteins play a crucial role in many biological functions and the identification of differentially abundant proteins (DAP) using proteomics is a suitable approach to understand plant-pathogen interactions to assist in the development of gene specific markers for developing clubroot resistant (CR) cultivars. In this study, P. brassicae pathotype 3 (P3H) was used to challenge CR and clubroot susceptible (CS) canola lines. Root samples were collected at three distinct stages of pathogenesis, 7-, 14-, and 21-days post inoculation (DPI), protein samples were isolated, digested with trypsin and subjected to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 937 proteins demonstrated a significant (q-value < 0.05) change in abundance in at least in one of the time points when compared between control and inoculated CR-parent, CR-progeny, CS-parent, CS-progeny and 784 proteins were significantly (q < 0.05) changed in abundance in at least in one of the time points when compared between the inoculated- CR and CS root proteomes of parent and progeny across the three time points tested. Functional annotation of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) revealed several proteins related to calcium dependent signaling pathways. In addition, proteins related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) biochemistry, dehydrins, lignin, thaumatin, and phytohormones were identified. Among the DAPs, 73 putative proteins orthologous to CR proteins and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with eight CR loci in different chromosomes including chromosomes A3 and A8 were identified. Proteins including BnaA02T0335400WE, BnaA03T0374600WE, BnaA03T0262200WE, and BnaA03T0464700WE are orthologous to identified CR loci with possible roles in mediating clubroot responses. In conclusion, these results have contributed to an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in mediating response to P. brassicae in canola at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Adhikary
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Devang Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R. Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nat N. V. Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nat N. V. Kav,
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10
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Yuan H, Jin C, Pei H, Zhao L, Li X, Li J, Huang W, Fan R, Liu W, Shen QH. The Powdery Mildew Effector CSEP0027 Interacts With Barley Catalase to Regulate Host Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733237. [PMID: 34567043 PMCID: PMC8458882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important fungal pathogen diseases. The genome of barley mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), encodes a large number of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). So far, the function and mechanism of most CSEPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a Bgh effector CSEP0027, a member of family 41, triggering cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CSEP0027 contains a functional signal peptide (SP), verified by yeast secretion assay. We show that CSEP0027 promotes Bgh virulence in barley infection using transient gene expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Barley catalase HvCAT1 is identified as a CSEP0027 interactor by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction is verified in yeast, in vitro and in vivo. The coexpression of CSEP0027 and HvCAT1 in barley cells results in altered localization of HvCAT1 from the peroxisome to the nucleus. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-silencing and transiently-induced gene silencing (TIGS) assays reveal that HvCAT1 is required for barley immunity against Bgh. We propose that CSEP0027 interacts with barley HvCAT1 to regulate the host immunity and likely reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to promote fungal virulence during barley infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Stotz HU, Brotherton D, Inal J. Communication is key: Extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host-microbe interactions in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6358524. [PMID: 34448857 PMCID: PMC8767456 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik U Stotz
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Dominik Brotherton
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Jameel Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
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12
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Šečić E, Kogel KH, Ladera-Carmona MJ. Biotic stress-associated microRNA families in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153451. [PMID: 34119743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals utilize various regulatory mechanisms for control of gene expression during development in different tissues and cell types. About 30 years ago, a new mechanism of gene regulation, termed RNA interference (RNAi), was discovered and proved revolutionary for the mechanistic understanding of gene regulation. Noncoding RNAs, including short, 21-24 nucleotide (nt) long microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenously-generated from MIR genes, are key components of RNAi processes, by post-transcriptionally controlling transcripts with antisense complementarity through either translational repression or mRNA degradation. Since their discovery, important roles in regulation of ontogenetic development, cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in eukaryotes have been elucidated. In plants, miRNAs are known regulatory elements of basic endogenous functions and responses to the environmental stimuli. While the role of miRNAs in regulation of nutrient uptake, circadian clock and general response to abiotic stress is already well understood, a comprehensive understanding of their immune-regulatory roles in response to various biotic stress factors has not yet been achieved. This review summarizes the current understanding of the function of miRNAs and their targets in plants during interaction with microbial pathogens and symbionts. Additionally, we provide a consensus conclusion regarding the typical induction or repression response of conserved miRNA families to pathogenic and beneficial fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes, as well as an outlook of agronomic application of miRNAs in plants. Further investigation of plant miRNAs responsive to microbes, aided with novel sequencing and bioinformatics approaches for discovery and prediction in non-model organisms holds great potential for development of new forms of plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Šečić
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Maria Jose Ladera-Carmona
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Li Z, She Z, Chai M, Aslam M, He Q, Huang Y, Chen F, Chen H, Song S, Wang B, Cai H, Qin Y. The bZIP transcription factor GmbZIP15 facilitates resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora sojae infection in soybean. iScience 2021; 24:102642. [PMID: 34151234 PMCID: PMC8188564 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean, one of the most valuable oilseed crops, is under constant pressure from pathogens. bZIP transcription factors (TFs) composing one of the largest TF families in plants have diverse functions. Biochemical and physiological analyses were performed to characterize the regulatory roles of soybean bZIP TF GmbZIP15 in response to pathogens. We found that transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmbZIP15 has increased resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora sojae. Besides, GmbZIP15 regulates pathogen response by modulating the antioxidant defense system and phytohormone signaling. In addition, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify the downstream genes of GmbZIP15 in response to S. sclerotiorum and found that GmbZIP15 can activate or repress the expression of defense-related genes through direct promoter binding. Taken together, these results indicate that GmbZIP15 plays a positive role in pathogen resistance in soybean, and this activity may be dependent on phytohormone signaling. GmbZIP15 improves resistance against pathogen GmbZIP15 modulates the antioxidant defense system GmbZIP15 regulates phytohormone signaling GmbZIP15 can direct bind to G-box
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zixian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyuan She
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengnan Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fangqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shikui Song
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Lab of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Plant Protection, College of Life Sciences, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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14
