1
|
Liu Y, Ye Q, Dai Y, Hu J, Chen J, Dong J, Li H, Dou Z. Integrating analysis of mRNA expression profiles indicates Sgk1 as a key mediator in muscle-brain crosstalk during resistance exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 719:150075. [PMID: 38749087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Abundant evidence has shown the protective effect of aerobic exercise on central neuronal system, however, research about resistance exercise remains limited. To evaluate the effect and potential molecular mechanisms of resistance exercise in improving cognition and mental health, three-month-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent resistance training for five weeks. Body parameters, cognitive performance and synaptic plasticity were then assessed. In both groups, total RNA from the frontal cortex, hippocampus and gastrocnemius was isolated and sequenced, GO term and KEGG analysis were performed to identify molecular mechanisms. The results from RNA sequencing were then verified by RT-PCR. Our data found that mice in training group showed reduced anxiety-like behavior and better spatial memory. Accordingly, resistance exercise specifically increased the number of thin spines without affecting the number of other kind of spines. mRNA sequence analysis showed that resistance exercise induced differential expression of hundreds of genes in the above three tissues. KEGG analysis indicated the FoxO signaling pathway the most significant changed pathway throughout the brain and muscle. GO terms analysis showed that Sgk1 was enriched in the three key cognition related BP, including long-term memory, learning or memory and memory, and the expression level of Sgk1 was positive related with cognitive performance in the water maze. In conclusion, resistance exercise improved the mental health, cognition and synaptic plasticity of mice. Integrating analysis of mRNA expression profiles in frontal cortex, hippocampus and muscle reveals Sgk1 as the key mediator in brain-muscle crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuping Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiemei Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juntao Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baumgartner NW, Belbis MD, Kargl C, Holmes MJ, Gavin TP, Hirai DM, Kao SC. Acute Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Recognition of Relational Memory, Lactate, and Serum and Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00485. [PMID: 39074170 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baumgartner, NW, Belbis, MD, Kargl, C, Holmes, MJ, Gavin, TP, Hirai, DM, and Kao, S-C. Acute effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on recognition of relational memory, lactate, and serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Acute aerobic exercise improves memory, but this phenomenon is understudied in response to resistance exercise (RE) despite evidence that RE-induced increases in lactate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play mechanistic roles in memory performance. To determine the acute effect of RE on lactate, BDNF, and their associations with object and relational memory, blood lactate, and serum and plasma BDNF were taken from 36 adults (average age 23.64 ± 3.89 years; 18 woman) before and immediately after 42 minutes of high-intensity RE and a rest condition on counterbalanced days. Subjects then immediately studied a series of paired objects and completed object and relational recognition tasks. Results revealed a condition by trial interaction, previously studied objects were remembered less accurately following RE (d = 0.66) but recognition occurred faster (d = 0.28), indicating a speed-accuracy tradeoff following RE. There was no effect of either intervention on relational recognition performance. Lactate (d = 3.68) and serum BDNF (d = 0.74) increased following RE, whereas there was no time-related change in lactate and serum BDNF following rest. However, changes in lactate and BDNF did not predict any measures of object (rs < 0.25, ps > 0.16) or relation recognition (rs < 0.28, ps > 0.13). Collectively, these findings suggest that acute high-intensity RE selectively improves the processing speed of recognizing objects at the cost of less accurate recognition of previously studied objects. Furthermore, changes in object and relational memory performance are unlikely driven by acute increases in lactate or BDNF following high-intensity RE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Belbis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Christopher Kargl
- Department of Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Holmes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lak M, Jafarpour A, Shahrbaf MA, Lak M, Dolatshahi B. The effect of physical exercise on cognitive function in schizophrenia patients: A GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Schizophr Res 2024; 271:81-90. [PMID: 39013348 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise has demonstrated the potential to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, although the results are limited. The objective of this meta-analysis is to synthesize the existing evidence on the impact of physical exercise on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted. The study included controlled clinical trials on patients with schizophrenia that received physical exercise as the intervention for improving cognition. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, and the outcomes were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). RESULTS A total of 22 articles, including 1066 patients (565 in the intervention group and 501 in the control group), were included in the final analysis. Physical exercises significantly improved global cognition (SMD: 0.73, 95 % CI (0.46-1.00), P < 0.001), and aerobic exercise was found to have a more significant effect than resistance and mindfulness exercise (SMD: 0.76, 95 % CI (0.45-1.07), P < 0.001). The speed of processing [SMD: 0.88, 95 % CI (0.37-1.38), P = 0.001], attention [SMD: 0.61, 95 % CI (0.20-1.02), P = 0.004], and visual learning memory [SMD: 1.42, 95 % CI (0.14-2.71), P = 0.03] demonstrated significant improvement after physical exercise, while no significant effects were observed on working memory, verbal learning memory, reasoning and problem-solving, and social cognition. CONCLUSIONS Exercise can improve overall cognitive function in people with Schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether this improvement is significant in specific cognitive domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmahdi Lak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Psychosis Research Center, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Jafarpour
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Psychosis Research Center, University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadyasin Lak
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Dolatshahi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akalp K, Ferreira JP, Soares CM, Ribeiro MJ, Teixeira AM. The effects of different types of exercises on cognition in older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 126:105541. [PMID: 38981326 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to analyze the effects of different types of exercise on cognition, neuroprotective and neuroinflammatory blood markers in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Relevant studies were identified using PubMED, SPORTDiscuss, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases. Methodological quality assessment of the studies was done with modified Downs and Black checklist. Data obtained from the included studies was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 4.0 software and results were reported using the random effects method. RESULTS A total of twenty-three studies were identified. The findings were summarized as change in cognitive function after the exercise interventions in general and after each type of exercise. On average, the exercise intervention revealed an effect size (ES): 1.165; 0.741 to 1.589 (95% Confidence Interval (CI); p < 0.001); aerobic exercise ES: 1.442; 0.624 to 2.260 (95 %CI); p = 0.001; Multimodal ES: 0,856; 0.366 to 1.346 (95 % CI); p = 0.001 and resistance exercise ES: 1.229; 0.339 to 2.120 (95 % CI); p = 0.007. In addition, we observed significant small ES: -0.475; -0.817 to -0.134 (95 %CI); p = 0.006, I2= 0 %; τ2 = 0 of exercise effects on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and non-significant large ES:0.952; -0.238 to 2.142 (95 %CI); p = 0.117 on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in persons with MCI. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the existence of a large positive effect of overall exercise intervention on cognitive function and a small effect on TNF-α in old people with MCI. Additionally, this study demonstrates that aerobic and resistance exercises had similar larger positive effects and were better than multimodal exercise on increasing cognition in older persons with MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Akalp
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity(CIDAF -doi: 10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity(CIDAF -doi: 10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Soares
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity(CIDAF -doi: 10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of Douro, ISCE Research Center (CI-ISCE), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Maria José Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, CIBIT-ICNAS, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity(CIDAF -doi: 10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vints WAJ, Levin O, van Griensven M, Vlaeyen JWS, Masiulis N, Verbunt J, van Laake-Geelen CCM. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to combat cognitive aging in people with spinal cord injury: protocol for a single case experimental design study. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:197. [PMID: 38862912 PMCID: PMC11165793 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) can experience accelerated cognitive aging. Myokines (factors released from muscle cells during contractions), such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are thought to have beneficial effects on cognition. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was shown to elicit a large release of myokines. However, the effects of NMES on cognitive function have not been studied. OBJECTIVE To present the study protocol for a clinical trial evaluating the effects of NMES aimed at improving cognition and BDNF. METHODS A replicated randomized three-phases single-case experimental design (SCED) with sequential multiple baseline time series and a single-armed prospective trial will be conducted with 15 adults with chronic SCI (> 12 months after injury) above L1 neurological level undergoing 30-min quadriceps NMES, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. MAIN STUDY ENDPOINTS Primary endpoint is cognitive performance (assessed by a smartphone test) conducted three times per week during the baseline phase with random duration of 3 to 8 weeks, the intervention phase of 12 weeks, and the follow-up phase of 3 weeks after a no measurement rest period of 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints are changes in BDNF levels and cognitive performance measured before the baseline period, before and after intervention and after a 12 weeks follow-up. CONCLUSION This will be the first study investigating the effects of 12 weeks NMES on both cognition and BDNF levels in individuals with SCI. The SCED results provide information on individual treatment effect courses which may direct future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05822297, 12/01/2023).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W S Vlaeyen
