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Eichelberger DA, Sticca F, Kübler DR, Kakebeeke TH, Caflisch JA, Jenni OG, Wehrle FM. Stability of mental abilities and physical growth from 6 months to 65 years: Findings from the Zurich Longitudinal Studies. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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2
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Kirchengast S, Juan A, Waldhoer T, Yang L. An increase in the developmental tempo affects the secular trend in height in male Austrian conscripts birth cohorts 1951-2002. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 35:e23848. [PMID: 36510339 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using population-based data on height in Austria from birth cohort 1951 to 2002, we aim to evaluate the secular trends in height and developmental tempo among Austrian young men. METHODS Data were obtained from the Austrian conscription medical examination. We included 1 205 112 conscripts (18-<20 years) who were born between 1951 and 2002 and 853 645 conscripts (17-<19 years) who were born between 1961 and 2002. Height was measured during the medical examination and was used to evaluate the secular trends of mean height over time. Furthermore, the mean difference in height between conscripts of 17- and 18 years old were compared across birth cohorts. RESULTS The mean height of conscripts aged 17 years increased by 2.2 cm (p < .0001) in between 1961 and 2002. The mean height of conscripts aged 18 years increased by 4.3 cm (p < .0001) between 1951 and 2002. However, the increase in mean height has slowed down since the 1970 s. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old widened from about 0.1 cm in 1961 to 0.3 cm around 1970 and then steadily narrowed again to 0.1 cm at the end of the study period. CONCLUSIONS The increasing trend in height slows at the end of the 20th century, the developmental tempo at the population level, however, continued to increase. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old narrowed, which may indicate that young men reached their final height earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences-HEAS, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Juan
- Personnel Marketing Division, Ministry of Defence, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Holy Cross Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Preventive Oncology & Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Anthropometric Equations to Determine Maximum Height in Adults ≥ 60 Years: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095072. [PMID: 35564467 PMCID: PMC9101954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although it is common to measure bone lengths for study, methodological errors in data measurement and processing often invalidate their clinical and scientific usefulness. This manuscript reviews the validity of several published equations used to determine the maximum height in older adults, since height is an anthropometric parameter widely employed in health sciences. A systematic review of original articles published in the English, Spanish, or Portuguese languages was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Springer Link, and two institutional publisher integrators (UACJ and CONRICYT). The search terms were included in the metasearch engines in a combined way and text form using the Boolean connectors AND and OR {(Determination OR Estimation OR Equation) AND Height AND (Elderly OR "Older adults")}. Eleven manuscripts were selected from 1935 records identified through database searching after applying the following criteria: (1) original articles that designed and validated equations for the determination of height by anthropometric methods in adults 60 years of age and older and (2) manuscripts that presented robust evidence of validation of the proposed regression models. The validity of the reported linear regression models was assessed throughout a manuscript review process called multi-objective optimization that considered the collection of the models, the prediction errors, and the adjustment values (i.e., R2, standard error of estimation, and pure error). A total of 64 equations were designed and validated in 45,449 participants (57.1% women) from four continents: America (85.3%, with 46 equations), Asia (8.1%, with 10), Europe (4.6%, with 7), and Africa (2.0%, with 1); the Hispanic American ethnic group was the most numerous in participants and equations (69.0%, with 28). Due to various omissions and methodological errors, this study did not find any valid and reliable equations to assess the maximum height in older adults by anthropometric methods. It is proposed to adjust allometric mathematical models that can be interpreted in the light of ontogenetic processes.
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4
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Nutrition Status of Refugee and Host-Country Children: Negotiating for Equal Distribution of Relief Food During Emergencies in Uganda. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:1387-1397. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Graham BE, Plotkin B, Muglia L, Moore JH, Williams SM. Estimating prevalence of human traits among populations from polygenic risk scores. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:70. [PMID: 34903281 PMCID: PMC8670062 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of phenotypic variation across populations has not been well explained for most traits. Several factors may cause disparities, from variation in environments to divergent population genetic structure. We hypothesized that a population-level polygenic risk score (PRS) can explain phenotypic variation among geographic populations based solely on risk allele frequencies. We applied a population-specific PRS (psPRS) to 26 populations from the 1000 Genomes to four phenotypes: lactase persistence (LP), melanoma, multiple sclerosis (MS) and height. Our models assumed additive genetic architecture among the polymorphisms in the psPRSs, as is convention. Linear psPRSs explained a significant proportion of trait variance ranging from 0.32 for height in men to 0.88 for melanoma. The best models for LP and height were linear, while those for melanoma and MS were nonlinear. As not all variants in a PRS may confer similar, or even any, risk among diverse populations, we also filtered out SNPs to assess whether variance explained was improved using psPRSs with fewer SNPs. Variance explained usually improved with fewer SNPs in the psPRS and was as high as 0.99 for height in men using only 548 of the initial 4208 SNPs. That reducing SNPs improves psPRSs performance may indicate that missing heritability is partially due to complex architecture that does not mandate additivity, undiscovered variants or spurious associations in the databases. We demonstrated that PRS-based analyses can be used across diverse populations and phenotypes for population prediction and that these comparisons can identify the universal risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney E Graham
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brian Plotkin
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Louis Muglia