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Wang S, Liu L, Mi X, Zhao S, An Y, Xia X, Guo R, Wei C. Multi-omics analysis to visualize the dynamic roles of defense genes in the response of tea plants to gray blight. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:862-875. [PMID: 33595875 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gray blight (GB) is one of the most destructive diseases of tea plants, causing considerable damage and productivity losses; however, the dynamic roles of defense genes during pathogen infection remain largely unclear. To explore the numerous molecular interactions associated with GB stress in tea plants, we employed transcriptome, sRNAome and degradome sequencing from 1 to 13 days post-inoculation (dpi) at 3-day intervals. The transcriptomics results showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to flavonoid synthesis, such as chalcone synthase (CHS) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were particularly induced at 4 dpi. Consistent with this, the contents of catechins (especially gallocatechin), which are the dominant flavonoids in tea plants, also increased in the leaves of tea plants infected with GB. Combined analysis of the sRNAome and degradome revealed that microRNAs could mediate tea plant immunity by regulating DEG expression at the post-transcriptional level. Co-expression network analysis demonstrated that miR530b-ethylene responsive factor 96 (ERF96) and miRn211-thaumatin-like protein (TLP) play crucial roles in the response to GB. Accordingly, gene-specific antisense oligonucleotide assays suggested that suppressing ERF96 decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas suppressing TLP increased the levels of ROS. Furthermore, ERF96 was induced, but TLP was suppressed, in susceptible tea cultivars. Our results collectively demonstrate that ERF96 is a negative regulator and TLP is a positive regulator in the response of tea plants to GB. Taken together, our comprehensive integrated analysis reveals a dynamic regulatory network linked to GB stress in tea plants and provides candidate genes for improvement of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shiqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanlin An
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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15
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Wang B, He X, Bi Y, Jiang H, Wang Y, Zheng X, Prusky D. Preharvest sprays with sodium nitroprusside induce resistance in harvested muskmelon against the pink rot disease. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Xingfen He
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce Agricultural Research Organization Rishon LeZion Israel
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16
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Reilly A, Karki SJ, Twamley A, Tiley AMM, Kildea S, Feechan A. Isolate-Specific Responses of the Nonhost Grass Brachypodium distachyon to the Fungal Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici Compared with Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:356-368. [PMID: 32720875 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-20-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is an important foliar disease of wheat that is caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The grass Brachypodium distachyon has been used previously as a model system for cereal-pathogen interactions. In this study, we examined the nonhost resistance (NHR) response of B. distachyon to two different Z. tritici isolates in comparison with wheat. These isolates vary in aggressiveness on wheat cultivar Remus, displaying significant differences in disease and pycnidia coverage. Using microscopy, we found that similar isolate-specific responses were observed for hydrogen peroxide accumulation and cell death in both wheat and B. distachyon. Despite this, induction of isolate-specific patterns of defense gene expression by Z. tritici did differ between B. distachyon and wheat. Our results suggest that expression of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase PAL gene may be important for NHR in B. distachyon, while pathogenesis-related PR genes and expression of genes regulating reactive oxygen species may be important to limit disease in wheat. Future studies of the B. distachyon-Z. tritici interaction may allow identification of conserved plant immunity targets that are responsible for the isolate-specific responses observed in both plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Reilly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sujit Jung Karki
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anthony Twamley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna M M Tiley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, County Carlow, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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18
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Li Q, Qin X, Qi J, Dou W, Dunand C, Chen S, He Y. CsPrx25, a class III peroxidase in Citrus sinensis, confers resistance to citrus bacterial canker through the maintenance of ROS homeostasis and cell wall lignification. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:192. [PMID: 33328465 PMCID: PMC7705758 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) results from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) infection and poses a grave threat to citrus production. Class III peroxidases (CIII Prxs) are key proteins to the environmental adaptation of citrus plants to a range of exogenous pathogens, but the role of CIII Prxs during plant resistance to CBC is poorly defined. Herein, we explored the role of CsPrx25 and its contribution to plant defenses in molecular detail. Based on the expression analysis, CsPrx25 was identified as an apoplast-localized protein that is differentially regulated by Xcc infection, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmone acid in the CBC-susceptible variety Wanjincheng (C. sinensis) and the CBC-resistant variety Calamondin (C. madurensis). Transgenic Wanjincheng plants overexpressing CsPrx25 were generated, and these transgenic plants exhibited significantly increased CBC resistance compared with the WT plants. In addition, the CsPrx25-overexpressing plants displayed altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis accompanied by enhanced H2O2 levels, which led to stronger hypersensitivity responses during Xcc infection. Moreover, the overexpression of CsPrx25 enhanced lignification as an apoplastic barrier for Xcc infection. Taken together, the results highlight how CsPrx25-mediated ROS homeostasis reconstruction and cell wall lignification can enhance the resistance of sweet orange to CBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Wanfu Dou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China.
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Martins D, Araújo SDS, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Legume Crops and Biotrophic Pathogen Interactions: A Continuous Cross-Talk of a Multilayered Array of Defense Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1460. [PMID: 33137969 PMCID: PMC7692723 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Legume species are recognized for their nutritional benefits and contribution to the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, their production is threatened by biotic constraints with devastating impacts on crop yield. A deep understanding of the molecular and genetic architecture of resistance sources culminating in immunity is critical to assist new biotechnological approaches for plant protection. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the major plant immune system components of grain and forage legumes challenged with obligate airborne biotrophic fungi will be comprehensively evaluated and discussed while identifying future directions of research. To achieve this, we will address the multi-layered defense strategies deployed by legume crops at the biochemical, molecular, and physiological levels, leading to rapid pathogen recognition and carrying the necessary information to sub-cellular components, on-setting a dynamic and organized defense. Emphasis will be given to recent approaches such as the identification of critical components of host decentralized immune response negatively regulated by pathogens while targeting the loss-of-function of susceptibility genes. We conclude that advances in gene expression analysis in both host and pathogen, protocols for effectoromics pipelines, and high-throughput disease phenomics platforms are rapidly leading to a deeper understanding of the intricate host-pathogen interaction, crucial for efficient disease resistance breeding initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Rua Nossa Senhora da Conceição, 2, Lagares, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
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20
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Hückelhoven R. Regulation and Functions of ROP GTPases in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Cells 2020; 9:E2016. [PMID: 32887298 PMCID: PMC7565977 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho proteins of plants (ROPs) form a specific clade of Rho GTPases, which are involved in either plant immunity or susceptibility to diseases. They are intensively studied in grass host plants, in which ROPs are signaling hubs downstream of both cell surface immune receptor kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors, which activate major branches of plant immune signaling. Additionally, invasive fungal pathogens may co-opt the function of ROPs for manipulation of the cytoskeleton, cell invasion and host cell developmental reprogramming, which promote pathogenic colonization. Strikingly, mammalian bacterial pathogens also initiate both effector-triggered susceptibility for cell invasion and effector-triggered immunity via Rho GTPases. In this review, we summarize central concepts of Rho signaling in disease and immunity of plants and briefly compare them to important findings in the mammalian research field. We focus on Rho activation, downstream signaling and cellular reorganization under control of Rho proteins involved in disease progression and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.E.); (A.T.)