- Experimental Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Health Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Louvain, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, Vilnius, 03101, Lithuania
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte C M van Laake-Geelen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banta Lavenex P, Blandin ML, Gaborieau C, Lavenex P. Well-designed manufacturing work improves some cognitive abilities in individuals with cognitive impairments. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2024; 5:1377133. [PMID: 38813372 PMCID: PMC11135131 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1377133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Employment is recognized as a fundamental human right, which correlates with better physical and mental health. Importantly, well-designed work, which considers the physical, social, and psychological impacts of work, can serve to enhance the cognitive abilities of workers. Although often overlooked, work for individuals with disabilities, including cognitive impairments, is equally important for their physical and mental well-being. What has not been established, however, is whether well-designed work can also enhance the cognitive abilities of individuals with cognitive impairments. Methods Using a longitudinal study design, we investigated the impact of well-designed work on the cognitive abilities of 60 participants (operators) at the AMIPI Foundation factories, which employ individuals with cognitive impairments to produce electrical cables and harnesses for the automobile industry. The same operators were assessed at three different time points: upon hiring (n = 60), and after working in the factory for 1 year (n = 41, since 19 left the factory) and 2 years (n = 28, since 13 more left the factory). We used five cognitive tests evaluating: (1) finger and manual dexterity, bimanual dexterity, and procedural memory using the Purdue Pegboard; (2) sustained and selective attention using the Symbol Cancellation Task; (3) short- and long-term declarative verbal memory and long-term verbal recognition memory using Rey's Audio-Verbal Learning Test; (4) short- and long-term visual recognition memory using the Continuous Visual Memory Test; and (5) abstract reasoning using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Results We observed improvements in procedural memory, sustained and selective attention, and short- and long-term visual recognition memory after working in the factory for 1 or 2 years. We did not observe improvements in finger or manual dexterity or bimanual dexterity, nor short- or long-term declarative verbal memory or verbal recognition memory, nor abstract reasoning. Discussion We conclude that, in addition to improving physical and mental well-being, well-designed manufacturing work can serve as a training intervention improving some types of cognitive functioning in individuals with cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baek JE, Hyeon SJ, Kim M, Cho HY, Hahm SC. Effects of dual-task resistance exercise on cognition, mood, depression, functional fitness, and activities of daily living in older adults with cognitive impairment: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:369. [PMID: 38658827 PMCID: PMC11044356 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise is emphasized for the improvement of functional capacity and independence of older adults. This study aimed to compare the effects of a dual-task resistance exercise program and resistance exercise on cognition, mood, depression, physical function, and activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults with cognitive impairment. METHODS A total of 44 older adults participated in the study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 22) performing a dual-task resistance exercise program for cognitive function improvement and a control group (n = 22) performing a resistance exercise program. Both groups performed the exercise for 40 min per session, three times a week, for 6 weeks (18 sessions). Cognition, mood, depression, functional fitness, and ADL were quantified before and after the intervention using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), profile of mood states (POMS), geriatric depression scale (GDS), senior fitness test (SFT), and Korean version of ADL, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant time and group interaction on the MMSE (p = 0.044). There were no significant time and group interactions in the POMS, GDS, SFT, or ADL. Cognitive function (p < 0.001), mood (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), functional fitness (p < 0.001), and ADL (p < 0.001) significantly improved after dual-task resistance exercise, and cognitive function (p < 0.001), mood (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), functional fitness (p < 0.001), and ADL (p < 0.001) significantly improved after resistance exercise. CONCLUSIONS Dual-task resistance exercise is more effective than resistance exercise in improving cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairment. Both dual-task resistance exercise and resistance exercise improves mood, depression, functional fitness, and ADL after the intervention. We propose using dual-task resistance exercises for cognitive and physical health management in the older adults with cognitive impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) (Registration ID, KCT0005389; Registration date, 09/09/2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Baek
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 191 Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon
| | - Sang-Jun Hyeon
- Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si, 11160, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - May Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 191 Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon.
| | - Suk-Chan Hahm
- Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, CHA University, 120 Haeryong-ro, Pocheon-si, 11160, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seok JW, Kim G, Kim JU. Comparative efficacy of seven nonpharmacological interventions on global cognition in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8402. [PMID: 38600212 PMCID: PMC11006946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain current cognitive function and access greater cognitive reserves, nonpharmacological interventions may be a viable alternative for older adults with or without cognitive impairment. This study aimed to compare different nonpharmacological interventions for enhancing global cognition, including mind-body exercise, physical exercise, non-invasive brain stimulation, cognitive training intervention (CTI), acutherapy (ACU), meditation, and music therapy, by applying a network meta-analysis (NMA). Sixty-one randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions on global cognition in older adults with or without mild cognitive decline were selected. An NMA was conducted to compare the efficacy of different nonpharmacological interventions. The NMA revealed that mind-body exercise (standardized mean difference, 1.384; 95% confidence interval, 0.777-1.992); ACU (1.283; 0.478-2.088); meditation (0.910; 0.097-1.724); non-invasive brain stimulation (1.242; 0.254-2.230); CTI (1.269; 0.736-1.802); and physical exercise (0.977; 0.212-1.742), showed positive effects compared to passive controls. There were no significant differences between the efficacies of other interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions may potentially enhance and maintain global cognition through various pathways, such as memorizing movements and enhancing brain plasticity by reducing stress in the older adult population. Additional studies are needed to clarify the impact of other variables, including intervention methods or psychological variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Seok
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahye Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeuk U Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
- KM Convergence Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vints WAJ, Gökçe E, Šeikinaitė J, Kušleikienė S, Česnaitienė VJ, Verbunt J, Levin O, Masiulis N. Resistance training's impact on blood biomarkers and cognitive function in older adults with low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2024; 21:9. [PMID: 38600451 PMCID: PMC11005144 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-024-00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging brain exhibits a neuroinflammatory state, driven partly by peripheral pro-inflammatory stimuli, that accelerates cognitive deterioration. A growing body of evidence clearly indicates that physical exercise partly alleviates neuroinflammation and positively affects the aging process and cognition. In this randomized controlled trial, we aimed to observe the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on peripheral biomarker levels, cognitive function changes and their interrelationship, and explore differences in those exercise-induced changes in older adults with high risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to older adults with low risk of MCI. METHODS Fifty-two participants (aged 60-85 years old, 28 female) were randomly allocated to a 12 week lower limb RT program consisting of two training sessions per week or waiting list control group. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to stratify participants screened as high (< 26/30) or low risk (≥ 26/30) of MCI. We assessed serum Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Kynurenine (KYN) levels. Cognitive measurement consisted of and four subtests of Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM), the two-choice reaction time, go/no-go, mathematical processing, and memory search test. RESULTS Twelve weeks of RT improved Go/No-go test results in older adults with high MCI risk. RT did not significantly affect blood biomarkers. However, IGF-1 level increases were associated with improvements in response time on the mathematical processing test in the exercise group, and IL-6 level increases were associated with improvements in response time on the memory search test in the total group of participants. Finally, KYN levels significantly differed between older adults with low and high MCI risk but no significant associations with performance were found. CONCLUSION Our study results suggest a different effect of RT on inhibitory control between older adults with low compared to high MCI risk. IGF-1 may play a role in the mechanism behind the cognitive benefit of RT and KYN may be a surrogate biomarker for neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands.
