1
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Kopecká R, Černý M. Xylem Sap Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into Root-Shoot Communication in Response to flg22. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1983. [PMID: 39065510 PMCID: PMC11281318 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing the flg22 response, we identified immune response components not detectable through root or shoot analyses. Notably, we discovered previously unknown elements of the plant immune system, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases and G-type lectin receptor kinases. Despite similarities in the metabolic pathways identified in the xylem sap of both plants, the flg22 response differed significantly: S. tuberosum exhibited 78 differentially abundant proteins, whereas H. vulgare had over 450. However, an evolutionarily conserved overlap in the flg22 response proteins was evident, particularly in the CAZymes and lipid metabolism pathways, where lipid transfer proteins and lipases showed a similar response to flg22. Additionally, many proteins without conserved signal sequences for extracellular targeting were found, such as members of the HSP70 family. Interestingly, the HSP70 response to flg22 was specific to the xylem sap proteome, suggesting a unique regulatory role in the extracellular space similar to that reported in mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Akhiyarova G, Finkina EI, Zhang K, Veselov D, Vafina G, Ovchinnikova TV, Kudoyarova G. The Long-Distance Transport of Some Plant Hormones and Possible Involvement of Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins in Hormonal Transport. Cells 2024; 13:364. [PMID: 38474328 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changes in the environment depends, in part, on signaling between plant organs to integrate adaptive response at the level of the whole organism. Changes in the delivery of hormones from one organ to another through the vascular system strongly suggest that hormone transport is involved in the transmission of signals over long distances. However, there is evidence that, alternatively, systemic responses may be brought about by other kinds of signals (e.g., hydraulic or electrical) capable of inducing changes in hormone metabolism in distant organs. Long-distance transport of hormones is therefore a matter of debate. This review summarizes arguments for and against the involvement of the long-distance transport of cytokinins in signaling mineral nutrient availability from roots to the shoot. It also assesses the evidence for the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates in long-distance signaling of water deficiency and the possibility that Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins (LBTPs) facilitate the long-distance transport of hormones. It is assumed that proteins of this type raise the solubility of hydrophobic substances such as ABA and jasmonates in hydrophilic spaces, thereby enabling their movement in solution throughout the plant. This review collates evidence that LBTPs bind to cytokinins, ABA, and jasmonates and that cytokinins, ABA, and LBTPs are present in xylem and phloem sap and co-localize at sites of loading into vascular tissues and at sites of unloading from the phloem. The available evidence indicates a functional interaction between LBTPs and these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of 10 Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Dmitriy Veselov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Gulnara Vafina
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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3
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Zeng N, Huang C, Huang F, Du J, Wang D, Zhan X, Xing B. Transport proteins and their differential roles in the accumulation of phenanthrene in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108275. [PMID: 38103340 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cereals, specifically exploring the role of peroxidase (UniProt accession: A0A3B5XXD0, abbreviation: PX1) and unidentified protein (UniProt accession: A0A3B6LUC6, abbreviation: UP1) in phenanthrene solubilization within wheat xylem sap. This research aims to clarify the interactions between these proteins and phenanthrene. Employing both in vitro and in vivo analyses, we evaluated the solubilization capabilities of recombinant transport proteins for phenanthrene and examined the relationship between protein expression and phenanthrene concentration. UP1 displayed greater transport efficiency, while PX1 excelled at lower concentrations. Elevated PX1 levels contributed to phenanthrene degradation, marginally diminishing its transport. Spectral analyses and molecular dynamics simulations validated the formation of stable protein-phenanthrene complexes. The study offers crucial insights into PAH-related health risks in crops by elucidating the mechanisms of PAH accumulation facilitated by transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengde Zeng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Chenghao Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Du
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongru Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
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4
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Inui H, Minic Z, Hüttmann N, Fujita K, Stoykova P, Karadžić I. Cucurbita pepo contains characteristic proteins without a signal peptide in the xylem sap. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154038. [PMID: 37413840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap is a fluid that transfers water and nutrients from the rhizosphere. This sap contains relatively low concentrations of proteins that originate from the extracellular space among the root cells. One of the characteristic proteins in the xylem sap of the Cucurbitaceae family, which includes cucumber and zucchini, is a major latex-like protein (MLP). MLPs are responsible for crop contamination through the transport of hydrophobic pollutants from the roots. However, detailed information on the content of MLPs in the xylem sap is not available. Proteomic analysis of root and xylem sap proteins from the Cucurbita pepo cultivars Patty Green (PG) and Raven (RA) showed that the xylem sap of cv. RA, a high accumulator of hydrophobic pollutants, contained four MLPs that accounted for over 85% of the total xylem sap proteins in this cultivar. The xylem sap of PG, a low accumulator, mainly contained an uncharacterized protein. The amount of each root protein between the PG and RA cultivars was significantly and positively correlated in spite of being with and without a signal peptide (SP). However, the amount of xylem sap proteins without an SP was not correlated. These results suggest that cv. RA is characterized by MLPs in the xylem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Inui
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Zoran Minic
- University of Ottawa, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, 10 Marie-Curie, Marion Hall, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nico Hüttmann
- University of Ottawa, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, 10 Marie-Curie, Marion Hall, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Petya Stoykova
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; AgroBioInstitute, 8 "Dragan Tsankov" Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Karadžić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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6
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Ingram S, Jansen S, Schenk HJ. Lipid-Coated Nanobubbles in Plants. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111776. [PMID: 37299679 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the more surprising occurrences of bulk nanobubbles is in the sap inside the vascular transport system of flowering plants, the xylem. In plants, nanobubbles are subjected to negative pressure in the water and to large pressure fluctuations, sometimes encompassing pressure changes of several MPa over the course of a single day, as well as wide temperature fluctuations. Here, we review the evidence for nanobubbles in plants and for polar lipids that coat them, allowing nanobubbles to persist in this dynamic environment. The review addresses how the dynamic surface tension of polar lipid monolayers allows nanobubbles to avoid dissolution or unstable expansion under negative liquid pressure. In addition, we discuss theoretical considerations about the formation of lipid-coated nanobubbles in plants from gas-filled spaces in the xylem and the role of mesoporous fibrous pit membranes between xylem conduits in creating the bubbles, driven by the pressure gradient between the gas and liquid phase. We discuss the role of surface charges in preventing nanobubble coalescence, and conclude by addressing a number of open questions about nanobubbles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ingram
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831-3599, USA
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7
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Anguita-Maeso M, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB. Insights into the Methodological, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing the Characterization of Xylem-Inhabiting Microbial Communities of Olive Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:912. [PMID: 36840260 PMCID: PMC9967459 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathogens are the causal agents of some of the most devastating plant diseases in the world, which can cause, under specific conditions, the destruction of entire crops. These plant pathogens activate a range of physiological and immune reactions in the host plant following infection, which may trigger the proliferation of a specific microbiome to combat them by, among others, inhibiting their growth and/or competing for space. Nowadays, it has been demonstrated that the plant microbiome can be modified by transplanting specific members of the microbiome, with exciting results for the control of plant diseases. However, its practical application in agriculture for the control of vascular plant pathogens is hampered by the limited knowledge of the plant endosphere, and, in particular, of the xylem niche. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of how research on the plant microbiome has evolved during the last decades to unravel the factors and complex interactions that affect the associated microbial communities and their surrounding environment, focusing on the microbial communities inhabiting the xylem vessels of olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea), the most ancient and important woody crop in the Mediterranean Basin. For that purpose, we have highlighted the role of xylem composition and its associated microorganisms in plants by describing the methodological approaches explored to study xylem microbiota, starting from the methods used to extract xylem microbial communities to their assessment by culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing approaches. Additionally, we have categorized some of the key biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host plant niche and genotype, the environment and the infection with vascular pathogens, that can be potential determinants to critically affect olive physiology and health status in a holobiont context (host and its associated organisms). Finally, we have outlined future directions and challenges for xylem microbiome studies based on the recent advances in molecular biology, focusing on metagenomics and culturomics, and bioinformatics network analysis. A better understanding of the xylem olive microbiome will contribute to facilitate the exploration and selection of specific keystone microorganisms that can live in close association with olives under a range of environmental/agronomic conditions. These microorganisms could be ideal targets for the design of microbial consortia that can be applied by endotherapy treatments to prevent or control diseases caused by vascular pathogens or modify the physiology and growth of olive trees.