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21
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Mirzahosseini Z, Shabani L, Sabzalian MR. LED lights increase an antioxidant capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana under wound-induced stresses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:853-864. [PMID: 32553085 DOI: 10.1071/fp19343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparison among four light emitting diode (LED) lights including red LED (R), blue LED (B), red (70%) + blue (30%) LED (RB) and white LED (W) as well as fluorescent (F) light was made on antioxidative capacity of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. in response to wounding. Under wound-stress condition, LED-exposed plants, especially RB-irradiated plants, maintained significantly higher shoot dry weight and antioxidant enzymes activities compared with those irradiated with fluorescent lights. The highest amounts of both chlorophyll a and b were observed in the leaves treated with B light. Also, the concentration of H2O2 was higher under the condition of RB and B lights compared with the other light environments. The highest amount of malondialdehyde was measured in plants exposed to F and B lights. Similarly, wounded leaves under F and B light conditions showed the maximum lipoxygenase activity, whereas R-exposed leaves had the lowest lipoxygenase activity. In contrast, the highest level of phenolic compounds was found in R and RB exposed leaves in response to wounding. Among the five light treatments, RB and B lights were more effective in stimulating anthocyanin synthesis; however, RB-exposed plants were more efficient in the late-induction of the PAL gene (phenylalanine ammonia lyase catalyses the first step of the general phenylpropanoid pathway). Collectively, we reasoned that RB light condition gives a superior capacity to Arabidopsis thaliana to tolerate wound-stress. Also, we propose the probable signalling role of ROS in light-stimulated wound responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mirzahosseini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; and Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; and Corresponding author. ;
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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22
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Li Q, Hu A, Qi J, Dou W, Qin X, Zou X, Xu L, Chen S, He Y. CsWAKL08, a pathogen-induced wall-associated receptor-like kinase in sweet orange, confers resistance to citrus bacterial canker via ROS control and JA signaling. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:42. [PMID: 32257228 PMCID: PMC7109087 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a disease resulting from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) infection and poses a grave threat to citrus production worldwide. Wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKLs) are proteins with a central role in resisting a range of fungal and bacterial diseases. The roles of WAKLs in the context of CBC resistance, however, remain unclear. Here, we explored the role of CsWAKL08, which confers resistance to CBC, and we additionally analyzed the molecular mechanisms of CsWAKL08-mediated CBC resistance. Based on systematic annotation and induced expression analysis of the CsWAKL family in Citrus sinensis, CsWAKL08 was identified as a candidate that can be upregulated by Xcc infection in the CBC-resistant variety. CsWAKL08 can also be induced by the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and spans the plasma membrane. Overexpression of CsWAKL08 resulted in strong CBC resistance in transgenic sweet oranges, whereas silencing of CsWAKL08 resulted in susceptibility to CBC. The peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced in the CsWAKL08-overexpressing plants compared to the control plants, thereby mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the transgenic plants. Moreover, the JA levels and the expression of JA biosynthesis and JA responsive genes were substantially elevated in the CsWAKL08 overexpression plants relative to the controls upon Xcc infection. Based on these findings, we conclude that the wall-associated receptor-like kinase CsWAKL08 positively regulates CBC resistance through a mechanism involving ROS control and JA signaling. These results further highlight the importance of this kinase family in plant pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Anhua Hu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Wanfu Dou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Xiuping Zou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Lanzhen Xu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712 China
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24
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Zhang C, Gao H, Li R, Han D, Wang L, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S. GmBTB/POZ, a novel BTB/POZ domain-containing nuclear protein, positively regulates the response of soybean to Phytophthora sojae infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:78-91. [PMID: 30113770 PMCID: PMC6430474 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a destructive pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] which causes stem and root rot on soybean plants worldwide. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of plant defence responses against P. sojae are largely unclear. Herein, we document the underlying mechanisms and function of a novel BTB/POZ protein, GmBTB/POZ, which contains a BTB/POZ domain found in certain animal transcriptional regulators, in host soybean plants in response to P. sojae. It is located in the cell nucleus and is transcriptionally up-regulated by P. sojae. Overexpression of GmBTB/POZ in soybean resulted in enhanced resistance to P. sojae. The activities and expression levels of enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) antioxidants were significantly higher in GmBTB/POZ-overexpressing (GmBTB/POZ-OE) transgenic soybean plants than in wild-type (WT) plants treated with sterile water or infected with P. sojae. The transcript levels of defence-associated genes were also higher in overexpressing plants than in WT on infection. Moreover, salicylic acid (SA) levels and the transcript levels of SA biosynthesis-related genes were markedly higher in GmBTB/POZ-OE transgenic soybean than in WT, but there were almost no differences in jasmonic acid (JA) levels or JA biosynthesis-related gene expression between GmBTB/POZ-OE and WT soybean lines. Furthermore, exogenous SA application induced the expression of GmBTB/POZ and inhibited the increase in P. sojae biomass in both WT and GmBTB/POZ-OE transgenic soybean plants. Taken together, these results suggest that GmBTB/POZ plays a positive role in P. sojae resistance and the defence response in soybean via a process that might be dependent on SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Rongpeng Li
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Dan Han
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Le Wang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. ChinaHarbin150086PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030PR China
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25
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Wang R, Wang M, Chen K, Wang S, Mur LAJ, Guo S. Exploring the Roles of Aquaporins in Plant⁻Microbe Interactions. Cells 2018; 7:E267. [PMID: 30545006 PMCID: PMC6316839 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins regulating the flux of water and other various small solutes across membranes. Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of AQPs in plants' physiological processes, and now their activities in various plant⁻microbe interactions are receiving more attention. This review summarizes the various roles of different AQPs during interactions with microbes which have positive and negative consequences on the host plants. In positive plant⁻microbe interactions involving rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), AQPs play important roles in nitrogen fixation, nutrient transport, improving water status, and increasing abiotic stress tolerance. For negative interactions resulting in pathogenesis, AQPs help plants resist infections by preventing pathogen ingress by influencing stomata opening and influencing defensive signaling pathways, especially through regulating systemic acquired resistance. Interactions with bacterial or viral pathogens can be directly perturbed through direct interaction of AQPs with harpins or replicase. However, whilst these observations indicate the importance of AQPs, further work is needed to develop a fuller mechanistic understanding of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kehao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Tarafdar A, Rani TS, Chandran USS, Ghosh R, Chobe DR, Sharma M. Exploring Combined Effect of Abiotic (Soil Moisture) and Biotic ( Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) Stress on Collar Rot Development in Chickpea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1154. [PMID: 30158943 PMCID: PMC6104659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile are under constant threat of