| | - Evrim Gökçe
- Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory, Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Julija Šeikinaitė
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simona Kušleikienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vida J Česnaitienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical MRI Unit, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rogerson D, Nolan D, Korakakis PA, Immonen V, Wolf M, Bell L. Deloading Practices in Strength and Physique Sports: A Cross-sectional Survey. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:26. [PMID: 38499934 PMCID: PMC10948666 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the deloading practices of competitive strength and physique athletes. A 55-item anonymised web-based survey was distributed to a convenience-based, cross-sectional sample of competitive strength and physique athletes (n = 246; males = 181 [73.6%], females = 65 [26.4%]; age = 29.5 ± 8.6 years) who had 8.2 ± 6.2 years of resistance training and 3.8 ± 3.1 years of competition experience. RESULTS All athletes deloaded within training with energy and fatigue management being the main reasons to do so. The typical duration of a deload was 6.4 ± 1.7 days, integrated into the training programme every 5.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Deloading was undertaken using a proactive, pre-planned strategy (or in combination with an autoregulated approach) and undertaken when performance stalled or during periods of increased muscle soreness or joint aches. Athletes reported that training volume would decrease (through a reduction in both repetitions per set and sets per week), but training frequency would remain unchanged during deloads. Additionally, athletes reported that training intensity (load lifted) would decrease, and effort would be reduced (facilitated through an increase in repetitions in reserve). Athletes would generally maintain the same exercise selection during deloading. For athletes that supplemented deloading with additional recovery modalities (n = 118; 48%), the most reported strategies were massage, static stretching and foam rolling. CONCLUSION Results from this research might assist strength and physique athletes and coaches to plan their deloading. Future research should empirically investigate the findings from this study to further evaluate the potential utility of deloading in strength and physique sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rogerson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Velu Immonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Vierumäki, 19120, Finland
| | - Milo Wolf
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Solent University, E Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Lee Bell
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Claußen L, Heidelbach T. Resistance exercising on unstable surface leads to Pupil Dilation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:62. [PMID: 38439063 PMCID: PMC10913668 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic resistance training and acute resistance exercises improve physical performance and can enhance cognitive performance. However, there is still uncertainty about the mechanism(s) responsible for cognitive improvement following resistance training and exercise. Recent findings suggest that resistance exercise has metabolic as well as cognitive demands, which potentially activate similar neural circuitry associated with higher-order cognitive function tasks. Exercising on unstable devices increases the coordinative and metabolic demands and thus may further increase cognitive activation during resistance exercise. The measurement of pupil diameter could provide indications of cognitive activation and arousal during resistance exercise. Pupil dilation is linked to the activity in multiple neuromodulatory systems (e.g., activation of the locus coeruleus and the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (LC-NE system)), which are involved in supporting processes for executive control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive activation measured by pupil diameter during an acute bout of resistance exercise on stable and unstable surfaces. METHODS 18 participants (23.5 ± 1.5 years; 10 females) performed ten kettlebell squats in a preferred repetition velocity in stable and unstable (BOSU® Balance Trainer) ground conditions. Pupil diameter was recorded with eye tracking glasses (SMI ETG) during standing (baseline) and during squatting. Raw pupil data were cleaned of artifacts (missing values were linearly interpolated) and subjected to a subtractive baseline correction. A student t-test was used to compare mean pupil diameter between ground conditions. RESULTS The mean pupil diameter was significantly greater during squats in the unstable condition than in the stable condition, t (17) = -2.63, p =.018, Cohen's dZ = -0.62; stable: 0.49 ± 0.32 mm; unstable: 0.61 ± 0.25 mm). CONCLUSION As indicated by pupil dilation, the use of unstable devices can increase the cognitive activation and effort during acute bouts of resistance exercise. Since pupil dilation is only an indirect method, further investigations are necessary to describe causes and effects of neuromodulatory system activity during resistance exercise. Resistance training with and without surface instability can be recommended to people of all ages as a physically and cognitively challenging training program contributing to the preservation of both physical and cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Claußen
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Tabea Heidelbach
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chong JSX, Chua KY, Ng KK, Chong SW, Leong RLF, Chee MWL, Koh WP, Zhou JH. Higher handgrip strength is linked to higher salience ventral attention functional network segregation in older adults. Commun Biol 2024; 7:214. [PMID: 38383572 PMCID: PMC10881588 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that handgrip strength is linked to cognition in older adults, and this may be subserved by shared age-related changes in brain function and structure. However, the interplay among handgrip strength, brain functional connectivity, and cognitive function remains poorly elucidated. Hence, our study sought to examine these relationships in 148 community-dwelling older adults. Specifically, we examined functional segregation, a measure of functional brain organization sensitive to ageing and cognitive decline, and its associations with handgrip strength and cognitive function. We showed that higher handgrip strength was related to better processing speed, attention, and global cognition. Further, higher handgrip strength was associated with higher segregation of the salience/ventral attention network, driven particularly by higher salience/ventral attention intra-network functional connectivity of the right anterior insula to the left posterior insula/frontal operculum and right midcingulate/medial parietal cortex. Importantly, these handgrip strength-related inter-individual differences in salience/ventral attention network functional connectivity were linked to cognitive function, as revealed by functional decoding and brain-cognition association analyses. Our findings thus highlight the importance of the salience/ventral attention network in handgrip strength and cognition, and suggest that inter-individual differences in salience/ventral attention network segregation and intra-network connectivity could underpin the handgrip strength-cognition relationship in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Su Xian Chong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Yiqiang Chua
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwun Kei Ng
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Wee Chong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Woon Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Latino F, Tafuri F. Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:216. [PMID: 38399504 PMCID: PMC10890300 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuroscience applied to motor activity is a growing area that aims to understand the effects of motor activity on the structures and functions of the Central Nervous System. Attention has been paid to this multidisciplinary field of investigation by the scientific community both because it is of great importance in the treatment of many chronic diseases and because of its potential applications in the Movement Sciences. Motor activity during a developmental age is, in fact, an indispensable tool for the physical and mental growth of children, both able-bodied and disabled. Through movement, individuals can improve their physical efficiency and promote their own better health, establish relationships with the environment and others, express themselves and their emotions, form their identity and develop cognitive processes. This literature review aims, therefore, to highlight how an adequate practice of motor activity offers extraordinary possibilities for everyone in relation to learning, from the perspective of an integral development of the person, and, consequently, can raise the awareness of those involved in the training and growth, especially the youngest, towards the educational value of motor and sports activities. According to this review, and in line with the modern neuroscientific approach toward the relationships between motor activities and cognitive functions, it is possible to claim that hypokinesia tends to inhibit learning. Therefore, it now seems more topical than ever to draw attention to the need to introduce working proposals that integrate brain-based motor activity programs into the school curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Latino
- Department of Human Science, Educational and Sport, Pegaso University, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Tafuri
- Heracle Lab Research in Educational Neuroscience, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Altermann W, Gröpel P. Physical fitness is related to concentration performance in adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:587. [PMID: 38182759 PMCID: PMC10770038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the relationship between physical fitness and attention in a sample of adolescents. The hypothesis was that the overall fitness as well as its single components (speed, endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility) would be positively related to participants' performance in a test of attention. Participants were adolescent students (N = 140) aged 15 to 18 years. Physical fitness was measured with the German Motor Test. Attention was assessed with the d2-Test of Attention. Overall, physical fitness explained 26% of the variance in the attentional test performance. Endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility were all positively linked to participants' attention, whereas speed was unrelated to attention. Endurance and flexibility better predicted how fast participants processed the test items, while strength and coordination better predicted the accuracy with which the participants detected the targets. Better physical fitness seems to be an advantage for adolescents' cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Altermann
- Division of Sport Psychology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Gröpel
- Division of Sport Psychology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pérez-Romero N, Campos-Jara C, Pesce C, Araya Sierralta S, Cerda-Vega E, Ramirez-Campillo R, Campos-Jara R, Martínez-Salazar C, Arellano-Roco C, Contreras-Osorio F. Effects of physical exercise on executive functions of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296273. [PMID: 38165903 PMCID: PMC10760781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive functions are commonly impaired in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Physical exercise has the potential for improving executive functions and can be easily implemented as a therapeutic method. However, there are only few systematic reviews of exercise effects in schizophrenia including cognitive outcomes, and no meta-analytical syntheses of effects on "cool" and "hot" executive functions. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the effects of physical exercise on "cool" and "hot" executive functions of adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This protocol was guided by PRISMA-P guidelines. Studies will be searched using combinations of keywords and medical terms in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases. Inclusion criteria will be determined as per PICOS approach. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 tool. The certainty of evidence (per outcome) will be assessed using the GRADE method. The meta-analyses will be performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. Effect sizes (Hedges' g) with 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for each main outcome. CONCLUSIONS The results of this review may be useful for mental health professionals to design treatment plans for adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, offering potential benefits related to the quality of life and cognitive abilities of this population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023392295.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pérez-Romero
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Campos-Jara
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrique Cerda-Vega
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cristian Martínez-Salazar
- Department of Physical Education, Sports, and Recreation, Pedagogy in Physical Education, School of Education and Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cristián Arellano-Roco
- Laboratorio de Neuromecanica Aplicada, Escuela de kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Falonn Contreras-Osorio
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lv S, Wang Q, Liu W, Zhang X, Cui M, Li X, Xu Y. Comparison of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients: A network meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 115:105113. [PMID: 37418819 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise helps enhance cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients, although the most effective forms of exercise remain unknown. METHODS This network meta-analysis was registered in INPLASY (INPLASY202330066). According to predetermined criteria, this investigation comprised randomized controlled studies involving exercise therapies in people with Alzheimer's disease. The exercise intervention was ranked using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) and mean ranking, with the critical goal outcomes being overall cognition, executive function, and memory function. RESULTS Resistance exercise is the most likely strategy to be beneficial for slowing down overall cognitive function loss in Alzheimer's patients (72.4%). Additionally, multi-component exercise was the most effective way to improve executive function (30.4%). The only type of exercise that significantly affects memory function is resistance exercise. Memory is the cognitive function that is least responsive to exercise. CONCLUSION Resistance exercise may be an efficient intervention for overall cognitive function decline in patients with Alzheimer's and conjointly for their memory function. Multi-component exercise is more effective in improving executive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiubin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian 271000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Robinson K, Riley N, Owen K, Drew R, Mavilidi MF, Hillman CH, Faigenbaum AD, Garcia-Hermoso A, Lubans DR. Effects of Resistance Training on Academic Outcomes in School-Aged Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:2095-2109. [PMID: 37466900 PMCID: PMC10587249 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of resistance training on academic outcomes in school-aged youth. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and EMBASE) with no date restrictions. Studies were eligible if they: (a) included school-aged youth (5-18 years), and (b) examined the effect of resistance training on academic outcomes (i.e., cognitive function, academic achievement, and/or on-task behaviour in the classroom). Risk of bias was assessed using the appropriate Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools, funnel plots and Egger's regression asymmetry tests. A structural equation modelling approach was used to conduct the meta-analysis. RESULTS Fifty-three studies were included in our systematic review. Participation in resistance training (ten studies with 53 effect sizes) had a small positive effect on the overall cognitive, academic and on-task behaviours in school-aged youth (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05-0.32). Resistance training was more effective (SMD 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.42) than concurrent training, i.e., the combination of resistance training and aerobic training (SMD 0.11, 95% CI - 0.05-0.28). An additional 43 studies (including 211 effect sizes) examined the association between muscular fitness and cognition or academic achievement, also yielding a positive relationship (SMD 0.13, 95% CI 0.10-0.16). CONCLUSION This review provides preliminary evidence that resistance training may improve cognitive function, academic performance, and on-task behaviours in school-aged youth. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42020175695.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Robinson