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27614, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Genetics and Genome Scenes, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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6
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Sabadin F, Carvalho HF, Galli G, Fritsche-Neto R. Population-tailored mock genome enables genomic studies in species without a reference genome. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 297:33-46. [PMID: 34755217 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on molecular markers, genomic prediction enables us to speed up breeding schemes and increase the response to selection. There are several high-throughput genotyping platforms able to deliver thousands of molecular markers for genomic study purposes. However, even though its widely applied in plant breeding, species without a reference genome cannot fully benefit from genomic tools and modern breeding schemes. We used a method to assemble a population-tailored mock genome to call single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers without an available reference genome, and for the first time, we compared the results with standard genotyping platforms (array and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) using a reference genome) for performance in genomic prediction models. Our results indicate that using a population-tailored mock genome to call SNP delivers reliable estimates for the genomic relationship between genotypes. Furthermore, genomic prediction estimates were comparable to standard approaches, especially when considering only additive effects. However, mock genomes were slightly worse than arrays at predicting traits influenced by dominance effects, but still performed as well as standard GBS methods that use a reference genome. Nevertheless, the array-based SNP markers methods achieved the best predictive ability and reliability to estimate variance components. Overall, the mock genomes can be a worthy alternative for genomic selection studies, especially for those species where the reference genome is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sabadin
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Humberto Fanelli Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Galli
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fritsche-Neto
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mittal M, Gupta P, Kalra S, Bantwal G, Garg MK. Short Stature: Understanding the Stature of Ethnicity in Height Determination. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:381-388. [PMID: 35300450 PMCID: PMC8923322 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_197_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Height is a polygenic trait with a high degree of heritability. Most (95%) children with short stature (defined as height below the third percentile) and poor growth (growth velocity <5 cm/year) do not have an endocrine disorder. The genetic basis for stature potential has been evaluated in recent years and is increasingly being recognized as a major basis for variation in height between different ethnic populations. Numerous genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci linked to human growth. Apart from the genetic factors, various environmental, nutritional, hormonal, and socioeconomic factors also influence the height, and stature of individuals varies between different geographical locations and ethnic groups. Ethnically different populations might respond differently to the same environmental factors and thus the final height in different ethnic groups is different. This review covers in detail the short stature of African Pygmies and Andamanese Islanders along with the possible causative factors responsible for the variation in height in these ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar Mittal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Parul Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahendra K Garg
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Lee YB, Kim HS. Height and Risk of Vitiligo: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173958. [PMID: 34501405 PMCID: PMC8432081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult height is linked to the risk of several diseases, but its association with vitiligo has not been established. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adult height and vitiligo incidence. Korean nationwide claims data from 15,980,754 individuals (20 years of age or older) who received a health checkup during the period 2005–2008, were examined. Subjects were categorized into age- and gender-specific height quintiles. Participants were followed until vitiligo diagnosis or until the end of 2015. The Cox proportional-hazards model for cumulative risk was computed for height categories. During the follow-up period, 29,196 cases (136,020,214 person-years) of newly diagnosed vitiligo were reported. A positive association was found between height and risk of vitiligo in which the hazard ratio between the highest and lowest quintiles of height was 1.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.31–1.42). While more diverse cohort studies are needed, our findings suggest that taller stature increases the risk of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Hei-Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-280-5100
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Arrieta M, Ramos Gaspar R, Santos AL. Paleopathological diagnosis of a proportionate short stature on a female skeleton from the Coimbra collection: Turner syndrome versus other causes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 33:234-244. [PMID: 34023583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper discusses the possible etiologies for the proportionate short stature of a female individual and provides data to allow the diagnosis of future cases of Turner Syndrome (TS) in paleopathology. MATERIALS Skeleton of a 26-years-old maid, from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection, who died of measles in 1920. METHODS Macroscopic examination, imaging techniques, and metric analysis. RESULTS Her estimated height is 138.91-144.3 cm, approximately three standard deviations below the average female stature for early 20th century Portugal. The crural, brachial, humero-femoral, and intermembral indexes show a proportionate body, uncommon in dwarfism. Small skull with prominent frontal, maxillary prognathism, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, proliferative reaction in the petrous portion of the temporal, obliterated sagittal suture, oval foramen magnum, and small mandible with masculine features. The sternal ends of the ribs are wider and vertebrae present developmental defects (e.g. atlas with both left transverse foramina and posterior tubercle open, absence of the right transverse foramen in the axis, sacrum with six vertebrae). CONCLUSIONS The differential diagnosis point to a possible case of Turner Syndrome. SIGNIFICANCE This study describes the features of Turner Syndrome and provide detail metric analysis of this individual, which will be useful for future paleopathological diagnoses. LIMITATIONS The confirmation of the diagnosis will only be possible through genetic analysis. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Reanalysis of skeletal individuals with short stature to detect possible cases of Turner Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arrieta