multiple abiotic and biotic stresses within its natural habitat. A combined stress involving an abiotic and a biotic factor reportedly increases susceptibility of the plants to pathogens. The emerging threat, collar rot disease of chickpea (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) is reported to be influenced by soil moisture condition (SMC). Hence, we studied the influence of differential SMC viz. upper optimum (100%), optimum (80%), lower optimum (60%), and limiting (40%) soil moisture conditions on colonization and collar rot development over the course of infection in two chickpea cultivars, Annigeri (susceptible to collar rot) and ICCV 05530 (moderately resistant to collar rot). Disease incidence was found to be directly proportional to increase in soil moisture (R2 = 0.794). Maximum incidence was observed at 80% SMC, followed by 100 and 60% SMC. Expression of genes (qPCR analysis) associated with host cell wall binding (lectin) and degradation viz. endopolygalacturonase-2, endoglucosidase, and cellobiohydrolase during collar rot development in chickpea were relatively less at limiting soil moisture condition (40%) as compared to optimum soil moisture condition (80%). As compared to individual stress, the expression of defense response genes in chickpea seedlings were highly up-regulated in seedlings challenged with combined stress. Our qPCR results indicated that the expression of defense-related genes in chickpea during interaction with S. rolfsii at low SMC was primarily responsible for delayed disease reaction. Involvement of moisture and biotic stress-related genes in combined stress showed a tailored defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mamta Sharma
- Legumes Pathology, Integrated Crop Management, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
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27
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Chatterjee P, Samaddar S, Niinemets Ü, Sa TM. Brevibacterium linens RS16 confers salt tolerance to Oryza sativa genotypes by regulating antioxidant defense and H + ATPase activity. Microbiol Res 2018; 215:89-101. [PMID: 30172313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the major limitations that affects both plant and its soil environment, leading to reduced agricultural production. Evaluation of stress severity by plant physical and biochemical characteristics is an established way to study plant-salt stress interaction, but the halotolerant properties of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) along with plant growth promotion is less studied till date. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the strategy, used by ACC deaminase-containing halotolerant Brevibacterium linens RS16 to confer salt stress tolerance in moderately salt-tolerant (FL478) and salt-sensitive (IR29) rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. The plants were exposed to salt stress using 0, 50, and 100 mM of NaCl with and without bacteria. Plant physiological and biochemical characteristics were estimated after 1, 5, 10 days of stress application. H+ ATPase activity and the presence of hydroxyectoine gene (ectD) that is responsible for compatible solute accumulation were also analyzed in bacteria. The height and dry mass of bacteria inoculated plants significantly increased compared to salt-stressed plants, and the differences increased in time dependent manner. Bacteria priming reduced the plant antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and it also regulated the salt accumulation by modulating vacuolar H+ ATPase activity. ATPase activity and presence of hydroxyectoine gene in RS16 might have played a vital role in providing salt tolerance in bacteria inoculated rice cultivars. We conclude that dual benefits provided by the halotolerant plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) can provide a major way to improve rice yields in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tong-Min Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Verma SK, White JF. Indigenous endophytic seed bacteria promote seedling development and defend against fungal disease in browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa L.). J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:764-778. [PMID: 29253319 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to investigate indigenous seed endophyte effects on browntop millet seedling development. We report that seed-inhabiting bacterial endophytes are responsible for promoting seedling development, including stimulation of root hair formation, increasing root and shoot length growth and increasing photosynthetic pigment content of seedlings. Bacterial endophytes also improved resistance of seedlings to disease. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of four endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized seeds and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Curtobacterium sp. (M1), Microbacterium sp. (M2), Methylobacterium sp. (M3) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (M4). Removal of bacteria with streptomycin treatment from the seeds compromised seedling growth and development. When endophytes were reinoculated onto seeds, seedlings recovered normal development. Strains M3 and M4 were found to be most potent in promoting growth of seedlings. Bacteria were found to produce auxin, solubilize phosphate and inhibit fungal pathogens. Significant protection of seedlings from Fusarium infection was found using strain M4 in microcosm assays. The antifungal lipopeptide genes for surfactin and iturin were detected in M4; culture extracts of M4 showed a positive drop collapse result for surfactins. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that browntop millet seeds vector indigenous endophytes that are responsible for modulation of seedling development and protection of seedlings from fungal disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is significant and original in that it is the first report of seed-inhabiting endophytes of browntop millet that influence seedling development and function in defence against soilborne pathogens. This study suggests that conservation and management of seed-vectored endophytes may be important in development of more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Verma
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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29
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Cheng Q, Dong L, Gao T, Liu T, Li N, Wang L, Chang X, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S. The bHLH transcription factor GmPIB1 facilitates resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2527-2541. [PMID: 29579245 PMCID: PMC5920285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann causes Phytophthora root rot, a destructive soybean disease worldwide. A basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor is thought to be involved in the response to P. sojae infection in soybean, as revealed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). However, the molecular mechanism underlying this response is currently unclear. Here, we explored the function and underlying mechanisms of a bHLH transcription factor in soybean, designated GmPIB1 (P. sojae-inducible bHLH transcription factor), during host responses to P. sojae. GmPIB1 was significantly induced by P. sojae in the resistant soybean cultivar 'L77-1863'. Analysis of transgenic soybean hairy roots with elevated or reduced expression of GmPIB1 demonstrated that GmPIB1 enhances resistance to P. sojae and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR assays revealed that GmPIB1 binds directly to the promoter of GmSPOD1 and represses its expression; this gene encodes a key enzyme in ROS production. Moreover, transgenic soybean hairy roots with GmSPOD1 silencing through RNA interference exhibited improved resistance to P. sojae and reduced ROS generation. These findings suggest that GmPIB1 enhances resistance to P. sojae by repressing the expression of GmSPOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianjiao Gao
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ninghui Li
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Jiamusi Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, China
| | - Le Wang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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30
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Soni M, Mondal KK. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae uses XopL effector to suppress pomegranate immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:341-357. [PMID: 29193868 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) causing bacterial blight is an important pathogen that incurs significant losses to the exportability of pomegranate. Xap uses the Xop TTSS-effector, via the type three secretion system, to suppress pomegranate immunity. Here, we investigate the role of XopL during blight pathogenesis. We observed that XopL is essential for its in planta growth and full virulence. Leaves inoculated with Xap ΔxopL produced restricted water-soaked lesions compared to those inoculated with wild-type Xap. XopL supports Xap for its sustained multiplication in pomegranate by suppressing the plant cell death (PCD) event. We further demonstrated that XopL suppresses immune responses, such as callose deposition and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RT-qPCR analysis revealed that immune responsive genes were upregulated when challenged with Xap ΔxopL, whereas upregulation of such genes was compromised in the complemented strain containing the xopL gene. The transiently expressed XopL::EYFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane, indicating the possible site of its action. Altogether, this study highlights that XopL is an important TTSS-effector of Xap that suppresses plant immune responses, including PCD, presumably to support the multiplication of Xap for a sufficient time-period during blight disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Soni