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Owen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Drew
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- School of Education/Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Keiraville, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai Z, Wang X, Wang Q. Does muscle strength predict working memory? A cross-sectional fNIRS study in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1243283. [PMID: 37876877 PMCID: PMC10590893 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1243283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous research has primarily focused on the association between muscle strength and global cognitive function in older adults, while the connection between muscle strength and advanced cognitive function such as inhibition and working memory (WM) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among muscle strength, WM, and task-related cortex hemodynamics. Methods We recruited eighty-one older adults. Muscle strength was measured using a grip and lower limb strength protocol. We measured the WM performance by using reaction time (RT) and accuracy (ACC) in the N-back task and the cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results We found positive correlations between grip strength (p < 0.05), 30-s sit-up (p < 0.05) and ACC, negative correlation between grip strength (p < 0.05) and RT. Furthermore, we observed positive correlations between grip strength and the level of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05), and negative correlations between grip strength and the level of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.05). Additionally, we noticed positive correlations between RT and the level of Hb in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right frontopolar area (p < 0.05), and negative correlations between RT and the level of HbO2 in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontopolar area (p < 0.05). However, the cortical hemodynamics did not mediate the relationship between muscle strength and WM performance (RT, ACC). Conclusion The grip strength of older adults predicted WM in the cross-section study. The level of hemodynamics in PFC can serve as a predictor of WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Cai
- Department of Physical Education, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han X, Ashraf M, Tipparaju SM, Xuan W. Muscle-Brain crosstalk in cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1221653. [PMID: 37577356 PMCID: PMC10413125 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1221653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related, involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly adults. To date, no effective cures for sarcopenia and AD are available. Physical and cognitive impairments are two major causes of disability in the elderly population, which severely decrease their quality of life and increase their economic burden. Clinically, sarcopenia is strongly associated with AD. However, the underlying factors for this association remain unknown. Mechanistic studies on muscle-brain crosstalk during cognitive impairment might shed light on new insights and novel therapeutic approaches for combating cognitive decline and AD. In this review, we summarize the latest studies emphasizing the association between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment. The underlying mechanisms involved in muscle-brain crosstalk and the potential implications of such crosstalk are discussed. Finally, future directions for drug development to improve age-related cognitive impairment and AD-related cognitive dysfunction are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wanling Xuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USF Health Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oh J, Crockett RA, Hsu CL, Dao E, Tam R, Liu-Ambrose T. Resistance Training Maintains White Matter and Physical Function in Older Women with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: An Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:627-639. [PMID: 37483319 PMCID: PMC10357123 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the aging population grows, there is an increasing need to develop accessible interventions against risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia, such as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The progression of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), a key hallmark of CSVD, can be slowed by resistance training (RT). We hypothesize RT preserves white matter integrity and that this preservation is associated with improved cognitive and physical function. Objective To determine if RT preserves regional white matter integrity and if any changes are associated with cognitive and physical outcomes. Methods Using magnetic resonance imaging data from a 12-month randomized controlled trial, we compared the effects of a twice-weekly 60-minute RT intervention versus active control on T1-weighted over T2-weighted ratio (T1w/T2w; a non-invasive proxy measure of white matter integrity) in a subset of study participants (N = 21 females, mean age = 69.7 years). We also examined the association between changes in T1w/T2w with two key outcomes of the parent study: (1) selective attention and conflict resolution, and (2) peak muscle power. Results Compared with an active control group, RT increased T1w/T2w in the external capsule (p = 0.024) and posterior thalamic radiations (p = 0.013) to a greater degree. Increased T1w/T2w in the external capsule was associated with an increase in peak muscle power (p = 0.043) in the RT group. Conclusion By maintaining white matter integrity, RT may be a promising intervention to counteract the pathological changes that accompany CSVD, while improving functional outcomes such as muscle power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Oh
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rachel A. Crockett
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for SMART Aging at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chun-Liang Hsu
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for SMART Aging at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Dao
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for SMART Aging at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Roger Tam
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for SMART Aging at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for SMART Aging at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Solis-Urra P, Molina-Hidalgo C, García-Rivero Y, Costa-Rodriguez C, Mora-Gonzalez J, Fernandez-Gamez B, Olvera-Rojas M, Coca-Pulido A, Toval A, Bellón D, Sclafani A, Martín-Fuentes I, Triviño-Ibañez EM, de Teresa C, Huang H, Grove G, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Catena A, Ortega FB, Gómez-Río M, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I. Active Gains in brain Using Exercise During Aging (AGUEDA): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1168549. [PMID: 37284481 PMCID: PMC10239947 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1168549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is currently the leading cause of dementia and one of the most expensive, lethal and severe diseases worldwide. Age-related decline in executive function is widespread and plays a key role in subsequent dementia risk. Physical exercise has been proposed as one of the leading non-pharmaceutical approaches to improve executive function and ameliorate cognitive decline. This single-site, two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) will include 90 cognitively normal older adults, aged 65-80 years old. Participants will be randomized to a 24-week resistance exercise program (3 sessions/week, 60 min/session, n = 45), or a wait-list control group (n = 45) which will be asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. All study outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 24-weeks after the exercise program, with a subset of selected outcomes assessed at 12-weeks. The primary outcome will be indicated by the change in an executive function composite score assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Secondary outcomes will include changes in brain structure and function and amyloid deposition, other cognitive outcomes, and changes in molecular biomarkers assessed in blood, saliva, and fecal samples, physical function, muscular strength, body composition, mental health, and psychosocial parameters. We expect that the resistance exercise program will have positive effects on executive function and related brain structure and function, and will help to understand the molecular, structural, functional, and psychosocial mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yolanda García-Rivero
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Gamez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos Olvera-Rojas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Coca-Pulido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Bellón
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sclafani
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Martín-Fuentes
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva María Triviño-Ibañez
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos de Teresa
- Andalusian Centre of Sports Medicine, Consejería de Turismo y Deporte, Granada, Spain
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrés Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Río
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Physical activity for cognitive health promotion: An overview of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101868. [PMID: 36736379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is one of the modifiable factors of cognitive decline and dementia with the strongest evidence. Although many influential reviews have illustrated the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity, none of them have linked the neurobiological mechanisms to normal exercise physiology to help the readers gain a more advanced, comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In this review, we address this issue and provide a synthesis of the literature by focusing on five most studied neurobiological mechanisms. We show that the body's adaptations to enhance exercise performance also benefit the brain and contribute to improved cognition. Specifically, these adaptations include, 1), the release of growth factors that are essential for the development and growth of neurons and for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, 2), the production of lactate that provides energy to the brain and is involved in the synthesis of glutamate and the maintenance of long-term potentiation, 3), the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that reduce neuroinflammation, 4), the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme activity that reduce oxidative stress, and 5), the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and 5-HT that regulate neurogenesis and modulate cognition. We also discussed several issues relevant for prescribing physical activity, including what intensity and mode of physical activity brings the most cognitive benefits, based on their influence on the above five neurobiological mechanisms. We hope this review helps readers gain a general understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity and guide them in designing new studies to further advance the field.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li G, You Q, Hou X, Zhang S, Du L, Lv Y, Yu L. The effect of exercise on cognitive function in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol 2023; 270:2908-2923. [PMID: 36864256 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of research examining the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), while findings of available studies were conflicting. We aimed to explore the effect of exercise on cognitive function in MS patients. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Scopus electronic databases, through July 18, 2022. Cochrane risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included literature. RESULTS Twenty-one studies with a total of 23 experimental groups and 21 control groups met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant effect of exercise on improving cognitive function in MS patients, while the effect size was small (Cohen's d = 0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.34, p < 0.001, I2 = 39.31%). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise significantly improved memory (Cohen's d = 0.17, 95% CI 0.02-0.33, p = 0.03, I2 = 7.59%). In addition, multicomponent training, exercise conducted 8 weeks and 10 weeks, up to 60 min per session, 3 times or more per week, 180 min or more per week increased cognitive function significantly. Furthermore, a worse basal MS status (defined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale) and an older age were associated with greater improvement in cognitive function. CONCLUSION MS patients are recommended to participate in at least three multicomponent training sessions per week, with each session lasting up to 60 min, and the exercise goal of 180 min per week can be achieved by increasing the frequency of exercise. Exercise lasting 8 or 10 weeks is best for cognitive function improvement. Additionally, a worse basal MS status, or the older the age, the greater effect on cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping You
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Du
- Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China. .,China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Sports Performance, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brisendine MH, Drake JC. Early-stage Alzheimer's disease: are skeletal muscle and exercise the key? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:515-520. [PMID: 36656981 PMCID: PMC9970658 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00659.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting approximately 6.5 million people in the United States alone. The development of AD progresses over a span of years to possibly decades before resulting in cognitive impairment and clinically diagnosed AD. The time leading up to a clinical diagnosis is known as the preclinical phase, a time in which recent literature has noted a more severe loss of body mass and more specifically lean muscle mass and strength prior to diagnosis. Mitochondria dysfunction in neurons is also closely associated with AD, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been seen to occur in skeletal muscle with mild cognitive impairment prior to AD manifestation. Evidence from animal models of AD suggests a close link among skeletal muscle mass, mitochondria function, and cognition. Exercise is a powerful stimulus for improving mitochondria function and muscle health, and its benefits to cognition have been suggested as a possible therapeutic strategy for AD. However, evidence for beneficial effects of exercise in AD-afflicted populations and animal models has produced conflicting results. In this mini-review, we discuss these findings and highlight potential avenues for further investigation that may lead to the implementation of exercise as a therapeutic intervention to delay or prevent the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Brisendine