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8
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Guan X, Schenk HJ, Roth MR, Welti R, Werner J, Kaack L, Trabi CL, Jansen S. Nanoparticles are linked to polar lipids in xylem sap of temperate angiosperm species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2003-2019. [PMID: 35552762 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous research, xylem sap of angiosperms has been found to include low concentrations of nanoparticles and polar lipids. A major goal of this study was to test predictions arising from the hypothesis that the nanoparticles consist largely of polar lipids from the original cell content of vessel elements. These predictions included that polar lipid and nanoparticle concentrations would be correlated, that they both do not pass through pit membranes and that they do not vary seasonally because they originate from living vessel element cells. We collected xylem sap of six temperate angiosperm species over the whole year to consider seasonal variation. Concentrations of nanoparticles and lipids in xylem sap and contamination control samples were measured with a NanoSight device and mass spectrometry. We found that the concentration of nanoparticles and polar lipids was (i) diluted when an increasing amount of sap was extracted, (ii) significantly correlated to each other for three species, (iii) affected by vessel anatomy, (iv) very low and largely different in chemical composition from contamination controls and (v) hardly variable among seasons. Moreover, there was a minor freezing-thawing effect with respect to nanoparticle amount and size. Xylem sap lipids included polar galactolipids and phospholipids in all species and neutral triacylglycerols in two species. These findings support the predictions and, by implication, the underlying hypothesis that nanoparticles in xylem sap consist of polar lipids from the original cell content of living vessel element cells. Further research is needed to examine the formation and stability of nanoparticles concerning lipid composition and multiphase interactions among gas, liquid and solid phases in xylem conduits of living plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Mary R Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Julia Werner
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christophe L Trabi
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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9
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Sin WC, Lam HM, Ngai SM. Identification of Diverse Stress-Responsive Xylem Sap Peptides in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158641. [PMID: 35955768 PMCID: PMC9369194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that plant secretory peptides are involved in the long-distance signaling pathways that help to regulate plant development and signal stress responses. In this study, we purified small peptides from soybean (Glycine max) xylem sap via o-chlorophenol extraction and conducted an in-depth peptidomic analysis using a mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics approach. We successfully identified 14 post-translationally modified peptide groups belonging to the peptide families CEP (C-terminally encoded peptides), CLE (CLAVATA3/embryo surrounding region-related), PSY (plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation), and XAP (xylem sap-associated peptides). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed unique tissue expression patterns among the peptide-encoding genes. Further qPCR analysis of some of the peptide-encoding genes showed differential stress-response profiles toward various abiotic stress factors. Targeted MS-based quantification of the nitrogen deficiency-responsive peptides, GmXAP6a and GmCEP-XSP1, demonstrated upregulation of peptide translocation in xylem sap under nitrogen-deficiency stress. Quantitative proteomic analysis of GmCEP-XSP1 overexpression in hairy soybean roots revealed that GmCEP-XSP1 significantly impacts stress response-related proteins. This study provides new insights that root-to-shoot peptide signaling plays important roles in regulating plant stress-response mechanisms.
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10
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Characterization of Oligopeptides in Solanum lycopersicum Xylem Exudates. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040592. [PMID: 35455083 PMCID: PMC9028419 DOI: 10.3390/life12040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The xylem is the main pathway for the transport of water and molecules from roots to shoots. To date, it has been reported that secreted oligopeptides mediate root-to-shoot signaling, and some long-distance mobile oligopeptides have been detected in xylem exudates. However, the conservation of a number of oligopeptides and the overall features of peptide fragments contained in xylem exudates are poorly understood. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of small proteins and peptides in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) xylem exudates and characterized the identified peptide fragments. We found that putative secreted proteins were enriched in xylem exudates compared with all proteins in the tomato protein database. We identified seven oligopeptides that showed common features of bioactive oligopeptides, including homologs of CLV3/ESR-related (CLE), C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP), and CASPARIAN STRIP INTEGRITY FACTOR (CIF) peptides. Furthermore, five of the identified oligopeptides were homologs of the soybean xylem exudate-associated oligopeptides that we previously reported. Our results suggest that oligopeptides in xylem exudates are conserved across plant species and provide insights into not only root-to-shoot signaling but also the maintenance of the xylem conduit.
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11
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Sancho AI, Birk T, Gregersen JM, Rønne T, Hornslet SE, Madsen AM, Bøgh KL. Microbial safety and protein composition of birch sap. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Weber KC, Mahmoud LM, Stanton D, Welker S, Qiu W, Grosser JW, Levy A, Dutt M. Insights into the mechanism of Huanglongbing tolerance in the Australian finger lime ( Citrus australasica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019295. [PMID: 36340410 PMCID: PMC9634478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) is tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB; Citrus greening). This species can be utilized to develop HLB tolerant citrus cultivars through conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches. In this report, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic data following a non-choice infection assay to understand the CaLas tolerance mechanisms in the finger lime. After filtering 3,768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2,396 were downregulated and 1,372 were upregulated in CaLas-infected finger lime compared to CaLas-infected HLB-susceptible 'Valencia' sweet orange. Comparative analyses revealed several DEGs belonging to cell wall, β-glucanase, proteolysis, R genes, signaling, redox state, peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferase, secondary metabolites, and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins categories. Our results indicate that the finger lime has evolved specific redox control systems to mitigate the reactive oxygen species and modulate the plant defense response. We also identified candidate genes responsible for the production of Cys-rich secretory proteins and Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1-like) proteins that are highly upregulated in infected finger lime relative to noninfected and infected 'Valencia' sweet orange. Additionally, the anatomical analysis of phloem and stem tissues in finger lime and 'Valencia' suggested better regeneration of phloem tissues in finger lime in response to HLB infection. Analysis of callose formation following infection revealed a significant difference in the production of callose plugs between the stem phloem of CaLas+ 'Valencia' sweet orange and finger lime. Understanding the mechanism of resistance will help the scientific community design strategies to protect trees from CaLas infection and assist citrus breeders in developing durable HLB tolerant citrus varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Weber
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Lamiaa M. Mahmoud
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Wenming Qiu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Manjul Dutt,
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13
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Zhang Q, Yao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheng Z, Li Y, Yang X, Wang L, Sun H. Plant accumulation and transformation of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117742. [PMID: 34329057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can take up and transform brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) from soil, water and the atmosphere, which is of considerable significance to the geochemical cycle of BFRs and OPFRs and their human exposure. However, the current understanding of the plant uptake, translocation, accumulation, and metabolism of BFRs and OPFRs in the environment remains very limited. In this review, recent studies on the accumulation and transformation of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are summarized, the main factors affecting plant accumulation from the aspects of root uptake, foliar uptake, and plant translocation are presented, and the metabolites and metabolic pathways of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are analyzed. It was found that BFRs and OPFRs can be taken up by plants through partitioning to root lipids, as well as through gaseous and particle-bound deposition to the leaves. Their microscopic distribution in roots and leaves is important for understanding their accumulation behaviors. BFRs and OPFRs can be translocated in the xylem and phloem, but the specific transport pathways and mechanisms need to be further studied. BFRs and OPFRs can undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in plants. The identification, quantification and environmental fate of their metabolites will affect the assessment of their ecological and human exposure risks. Based on the issues mentioned above, some key directions worth studying in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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14