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Biarqueología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nac. 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rosa Ramos Gaspar
- Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Centre (CHUC), Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luisa Santos
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Landi E, Karabatas L, Scaglia P, Pisciottano F, Gutiérrez M, Ramírez L, Bergadá I, Rey RA, Jasper HG, Domené HM, Plazas PV, Domené S. Expression of acid-labile subunit (ALS) in developing and adult zebrafish and its role in dorso-ventral patterning during development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113591. [PMID: 32828812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian acid-labile subunit (ALS) is a serum protein that binds binary complexes between Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) extending their half-life and keeping them in the vasculature. Human ALS deficiency (ACLSD), due to homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in IGFALS, leads to moderate short stature with reduced levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. There is only one corresponding zebrafish ortholog gene and it has not yet been studied. In this study we elucidate the role of igfals during zebrafish development. In zebrafish embryos igfals mRNA is expressed throughout development, mainly in the brain and subsequently also in the gut and swimbladder. To determine its role during development, we knocked down igfals gene product using morpholinos (MOs). Igfals morphant embryos displayed dorsalization in different degrees of severity, including a shortened trunk and loss of tail. Furthermore, co-injection of human IGFALS (hIGFALS) mRNA was able to rescue the MO-induced phenotype. Finally, overexpression of either hIGFALS or zebrafish igfals (zigfals) mRNA leads to ventralization of embryos including a reduced head and enlarged tail. These findings suggest that als plays an important role in dorso-ventral patterning during zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Landi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Liliana Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco Pisciottano
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Héctor Guillermo Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Horacio Mario Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paola Viviana Plazas
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Horscroft C, Ennis S, Pengelly RJ, Sluckin TJ, Collins A. Sequencing era methods for identifying signatures of selection in the genome. Brief Bioinform 2020; 20:1997-2008. [PMID: 30053138 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into genetic loci which are under selection and their functional roles contribute to increased understanding of the patterns of phenotypic variation we observe today. The availability of whole-genome sequence data, for humans and other species, provides opportunities to investigate adaptation and evolution at unprecedented resolution. Many analytical methods have been developed to interrogate these large data sets and characterize signatures of selection in the genome. We review here recently developed methods and consider the impact of increased computing power and data availability on the detection of selection signatures. Consideration of demography, recombination and other confounding factors is important, and use of a range of methods in combination is a powerful route to resolving different forms of selection in genome sequence data. Overall, a substantial improvement in methods for application to whole-genome sequencing is evident, although further work is required to develop robust and computationally efficient approaches which may increase reproducibility across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Horscroft
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Duthie Building (808), Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building (85), Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Duthie Building (808), Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building (85), Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Reuben J Pengelly
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Duthie Building (808), Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building (85), Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy J Sluckin
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building (85), Highfield, Southampton, UK.,Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Duthie Building (808), Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building (85), Highfield, Southampton, UK
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12
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Zoccolillo M, Moia C, Comincini S, Cittaro D, Lazarevic D, Pisani KA, Wit JM, Bozzola M. Identification of novel genetic variants associated with short stature in a Baka Pygmies population. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1471-1483. [PMID: 32583022 PMCID: PMC7519921 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human growth is a complex trait determined by genetic factors in combination with external stimuli, including environment, nutrition and hormonal status. In the past, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have collectively identified hundreds of genetic variants having a putative effect on determining adult height in different worldwide populations. Theoretically, a valuable approach to better understand the mechanisms of complex traits as adult height is to study a population exhibiting extreme stature phenotypes, such as African Baka Pygmies. After phenotypic characterization, we sequenced the whole exomes of a cohort of Baka Pygmies and their non-Pygmies Bantu neighbors to highlight genetic variants associated with the reduced stature. Whole exome data analysis revealed 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with the reduced height in the Baka group. Among these variants, we focused on SNP rs7629425, located in the 5′-UTR of the Hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL2) gene. The frequency of the alternative allele was significantly increased compared to African and non-African populations. In vitro luciferase assay showed significant differences in transcription modulation by rs7629425 C/T alleles. In conclusion, our results suggested that the HYAL2 gene variants may play a role in the etiology of short stature in Baka Pygmies population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zoccolillo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università Degli Studi Di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università Degli Studi Di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen A Pisani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan M Wit
- Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- University of Pavia, and Onlus Il Bambino E Il Suo Pediatra, Via XX Settembre 28, Galliate, 28066, Novara, Italy.