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cunha PM, Nunes JP, Werneck AO, Ribeiro AS, da Silva Machado DG, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Cyrino LT, Antunes M, Kunevaliki G, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Junior PS, Teixeira DC, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Qian YU, Herold F, Zou L, Mayhew JL, Stubbs B, Cyrino ES. Effect of Resistance Exercise Orders on Health Parameters in Trained Older Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:119-132. [PMID: 36044330 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the effects of four resistance exercise orders on muscular strength, body composition, functional fitness, cardiovascular risk factors, and mental health parameters in trained older women. METHODS The intervention lasted 63 wk. Sixty-one physically independent women (>60 yr) after completing a 12-wk resistance training (RT) preconditioning phase were randomized into four different exercise orders groups to perform 12 wk of RT: multijoint to single-joint and upper- to lower-body, single-joint to multijoint and upper- to lower-body, multijoint to single-joint and lower- to upper-body, and single-joint to multijoint and lower- to upper-body. This was followed by a 12-wk detraining period and another 12-wk RT in which exercise orders were crossed over between MJ-SJ and SJ-MJ conditions. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum tests), functional fitness (gait speed, walking agility, 30-s chair stand, and 6-min walk tests), cardiovascular risk factors (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein, advanced oxidation protein product, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter, and nitric oxide), depressive (Geriatric Depression Scale) and anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), and cognitive performance (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Trail Making, verbal fluency, and Stroop test) were analyzed. RESULTS After the final training period, all groups presented significant improvements ( P < 0.05) in almost all analyzed variables (muscular strength, body composition, functional tests, blood biomarkers, and mental health parameters), without significant difference among exercise orders. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that RT exercise orders in which MJ, SJ, upper, or lower-body exercises are performed first have similar effects on health parameters in trained older women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - André O Werneck
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Letícia T Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Melissa Antunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Gabriel Kunevaliki
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Crisieli M Tomeleri
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo R Fernandes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Paulo Sugihara Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Denilson C Teixeira
- Study and Research Group on Human Aging and Physical Activity, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| | - Danielle Venturini
- Clinical Analyses Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Décio S Barbosa
- Clinical Analyses Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, BRAZIL
| | - Y U Qian
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, CHINA
| | | | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, CHINA
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- Exercise Science Program, Truman State University. Kirksville, MO
| | | | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Malin SK, Stewart NR, Ude AA, Alderman BL. Brain insulin resistance and cognitive function: influence of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1368-1380. [PMID: 36269295 PMCID: PMC9744647 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has systemic health benefits in people, in part, through improving whole body insulin sensitivity. The brain is an insulin-sensitive organ that is often underdiscussed relative to skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Although brain insulin action may have only subtle impacts on peripheral regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, it is important for weight regulation as well as mental health. In fact, brain insulin signaling is also involved in processes that support healthy cognition. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with age-related declines in memory and executive function as well as Alzheimer's disease pathology. Herein, we provide an overview of brain insulin sensitivity in relation to cognitive function from animal and human studies, with particular emphasis placed on the impact exercise may have on brain insulin sensitivity. Mechanisms discussed include mitochondrial function, brain growth factors, and neurogenesis, which collectively help combat obesity-related metabolic disease and Alzheimer's dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nathan R Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andrew A Ude
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eastus CC, Baez DE, Buckley ML, Lee J, Adami A. The role of structured exercise interventions on cognitive function in older individuals with stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A scoping review. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:987356. [PMID: 36386775 PMCID: PMC9659625 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.987356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A decline in cognitive performance has been associated with disease severity, exacerbations rate, presence of comorbidities, and low activity level in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participation in exercise programs appears to have neuroprotective effects and to improve cognitive performance in older people. The present work undertook a scoping review of the effects of exercise-based interventions on cognitive function in older individuals with stable COPD. METHODS The methodological framework for scoping review was used and electronic searches of five databases performed. Original research and observational studies published between January 2010 and December 2021, administering exercise-based interventions and cognitive function evaluation, were included. RESULTS Of 13 full-text manuscripts assessed for eligibility, five were allocated to analysis. Three studies administered exercise training within pulmonary outpatient rehabilitation program (PR), and one inpatient PR. The fifth study conducted a structured training intervention in which either aerobic or a combination with resistance exercises were included. Twelve cognitive function screening tools were used in the five studies included in the analysis. Results extracted were based on 245 COPD (33% female) with moderate to very-severe airflow limitation. Interventions ranged from 12 to 36 sessions. Studies reported statistically significant improvements after intervention in different cognitive function domains, such as global cognition, immediate and delayed recall ability, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, attention, abstract reasoning, praxis ability. CONCLUSIONS Exercise-based interventions improve several areas of cognitive function in patients with stable COPD. However, the magnitude of gain varies among studies, and this is possibly due to the heterogeneity of tests used. Future research is needed to validate the optimal battery of screening tests, and to support the definition of guidelines for cognitive function evaluation in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Eastus
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Daniel E. Baez
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Maria L. Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jungeun Lee
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Alessandra Adami
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,Correspondence: Alessandra Adami
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ballester-Ferrer JA, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Memory Modulation by Exercise in Young Adults Is Related to Lactate and Not Affected by Sex or BDNF Polymorphism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101541. [PMID: 36290444 PMCID: PMC9598181 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is on the rise compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) due to its similar benefits for health and performance with low time requirements. Recent studies show how physical exercise can also influence cognitive function, although the optimal dose and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in our study, we have compared the effects on visuospatial and declarative memory of different exercise intensities (HIIE vs. MIE), including possible implicated factors such as lactate released after each session and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genotype. Thirty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. The HIIE session consisted of a 3 min warm-up, four 2 min sets at 90−95% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 2 min of passive recovery between sets, and a 3 min cooldown, and the MIE session implies the same total duration of continuous exercise at 60% of the MAS. Better improvements were found after HIIE than MIE on the backward condition of the visuospatial memory test (p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.17) and the 48 h retention of the declarative memory test (p = 0.04; d = 0.34). No differences were observed in the forward condition of the visuospatial memory test and the 7-day retention of the declarative memory test (p > 0.05). Moreover, non-modifiable parameters such as biological sex and BDNF polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met) did not modulate the cognitive response to exercise. Curiously, the correlational analysis showed associations (p < 0.05) between changes in memory (visuospatial and declarative) and lactate release. In this sense, our results suggest an important role for intensity in improving cognitive function with exercise, regardless of genetic factors such as biological sex or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu C, Yang L, Feng S, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu TCY, Duan R. Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer's disease: recent advances and challenges. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:31. [PMID: 36184623 PMCID: PMC9527145 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases and the most common form of dementia. Characterized by the loss of learning, memory, problem-solving, language, and other thinking abilities, AD exerts a detrimental effect on both patients' and families' quality of life. Although there have been significant advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AD, there is no cure for AD. The failure of numerous molecular targeted pharmacologic clinical trials leads to an emerging research shift toward non-invasive therapies, especially multiple targeted non-invasive treatments. In this paper, we reviewed the advances of the most widely studied non-invasive therapies, including photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and exercise therapy. Firstly, we reviewed the pathological changes of AD and the challenges for AD studies. We then introduced these non-invasive therapies and discussed the factors that may affect the effects of these therapies. Additionally, we review the effects of these therapies and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the non-invasive treatments in future AD studies and clinical applications. We concluded that it would be critical to understand the exact underlying mechanisms and find the optimal treatment parameters to improve the translational value of these non-invasive therapies. Moreover, the combined use of non-invasive treatments is also a promising research direction for future studies and sheds light on the future treatment or prevention of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luoman Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital (PUTH), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Macaulay TR, Hegarty A, Yan L, Duncan D, Pa J, Kutch JJ, La Rocca M, Lane CJ, Schroeder ET. Effects of a 12-Week Periodized Resistance Training Program on Resting Brain Activity and Cerebrovascular Function: A Nonrandomized Pilot Trial. Neurosci Insights 2022; 17:26331055221119441. [PMID: 35983377 PMCID: PMC9379950 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is a promising strategy to promote healthy cognitive aging; however, the brain mechanisms by which resistance training benefits cognition have yet to be determined. Here, we examined the effects of a 12-week resistance training program on resting brain activity and cerebrovascular function in 20 healthy older adults (14 females, mean age 69.1 years). In this single group clinical trial, multimodal 3 T magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 3 time points: baseline (preceding a 12-week control period), pre-intervention, and post-intervention. Along with significant improvements in fluid cognition (d = 1.27), 4 significant voxelwise clusters were identified for decreases in resting brain activity after the intervention (Cerebellum, Right Middle Temporal Gyrus, Left Inferior Parietal Lobule, and Right Inferior Parietal Lobule), but none were identified for changes in resting cerebral blood flow. Using a separate region of interest approach, we provide estimates for improved cerebral blood flow, compared with declines over the initial control period, in regions associated with cognitive impairment, such as hippocampal blood flow (d = 0.40), and posterior cingulate blood flow (d = 0.61). Finally, resistance training had a small countermeasure effect on the age-related progression of white matter lesion volume (rank-biserial = -0.22), a biomarker of cerebrovascular disease. These proof-of-concept data support larger trials to determine whether resistance training can attenuate or even reverse salient neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Macaulay
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical
Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA,Timothy R Macaulay, Division of
Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of
Southern California, 1540 E. Alcazar Street, CHP149, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Amy Hegarty
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical
Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
| | - Lirong Yan
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and
Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Duncan
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and
Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judy Pa
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and
Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason J Kutch
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical
Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
| | - Marianna La Rocca
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and
Informatics Institute, Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica,
Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - E Todd Schroeder
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical
Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159564. [PMID: 35954921 PMCID: PMC9368601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive skills are relevant predictors of academic achievement, employability, socioeconomic success, health, and longevity [...]