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Debbarma J, Saikia B, Singha DL, Maharana J, Velmuruagan N, Dekaboruah H, Arunkumar KP, Chikkaputtaiah C. XSP10 and SlSAMT, Fusarium wilt disease responsive genes of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) express tissue specifically and interact with each other at cytoplasm in vivo. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1559-1575. [PMID: 34366597 PMCID: PMC8295444 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a major fungal disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Xylem sap protein 10 (XSP10) and Salicylic acid methyl transferase (SlSAMT) have been identified as putative negative regulatory genes associated with Fusarium wilt of tomato. Despite their importance as potential genes for developing Fusarium wilt disease tolerance, very little knowledge is available about their expression, cell biology, and functional genomics. Semi-quantitative and quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis of XSP10 and SlSAMT, in this study, revealed higher expression in root and flower tissue respectively in different tomato cultivars viz. Micro-Tom (MT), Arka Vikas (AV), and Arka Abhed (AA). Therefore, the highly up-regulated expression of XSP10 and SlSAMT in biotic stress susceptible tomato cultivar (AV) than a multiple disease resistant cultivar (AA) suggested the disease susceptibility nature of these genes for Fusarium wilt. Sub-cellular localization analysis through the expression of gateway cloning constructs in tomato protoplasts and seedlings showed the predominant localization of XSP10 in the nucleus and SlSAMT at the cytoplasm. A strong in vivo protein-protein interaction of XSP10 with SlSAMT at cytoplasm from bi-molecular fluorescent complementation study suggested that these two proteins function together in regulating responses to Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johni Debbarma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dhanawantari L. Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Distributed Information Centre (DIC), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam India
- Present Address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Natarajan Velmuruagan
- Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110 Arunachal Pradesh India
| | - Hariprasanna Dekaboruah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kallare P. Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute (CMER&TI), Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
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15
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Peritore-Galve FC, Tancos MA, Smart CD. Bacterial Canker of Tomato: Revisiting a Global and Economically Damaging Seedborne Pathogen. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1581-1595. [PMID: 33107795 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-20-1732-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The gram-positive actinobacterium Clavibacter michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, an economically impactful disease with a worldwide distribution. This seedborne pathogen systemically colonizes tomato xylem leading to unilateral leaflet wilt, marginal leaf necrosis, stem and petiole cankers, and plant death. Additionally, splash dispersal of the bacterium onto fruit exteriors causes bird's-eye lesions, which are characterized as necrotic centers surrounded by white halos. The pathogen can colonize developing seeds systemically through xylem and through penetration of fruit tissues from the exterior. There are currently no commercially available resistant cultivars, and bactericidal sprays have limited efficacy for managing the disease once the pathogen is in the vascular system. In this review, we summarize research on epidemiology, host colonization, the bacterial genetics underlying virulence, and management of bacterial canker. Finally, we highlight important areas of research into this pathosystem that have the potential to generate new strategies for prevention and mitigation of bacterial canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Christopher Peritore-Galve
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Matthew A Tancos
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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16
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Zhu Y, Qi B, Hao Y, Liu H, Sun G, Chen R, Song S. Appropriate NH 4 +/NO 3 - Ratio Triggers Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Flowering Chinese Cabbage by Optimizing the pH Value of Nutrient Solution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656144. [PMID: 33995453 PMCID: PMC8121088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared with sole nitrogen (N), the nutrition mixture of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 -) is known to better improve crop yield and quality. However, the mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in nutrient solution composition, content of different N forms in plant tissues and exudates, and expression of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase genes (HAs) under different NH4 +/NO3 - ratios (0/100, 10/90, 25/75, 50/50 as control, T1, T2, and T3) in flowering Chinese cabbage. We observed that compared with the control, T1 and T2 increased the economical yield of flowering Chinese cabbage by 1.26- and 1.54-fold, respectively, whereas T3 significantly reduced plant yield. Compared with the control, T1-T3 significantly reduced the NO3 - content and increased the NH4 +, amino acid, and soluble protein contents of flowering Chinese cabbage to varying extents. T2 significantly increased the N use efficiency (NUE), whereas T3 significantly decreased it to only being 70.25% of that of the control. Owing to the difference in N absorption and utilization among seedlings, the pH value of the nutrient solution differed under different NH4 +/NO3 - ratios. At harvest, the pH value of T2 was 5.8; in the control and T1, it was approximately 8.0, and in T3 it was only 3.6. We speculated that appropriate NH4 +/NO3 - ratios may improve N absorption and assimilation and thus promote the growth of flowering Chinese cabbage, owing to the suitable pH value. On the contrary, addition of excessive NH4 + may induce rhizosphere acidification and ammonia toxicity, causing plant growth inhibition. We further analyzed the transcription of PM H+-ATPase genes (HAs). HA1 and HA7 transcription in roots was significantly down-regulated by the addition of the mixture of NH4 + and NO3 -, whereas the transcription of HA2, HA9 in roots and HA7, HA8, and HA10 in leaves was sharply up-regulated by the addition of the mixture; the transcription of HA3 was mainly enhanced by the highest ratio of NH4 +/NO3 -. Our results provide valuable information about the effects of treatments with different NH4 +/NO3 - ratios on plant growth and N uptake and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Zhu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Baifu Qi
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houcheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangwen Sun
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Song
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Schenk HJ, Michaud JM, Mocko K, Espino S, Melendres T, Roth MR, Welti R, Kaack L, Jansen S. Lipids in xylem sap of woody plants across the angiosperm phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1477-1494. [PMID: 33295003 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have been observed attached to lumen-facing surfaces of mature xylem conduits of several plant species, but there has been little research on their functions or effects on water transport, and only one lipidomic study of the xylem apoplast. Therefore, we conducted lipidomic analyses of xylem sap from woody stems of seven plants representing six major angiosperm clades, including basal magnoliids, monocots and eudicots, to characterize and quantify phospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids in sap using mass spectrometry. Locations of lipids in vessels of Laurus nobilis were imaged using transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Xylem sap contained the galactolipids di- and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, as well as all common plant phospholipids, but only traces of sulfolipids, with total lipid concentrations in extracted sap ranging from 0.18 to 0.63 nmol ml-1 across all seven species. Contamination of extracted sap from lipids in cut living cells was found to be negligible. Lipid composition of sap was compared with wood in two species and was largely similar, suggesting that sap lipids, including galactolipids, originate from cell content of living vessels. Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sap were observed for one species. Lipid layers coated all lumen-facing vessel surfaces of L. nobilis, and lipids were highly concentrated in inter-vessel pits. The findings suggest that apoplastic, amphiphilic xylem lipids are a universal feature of angiosperms. The findings require a reinterpretation of the cohesion-tension theory of water transport to account for the effects of apoplastic lipids on dynamic surface tension and hydraulic conductance in xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Joseph M Michaud
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Kerri Mocko
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Tatiana Melendres
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Mary R Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
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18
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Dipsacus asperoides Roots from Different Habitats in China. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163605. [PMID: 32784367 PMCID: PMC7464434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipsacus asperoides is a kind of Chinese herbal medicine with beneficial health properties. To date, the quality of D. asperoides from different habitats has shown significant differences. However, the molecular differences in D. asperoides from different habitats are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in protein levels of D. asperoides from different habitats. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and 2DLC/MS/MS were used to detect statistically significant changes in D. asperoides from different habitats. Through proteomic analysis, a total of 2149 proteins were identified, of which 42 important differentially expressed proteins were screened. Through in-depth analysis of differential proteins, the protein metabolism energy and carbohydrate metabolism of D. asperoides from Hubei Province were strong, but their antioxidant capacity was weak. We found that three proteins, UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, allene oxide cyclase, and isopentyl diphosphate isomerase 2, may be the key proteins involved in dipsacus saponin VI synthesis. Eight proteins were found in D. asperoides in response to environmental stress from different habitats. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed the accuracy and authenticity of the proteomic analysis. The results of this study may provide the basic information for exploring the cause of differences in secondary metabolites in different habitats of D. asperoides and the protein mechanism governing differences in quality.