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13
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Shirley MK, Cole TJ, Arthurs OJ, Clark CA, Wells JC. Developmental origins of variability in pelvic dimensions: Evidence from nulliparous South Asian women in the United Kingdom. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23340. [PMID: 31755611 PMCID: PMC7154657 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pelvic growth may be sensitive to early-life nutrition, with implications for maternal risk of obstructed labor. However, the "developmental origins" of adult pelvic variability require further investigation. We tested whether adult pelvic dimensions are associated with two components of height, indexing different periods of linear growth: tibia length, a proxy for early postnatal growth, and height-residual (height regressed on tibia length), a proxy for later growth. We also tested whether adult pelvic dimensions are associated with birth weight, a marker of nutritional investment in utero. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, data were obtained on 68 nulliparous young women of South Asian ancestry. Pelvic dimensions (bi-iliac and bi-acetabular breadth, anteroposterior pelvic inlet and outlet, interspinous and intertuberous diameter) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Height and tibia length were measured manually. Birth weight and gestational age were obtained by recall. Multivariable regression models were fitted with a given pelvic dimension regressed on height-residual, tibia, and birth weight, with the latter adjusted for gestational age. RESULTS Controlling for birth weight, height-residual was predictive of bi-acetabular breadth, bi-iliac breadth, and the pelvic inlet, while tibia length significantly predicted all dimensions except interspinous diameter. Controlling for the linear growth variables, birth weight was predictive of bi-iliac breadth only. CONCLUSIONS Markers of linear growth during both early and later development were associated with adult pelvic dimensions, whereas size at birth was poorly predictive. Efforts to reduce stunting in early life may facilitate the attainment of maximum potential growth for both height and the pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K. Shirley
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
- School of Public HealthUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Tim J. Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Owen J. Arthurs
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street HospitalLondonUK
| | - Chris A. Clark
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
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14
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Abstract
Humans show marked variation in body size around the world, both within and among populations. At present, the tallest people in the world are from the Netherlands and the Balkan countries, while the shortest populations are central African Pygmies. There are genetic, genetic plasticity, developmental, and environmental bases for size variation in Homo sapiens from the recent past and the present. Early populations of Homo species also have shown considerable size variation. Populations from the present and the past are also marked by sexual dimorphism, which, itself, shows group variation. There is abundant evidence for the effects of limited food and disease on human growth and resultant adult body size. This environmental influence has been reflected in "secular trends" (over a span of years) in growth and adult size from socioeconomic prosperity or poverty (availability of resources). Selective and evolutionary advantages of small or large body size also have been documented. Heritability for human height is relatively great with current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identifying hundreds of genes leading to causes of growth and adult size variation. There are also endocrinological pathways limiting growth. An example is the reduced tissue sensitivity to human growth hormone (HGH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) in Philippine and African hunter-gatherer populations. In several short-statured hunter-gatherer populations (Asian, African, and South American), it has been hypothesized that short life expectancy has selected for early maturity and truncated growth to enhance fertility. Some island populations of humans and other mammals are thought to have been selected for small size because of limited resources, especially protein. The high-protein content of milk as a staple food may contribute to tall stature in East African pastoral peoples. These and other evolutionary questions linked to life history, male competition, reproduction, and mobility are explored in this paper.
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15
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Wong HSC, Lin YJ, Lu HF, Liao WL, Chen CH, Wu JY, Chang WC, Tsai FJ. Genomic interrogation of familial short stature contributes to the discovery of the pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmaceutical drug repositioning. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:91. [PMID: 31699087 PMCID: PMC6836357 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors, dysregulation in the endocrine system, cytokine and paracrine factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of familial short stature (FSS). Nowadays, the treatment choice for FSS is limited, with only recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) being available. Methods Herein, starting from the identification of 122 genetic loci related to FSS, we adopted a genetic-driven drug discovery bioinformatics pipeline based on functional annotation to prioritize crucial biological FSS-related genes. These genes were suggested to be potential targets for therapeutics. Results We discovered five druggable subnetworks, which contained seven FSS-related genes and 17 druggable targerts. Conclusions This study provides a valuable drug repositioning accompanied by corresponding targetable gene clusters for FSS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Sung-Ching Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Fang Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Pain Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Abstract
Measurements of prehistoric human skeletal remains provide a record of changes in height and other anthropometric traits over time. Often, these changes are interpreted in terms of plastic developmental response to shifts in diet, climate, or other environmental factors. These changes can also be genetic in origin, but, until recently, it has been impossible to separate the effects of genetics and environment. Here, we use ancient DNA to directly estimate genetic changes in phenotypes and to identify changes driven not by genetics, but by environment. We show that changes over the past 35,000 y are largely predicted by genetics but also identify specific shifts that are more likely to be environmentally driven. The relative contributions of genetics and environment to temporal and geographic variation in human height remain largely unknown. Ancient DNA has identified changes in genetic ancestry over time, but it is not clear whether those changes in ancestry are associated with changes in height. Here, we directly test whether changes over the past 38,000 y in European height predicted using DNA from 1,071 ancient individuals are consistent with changes observed in 1,159 skeletal remains from comparable populations. We show that the observed decrease in height between the Early Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic is qualitatively predicted by genetics. Similarly, both skeletal and genetic height remained constant between the Mesolithic and Neolithic and increased between the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Sitting height changes much less than standing height—consistent with genetic predictions—although genetics predicts a small post-Neolithic increase that is not observed in skeletal remains. Geographic variation in stature is also qualitatively consistent with genetic predictions, particularly with respect to latitude. Finally, we hypothesize that an observed decrease in genetic heel bone mineral density in the Neolithic reflects adaptation to the decreased mobility indicated by decreased femoral bending strength. This study provides a model for interpreting phenotypic changes predicted from ancient DNA and demonstrates how they can be combined with phenotypic measurements to understand the relative contribution of genetic and developmentally plastic responses to environmental change.