Collapse
|
32
|
Hortobágyi T, Vetrovsky T, Balbim GM, Sorte Silva NCB, Manca A, Deriu F, Kolmos M, Kruuse C, Liu-Ambrose T, Radák Z, Váczi M, Johansson H, Dos Santos PCR, Franzén E, Granacher U. The impact of aerobic and resistance training intensity on markers of neuroplasticity in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101698. [PMID: 35853549 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of low- vs. high-intensity aerobic and resistance training on motor and cognitive function, brain activation, brain structure, and neurochemical markers of neuroplasticity and the association thereof in healthy young and older adults and in patients with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. DESIGN Systematic review and robust variance estimation meta-analysis with meta-regression. DATA SOURCES Systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases. RESULTS Fifty studies with 60 intervention arms and 2283 in-analyses participants were included. Due to the low number of studies, the three patient groups were combined and analyzed as a single group. Overall, low- (g=0.19, p = 0.024) and high-intensity exercise (g=0.40, p = 0.001) improved neuroplasticity. Exercise intensity scaled with neuroplasticity only in healthy young adults but not in healthy older adults or patient groups. Exercise-induced improvements in neuroplasticity were associated with changes in motor but not cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSION Exercise intensity is an important variable to dose and individualize the exercise stimulus for healthy young individuals but not necessarily for healthy older adults and neurological patients. This conclusion warrants caution because studies are needed that directly compare the effects of low- vs. high-intensity exercise on neuroplasticity to determine if such changes are mechanistically and incrementally linked to improved cognition and motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands; Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary; Department of Sport Biology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Hungary; Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Hungarian University of Sports Science, Department of Kinesiology, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tomas Vetrovsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guilherme Moraes Balbim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nárlon Cássio Boa Sorte Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mia Kolmos
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Kruuse
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Center of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márk Váczi
- Department of Sport Biology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hanna Johansson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Erika Franzén
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alizadeh M, Dehghanizade J. The effect of functional training on level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and functional performance in women with obesity. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113798. [PMID: 35378105 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the underlying cause of various health conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. It is associated with low self-confidence, emotional disorder, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and suicide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of functional training on obese women's brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and executive functioning. To this end, 25 obese women were randomly assigned to 3 different groups labelled as active obese women-functional training, inactive obese women-functional training, and control group. The subjects performed 24 one-hour-long sessions of functional training three times a week. The intensity of activity for the research groups was moderate, which was equivalent to a level of 6-7 on the Borg scale. The analysis of intragroup results indicated that functional training increased serum BDNF significantly in both active and inactive obese women. It was also observed to improve executive functioning in both groups of the obese women via decreasing the number of errors, increasing the number of true responses, and reducing reaction time. The analysis of intergroup results, on the other hand, revealed that there were no significant differences between active and inactive obese women in terms of serum BDNF and executive functioning after functional training. Training promotes cognitive health, and this study adds that functional training may be important for improvement and maintenance of brain health and functional performance. Therefore, by increasing BDNF level through functional exercises, it is possible to help improve the cognitive functions of obese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alizadeh
- M.A Student in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Jalal Dehghanizade
- Assistant Professor in Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Management, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saiyasit N, Butlig EAR, Chaney SD, Traylor MK, Hawley NA, Randall RB, Bobinger HV, Frizell CA, Trimm F, Crook ED, Lin M, Hill BD, Keller JL, Nelson AR. Neurovascular Dysfunction in Diverse Communities With Health Disparities-Contributions to Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:915405. [PMID: 35844216 PMCID: PMC9279126 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.915405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are an expanding worldwide crisis. In the absence of scientific breakthroughs, the global prevalence of ADRD will continue to increase as more people are living longer. Racial or ethnic minority groups have an increased risk and incidence of ADRD and have often been neglected by the scientific research community. There is mounting evidence that vascular insults in the brain can initiate a series of biological events leading to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and ADRD. We are a group of researchers interested in developing and expanding ADRD research, with an emphasis on vascular contributions to dementia, to serve our local diverse community. Toward this goal, the primary objective of this review was to investigate and better understand health disparities in Alabama and the contributions of the social determinants of health to those disparities, particularly in the context of vascular dysfunction in ADRD. Here, we explain the neurovascular dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors contributing to dysfunction of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Next, we ascertain ethnoregional health disparities of individuals living in Alabama, as well as relevant vascular risk factors linked to AD. We also discuss current pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment options for neurovascular dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, including relevant studies and ongoing clinical trials. Overall, individuals in Alabama are adversely affected by social and structural determinants of health leading to health disparities, driven by rurality, ethnic minority status, and lower socioeconomic status (SES). In general, these communities have limited access to healthcare and healthy food and other amenities resulting in decreased opportunities for early diagnosis of and pharmaceutical treatments for ADRD. Although this review is focused on the current state of health disparities of ADRD patients in Alabama, future studies must include diversity of race, ethnicity, and region to best be able to treat all individuals affected by ADRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Napatsorn Saiyasit
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Evan-Angelo R. Butlig
- Department of Neurology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha D. Chaney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Miranda K. Traylor
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Nanako A. Hawley
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Ryleigh B. Randall
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Hanna V. Bobinger
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Carl A. Frizell
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Franklin Trimm
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Errol D. Crook
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Mike Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Esmaeilzadeh S, Kumpulainen S, Pesola AJ. Strength-Cognitive Training: A Systemic Review in Adults and Older Adults, and Guidelines to Promote "Strength Exergaming" Innovations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:855703. [PMID: 35712202 PMCID: PMC9197110 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite functional and cognitive benefits, few adults and older adults do strength training twice per week with sufficient intensity. Exercise-based active video games (exergaming) may amplify the cognitive benefits of exercise and increase adherence and motivation toward training. However, the benefits of a well-defined and monitored dose of strength training, executed simultaneously or sequentially with a cognitive element, has received little attention. In this study we have two aims: First, to systematically gather the available evidence; second, to suggest possible ways to promote strength exergaming innovations. Methods We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials using simultaneous or sequent combined strength and cognitive training or strength exergaming to improve cognitive or functional outcomes in adults and older adults. Results After screening 1,785 studies (Google Scholar, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore Library, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, Cochrane Library and PubMed) we found three eligible studies. Of the two studies using sequent strength and cognitive training, one showed improved functionality, but the other showed negative effects on cognition. The third study using simultaneous intervention, reported a positive influence on both cognition and function, when compared with either strength training alone or a control group. Moderate level of evidence was showed on GRADE analysis. Conclusion The existing little evidence suggests that strength and cognitive training improves cognition and function in adults and older adults. The following suggestions may help to promote further innovation: (1) ensure minimal dosage of strength training (30-60 min, 2 × /week), (2) use machine-based strength training devices to control volume and intensity (to prevent cognitive components from interfering with strength training), (3) include power training by using cognitive tasks requiring rapid reactions, and (4) add cognitive memory tasks (to extend the cognitive benefits of strength training per se), and (5) include motivational exergame elements to increase adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samad Esmaeilzadeh
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Susanne Kumpulainen
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Arto J Pesola
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Audiffren M, André N, Baumeister RF. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:699817. [PMID: 35573284 PMCID: PMC9095966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.699817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function."Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day."James (1918, p. 127).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ballester-Ferrer JA, Carbonell-Hernández L, Pastor D, Cervelló E. COVID-19 Quarantine Impact on Wellbeing and Cognitive Functioning During a 10-Week High-Intensity Functional Training Program in Young University Students. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:822199. [PMID: 35464146 PMCID: PMC9028760 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.822199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve cognitive functioning and wellbeing; however, the degree of change in either of these two variables seems to be related to the exercise intensity or type. Therefore, new physical training (PT) programs have been developed to increase exercise efficiency. One such example is high-intensity functional training (HIFT), which has proven to be a time-efficient and highly effective strategy to improve physical fitness. This study analyzed whether HIFT can affect reaction time (RT) and vitality, as well as positive and negative affect. Forty-two college students participated in the study, 21 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The experimental group completed 10 weeks of training, five of which were supervised, and the remainder consisted of online training during the COVID-19 quarantine. Participants were evaluated at the beginning, at the end of the 5 weeks of supervised training, and after the 5 weeks of online training. HIFT improved RT without changes in psychological wellbeing during the entire period of training supervised and online. Therefore, during the HIFT program, the quarantine situation did not adversely affect this population’s wellbeing, but it did negatively affect adherence to the training program.