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19
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Doronina TV, Sheval EV, Lazareva EM. Programmed Cell Death during Formation of the Embryo Sac and Seed. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Longchar B, Phukan T, Yadav S, Senthil‐Kumar M. An efficient low-cost xylem sap isolation method for bacterial wilt assays in tomato. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11335. [PMID: 32351796 PMCID: PMC7186903 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE A portable, simple, yet efficient method was developed for the rapid extraction of xylem sap from the stems and petioles of tomato plants for diagnostic and quantification assays of the xylem-colonizing wilt bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. METHODS AND RESULTS Xylem saps were extracted from tomato stem sections using negative pressure generated from handheld needleless syringes. The samples were collected from plants grown under different soil moisture levels at four days after inoculation with the pathogen. Pipette tips were modified to serve as adapters for the stem sections. The quantification of the bacterial load in the extracted sap was performed by plating sap dilutions in Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) medium. Pathogen identity was further confirmed by performing a PCR using R. solanacearum-specific primers. CONCLUSIONS Due to its simplicity, portability, and thoroughness of extraction from predetermined tissue sizes, the method can potentially facilitate high-throughput onsite sampling from a large number of samples in a short time, which cannot be achieved with other available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarinee Phukan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi110067India
| | - Sarita Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali MargNew Delhi110067India
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21
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Iwabuchi A, Katte N, Suwa M, Goto J, Inui H. Factors regulating the differential uptake of persistent organic pollutants in cucurbits and non-cucurbits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 245:153094. [PMID: 31862647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has become a worldwide concern owing to their the toxicity to humans and wildlife. Pumpkin, cucumber, and squash (Cucurbitaceae) accumulate POPs in their shoots in concentrations higher than those in non-cucurbits; to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of this accumulation, POP transporters were analyzed in the xylem sap of cucurbits and non-cucurbits. The 17-kDa xylem sap proteins detected in all cucurbits but not in non-cucurbits readily bound polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in all tested cucurbits, except in cucumber and loofah, and to dieldrin in all tested cucurbits. Ten genes encoding major latex-like proteins (MLPs) responsible for the accumulation of PCBs in zucchini plants were cloned from cucurbits. Phylogenetic analysis using MLP sequences identified two separate clades, one containing Cucurbitaceae MLPs and the other containing those of non-cucurbit members. Recombinant MLPs bound PCB and dieldrin. Western blotting with anti-MLP antibodies identified translocatable and non-translocatable MLPs between root and stem xylem vessels. Translocation of MLPs from the root to stem xylem vessels and POP-binding ability of MLPs are important for selective accumulation of MLPs in cucurbits. This study provides basic knowledge about phytoremediation through overexpression of MLP genes and for breeding cucurbits that accumulate less contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nonoka Katte
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Suwa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Goto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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22
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Akhiyarova GR, Finkina EI, Ovchinnikova TV, Veselov DS, Kudoyarova GR. Role of Pea LTPs and Abscisic Acid in Salt-Stressed Roots. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E15. [PMID: 31877653 PMCID: PMC7022384 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a class of small, cationic proteins that bind and transfer lipids and play an important role in plant defense. However, their precise biological role in plants under adverse conditions including salinity and possible regulation by stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) remains unknown. In this work, we studied the localization of LTPs and ABA in the roots of pea plants using specific antibodies. Presence of LTPs was detected on the periphery of the cells mainly located in the phloem. Mild salt stress (50 mM NaCI) led to slowing plant growth and higher immunostaining for LTPs in the phloem. The deposition of suberin in Casparian bands located in the endoderma revealed with Sudan III was shown to be more intensive under salt stress and coincided with the increased LTP staining. All obtained data suggest possible functions of LTPs in pea roots. We assume that these proteins can participate in stress-induced pea root suberization or in transport of phloem lipid molecules. Salt stress increased ABA immunostaining in pea root cells but its localization was different from that of the LTPs. Thus, we failed to confirm the hypothesis regarding the direct influence of ABA on the level of LTPs in the salt-stressed root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel R. Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, Ufa 450054, Russia; (G.R.A.); (D.S.V.)
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str, 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
| | - Dmitry S. Veselov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, Ufa 450054, Russia; (G.R.A.); (D.S.V.)
| | - Guzel R. Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, Ufa 450054, Russia; (G.R.A.); (D.S.V.)
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23
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Yang J, Wang X, Xie M, Wang G, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. Proteomic analyses on xylem sap provides insights into the defense response of Gossypium hirsutum against Verticillium dahliae. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103599. [PMID: 31809902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae seriously affects the yield of cotton. Here, V. dahliae infection induced the significant reduction of protein concentration in cotton xylem sap (CXS), suggesting that the protein composition have changed. Thus, the proteomics in CXS from resistant Gossypium hirsutum cv. ND601 and susceptible CCRI8 infected by V. dahliae were analyzed using the label-free method. A total of 3047 proteins were identified across all four CXS sample groups. 1717 and 1476 proteins were differentially accumulated in ND601 and CCRI8 after infection with V. dahliae, respectively. The majority of up-accumulated and induced proteins belongs to pathogenesis-related proteins and associates with cell wall (CWRPs). Down-accumulated and disappeared proteins were principally related to plant growth and development. Differentially accumulated CWRPs from ND601 and CCRI8 in type and quantity were not entirely consistent with each other, leading to different cell wall dynamics and strength, which were partly proved by the measurement of stem mechanical strength. Most of proteins related to growth and development were down-accumulated in ND601 compared to CCRI8, suggesting that the resistant variety may transfer more energy for defense responses or reduce nutrient acquisition of V. dahliae for colonization more effectively than the susceptible. SIGNIFICANCE: Verticillium wilt, mainly caused by V. dahliae, is one of the most destructive diseases in cotton. V. dahliae usually penetrates the root epidermis, reaches vascular tissues, and eventually extends to the above-ground tissues along the xylem vessels. Obviously, xylem is an important battlefront for plant defense to V. dahliae. Therefore, we analyzed the proteome profiles of xylem saps from resistant and susceptible cotton cultivars. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Meixia Xie
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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Rostaminedjad M, Askari H, Zakavi M, Nadjafabadi MS, Farrokhi N. Energy Flow from Root to Shoot: A Comprehensive In silico Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e1734. [PMID: 31457040 PMCID: PMC6697854 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Root to shoot connection and transfer of information seems to be taken place mostly via the transmissions of signal molecules, secondary metabolites, amino acids, hormones and proteins, through xylem sap. Examination of earlier reports is indicative of relatively high levels of conservation in xylem sap protein compositions. Apparently these protein molecules are being synthesized in roots in response to environmental changes and get transported to aerial plant parts after secretion into xylem sap. Objectives In order to comprehend this so-called passive signaling, some questions need to be answered: 1) Do these proteins have the capability to act as signals? 2) How much energy does root spend for the biosynthesis of the secreted proteins? How similar is the amount of energy that root cells spent for the biosynthesis of intra- and extra-cellular proteins? Materials and Methods Reported xylem sap proteins curated from Arabidopsis, maize and soybean. Their sequences were put under scrutiny in terms of considering their mobility, and physical and chemical properties. Metabolic energy required for their biosynthesis along with the energy hidden in their peptide bonds were calculated and compared with random non-xylem sap proteins as control. Results Xylem sap proteins were significantly smaller than the root proteins, while they were bigger in size when compared to the leaf group. Xylem protein pIs were significantly higher than the control proteins in different plants. Similarly, the protein stability was higher for xylem sap proteins in comparison with roots and leaves in all analyzed plants, except for soybean that the stability was indifferent between xylem and root. The data were suggestive a significantly lower energy consumption for the synthesis of xylem sap proteins. Conclusions Lower energy consumption may suggest an economical route of communication between roots and shoots in plants that mainly rely on symplastic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Rostaminedjad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zakavi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Soltani Nadjafabadi
- Genetic Research Department, Iranian National Plant Gene Bank, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
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Chakraborty S, Nguyen B, Wasti SD, Xu G. Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019. [PMID: 31450667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Syed Danyal Wasti