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Kalyan K Mondal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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Verma G, Sharma M, Mondal KK. XopR TTSS-effector regulates in planta growth, virulence of Indian strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae via suppressing reactive oxygen species production and cell wall-associated rice immune responses during blight induction. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:561-574. [PMID: 32290995 DOI: 10.1071/fp17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causing bacterial blight of rice is a global problem in rice production. Phytopathogenic Xanthomonads overpower PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) through secreting effectors via type III secretion system (TTSS). We previously screened the TTSS effector repository of an Indian strain of Xoo (race 4), a predominant strain from north-west India that contains 21 Xop and 18 TALE effectors. Here, we demonstrate that Xoo race 4 employs XopR for in planta colonisation, virulence and for the suppression of cell wall-associated immune responses in its natural host. XopR null mutant (Xoo ΔxopR) produced 2.6-fold less-severe lesion as compared with Xoo wild type. Xoo ΔxopR showed 1.58-fold reduced colonisation compared with wild indicating that XopR is required for maximum colonisation in rice. Xoo ΔxopR produced 3.8-fold more callose deposits compared with wild. Xoo ΔxopR caused significantly higher production of ROS in rice. RT-qPCR expression analysis of immune responsive genes of rice indicated 10- to 43-fold upregulation upon challenged inoculation with Xoo ΔxopR over wild. Altogether, our study revealed that XopR of Indian Xoo strain supports its in planta growth and contributes immensely for successful blight development through suppressing defence related events like reactive oxygen species production, callose deposition and transcript abundance of immune responsive genes during rice::Xoo interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Verma
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Amity institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon (Manesar), Haryana 122 413, India
| | - Kalyan K Mondal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Yarullina LG, Ahatova AR, Kasimova RI. Activities of hydrolases and their protein inhibitors in wheat leaves treated with salicylic and jasmonic acids and infected with Septoria nodorum strains differing in aggressiveness. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817050180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Taheri P, Kakooee T. Reactive oxygen species accumulation and homeostasis are involved in plant immunity to an opportunistic fungal pathogen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 216:152-163. [PMID: 28667882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria blight is a major and destructive disease of potato worldwide. In recent years, A. tenuissima is recognized as the most prevalent species of this phytopathogenic fungus in potato fields of Asian countries, which causes high yield losses every year. Any potato cultivar with complete resistance to this disease is not recognized, so far. Therefore, screening resistance levels of potatoes and identification of plant defense mechanisms against this fungus might be important for designing novel and effective disease management strategies for controlling the disease. In this research, the role of reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, lignin and phenolics in potato basal resistance to A. tenuissima was compared in the partially resistant Ramus and susceptible Bamba cultivars. Priming O2- and H2O2 production and enhanced activity of peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) during interaction with A. tenuissima were observed in Ramus cultivar. Application of ROS generating systems and scavengers revealed critical role of O2- and H2O2 in potato defense, which was associated with lignification and phenolics production. More OH- and lipid peroxidation in the susceptible Bamba compared to Ramus cultivar showed their negative effects on resistance. Priming the POX and CAT activity, in correlation with upregulation of the corresponding genes was observed in Ramus. The POX and CAT inhibitors increased disease progress, which was related with decreased lignification. This assay demonstrated not only POX-dependency of lignification, but also its dependence on CAT. However, POX had more importance than CAT in potato defense and in lignification. These findings highlight the function of ROS accumulation and homeostasis in potato resistance against A. tenuissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parissa Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Tahereh Kakooee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran
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Verma SK, Kingsley K, Irizarry I, Bergen M, Kharwar RN, White JF. Seed-vectored endophytic bacteria modulate development of rice seedlings. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1680-1691. [PMID: 28375579 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the removal of indigenous bacteria from rice seeds on seedling growth and development. Here we report the presence of three indigenous endophytic bacteria in rice seeds that play important roles in modulating seedling development (shoot and root lengths, and formation of root hairs and secondary roots) and defence against pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Seed-associated bacteria were removed using surface sterilization with NaOCl (bleach) followed by antibiotic treatment. When bacteria were absent, growth of seedlings in terms of root hair development and overall seedling size was less than that of seedlings that contained bacteria. Reactive oxygen staining of seedlings showed that endophytic bacteria became intracellular in root parenchyma cells and root hairs. Roots containing endophytic bacteria were seen to stain densely for reactive oxygen, while roots free of bacteria stained lightly for reactive oxygen. Bacteria were isolated and identified as Enterobacter asburiae (VWB1), Pantoea dispersa (VWB2) and Pseudomonas putida (VWB3) by 16S rDNA sequencing. Bacteria were found to produce indole acetic acid (auxins), inhibited the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum and solubilized phosphate. Reinoculation of bacteria onto seedlings derived from surface-disinfected rice and Bermuda grass seeds significantly restored seedling growth and development. CONCLUSION Rice seeds harbour indigenous bacterial endophytes that greatly influence seedling growth and development, including root and shoot lengths, root hair formation and disease susceptibility of rice seedlings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that seeds of rice naturally harbour bacterial endophytes that play key roles in modulation of seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Verma
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - K Kingsley
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - I Irizarry
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M Bergen
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - R N Kharwar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - J F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Emerging pathogens of crops threaten food security and are increasingly problematic due to intensive agriculture and high volumes of trade and transport in plants and plant products. The ability to predict pathogen risk to agricultural regions would therefore be valuable. However, predictions are complicated by multi-faceted relationships between crops, their pathogens, and climate change. Climate change is related to industrialization, which has brought not only a rise in greenhouse gas emissions but also an increase in other atmospheric pollutants. Here, we consider the implications of rising levels of reactive nitrogen gases and their manifold interactions with crops and crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Fones
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, UK