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17
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Rosário R, Olsen NJ, Rohde JF, Händel MN, Santos R, Heitmann BL. Longitudinal associations between body composition and regional fat distribution and later attained height at school entry among preschool children predisposed to overweight. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:465-471. [PMID: 31444466 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between indicators of obesity and fat distribution, such as body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and skinfold measures during preschool age, and attained height at school entry. SUBJECTS/METHODS The Healthy Start primary intervention study comprised 1100 obesity-prone preschool children from the greater Copenhagen area, with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 4.0 (1.1) years at baseline. Anthropometry was measured by trained health professionals at baseline (preschool age) and follow-up height at school entry was gathered by school nurses. Prospective associations between body fat measures and later attained height were examined using generalized linear models with adjustments for potential confounders. RESULTS Greater adiposity at preschool age was directly associated with a higher attained height at follow-up at school-age, when adjusting for confounders. A baseline difference of one BMI unit was associated with a greater attained height of 0.8 cm [(95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5; 1.2]. Furthermore, a difference of 1 mm in the sum of four skinfolds measured at baseline was associated with a greater attained height of 0.1 cm (95% CI 0.03; 0.2) at follow-up. Children with overweight or obesity at baseline attained a significantly higher height of 2.9 (95% CI 1.6; 4.1) cm at follow-up after full adjustment than normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS Our results supports that greater adiposity at preschool age is associated with greater tallness. Although a greater height is assumed to be desirable, accelerated growth in childhood may in itself be a risk factor for obesity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosário
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal. .,Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nanna Julie Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mina Nicole Händel
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rute Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Early Start and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Public Health, Section for General Practice, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Bresolin T, Rosa GJDM, Valente BD, Espigolan R, Gordo DGM, Braz CU, Fernandes Júnior GA, Magalhães AFB, Garcia DA, Frezarim GB, Leão GFC, Carvalheiro R, Baldi F, Nunes de Oliveira H, Galvão de Albuquerque L. Effect of quality control, density and allele frequency of markers on the accuracy of genomic prediction for complex traits in Nellore cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the impact of quality control, density and allele frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers on the accuracy of genomic predictions, using three traits with different heritabilities and two methods of prediction in a Nellore cattle population genotyped with the Illumina Bovine HD Assay. A total of 1756; 3150 and 3119 records of age at first calving (AFC); weaning weight (WW) and yearling weight (YW), respectively, were used. Three scenarios with different exclusion thresholds for minor allele frequency (MAF), deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and correlation between SNP pairs (r2) were constructed for all traits: (1) high rigor (S1): call rate <0.98, MAF <0.05, HWE with P <10−5, and r2 >0.999; (2) Moderate rigor (S2): call rate <0.85 and MAF <0.01; (3) Low rigor (S3): only non-autosomal SNP and those mapped on the same position were excluded. Additionally, to assess the prediction accuracy from different markers density, six panels (10K, 50K, 100K, 300K, 500K and 700K) were customised using the high-density genotyping assay as reference. Finally, from the markers available in high-density genotyping assay, six groups (G) with different minor allele frequency bins were defined to estimate the accuracy of genomic prediction. The range of MAF bins was approximately equal for the traits studied: G1 (0.000–0.009), G2 (0.010–0.064), G3 (0.065–0.174), G4 (0.175–0.325), G5 (0.326–0.500) and G6 (0.000–0.500). The Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor and BayesCπ methods were used to estimate the SNP marker effects. Five-fold cross-validation was used to measure the accuracy of genomic prediction for all scenarios. There were no effects of genotypes quality control criteria on the accuracies of genomic predictions. For all traits, the higher density panel did not provide greater prediction accuracies than the low density one (10K panel). The groups of SNP with low MAF (MAF ≤0.007 for AFC, MAF ≤0.009 for WW and MAF ≤0.008 for YW) provided lower prediction accuracies than the groups with higher allele frequencies.
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19
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Krams I, Luoto S, Rubika A, Krama T, Elferts D, Krams R, Kecko S, Skrinda I, Moore FR, Rantala MJ. A head start for life history development? Family income mediates associations between height and immune response in men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:421-427. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Anna Rubika
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | | | - Fhionna R. Moore
- School of Psychology; University of Dundee; Dundee United Kingdom
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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20
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Hanson AA, Lorenz AJ, Hesler LS, Bhusal SJ, Bansal R, Michel AP, Jiang GL, Koch RL. Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Host-Plant Resistance to Soybean Aphid. THE PLANT GENOME 2018; 11. [PMID: 30512046 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2018.02.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphid [ Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] is the most damaging insect pest of soybean [ (L.) Merr.] in the Upper Midwest of the United States and is primarily controlled by insecticides. Soybean aphid resistance (i.e., genes) has been documented in some soybean accessions but more sources of resistance are needed. Incorporation of the resistance into marketed varieties has also been slow. Genome-wide association mapping can aid in identifying resistant accessions by correlating phenotypic data with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a genome. Aphid population measures from 2366 soybean accessions were collected from published studies screening cultivated soybean () and wild soybean ( Siebold & Zucc.) with aphids exhibiting Biotype 1, 2, or 3 characteristics. Genotypic data were obtained from the SoySNP50K high-density genotyping array previously used to genotype the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. Significant associations between SNPs and soybean aphid counts were found on 18 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Significant SNPs were found on chromosomes 7, 8, 13, and 16 with known genes. SNPs were also significant on chromosomes 1, 2, 4 to 6, 9 to 12, 14, and 17 to 20 where genes have not yet been mapped, suggesting that many genes remain to be discovered. These SNPs can be used to determine accessions that are likely to have novel aphid resistance traits of value for breeding programs.