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173081. [PMID: 31450667 PMCID: PMC6749341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Luo JS, Zhang Z. Proteomic changes in the xylem sap of Brassica napus under cadmium stress and functional validation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:280. [PMID: 31242871 PMCID: PMC6595625 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The xylem sap of vascular plants primarily transports water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the shoots and also transports heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). Proteomic changes in xylem sap is an important mechanism for detoxifying Cd by plants. However, it is unclear how proteins in xylem sap respond to Cd. Here, we investigated the effects of Cd stress on the xylem sap proteome of Brassica napus using a label-free shotgun proteomic approach to elucidate plant response mechanisms to Cd toxicity. RESULTS We identified and quantified 672 proteins; 67% were predicted to be secretory, and 11% (73 proteins) were unique to Cd-treated samples. Cd stress caused statistically significant and biologically relevant abundance changes in 28 xylem sap proteins. Among these proteins, the metabolic pathways that were most affected were related to cell wall modifications, stress/oxidoreductases, and lipid and protein metabolism. We functionally validated a plant defensin-like protein, BnPDFL, which belongs to the stress/oxidoreductase category, that was unique to the Cd-treated samples and played a positive role in Cd tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that BnPDFL is cell wall-localized. In vitro Cd-binding assays revealed that BnPDFL has Cd-chelating activity. BnPDFL heterologous overexpression significantly enhanced Cd tolerance in E. coli and Arabidopsis. Functional disruption of Arabidopsis plant defensin genes AtPDF2.3 and AtPDF2.2, which are mainly expressed in root vascular bundles, significantly decreased Cd tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Several xylem sap proteins in Brassica napus are differentially induced in response to Cd treatment, and plant defensin plays a positive role in Cd tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Luo
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, Changsha, 410128 China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Control and Agricultural Resources Use, National Engineering Laboratory on Soil and Fertilizer Resources Efficient Utilization, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition in Common University, Changsha, 410128 China
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28
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Zheng T, Zhang K, Zhu X, Guan L, Jiu S, Li X, Nasim M, Jia H, Fang J. Integrated metatranscriptome and transcriptome reveals the microbial community composition and physiological function of xylem sap on grapevine during bleeding period. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1095-1111. [PMID: 31236870 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The xylem sap of fruit trees ensures the survival during the dormant period, and its flow during the bleeding period is correlated with the start of a new life cycle. Though the simple exploration on ingredients in the sap was carried out in the early years, the specific life activities and physiology functions of the sap during bleeding period have not been reported yet and the bleeding period is still a fruit tree development period worthy of attention. OBJECTIVES In this study, the microbial community composition during bleeding period were revealed by metatranscriptome and transcriptomic data. For the first time, the microorganism genome and grape genome in xylem sap were analyzed on transcriptional level, based on which the main physiological functions of the sap were also determined. METHODS The genomic RNA in the sap was isolated and sequenced. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), Evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes Database (CAZy) functional annotation were used to analysis the function of micro-organisms in xylem sap. DEGs were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The genes responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses were finally screened by transcriptome screening, stress data analysis and vitro validation experiments. RESULTS The analysis exhibited 36,144,564 micro-related clean reads and 244,213 unigene. KEGG, eggNOG and CAZy functional annotation analysis indicated that signal transduction and material metabolism were the most important function of xylem sap. DEGs analysis were mainly about disease resistance, carbon source metabolism and hormone signal transduction, especially in P3 vs P1, enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Analysis on grape genome information revealed xylem sap had little RNA with weak life activity. Metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction were the four pathways with the largest number of enriched genes. Moreover, 16 genes responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses were screened out. CONCLUSION Promoting plant growth and resisting pathogens were the most important function of xylem sap during the bleeding period, and the function of microbial community were closely related to microorganisms growth and disease resistance. The 16 stress-related genes might be used for the future grape resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mazzullah Nasim
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Yang R, Yang L, Sun B, Zhu L. Uptake Kinetics, Accumulation, and Long-Distance Transport of Organophosphate Esters in Plants: Impacts of Chemical and Plant Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4940-4947. [PMID: 30942573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, accumulation, and long-distance transport of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in four kinds of plants were investigated by hydroponic experiments. The uptake kinetics ( k1,root) of OPEs in plant roots were determined by the binding of OPEs with the proteins in plant roots and apoplastic sap for the hydrophobic compounds, which correlated well with the transpiration capacity of the plants for the hydrophilic compounds. However, the accumulation capacity of OPEs in plant root was controlled by the partition of OPEs to plant lipids. As a consequence, OPEs were taken up the fastest in wheat root as a result of its highest protein content but least accumulated as a result of its lowest lipid content. The translocation factor of the OPEs decreased quickly with the hydrophobicity (log Kow) increasing, suggesting that the hydrophobic OPEs were hard to translocate from roots to shoots. The hydrophilic OPEs, such as tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, were ambimobile in the plant xylem and phloem, suggesting that they could move to the edible parts of plants and enhanced risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
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30
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Halis Y, Benhaddya ML, Bensaha H, Senoussi MM. How do newly matured vessels start conducting water? The significance of lateral pathways for connecting newly matured vessels to the transpiration stream. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:641-649. [PMID: 30597081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long history of research on xylem structure and function, there are no reports in the literature explaining how xylem vessel elements began conducting water just after their maturation. This study was conducted to demonstrate the anatomical arrangement of newly matured vessels, looking specifically for the first pathways connecting newly matured vessels to the transpiration stream. Using the developing stems of Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen as the experimental system, the course of vessel differentiation and maturation along the developing bundles was followed by using the dye-pressure method. Water pathways from newly matured vessels to other functioning vessels were directly visualized by the technique of single-vessel dye injection. Some isolated newly matured vessels from the transpiration stream were detected using two apoplastic tracers. The results of this study converge to support the hypothesis that the movement of water in the newly matured vessels depends completely on lateral contacts with other functioning vessels via vessel-to-vessel paths or vessel relays. In cases where the lateral pathways were absent, the flow within the newly matured vessels was substantially blocked resulting in a significant hydraulic isolation of the newly matured vessels. These results might contribute to a better understanding of the pattern of water movement within the developing xylem systems, and underscore that xylem vessels start conducting water through lateral transport, although their primary function is the axial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Halis
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Mohammed L Benhaddya
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Hocine Bensaha
- Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Énergies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de Développement des Énergies Renouvelables, CDER, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Mohamed M Senoussi
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Plant Amelioration, Larbi Benmhidi University of Oum El Bouaghi, Constantine Road, Algeria
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31
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Takahashi M, Arimura GI, Morikawa H. Dual nitrogen species involved in foliar uptake of nitrogen dioxide in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1582263. [PMID: 30810449 PMCID: PMC6512919 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1582263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Foliar uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is governed by its reactive absorption mechanism, by which NO2 molecules diffuse through cell wall layers and simultaneously react with apoplastic ascorbate to form nitrous acid, which freely diffuses across plasmalemma. However, whether free diffusion of nitrous acid is the sole mechanism of foliar uptake of NO2 remains unknown. The involvement of ammonia-inhibitable nitrite transporters in the foliar uptake of NO2, as reported in nitrite transport in Arabidopsis roots, is also unknown. In this study, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with methionine sulfoximine (MSX) to inhibit incorporation of ammonia into glutamate and exposed them to 4 ppm 15N-labeled NO2 for 4 h in light followed by quantification of total nitrogen, reduced nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen derived from NO2 using mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. The total nitrogen derived from NO2 in leaves without MSX treatment was 587.0 nmol NO2/g fresh weight, of which more than 65% was recovered as reduced nitrogen. In comparison, MSX treatment decreased the total nitrogen and reduced nitrogen derived from NO2 by half. Thus, half of the foliar uptake of NO2 is not attributable to passive diffusion of nitrous acid but to ammonia-inhibitable nitrite transport. Foliar uptake of NO2 is mediated by a dual mechanism in A. thaliana: nitrous acid-free diffusion and nitrite transporter-mediated transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Arimura
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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32