- Donder's Hon Chair, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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An C, Wang C, Mou Z. The Arabidopsis Elongator complex is required for nonhost resistance against the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1245-1259. [PMID: 28134437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although in recent years nonhost resistance has attracted considerable attention for its broad spectrum and durability, the genetic and mechanistic components of nonhost resistance have not been fully understood. We used molecular and histochemical approaches including quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and aniline blue staining. The evolutionarily conserved histone acetyltransferase complex Elongator was identified as a major component of nonhost resistance against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) NPS3121. Mutations in Elongator genes inhibit Xcc-, Psp NPS3121- and/or flg22-induced defense responses including defense gene expression, callose deposition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Mutations in Elongator also attenuate the ROS-SA amplification loop. We show that suppressed ROS and SA accumulation in Elongator mutants is correlated with reduced expression of the Arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homologue AtrbohD and the SA biosynthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). Furthermore, we found that the Elongator subunit ELP2 is associated with the chromatin of AtrbohD and ICS1 and is required for maintaining basal histone H3 acetylation levels in these key defense genes. As both AtrbohD and ICS1 contribute to nonhost resistance against Xcc, our results reveal an epigenetic mechanism by which Elongator regulates nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfu An
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Peters LP, Carvalho G, Vilhena MB, Creste S, Azevedo RA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. Functional analysis of oxidative burst in sugarcane smut-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. PLANTA 2017; 245:749-764. [PMID: 28004180 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Smut pathogen induced an early modulation of the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species during defence responses in resistant sugarcane that coincided with the developmental stages of fungal growth. Sporisorium scitamineum is the causal agent of sugarcane smut disease. In this study, we characterized sugarcane reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in response to the pathogen in smut-resistant and -susceptible genotypes. Sporisorium scitamineum teliospore germination and appressorium formation coincided with H2O2 accumulation in resistant plants. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not responsive in any of the genotypes; however, a higher number of isoenzymes were detected in resistant plants. In addition, related to resistance were lipid peroxidation, a decrease in catalase (CAT), and an increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and an earlier transcript accumulation of ROS marker genes (CAT3, CATA, CATB, GST31, GSTt3, and peroxidase 5-like). Furthermore, based on proteomic data, we suggested that the source of the increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may be due to a protein of the class III peroxidase, which was inhibited in the susceptible genotype. H2O2 is sensed and probably transduced through overlapping systems related to ascorbate-glutathione and thioredoxin to influence signalling pathways, as revealed by the presence of thioredoxin h-type, ascorbate peroxidase, and guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the infected resistant plants. Altogether, our data depicted the balance of the oxidative burst and antioxidant enzyme activity in the outcome of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila P Peters
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Giselle Carvalho
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Current address: Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Milca B Vilhena
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Silvana Creste
- Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Cana-IAC/APTA, Rod. Antonio Duarte Nogueira, Km 321, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Monteiro-Vitorello
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, PO BOX 83, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
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López‐Cruz J, Óscar C, Emma F, Pilar G, Carmen G. Absence of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase BCSOD1 reduces Botrytis cinerea virulence in Arabidopsis and tomato plants, revealing interplay among reactive oxygen species, callose and signalling pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:16-31. [PMID: 26780422 PMCID: PMC6638242 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate responses against pathogens, including the oxidative burst. Necrotrophic pathogens can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that benefit the colonization process. Previously, we have demonstrated that tomato plants challenged with Botrytis cinerea accumulate ROS and callose, together with the induction of genes involved in defence, signalling and oxidative metabolism. Here, we studied the infection phenotype of the Δbcsod1 strain in both tomato and Arabidopsis plants. This mutant lacks bcsod1, which encodes Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). This enzyme catalyses the conversion of superoxide ion ( O2-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). ROS play a protective role and act as signals in plants. Δbcsod1 displayed reduced virulence compared with wild-type B05.10 in both species. Plants infected with Δbcsod1 accumulated less H2 O2 and more O2- than those infected with B05.10, which is associated with an increase in the defensive polymer callose. This supports a major role of fungal SOD in H2 O2 production during the plant-pathogen interaction. The early induction of the callose synthase gene PMR4 suggested that changes in ROS altered plant defensive responses at the transcriptional level. The metabolites and genes involved in signalling and in response to oxidative stress were differentially expressed on Δbcsod1 infection, supporting the notion that plants perceive changes in ROS balance and activate defence responses. A higher O2- /H2 O2 ratio seems to be beneficial for plant protection against this necrotroph. Our results highlight the relevance of callose and the oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in the response to changes in the oxidative environment, and clarify the mechanisms that underlie the responses to Botrytis in Arabidopsis and tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime López‐Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de AlimentosCSIC46980 Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Crespo‐Salvador Óscar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de AlimentosCSIC46980 Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Fernández‐Crespo Emma
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio NaturalEscola Superior de Tecnologia i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I12071 CastellónSpain
| | - García‐Agustín Pilar
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio NaturalEscola Superior de Tecnologia i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I12071 CastellónSpain
| | - González‐Bosch Carmen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de AlimentosCSIC46980 Paterna, ValenciaSpain
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XopN-T3SS effector of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae localizes to the plasma membrane and modulates ROS accumulation events during blight pathogenesis in pomegranate. Microbiol Res 2016; 193:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Xu X, Wang Y, Tian C, Liang Y. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides RhoB regulates cAMP and stress response pathways and is required for pathogenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 96:12-24. [PMID: 27670809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate morphology and multiple cellular functions such as asexual development, polarity establishment, and differentiation in fungi. To determine the roles of CgRhoB, a Rho GTPase protein, here we characterized CgRhoB in the poplar anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. First of all, we determined that conidial germination was inhibited and intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level was increased in the CgRhoB deletion mutants. Loss of CgRhoB resulted in shorter germ tubes and enhanced appressoria formation after germination on the hydrophobic surface. Exogenous addition of cAMP to the wild type generated the similar phenotypes of ΔCgRhoB inoculated in CM liquid. Furthermore, deletion of CgRhoB had discernible effect upon the sensitivity of C. gloeosporioides to cell wall perturbing agents and altered the distribution of chitin on the cell wall. H2O2 sensitivity assay showed the hypersensitive effect on the oxidative stress, and transcriptional analysis revealed that transcription of genes involved in peroxidase activities was altered in the mutants. Finally, virulence assay revealed that CgRhoB was required for pathogenicity. Taken together, our results showed that CgRhoB was associated with appressoria formation and pathogenicity, and