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21
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The SNP rs4252548 (R112H) which is associated with reduced human height compromises the stability of IL-11. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:496-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Rosário R, Barros R, Padrão P, Santos R, Teixeira VH, Lopes O, Andrade N, Moreira A, Moreira P. Body Mass Index Categories and Attained Height in Portuguese Adults. Obes Facts 2018; 11:287-293. [PMID: 29991056 PMCID: PMC6189534 DOI: 10.1159/000491754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the associations between height and BMI categories in a Portuguese representative sample. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 32,644 Portuguese adults (52.4% females). Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained along with self-reported height and weight. We performed generalized linear models to assess the differences in attained height across BMI categories; analyses were adjusted for age, gender, education, family income per month, proxy reporting information, dietary patterns, and smoking. RESULTS BMI categories included underweight and normal weight (46.4%), overweight (37.6%), obese class I and II (15.2%), and obese class III (0.8%). Adults with normal weight had a significantly higher height (females +7 cm and males +5 cm) when compared to obese class III. As BMI categories increased, height decreased. In females and males, after adjusting for confounders, estimates of attained height decreased when compared to the unadjusted model (β = -0.049, 95% CI = -0.050; -0.049 and β = -0.030, 95% CI = -0.031; -0.029, respectively), although they remained still significant. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a significant difference in attained height between BMI categories. Future intervention programs aiming at preventing overweight and obesity should monitor sociodemographic, health and environmental conditions that affect attained height potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosário
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Research Center in Child Studies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- *Rafaela Rosário, School of Nursing, University of Minho, 3º Piso - Edif. da Biblioteca Geral (BGUM), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,
| | - Renata Barros
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Public Health Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oscar Lopes
- Sport's Medical Center of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nelson Andrade
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andre Moreira
- Public Health Institute, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences; University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Public Health Institute, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Teunissen M, Riemers FM, van Leenen D, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Meij BP, Alblas J, Penning LC, Miranda‐Bedate A, Tryfonidou MA. Growth plate expression profiling: Large and small breed dogs provide new insights in endochondral bone formation. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:138-148. [PMID: 28681971 PMCID: PMC5873274 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The difference in the adult height of mammals, and hence in endochondral bone formation, is not yet fully understood and may serve to identify targets for bone and cartilage regeneration. In line with this hypothesis, the intra-species disparity between the adult height of Great Danes and Miniature Poodles was investigated at a transcriptional level. Microarray analysis of the growth plate of five Great Danes and five Miniature Poodles revealed 2,981 unique genes that were differentially expressed, including many genes with an unknown role in skeletal development. A signaling pathway impact analysis indicated activation of the cell cycle, extracellular matrix receptor interaction and the tight junction pathway, and inhibition of pathways associated with inflammation and the complement cascade. In additional validation steps, the gene expression profile of the separate growth plate zones for both dog breeds were determined. Given that the BMP signaling is known for its crucial role in skeletal development and fracture healing, and BMP-2 is used in orthopaedic and spine procedures for bone augmentation, further investigations concentrated on the BMP pathway.The canonical BMP-2 and BMP-6 signaling pathway was activated in the Great Danes compared to Miniature Poodles. In conclusion, investigating the differential expression of genes involved in endochondral bone formation in small and large breed dogs, could be a game changing strategy to provide new insights in growth plate development and identify new targets for bone and cartilage regeneration. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 36:138-148, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Teunissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Frank M. Riemers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Dik van Leenen
- Molecular Cancer ResearchUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Björn P. Meij
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Alberto Miranda‐Bedate
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
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24
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Peñuelas J, Janssens IA, Ciais P, Obersteiner M, Krisztin T, Piao S, Sardans J. Increasing gap in human height between rich and poor countries associated to their different intakes of N and P. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17671. [PMID: 29247185 PMCID: PMC5732171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed mean height of men born in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s in 80 countries. Both height and the change in height during the last decades were correlated with N and P intake, as well as the N:P intake ratio. Rich countries had higher per capita N and P intake than poor countries (on average 19.5 ± 0.3 versus 9.66 ± 0.18 kg N y-1 and 2.17 ± 0.04 versus 1.35 ± 0.02 kg P y-1), and also larger increases in per capita N intake (12.1 ± 2.0% vs. 7.0 ± 2.1%) and P intake (7.6 ± 1.0% vs 6.01 ± 0.7%), during the period 1961-2009. The increasing gap in height trends between rich and poor countries is associated with an increasing gap in nutrition, so a more varied diet with higher N, P, and N:P intake is a key factor to improve food intake quality in poor countries and thus shorten the gap with rich countries. More N and P are needed with the consequent requirements for a better management of the socioeconomic and environmental associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystems Services and Management, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Tamás Krisztin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystems Services and Management, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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25