Collapse
|
38
|
Robinson KJ, Lubans DR, Mavilidi MF, Hillman CH, Benzing V, Valkenborghs SR, Barker D, Riley N. Effects of Classroom-Based Resistance Training With and Without Cognitive Training on Adolescents' Cognitive Function, On-task Behavior, and Muscular Fitness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:811534. [PMID: 35386901 PMCID: PMC8977488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.811534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Participation in classroom physical activity breaks may improve children's cognition, but few studies have involved adolescents. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of classroom-based resistance training with and without cognitive training on adolescents' cognitive function. Methods: Participants were 97 secondary school students (45.4% females, mean age 15.78 ± 0.44). Four-year 10 classes from one school were included in this four-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Classes were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary control with no cognitive training, sedentary with cognitive training, resistance training without cognitive training, and resistance training with cognitive training. Sessions varied in levels of both cognitive demand and resistance training (i.e., high vs. low) and were administered three times per week for 4 weeks (12 sessions). Inhibition, cognitive flexibility, episodic memory, on-task behavior, and muscular fitness were assessed at baseline and post-test. Linear mixed models were used to examine changes within and between groups. Results: In comparison with the control group, episodic memory improved significantly in the resistance training without cognitive training group (-9.87 units, 95% CI: -17.71 to -2.03, p = 0.014, d = 0.72). There were no group-by-time effects for inhibition or cognitive flexibility. Classroom activity breaks both with and without cognitive demand improved participants' on-task behavior in comparison with the control and sedentary group. The resistance training programs did not lead to improvements in muscular fitness. Conclusion: Participation in body weight resistance training without cognitive training led to selective improvements in episodic memory. No training effects were found for inhibition or cognitive flexibility. A longer study period may be necessary to induce improvements in muscular fitness and associated changes in inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621001341819.aspx, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry-ACTRN12621001341819.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Robinson
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- School of Education/Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Valentin Benzing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Barker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li J, Herold F, Ludyga S, Yu Q, Zhang X, Zou L. The acute effects of physical exercise breaks on cognitive function during prolonged sitting: The first quantitative evidence. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022; 48:101594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
40
|
The Relationship between Cognitive Status and Retained Activity Participation among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:400-416. [PMID: 35447747 PMCID: PMC9025576 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying retained activity participation to old age can improve age-related changes in balance and cognition function. Subjects ≥ 60 years were enrolled in this study. Balance and Cognitive function include working memory, executive function, and sustained and divided attention was evaluated with “Fullerton advanced balance”, “n-back”, “Wisconsin card sort”, “sustain and divided attention test”, respectively. In addition, retained activity participation was measured using the Activity Card Sort questionnaire. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses of different domains of retained activity participation were used as independent variables, including instrumental activity, low-effort leisure, high-effort leisure, and social activity on balance and specific domains of cognition. Seventy-seven subjects (65.3 ± 4.4 years, 61% female) were included. About 47% of older adults had a college education, 32.3% had a diploma, and 20.7% had elementary−middle education. These results show that retained instrumental activity had a relationship with working memory (β = 0.079, p < 0.05). In addition, we found that retained high-effort leisure activity can increase balance, divided attention, and executive function score (β = 0.1, β = 0.05, β = 0.02, p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a positive relationship between retained low-effort activity and sustained attention (β = 0.08, p < 0.05). In addition, the coefficient of determination (R2) for balance, working memory, executive function, sustained, and divided attention were 0.45, 0.25, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.18, respectively. The study suggests that retained activity participation types may have various effects on balance and some selective cognitive components in older people.
Collapse
|
41
|
Huang X, Zhao X, Li B, Cai Y, Zhang S, Wan Q, Yu F. Comparative efficacy of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:212-223. [PMID: 34004389 PMCID: PMC9068743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is a promising nonpharmacological therapy for cognitive dysfunction, but it is unclear which type of exercise is most effective. The objective of this study was to compare and rank the effectiveness of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and to examine the effects of exercise on the symptoms relevant to cognitive impairment. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SPORTDiscus, and PsycInfo through September 2019 and included randomized controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of exercise interventions in patients with MCI or dementia. Primary outcomes included global cognition, executive cognition, and memory cognition. Secondary outcomes included activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of life. Pairwise analyses and network meta-analyses were performed using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 73 articles from 71 trials with 5606 participants were included. All types of exercise were effective in increasing or maintaining global cognition, and resistance exercise had the highest probability of being the most effective intervention in slowing the decrease in global cognition (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.56-1.54), executive function (SMD = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.21-1.49), and memory function (SMD = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.01-0.63) in patients with cognitive dysfunction. Subgroup analyses for patients with MCI revealed different effects, and multicomponent exercise was most likely to be the optimal exercise therapy for preventing the decline of global cognition (SMD = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.44-1.54) and executive function (SMD = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.06-1.38). However, only resistance exercise showed significant effects on memory function for patients with MCI (SMD = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.01-0.69). Exercise interventions also showed various effects on the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION Resistance exercise has the highest probability of being the optimal exercise type for slowing cognitive decline in patients with cognitive dysfunction, especially in patients with dementia. Multicomponent exercise tends to be most effective in protecting global cognition and executive function in patients with MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Huang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bei Li
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shifang Zhang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiaoqin Wan
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fang Yu
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim J, McKenna CF, Salvador AF, Scaroni SE, Askow AT, Cerna J, Cannavale CN, Paluska SA, De Lisio M, Petruzzello SJ, Burd NA, Khan NA. Cathepsin B and Muscular Strength are Independently Associated with Cognitive Control. Brain Plast 2022; 8:19-33. [DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although muscular strength has been linked to greater cognitive function across different cognitive domains, the mechanism(s) through which this occurs remain(s) poorly understood. Indeed, while an emerging body of literature suggests peripheral myokines released from muscular contractions may play a role in this relationship, additional research is needed to understand this link. Accordingly, this study sought to compare the influences of a particular myokine, Cathepsin B (CTSB), and muscular strength on hippocampal-dependent relational memory and cognitive control in 40 adults (age = 50.0±7.3 yrs). Overnight fasted venous blood draws were taken to assess plasma CTSB and muscular strength was assessed as maximal isokinetic strength testing using a Biodex dynamometer. Cognitive performance was assessed using a Spatial Reconstruction Task to assess relational memory and a modified Flanker task to assess cognitive control. Neuroelectric function for cognitive control was assessed using event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during the Flanker task. Initial bivariate correlational analyses revealed that neither sex, age, lean body mass, or muscular strength was associated with CTSB. However, CTSB was inversely associated with reaction time and fractional peak latency of the P3 component of the Flanker task. Muscular strength was also inversely associated with reaction time and positively associated with relational memory performance. However, the influence of muscular strength on relational memory did not persist following adjustment for covariates. Greater circulating CTSB was selectively associated with greater cognitive control as well as faster information processing speed. These findings are the first to link circulating CTSB to both cognitive control and neuroelectric function. Future intervention studies are needed to examine the effects of changes in muscular strength, circulating myokines, and different domains of cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Andrew T. Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Coelho-Junior H, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Picca A, Arai H, Uchida M. Resistance training improves cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:213-224. [PMID: 33325273 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1857691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of resistance training (RT) on cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. We performed a literature search with no restriction on publication year in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and AgeLine from inception up to August 2020. Experimental studies investigating the impact of RT on the cognitive function of cognitively healthy (CH) and cognitively impaired (CI) older adults (≥60 years) were included for analysis. Eighteen studies were included in the final analysis, of which ten studies investigated CH community-dwelling older adult, seven studies investigated CI older adults, and one study investigated both. RT significantly improved overall cognitive function in both CH (SMD = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.00 to 1.08, P = 0.047) and CI (SMD = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.21 to 1.16, P = 0.005) older adults. However, short-term memory was only improved in CH older adults (MD = -0.20; 95% CI = -0.25 to -0.15, P < 0.00001). In conclusion, RT improved overall cognitive function in CH and CI older adults, whereas short-term memory, assessed by the digit span of the WAIS III, was only significantly improved in CH older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helio Coelho-Junior