affected cAMP level and stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Scheler B, Schnepf V, Galgenmüller C, Ranf S, Hückelhoven R. Barley disease susceptibility factor RACB acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3263-75. [PMID: 27056842 PMCID: PMC4892720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RHO GTPases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. In plants, RHO-like RAC/ROP GTPases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) RAC/ROP protein RACB is required for full susceptibility to penetration by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. Disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. Here we show that RACB does not interfere with early microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses such as the oxidative burst or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. RACB also supports rather than restricts expression of defence-related genes in barley. Instead, silencing of RACB expression by RNAi leads to defects in cell polarity. In particular, initiation and maintenance of root hair growth and development of stomatal subsidiary cells by asymmetric cell division is affected by silencing expression of RACB. Nucleus migration is a common factor of developmental cell polarity and cell-autonomous interaction with Bgh RACB is required for positioning of the nucleus near the site of attack from Bgh We therefore suggest that Bgh profits from RACB's function in cell polarity rather than from immunity-regulating functions of RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Scheler
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vera Schnepf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Carolina Galgenmüller
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Yeo FKS, Wang Y, Vozabova T, Huneau C, Leroy P, Chalhoub B, Qi XQ, Niks RE, Marcel TC. Haplotype divergence and multiple candidate genes at Rphq2, a partial resistance QTL of barley to Puccinia hordei. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:289-304. [PMID: 26542283 PMCID: PMC4733143 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Rphq2, a minor gene for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei , was physically mapped in a 188 kbp introgression with suppressed recombination between haplotypes of rphq2 and Rphq2 barley cultivars. ABSTRACT Partial and non-host resistances to rust fungi in barley (Hordeum vulgare) may be based on pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity. Understanding partial resistance may help to understand non-host resistance, and vice versa. We constructed two non-gridded BAC libraries from cultivar Vada and line SusPtrit. Vada is immune to non-adapted Puccinia rust fungi, and partially resistant to P. hordei. SusPtrit is susceptible to several non-adapted rust fungi, and has been used for mapping QTLs for non-host and partial resistance. The BAC libraries help to identify genes determining the natural variation for partial and non-host resistances of barley to rust fungi. A major-effect QTL, Rphq2, for partial resistance to P. hordei was mapped in a complete Vada and an incomplete SusPtrit contig. The physical distance between the markers flanking Rphq2 was 195 Kbp in Vada and at least 226 Kbp in SusPtrit. This marker interval was predicted to contain 12 genes in either accession, of which only five genes were in common. The haplotypes represented by Vada and SusPtrit were found in 57 and 43%, respectively, of a 194 barley accessions panel. The lack of homology between the two haplotypes probably explains the suppression of recombination in the Rphq2 area and limit further genetic resolution in fine mapping. The possible candidate genes for Rphq2 encode peroxidases, kinases and a member of seven-in-absentia protein family. This result suggests that Rphq2 does not belong to the NB-LRR gene family and does not resemble any of the partial resistance genes cloned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K S Yeo
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - T Vozabova
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- The Institute of Botany of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - C Huneau
- INRA, UMR1165, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, UMR1165, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057, Evry, France
| | - P Leroy
- INRA, UMR1095, Genetics Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 63039, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Chalhoub
- INRA, UMR1165, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057, Evry, France
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, UMR1165, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 91057, Evry, France
| | - X Q Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - R E Niks
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T C Marcel
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- INRA, UMR1290, BIOGER, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1290, BIOGER, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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43
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Cheng Q, Li N, Dong L, Zhang D, Fan S, Jiang L, Wang X, Xu P, Zhang S. Overexpression of Soybean Isoflavone Reductase (GmIFR) Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1024. [PMID: 26635848 PMCID: PMC4655237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavone reductase (IFR) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthetic pathway of isoflavonoid phytoalexin in plants. IFRs are unique to the plant kingdom and are considered to have crucial roles in plant response to various biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Here, we report the characterization of a novel member of the soybean isoflavone reductase gene family GmIFR. Overexpression of GmIFR transgenic soybean exhibited enhanced resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Following stress treatments, GmIFR was significantly induced by P. sojae, ethephon (ET), abscisic acid (placeCityABA), salicylic acid (SA). It is located in the cytoplasm when transiently expressed in soybean protoplasts. The daidzein levels reduced greatly for the seeds of transgenic plants, while the relative content of glyceollins in transgenic plants was significantly higher than that of non-transgenic plants. Furthermore, we found that the relative expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of transgenic soybean plants were significantly lower than those of non-transgenic plants after incubation with P. sojae, suggesting an important role of GmIFR might function as an antioxidant to reduce ROS in soybean. The enzyme activity assay suggested that GmIFR has isoflavone reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Ninghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
- Jiamusi Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesJiamusi, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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44
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Gill US, Lee S, Mysore KS. Host versus nonhost resistance: distinct wars with similar arsenals. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:580-7. [PMID: 25626072 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-14-0298-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants face several challenges by bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral pathogens during their life cycle. In order to defend against these biotic stresses, plants possess a dynamic, innate, natural immune system that efficiently detects potential pathogens and initiates a resistance response in the form of basal resistance and/or resistance (R)-gene-mediated defense, which is often associated with a hypersensitive response. Depending upon the nature of plant-pathogen interactions, plants generally have two main defense mechanisms, host resistance and nonhost resistance. Host resistance is generally controlled by single R genes and less durable compared with nonhost resistance. In contrast, nonhost resistance is believed to be a multi-gene trait and more durable. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of host and nonhost resistance against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. In addition, we also attempt to compare host and nonhost resistance responses to identify similarities and differences, and their practical applications in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder S Gill
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
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45