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Shim SH, Han DH. Association between height and periodontitis in Korean adults: Results from KNHANES IV and V. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:345-352. [PMID: 29159808 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Evidence shows that a short stature in adulthood is associated with chronic diseases. However, few studies have investigated the association between height and periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adult height and periodontitis and to assess the roles of covariates in different birth cohorts of Korea. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study using the data from the 4th and 5th Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. The subjects were grouped into 2 birth cohorts based on their historical and social context: born from 1946 to 1962 and from 1963 to 1978. The dependent variables were periodontitis and severe periodontitis, while the independent variable was the height quartile. Demographic factors (age and gender), socioeconomic position (own education, region and income), health behaviors (frequency of daily tooth brushing and smoking) and medical status (diabetes) were included. Logistic regression analyses estimated the association of adult height with periodontitis after sequential adjustments. RESULTS The sample size of the final analysis was 18 010. The shortest quartile was associated with severe periodontitis (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.11-2.16) in the 1963-1978 birth cohort. The association remained after full adjustment in the 1963-1978 birth cohort (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.97). CONCLUSION Our study shows that there is an inverse association between height and severe periodontitis only in the younger Korean birth cohort. Our results support the impact of height, as an early childhood environmental indicator, on severe periodontitis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Shim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyungbok University, Namyangju, Korea
| | - D-H Han
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lin YJ, Liao WL, Wang CH, Tsai LP, Tang CH, Chen CH, Wu JY, Liang WM, Hsieh AR, Cheng CF, Chen JH, Chien WK, Lin TH, Wu CM, Liao CC, Huang SM, Tsai FJ. Association of human height-related genetic variants with familial short stature in Han Chinese in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6372. [PMID: 28744006 PMCID: PMC5527114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human height can be described as a classical and inherited trait model. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed susceptible loci and provided insights into the polygenic nature of human height. Familial short stature (FSS) represents a suitable trait for investigating short stature genetics because disease associations with short stature have been ruled out in this case. In addition, FSS is caused only by genetically inherited factors. In this study, we explored the correlations of FSS risk with the genetic loci associated with human height in previous GWAS, alone and cumulatively. We systematically evaluated 34 known human height single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to FSS in the additive model (p < 0.00005). A cumulative effect was observed: the odds ratios gradually increased with increasing genetic risk score quartiles (p < 0.001; Cochran-Armitage trend test). Six affected genes-ZBTB38, ZNF638, LCORL, CABLES1, CDK10, and TSEN15-are located in the nucleus and have been implicated in embryonic, organismal, and tissue development. In conclusion, our study suggests that 13 human height GWAS-identified SNPs are associated with FSS risk both alone and cumulatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Lin
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Wang
- Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ru Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Hua Chen
- Biostatistics Center and School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuei Chien
- National Applied Research Laboratories, National Center for High-performance Computing, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsu Lin
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Wu
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Mei Huang
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Mailhos A, Buunk AP, del Arca D. High intrasexual competition is related to inflated height reports in male junior soccer players. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kominakis A, Hager-Theodorides AL, Zoidis E, Saridaki A, Antonakos G, Tsiamis G. Combined GWAS and 'guilt by association'-based prioritization analysis identifies functional candidate genes for body size in sheep. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:41. [PMID: 28454565 PMCID: PMC5408376 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body size in sheep is an important indicator of productivity, growth and health as well as of environmental adaptation. It is a composite quantitative trait that has been studied with high-throughput genomic methods, i.e. genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in various mammalian species. Several genomic markers have been associated with body size traits and genes have been identified as causative candidates in humans, dog and cattle. A limited number of related GWAS have been performed in various sheep breeds and have identified genomic regions and candidate genes that partly account for body size variability. Here, we conducted a GWAS in Frizarta dairy sheep with phenotypic data from 10 body size measurements and genotypic data (from Illumina ovineSNP50 BeadChip) for 459 ewes. Results The 10 body size measurements were subjected to principal component analysis and three independent principal components (PC) were constructed, interpretable as width, height and length dimensions, respectively. The GWAS performed for each PC identified 11 significant SNPs, at the chromosome level, one on each of the chromosomes 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23 and two on chromosome 25. Nine out of the 11 SNPs were located on previously identified quantitative trait loci for sheep meat, production or reproduction. One hundred and ninety-seven positional candidate genes within a 1-Mb distance from each significant SNP were found. A guilt-by-association-based (GBA) prioritization analysis (PA) was performed to identify the most plausible functional candidate genes. GBA-based PA identified 39 genes that were significantly associated with gene networks relevant to body size traits. Prioritized genes were identified in the vicinity of all significant SNPs except for those on chromosomes 10 and 12. The top five ranking genes were TP53, BMPR1A, PIK3R5, RPL26 and PRKDC. Conclusions The results of this GWAS provide evidence for 39 causative candidate genes across nine chromosomal regions for body size traits, some of which are novel and some are previously identified candidates from other studies (e.g. TP53, NTN1 and ZNF521). GBA-based PA has proved to be a useful tool to identify genes with increased biological relevance but it is subjected to certain limitations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0316-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kominakis
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadne L Hager-Theodorides
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Zoidis