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Dandekar AM, Jacobson A, Ibáñez AM, Gouran H, Dolan DL, Agüero CB, Uratsu SL, Just R, Zaini PA. Trans-Graft Protection Against Pierce's Disease Mediated by Transgenic Grapevine Rootstocks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:84. [PMID: 30787937 PMCID: PMC6372540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A field study showed that transgenic grapevine rootstocks can provide trans-graft-mediated protection to a wild type scion against Pierce's disease (PD) development. We individually field-tested two distinct strategies. The first expressed a chimeric antimicrobial protein (CAP) that targeted the functionality of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) surface of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), the causative agent of PD. The second expressed a plant polygalacturonase inhibitory protein (PGIP) that prevents PD by inhibiting breakdown of pectin present in primary cell walls. Both proteins are secreted to the apoplast and then into the xylem, where they migrate past the graft union, transiting into the xylem of the grafted scion. Transgenic Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless (TS) expressing ether CAP or PGIP were tested in the greenhouse and those lines that showed resistance to PD were grafted with wild type TS scions. Grafted grapevines were introduced into the field and tested over 7 years. Here we present data on the field evaluation of trans-graft protection using four CAP and four PGIP independent rootstock lines, compared to an untransformed rootstock. There was 30 to 95% reduction in vine mortality among CAP- and PGIP-expressing lines after three successive yearly infections with virulent Xf. Shoot tissues grafted to either CAP or PGIP transgenic rootstocks supported lower pathogen titers and showed fewer disease symptoms. Grafted plants on transgenic rootstocks also had more spring bud break following infection, more shoots, and more vigorous growth compared to those grafted to wild type rootstocks. No yield penalty was observed in the transgenic lines and some PGIP-expressing vines had enhanced yield potential. Trans-graft protection is an efficient way to protect grape scions against PD while preserving their valuable varietal genotypes and clonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ana M. Ibáñez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David L. Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia B. Agüero
- Department of Enology and Viticulture, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandie L. Uratsu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert Just
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Takahashi M, Morikawa H. Nitrate, but not nitrite, derived from nitrogen dioxide accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves following exposure to 15N-labeled nitrogen dioxide. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1559579. [PMID: 30601096 PMCID: PMC6373841 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1559579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is known that when plant leaves are exposed to exogenously applied nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen derived from NO2 is reduced to amino acid nitrogen. However, whether this is the sole metabolic fate of exogenously applied NO2 is unclear. In this study, Arabidopsis leaves were exposed to 4 ppm 15N-labeled NO2 for 4 h in light, followed by capillary ion analysis and elemental analysis-mass spectrometry with an elemental analyzer connected directly to a mass spectrometer. We found that leaf cells exposed to 15N-labeled NO2 accumulated a large amount of 15N-labeled nitrate. Neither 15N-labeled nitrite nor endogenous nitrite was present in exposed leaves. It is likely that exogenously applied NO2 is first converted to nitrite, and that nitrite is oxidized to nitrate in Arabidopsis leaf cells. The complete disappearance of nitrite derived from exogenously applied NO2 and endogenous nitrite supports this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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34
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Pullagurala VLR, Rawat S, Adisa IO, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Plant uptake and translocation of contaminants of emerging concern in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1585-1596. [PMID: 29913619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The advent of industrialization has led to the discovery of a wide range of chemicals designed for multiple uses including plant protection. However, after use, most of the chemicals and their derivatives end up in soil and water, interacting with living organisms. Plants, which are primary producers, are intentionally or unintentionally exposed to several chemicals, serving as a vehicle for the transfer of products into the food chain. Although the exposure of pesticides towards plants has been witnessed over a long time in agricultural production, other chemicals have attracted attention very recently. In this review, we carried out a comprehensive overview of the plant uptake capacity of various contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in soil, such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceutical and personal care products, and engineered nanomaterials. The uptake pathways and overall impacts of these chemicals are highlighted. According to the literature, bioaccumulation of CEC in the root part is higher than in aerial parts. Furthermore, various factors such as plant species, pollutant type, and microbial interactions influence the overall uptake. Lastly, environmental factors such as soil erosion and temperature can also affect the CEC bioavailability towards plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata L Reddy Pullagurala
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Swati Rawat
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Ishaq O Adisa
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; The Center for Nanotechnology and Agricultural Pathogen Suppression (CeNAPS), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jose A Hernandez-Viezcas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; The Center for Nanotechnology and Agricultural Pathogen Suppression (CeNAPS), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Kudoyarova GR, Romanova AK, Novichkova NS, Vysotskaya LB, Akhtyamova Z, Akhiyarova GR, Veselov SY, Ivanov BN. Development of sugar beet leaves: contents of hormones, localization of abscisic acid, and the level of products of photosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1482175. [PMID: 29944451 PMCID: PMC6110365 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1482175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The level of hormones in the tissues of sugar beet leaves of different age in parallel with their growth and metabolic activity was assayed; the latter was analyzed, measuring the contents of sugars and N-containing compounds, and the activities of Rubisco and proteases. The highest auxin and ABA concentration was detected in the actively growing upper leaf, while high level of cytokinins was maintained in the middle and upper leaves characterized by intensive photosynthesis. Leaf senescence being manifested in decline of chlorophyll content, decrease of photosynthesis and activation of proteolysis was accompanied by a decline in concentration of cytokinins. Glucose level gradually increased from upper (younger) to a lower (elder) leaves; this was accompanied with the signs of senescence on the background of decreased cytokinins level. Immuno-histochemical technique revealed increased level of abscisic acid in phloem parenchyma of the lowest leaf. The results suggest a possible involvement of auxins in maintaining leaf growth, an implication of decreased cytokinins level in the hypothesized induction of senescence by glucose, and a participation of abscisic acid in the active loading of metabolites into the phloem of senescing leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - A. K. Romanova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - N. S. Novichkova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
| | - L. B. Vysotskaya
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Z. Akhtyamova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - G. R. Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - S. Y. Veselov
- Bashkir State University, Biological department, Ufa, Russia
| | - B. N. Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia
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Schenk HJ, Espino S, Rich-Cavazos SM, Jansen S. From the sap's perspective: The nature of vessel surfaces in angiosperm xylem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:172-185. [PMID: 29578294 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Xylem sap in angiosperms moves under negative pressure in conduits and cell wall pores that are nanometers to micrometers in diameter, so sap is always very close to surfaces. Surfaces matter for water transport because hydrophobic ones favor nucleation of bubbles, and surface chemistry can have strong effects on flow. Vessel walls contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, proteins, and possibly lipids, but what is the nature of the inner, lumen-facing surface that is in contact with sap? METHODS Vessel lumen surfaces of five angiosperms from different lineages were examined via transmission electron microscopy and confocal and fluorescence microscopy, using fluorophores and autofluorescence to detect cell wall components. Elemental composition was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and treatments with phospholipase C (PLC) were used to test for phospholipids. KEY RESULTS Vessel surfaces consisted mainly of lignin, with strong cellulose signals confined to pit membranes. Proteins were found mainly in inter-vessel pits and pectins only on outer rims of pit membranes and in vessel-parenchyma pits. Continuous layers of lipids were detected on most vessel surfaces and on most pit membranes and were shown by PLC treatment to consist at least partly of phospholipids. CONCLUSIONS Vessel surfaces appear to be wettable because lignin is not strongly hydrophobic and a coating with amphiphilic lipids would render any surface hydrophilic. New questions arise about these lipids and their possible origins from living xylem cells, especially about their effects on surface tension, surface bubble nucleation, and pit membrane function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Susana Espino
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Sarah M Rich-Cavazos