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Yue J, Sun H, Zhang W, Pei D, He Y, Wang H. Wheat homologs of yeast ATG6 function in autophagy and are implicated in powdery mildew immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:95. [PMID: 25888209 PMCID: PMC4393579 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy-related ATG6 proteins are pleiotropic proteins functioning in autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-signaling pathways. Arabidopsis ATG6 regulates normal plant growth, pollen development and germination, and plant responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. However, the ATG6 functions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an important food crop, are lacking. RESULTS We identified three members, TaATG6a-6c, of the ATG6 family from common wheat. TaATG6a, 6b and 6c were localized on homeologous chromosomes 3DL, 3BL and 3AL, respectively, of the allo-hexaploid wheat genome, and evidence was provided for their essential role in autophagy. The TaATG6a-GFP fusion protein was found in punctate pre-autophagosomal structures. The expression of each TaATG6 gene restored the accumulation of autophagic bodies in atg6-mutant yeast. Additionally, TaATG6 knockdown plants showed impaired constitutive and pathogen-induced autophagy and growth abnormalities under normal conditions. We also examined the expression patterns of wheat ATG6s for clues to their physiological roles, and found that their expression was induced by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), the causal agent of powdery mildew, and by abiotic stress factors. A role for TaATG6s in wheat immunity to powdery mildew was further implied when knockdowns of TaATG6s weakly compromised the broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21-triggered resistance response and, conversely and significantly, enhanced the basal resistance of susceptible plants. In addition, leaf cell death was sometimes induced by growth-retarded small Bgt mycelia on susceptible TaATG6 knockdown plants after a long period of interaction. Thus, we provide an important extension of the previous characterization of plant ATG6 genes in wheat, and observed a role for autophagy genes in wheat immune responses to fungal pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Three wheat ATG6s were identified and shown to be essential for autophagy biogenesis. Wheat ATG6s are implicated in immunity to powdery mildew, playing a weak, positive role in the Pm21-triggered resistance response and a negative role in the basal resistance of susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Dan Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Yang He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Huazhong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Yarullina LG, Kasimova RI, Burkhanova GF, Akhatova AR. The effect of salicylic and jasmonic acids on the activity and range of protective proteins during the infection of wheat by the septoriosis pathogen. BIOL BULL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Pei D, Zhang W, Sun H, Wei X, Yue J, Wang H. Identification of autophagy-related genes ATG4 and ATG8 from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and profiling of their expression patterns responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1697-710. [PMID: 24996626 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The genes coding for wheat ATG4 and ATG8 were cloned and their roles in autophagy were verified. Implications of ATG4/ATG8 in wheat responses to stresses were suggested by expression profiling. Autophagy-related proteins ATG4 and ATG8 are crucial for autophagy biogenesis. ATG4 processes ATG8 precursor to expose its C-terminal glycine for phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) lipidation. ATG8, in the form of ATG8-PE adduct, functions in the organization dynamics of autophagic membranes. Here, we report the identification of two/nine members of the ATG4/ATG8 family from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Expression of each wheat ATG4/ATG8 could complement the autophagy activity of yeast atg4/atg8 mutant cells. GFP fusion proteins of ATG8s, especially of ATG8s with innate C-terminal-exposed glycines, localized to punctate autophagic membranes. Both of purified ATG4s could cleave ATG8s in vitro, but they had different activities and different preferences for ATG8 substrates. Two times of transcript accumulation, an early one and a late one, of ATG4s/ATG8s were detected in the early phases of the Pm21- and Pm3f-triggered wheat incompatible reactions to the powdery mildew causal fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), and fluorescence microscopy also revealed a Bgt-induced enhanced wheat autophagy level in the Pm21-triggered incompatible reaction. Only one time of Bgt-induced transcript accumulation of ATG4s/ATG8s, corresponding to but much higher than the late one in incompatible reactions, was detected in a susceptible line isogenic to the Pm21 resistance line. These results suggested positive roles of ATG4/ATG8-associated autophagy process in the early stage and possible negative roles in the late stage of wheat immunity response to Bgt. In addition, expression of wheat ATG4s/ATG8s was also found to be upregulated by abiotic stress factors and distinctively regulated by different phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pei
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin, 300387, China,
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48
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Waśkiewicz A, Morkunas I, Bednarski W, Mai VC, Formela M, Beszterda M, Wiśniewska H, Goliński P. Deoxynivalenol and oxidative stress indicators in winter wheat inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:575-91. [PMID: 24514944 PMCID: PMC3942752 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study comprises analyses of contents of mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, as well as the level of oxidative stress in ears of a susceptible wheat cultivar Hanseat and cv. Arina, resistant to a pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Starting from 48 h after inoculation, a marked increase was observed in the contents of these mycotoxins in ears of wheat; however, the greatest accumulation was recorded in the late period after inoculation, i.e., during development of disease. Up to 120 h after inoculation, in ears of both wheat cultivars, the level of deoxynivalenol was higher than that of zearalenone. The susceptible cultivar was characterized by a much greater accumulation of deoxynivalenol than the resistant cultivar. At the same time, in this cultivar, in the time from 0 to 72 h after inoculation, a marked post-infection increase was observed in the generation of the superoxide radical (O2•-). Additionally, its level, at all the time points after inoculation, was higher than in the control. In wheat cv. Arina, a markedly higher level of O2•- generation in relation to the control was found up to two hours after inoculation and, next, at a later time after inoculation. In turn, the level of semiquinone radicals detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) increased at later culture times, both in cv. Hanseat and Arina; however, in infested ears of wheat, it was generally lower than in the control. Analysis of disease symptoms revealed the presence of more extensive lesions in ears of a susceptible wheat cv. Hanseat than resistant cv. Arina. Additionally, ergosterol level as a fungal growth indicator was higher in ears of susceptible wheat than in the resistant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań 60-179, Poland.
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Magda Formela
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
| | - Monika Beszterda
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland.
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland.
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Maksimov IV, Yarullina LG, Burkhanova GF, Zaikina EA. Relationship between the aggressiveness and catalase activity of Septoria nodorum Berk. in wheat. BIOL BULL+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359013050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Overexpression of AtSHN1/WIN1 provokes unique defense responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70146. [PMID: 23922943 PMCID: PMC3726498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell cuticle serves as the first barrier protecting plants from mechanical injury and invading pathogens. The cuticle can be breached by cutinase-producing pathogens and the degradation products may activate pathogenesis signals in the invading pathogens. Cuticle degradation products may also trigger the plant’s defense responses. Botrytis cinerea is an important plant pathogen, capable of attacking and causing disease in a wide range of plant species. Arabidopsis thaliana shn1-1D is a gain-of-function mutant, which has a modified cuticular lipid composition. We used this mutant to examine the effect of altering the whole-cuticle metabolic pathway on plant responses to B. cinerea attack. Following infection with B. cinerea, the shn1-1D mutant discolored more quickly, accumulated more H2O2, and showed accelerated cell death relative to wild-type (WT) plants. Whole transcriptome analysis of B. cinerea-inoculated shn1-1D vs. WT plants revealed marked upregulation of genes associated with senescence, oxidative stress and defense responses on the one hand, and genes involved in the magnitude of defense-response control on the other. We propose that altered cutin monomer content and composition of shn1-1D plants triggers excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and release which leads to a strong, unique and uncontrollable defense response, resulting in plant sensitivity and death.
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