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Marco Uchida
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Herold F, Labott BK, Grässler B, Halfpaap N, Langhans C, Müller P, Ammar A, Dordevic M, Hökelmann A, Müller NG. A Link between Handgrip Strength and Executive Functioning: A Cross-Sectional Study in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Controls. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020230. [PMID: 35206845 PMCID: PMC8872145 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) who in addition to their memory deficits also suffer from frontal-executive dysfunctions have a higher risk of developing dementia later in their lives than older adults with aMCI without executive deficits and older adults with non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). Handgrip strength (HGS) is also correlated with the risk of cognitive decline in the elderly. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the associations between HGS and executive functioning in individuals with aMCI, naMCI and healthy controls. Older, right-handed adults with amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), and healthy controls (HC) conducted a handgrip strength measurement via a handheld dynamometer. Executive functions were assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT A&B). Normalized handgrip strength (nHGS, normalized to Body Mass Index (BMI)) was calculated and its associations with executive functions (operationalized through z-scores of TMT B/A ratio) were investigated through partial correlation analyses (i.e., accounting for age, sex, and severity of depressive symptoms). A positive and low-to-moderate correlation between right nHGS (rp (22) = 0.364; p = 0.063) and left nHGS (rp (22) = 0.420; p = 0.037) and executive functioning in older adults with aMCI but not in naMCI or HC was observed. Our results suggest that higher levels of nHGS are linked to better executive functioning in aMCI but not naMCI and HC. This relationship is perhaps driven by alterations in the integrity of the hippocampal-prefrontal network occurring in older adults with aMCI. Further research is needed to provide empirical evidence for this assumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.K.L.); (P.M.); (M.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Berit K. Labott
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.K.L.); (P.M.); (M.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Bernhard Grässler
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Nicole Halfpaap
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Corinna Langhans
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Patrick Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.K.L.); (P.M.); (M.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Milos Dordevic
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.K.L.); (P.M.); (M.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.G.); (N.H.); (C.L.); (A.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (B.K.L.); (P.M.); (M.D.); (N.G.M.)
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pierce KC, Hornsby WG, Stone MH. Weightlifting for Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Sports Health 2021; 14:45-56. [PMID: 34781771 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of youth in the sport of weightlifting and the use of weightlifting methods as part of training for youth sport performance appears to be increasing. Weightlifting for children and adolescents has been criticized in some circles and is a controversial aspect of resistance training for young people. Although injuries can occur during weightlifting and related activities, the incidence and rate of injury appear to be relatively low and severe injury is uncommon. A number of performance, physical, and physiological variables, such as body composition, strength, and power, are improved by weightlifting training in children, adolescents, and young athletes. Manipulating program variables, when appropriate, can have a substantial and profound influence on the psychological, physiological, physical, and performance aspects of weightlifters. An understanding of the sport, scientific training principles, and musculoskeletal growth development is necessary to properly construct a reasonable and appropriate training program. A scientific background aids in providing an evidenced basis and sound rationale in selecting appropriate methods and directing adaptations toward more specific goals and enables the coach to make choices about training and competition that might not otherwise be possible. If weightlifting training and competition are age group appropriate and are properly supervised, the sport can be substantially safe and efficacious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Pierce
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael H Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Sports, Exercise, Recreation and Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Heaw YC, Singh DKA, Tan MP, Kumar S. Bidirectional association between executive and physical functions among older adults: A systematic review. Australas J Ageing 2021; 41:20-41. [PMID: 34724301 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between specific executive function (EF) and physical function (PF) subdomains among older adults. METHODS A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, EBSCOHOST, Scopus and EmCare) was undertaken from February 2018 to May 2020. Observational studies measuring associations between EF and PF subdomains among older adults were included. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven studies reported associations between EF and PF. There were bidirectional associations between slower processing speed and slower gait speed; slower processing speed and lower muscle strength; and lower verbal fluency and slower gait speed. Lower muscle strength was unilaterally associated with lower working memory. CONCLUSIONS We found consistent bidirectional associations between processing speed with gait speed and muscle strength, and verbal fluency and gait speed. There was a unidirectional association between muscle strength and working memory. Common causal mechanisms for EF and PF require further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chi Heaw
- Physiotherapy Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Physiotherapy Programme, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh
- Physiotherapy Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maw Pin Tan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar
- Allied Health and Human Performance Unit, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Coelho-Júnior HJ. Is High-Speed Resistance Training an Efficient and Feasible Exercise Strategy for Frail Nursing Home Residents? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021; 23:44-46. [PMID: 34736893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-speed resistance training (HSRT) has been strongly recommended by experts in the field as a possible strategy to manage frailty in older adults; however, investigations to support this hypothesis are still lacking. Frailty is highly prevalent in nursing home residents and understanding if HSRT might contribute to frail patients' care is an urgent issue. Notably, frail older adults who live in long-term institutions commonly present reduced joint flexibility and cognitive resiliency. These characteristics might reduce the efficiency and feasibility of HSRT in frail nursing home residents. In the present, an evidence-based discussion about this topic is offered.
Collapse
|
49
|
Can acute resistance exercise facilitate episodic memory encoding? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch has shown benefits of physical exercise on memory performance when carried out before or after a memory task. The effects of concurrent physical exercise and particularly resistance exercise are still inconclusive. The current study investigates the influence of resistance exercise with two intensities (fast and slow squats) on performance in a wordlist learning task using a within-subject design. Sport students (N = 58, Mage = 23 years; 26 women) were trained in a mnemonic technique to encode word lists (method of loci). In each session they were asked to encode two lists, each consisting of 20 words. During encoding, participants either performed one squat per word (fast-squat-condition), one squat every second word (slow-squat-condition), or stayed seated (control-condition). Participants performed three sessions for each condition, in counterbalanced order. Heart rates differed significantly according to exercise intensity. Memory performances in the sitting condition were better, compared to the exercise conditions. Performance in sitting and the fast squat conditions improved similarly over time, while performance in the slow squat condition increased faster, and reached the level of the fast squat condition at the end of the study phase. We conclude that light to moderate resistance exercise while working on an episodic memory task may rather represent a dual-task situation (= two tasks that compete for attentional resources). Especially doing a squat every second word may represent an inhibition task that people have to get used to. Future studies should include biochemical markers of arousal and neuronal plasticity in addition to heart rate.
Collapse
|
50
|
Maudrich T, Kenville R, Schempp C, Noack E, Ragert P. Comparison of whole-body sensorimotor skill learning between strength athletes, endurance athletes and healthy sedentary adults. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07723. [PMID: 34409186 PMCID: PMC8361077 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor sequences represent an integral part of human motor ability. Apart from simple movement sequences, complex coordinated movement sequences are the building blocks for peak athletic performance. Accordingly, optimized temporal and spatial coordination of muscle action across multiple limbs may be a distinguishing feature between athletes and non-athletes in many sports. In the present study, we aimed to assess differences between strength and endurance athletes and non-athletes during learning of a complex whole-body serial reaction time task (CWB-SRTT). For this purpose, 26 nonathletes (NAG) and 25 athletes (AG) learned the CWB-SRTT over 2 days separated by 7 days. Mean response times of participants were recorded and statistically analyzed for sequence-specific and non-sequence-specific improvements, as well as differences in learning rates and retention. Furthermore, AG was subdivided into strength (SG) and endurance (EG) athletes, and all analysis steps were repeated. Our results show a better mean response time of AG compared to NAG. However, we could not detect differences in sequence-specific or non-sequence-specific learning, as well as different retention rates between NAG and AG or SG and EG. We assume here that a potential lack of motor transfer between general athletic abilities and the specific complex motor sequence mainly accounts for our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Maudrich
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rouven Kenville
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Caroline Schempp
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Noack
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|