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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Lopisso DT, Knüfer J, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. Growth of Verticillium longisporum in Xylem Sap of Brassica napus is Independent from Cultivar Resistance but Promoted by Plant Aging. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:1047-1054. [PMID: 28560894 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-17-0043-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As Verticillium stem striping of oilseed rape (OSR), a vascular disease caused by Verticillium longisporum, is extending into new geographic regions and no control with fungicides exists, the demand for understanding mechanisms of quantitative resistance increases. Because V. longisporum is strictly limited to the xylem and resistance is expressed in the systemic stage post root invasion, we investigated a potential antifungal role of soluble constituents and nutritional conditions in xylem sap as determinants of cultivar resistance of OSR to V. longisporum. Assessment of biometric and molecular genetic parameters applied to describe V. longisporum resistance (net area under disease progress curve, stunting, stem thickness, plant biomass, and V. longisporum DNA content) showed consistent susceptibility of cultivar 'Falcon' in contrast to two resistant genotypes, 'SEM' and 'Aviso'. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed a consistently stronger in vitro growth of V. longisporum in xylem sap extracted from OSR compared with the water control. Further comparisons of fungal growth in xylem sap of different cultivars revealed the absence of constitutive or V. longisporum induced antifungal activity in the xylem sap of resistant versus susceptible genotypes. The similar growth of V. longisporum in xylem sap, irrespective of cultivar, infection with V. longisporum and xylem sap filtration, was correlated with about equal amounts of total soluble proteins in xylem sap from these treatments. Interestingly, compared with younger plants, xylem sap from older plants induced significantly stronger fungal growth. Growth enhancement of V. longisporum in xylem sap of aging plants was reflected by increased contents of carbohydrates, which was consistent in mock or V. longisporum-infected plants and independent from cultivar resistance. The improved nutritional conditions in the xylem of more mature plants may explain the late appearance of disease symptoms, which are observed only in late maturity stages of plants in the field. While falsifying the presence of antifungal activity in xylem sap of resistant cultivars, this study strengthens previous findings that indicated a significant role of physical cell wall bound resistance factors involved in quantitative, cultivar-related resistance of B. napus to V. longisporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teshome Lopisso
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Knüfer
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Ceballos-Laita L, Gutierrez-Carbonell E, Takahashi D, Abadía A, Uemura M, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Effects of Fe and Mn deficiencies on the protein profiles of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) xylem sap as revealed by shotgun analyses. J Proteomics 2017; 170:117-129. [PMID: 28847647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of Fe and Mn deficiencies on the xylem sap proteome of tomato using a shotgun proteomic approach, with the final goal of elucidating plant response mechanisms to these stresses. This approach yielded 643 proteins reliably identified and quantified with 70% of them predicted as secretory. Iron and Mn deficiencies caused statistically significant and biologically relevant abundance changes in 119 and 118 xylem sap proteins, respectively. In both deficiencies, metabolic pathways most affected were protein metabolism, stress/oxidoreductases and cell wall modifications. First, results suggest that Fe deficiency elicited more stress responses than Mn deficiency, based on the changes in oxidative and proteolytic enzymes. Second, both nutrient deficiencies affect the secondary cell wall metabolism, with changes in Fe deficiency occurring via peroxidase activity, and in Mn deficiency involving peroxidase, Cu-oxidase and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins. Third, the primary cell wall metabolism was affected by both nutrient deficiencies, with changes following opposite directions as judged from the abundances of several glycoside-hydrolases with endo-glycolytic activities and pectin esterases. Fourth, signaling pathways via xylem involving CLE and/or lipids as well as changes in phosphorylation and N-glycosylation also play a role in the responses to these stresses. Biological significance In spite of being essential for the delivery of nutrients to the shoots, our knowledge of xylem responses to nutrient deficiencies is very limited. The present work applies a shotgun proteomic approach to unravel the effects of Fe and Mn deficiencies on the xylem sap proteome. Overall, Fe deficiency seems to elicit more stress in the xylem sap proteome than Mn deficiency, based on the changes measured in proteolytic and oxido-reductase proteins, whereas both nutrients exert modifications in the composition of the primary and secondary cell wall. Cell wall modifications could affect the mechanical and permeability properties of the xylem sap vessels, and therefore ultimately affect solute transport and distribution to the leaves. Results also suggest that signaling cascades involving lipid and peptides might play a role in nutrient stress signaling and pinpoint interesting candidates for future studies. Finally, both nutrient deficiencies seem to affect phosphorylation and glycosylation processes, again following an opposite pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elain Gutierrez-Carbonell
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Anunciación Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Flor López-Millán
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Flajšman M, Mandelc S, Radišek S, Javornik B. Xylem Sap Extraction Method from Hop Plants. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2172. [PMID: 34458483 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is one of the most important diseases on hop that significantly influence continuation of production on affected areas. It is caused by the soil borne vascular pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae, which infects plants through the roots and then advances through the vascular (xylem) system. During infection, V. nonalfalfae secretes many different virulence factors. Xylem sap of infected plants is therefore a rich source for investigating the molecules that are involved in molecular interactions of Verticillium - hop plants. This protocol provides instructions on how to infect hop plants with V. nonalfalfae artificially and how to obtain xylem sap from hop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Mandelc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mutawila C, Stander C, Halleen F, Vivier MA, Mostert L. Response of Vitis vinifera cell cultures to Eutypa lata and Trichoderma atroviride culture filtrates: expression of defence-related genes and phenotypes. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:863-879. [PMID: 27352313 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera cv. Dauphine berries were used to study the response to the vascular pathogen, Eutypa lata, in comparison with a biological control agent, Trichoderma atroviride, that was previously shown to be effective in pruning wound protection. The expression of genes coding for enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was profiled over a 48-h period using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The cell cultures responded to elicitors of both fungi with a hypersensitive-like response that lead to a decrease in cell viability. Similar genes were triggered by both the pathogen and biocontrol agent, but the timing patterns and magnitude of expression was dependent on the specific fungal elicitor. Culture filtrates of both fungi caused upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumaroyl Co-A ligase (CCo-A) and stilbene synthase (STS), and a downregulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. The pathogen filtrate caused a biphasic pattern in the upregulation of PAL and STS genes which was not observed in cells treated with filtrates of the biocontrol agent. Analytical assays showed significantly higher total phenolic content and chitinolytic enzyme activity in the cell cultures treated with the T. atroviride filtrate compared to the pathogen filtrate. These results corresponded well to the higher expression of PAL and chitinase class IV genes. The response of the cell cultures to T. atroviride filtrate provides support for the notion that the wound protection by the biocontrol agent at least partially relies on the induction of grapevine resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mutawila
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - C Stander
- Institute of Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - F Halleen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbji, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - M A Vivier
- Institute of Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - L Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Klepsch MM, Schmitt M, Paul Knox J, Jansen S. The chemical identity of intervessel pit membranes in Acer challenges hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic conductivity. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw052. [PMID: 27354661 PMCID: PMC4975070 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ion-mediated enhancement of the hydraulic conductivity of xylem tissue (i.e. the ionic effect) has been reported for various angiosperm species. One explanation of the ionic effect is that it is caused by the swelling and shrinking of intervessel pit membranes due to the presence of pectins and/or other cell-wall matrix polymers such as heteroxylans or arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) that may contain acidic sugars. Here, we examined the ionic effect for six Acer species and their pit membrane chemistry using immunocytochemistry, including antibodies against glycoproteins. Moreover, anatomical features related to the bordered pit morphology and vessel dimensions were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The ionic effect varied from 18 % (± 9) to 32 % (± 13). Epitopes of homogalacturonan (LM18) and xylan (LM11) were not detected in intervessel pit membranes. Negative results were also obtained for glycoproteins (extensin: LM1, JIM20; AGP glycan: LM2), although AGP (JIM13)-related epitopes were detected in parenchyma cells. The mean vessel length was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the ionic effect, unlike other pit or vessel-related characteristics. Our results suggest that intervessel pit membranes of Acer are unlikely to contain pectic or other acidic polysaccharides. Therefore, alternative explanations should be tested to clarify the ionic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Klepsch
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Schmitt
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2007. [PMID: 27257535 PMCID: PMC4888286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce’s disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Carella P, Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Cameron RK. Vascular Sap Proteomics: Providing Insight into Long-Distance Signaling during Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:651. [PMID: 27242852 PMCID: PMC4863880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular system, composed of the xylem and phloem, is important for the transport of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthate throughout the plant body. The vasculature is also the primary means by which developmental and stress signals move from one organ to another. Due to practical and technological limitations, proteomics analysis of xylem and phloem sap has been understudied in comparison to accessible sample types such as leaves and roots. However, recent advances in sample collection techniques and mass spectrometry technology are making it possible to comprehensively analyze vascular sap proteomes. In this mini-review, we discuss the emerging field of vascular sap proteomics, with a focus on recent comparative studies to identify vascular proteins that may play roles in long-distance signaling and other processes during stress responses in plants.
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Rodríguez-Celma J, Ceballos-Laita L, Grusak MA, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Plant fluid proteomics: Delving into the xylem sap, phloem sap and apoplastic fluid proteomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:991-1002. [PMID: 27033031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phloem sap, xylem sap and apoplastic fluid play key roles in long and short distance transport of signals and nutrients, and act as a barrier against local and systemic pathogen infection. Among other components, these plant fluids contain proteins which are likely to be important players in their functionalities. However, detailed information about their proteomes is only starting to arise due to the difficulties inherent to the collection methods. This review compiles the proteomic information available to date in these three plant fluids, and compares the proteomes obtained in different plant species in order to shed light into conserved functions in each plant fluid. Inter-species comparisons indicate that all these fluids contain the protein machinery for self-maintenance and defense, including proteins related to cell wall metabolism, pathogen defense, proteolysis, and redox response. These analyses also revealed that proteins may play more relevant roles in signaling in the phloem sap and apoplastic fluid than in the xylem sap. A comparison of the proteomes of the three fluids indicates that although functional categories are somewhat similar, proteins involved are likely to be fluid-specific, except for a small group of proteins present in the three fluids, which may have a universal role, especially in cell wall maintenance and defense. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- University of East Anglia/John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana-Flor López-Millán
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain; USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ostendorp A, Pahlow S, Deke J, Thieß M, Kehr J. Protocol: optimisation of a grafting protocol for oilseed rape (Brassica napus) for studying long-distance signalling. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:22. [PMID: 27019668 PMCID: PMC4807576 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is a well-established technique for studying long-distance transport and signalling processes in higher plants. While oilseed rape has been the subject of comprehensive analyses of xylem and phloem sap to identify macromolecules potentially involved in long-distance information transfer, there is currently no standardised grafting method for this species published. RESULTS We developed a straightforward collar-free grafting protocol for Brassica napus plants with high reproducibility and success rates. Micrografting of seedlings was done on filter paper. Grafting success on different types of regeneration media was measured short-term after grafting and as the long-term survival rate (>14 days) of grafts after the transfer to hydroponic culture or soil. CONCLUSIONS We compared different methods for grafting B. napus seedlings. Grafting on filter paper with removed cotyledons, a truncated hypocotyl and the addition of low levels of sucrose under long day conditions allowed the highest grafting success. A subsequent long-term hydroponic cultivation of merged grafts showed highest survival rates and best reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ostendorp
- Molecular Plant Genetics, University Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Pahlow
- Molecular Plant Genetics, University Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Deke
- Molecular Plant Genetics, University Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Thieß
- Molecular Plant Genetics, University Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Molecular Plant Genetics, University Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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46
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Shabala S, White RG, Djordjevic MA, Ruan YL, Mathesius U. Root-to-shoot signalling: integration of diverse molecules, pathways and functions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:87-104. [PMID: 32480444 DOI: 10.1071/fp15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptive potential is critically dependent upon efficient communication and co-ordination of resource allocation and signalling between above- and below-ground plant parts. Plant roots act as gatekeepers that sense and encode information about soil physical, chemical and biological factors, converting them into a sophisticated network of signals propagated both within the root itself, and also between the root and shoot, to optimise plant performance for a specific set of conditions. In return, plant roots receive and decode reciprocal information coming from the shoot. The communication modes are highly diverse and include a broad range of physical (electric and hydraulic signals, propagating Ca2+ and ROS waves), chemical (assimilates, hormones, peptides and nutrients), and molecular (proteins and RNA) signals. Further, different signalling systems operate at very different timescales. It remains unclear whether some of these signalling systems operate in a priming mode(s), whereas others deliver more specific information about the nature of the signal, or whether they carry the same 'weight'. This review summarises the current knowledge of the above signalling mechanisms, and reveals their hierarchy, and highlights the importance of integration of these signalling components, to enable optimal plant functioning in a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | | | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Building 134, Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Building 134, Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Miller EL, Nason SL, Karthikeyan KG, Pedersen JA. Root Uptake of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Ingredients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:525-41. [PMID: 26619126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crops irrigated with reclaimed wastewater or grown in biosolids-amended soils may take up pharmaceuticals and personal care product ingredients (PPCPs) through their roots. The uptake pathways followed by PPCPs and the propensity for these compounds to bioaccumulate in food crops are still not well understood. In this critical review, we discuss processes expected to influence root uptake of PPCPs, evaluate current literature on uptake of PPCPs, assess models for predicting plant uptake of these compounds, and provide recommendations for future research, highlighting processes warranting study that hold promise for improving mechanistic understanding of plant uptake of PPCPs. We find that many processes that are expected to influence PPCP uptake and accumulation have received little study, particularly rhizosphere interactions, in planta transformations, and physicochemical properties beyond lipophilicity (as measured by Kow). Data gaps and discrepancies in methodology and reporting have so far hindered development of models that accurately predict plant uptake of PPCPs. Topics warranting investigation in future research include the influence of rhizosphere processes on uptake, determining mechanisms of uptake and accumulation, in planta transformations, the effects of PPCPs on plants, and the development of predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Miller
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sara L Nason
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - K G Karthikeyan
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joel A Pedersen
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, ‡Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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48
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Pu Z, Ino Y, Kimura Y, Tago A, Shimizu M, Natsume S, Sano Y, Fujimoto R, Kaneko K, Shea DJ, Fukai E, Fuji SI, Hirano H, Okazaki K. Changes in the Proteome of Xylem Sap in Brassica oleracea in Response to Fusarium oxysporum Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:31. [PMID: 26870056 PMCID: PMC4734173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conlutinans (Foc) is a serious root-invading and xylem-colonizing fungus that causes yellowing in Brassica oleracea. To comprehensively understand the interaction between F. oxysporum and B. oleracea, composition of the xylem sap proteome of the non-infected and Foc-infected plants was investigated in both resistant and susceptible cultivars using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after in-solution digestion of xylem sap proteins. Whole genome sequencing of Foc was carried out and generated a predicted Foc protein database. The predicted Foc protein database was then combined with the public B. oleracea and B. rapa protein databases downloaded from Uniprot and used for protein identification. About 200 plant proteins were identified in the xylem sap of susceptible and resistant plants. Comparison between the non-infected and Foc-infected samples revealed that Foc infection causes changes to the protein composition in B. oleracea xylem sap where repressed proteins accounted for a greater proportion than those of induced in both the susceptible and resistant reactions. The analysis on the proteins with concentration change > = 2-fold indicated a large portion of up- and down-regulated proteins were those acting on carbohydrates. Proteins with leucine-rich repeats and legume lectin domains were mainly induced in both resistant and susceptible system, so was the case of thaumatins. Twenty-five Foc proteins were identified in the infected xylem sap and 10 of them were cysteine-containing secreted small proteins that are good candidates for virulence and/or avirulence effectors. The findings of differential response of protein contents in the xylem sap between the non-infected and Foc-infected samples as well as the Foc candidate effectors secreted in xylem provide valuable insights into B. oleracea-Foc interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Pu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Asumi Tago
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakami, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe UniversityKobe, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Shea
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Eigo Fukai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fuji
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural UniversityAkita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City UniversityKanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keiichi Okazaki
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Okamoto S, Suzuki T, Kawaguchi M, Higashiyama T, Matsubayashi Y. A comprehensive strategy for identifying long-distance mobile peptides in xylem sap. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:611-20. [PMID: 26333921 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that secreted pemediate organ-to-organ communication in higher plants. Xylem sap peptidomics is an effective but challenging approach for identifying long-distance mobile peptides. In this study we developed a simple, gel-free purification system that combines o-chlorophenol extraction with HPLC separation. Using this system, we successfully identified seven oligopeptides from soybean xylem sap exudate that had one or more post-transcriptional modifications: glycosylation, sulfation and/or hydroxylation. RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analyses showed that the peptide-encoding genes are expressed in multiple tissues. We further analyzed the long-distance translocation of four of the seven peptides using gene-encoding peptides with single amino acid substitutions, and identified these four peptides as potential root-to-shoot mobile oligopeptides. Promoter-GUS analysis showed that all four peptide-encoding genes were expressed in the inner tissues of the root endodermis. Moreover, we found that some of these peptide-encoding genes responded to biotic and/or abiotic factors. These results indicate that our purification system provides a comprehensive approach for effectively identifying endogenous small peptides and reinforce the concept that higher plants employ various peptides in root-to-shoot signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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50
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Zhou W, Nan X, Zheng Z, Wei C, He H. Analysis of Inter-Individual Bacterial Variation in Gut of Cicada Meimuna mongolica (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev113. [PMID: 26411784 PMCID: PMC4626675 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal bacterial community plays a crucial role in the nutrition, development, survival, and reproduction of insects. When compared with other insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, the habitats of cicada nymphs and adults are totally different. However, little is known about the differences in the gut bacterial communities in the nymphs and adults within any cicada species. The diversity of bacteria in the gut of nymphs and adults of both genders of Meimuna mongolica (Distant) was studied using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method. Few inter-individual variations among gut microbiota were observed, suggesting that M. mongolica typically harbors a limited and consistent suite of bacterial species. Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were the predominant components of the gut microflora of M. mongolica at all life stages. Bacteria of Pantoea, Streptococcus, and Uruburuella were also widespread in the cicada samples but at relatively lower concentrations. The relative stability and similarity of the PCR-DGGE patterns indicate that all individuals of this cicada species harbor a characteristic bacterial community which is independent from developmental stages and genders. Related endosymbionts that could be harbored in bacteromes of cicadas were not detected in any gut samples, which could be related to the cicada species and the distribution of these endosymbionts in the cicada cavity, or due to some of the possible limitations of PCR-DGGE community profiling. It is worthwhile to further address if related cicada endosymbiont clades distribute in the alimentary canals and other internal organs through diagnostic PCR using group-specific primer sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, China *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaoning Nan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, China
| | - Hong He
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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