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Saridaki
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - George Antonakos
- Agricultural and Livestock Union of Western Greece, 13rd Km N.R. Agrinio-Ioannina, 30100, Lepenou, Greece
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
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Silva RMO, Fragomeni BO, Lourenco DAL, Magalhães AFB, Irano N, Carvalheiro R, Canesin RC, Mercadante MEZ, Boligon AA, Baldi FS, Misztal I, Albuquerque LG. Accuracies of genomic prediction of feed efficiency traits using different prediction and validation methods in an experimental Nelore cattle population. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3613-3623. [PMID: 27898889 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal feeding is the most important economic component of beef production systems. Selection for feed efficiency has not been effective mainly due to difficult and high costs to obtain the phenotypes. The application of genomic selection using SNP can decrease the cost of animal evaluation as well as the generation interval. The objective of this study was to compare methods for genomic evaluation of feed efficiency traits using different cross-validation layouts in an experimental beef cattle population genotyped for a high-density SNP panel (BovineHD BeadChip assay 700k, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). After quality control, a total of 437,197 SNP genotypes were available for 761 Nelore animals from the Institute of Animal Science, Sertãozinho, São Paulo, Brazil. The studied traits were residual feed intake, feed conversion ratio, ADG, and DMI. Methods of analysis were traditional BLUP, single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP), genomic BLUP (GBLUP), and a Bayesian regression method (BayesCπ). Direct genomic values (DGV) from the last 2 methods were compared directly or in an index that combines DGV with parent average. Three cross-validation approaches were used to validate the models: 1) YOUNG, in which the partition into training and testing sets was based on year of birth and testing animals were born after 2010; 2) UNREL, in which the data set was split into 3 less related subsets and the validation was done in each subset a time; and 3) RANDOM, in which the data set was randomly divided into 4 subsets (considering the contemporary groups) and the validation was done in each subset at a time. On average, the RANDOM design provided the most accurate predictions. Average accuracies ranged from 0.10 to 0.58 using BLUP, from 0.09 to 0.48 using GBLUP, from 0.06 to 0.49 using BayesCπ, and from 0.22 to 0.49 using ssGBLUP. The most accurate and consistent predictions were obtained using ssGBLUP for all analyzed traits. The ssGBLUP seems to be more suitable to obtain genomic predictions for feed efficiency traits on an experimental population of genotyped animals.
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Tozaki T, Sato F, Ishimaru M, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Nagata SI. Sequence variants of BIEC2-808543 near LCORL are associated with body composition in Thoroughbreds under training. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:107-114. [PMID: 27703405 PMCID: PMC5048357 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-dependent nuclear receptor compressor-like (LCORL) encodes a transcription factor, and its polymorphisms are associated with measures of skeletal frame
size and adult height in several species. Recently, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BIEC2-808543 located upstream of LCORL was identified as a genetic
diagnostic marker associated with withers height in Thoroughbreds. In this study, 322 Thoroughbreds-in-training were genotyped for BIEC2-808543 to evaluate the
association between genotype and body composition traits, including body weight, withers height, the ratio of body weight to withers height, chest
circumference, and cannon circumference. Of these, withers height and cannon circumference were significantly associated with LCORL genotypes throughout almost
the entire training period in males and females. Animals with a C/T genotype had higher withers height (maximum differences of 1.8 cm and 2.1 cm in males and
females, respectively) and cannon circumstance (maximum differences of 0.65 cm and 0.48 cm in males and females, respectively) compared with animals with a T/T
genotype. These results suggested that the regulation of LCORL expression influences the skeletal frame size in Thoroughbreds and thus, indirectly affects the
body weight. Although LCORL and BIEC2-808543 would be useful for selective breeding in Thoroughbreds, the production of genetically modified animals and gene
doping based on genetic information should be prohibited in order to maintain racing integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Ishimaru
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Abstract
Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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Abstract
Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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Adult Height in Relation to the Incidence of Cancer at Different Anatomic Sites: the Epidemiology of a Challenging Association. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Garza C. Commentary: Please sir, I want some more (and something else). Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1876-8. [PMID: 26553842 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Garza C. Fetal, neonatal, infant, and child international growth standards: an unprecedented opportunity for an integrated approach to assess growth and development. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:383-90. [PMID: 26178022 PMCID: PMC4496737 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.008128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent publication of fetal growth and gestational age-specific growth standards by the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century Project and the previous publication by the WHO of infant and young child growth standards based on the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study enable evaluations of growth from ∼9 wk gestation to 5 y. The most important features of these projects are the prescriptive approach used for subject selection and the rigorous testing of the assertion that growth is very similar among geographically and ethnically diverse nonisolated populations when health, nutrition, and other care needs are met and the environment imposes minimal constraints on growth. Both studies documented that with adequate controls, the principal source of variability in growth during gestation and early childhood resides among individuals. Study sites contributed much less to observed variability. The agreement between anthropometric measurements common to both studies also is noteworthy. Jointly, these studies provide for the first time, to my knowledge, a conceptually consistent basis for worldwide and localized assessments and comparisons of growth performance in early life. This is an important contribution to improving the health care of children across key periods of growth and development, especially given the appropriate interest in pursuing "optimal" health in the "first 1000 d," i.e., the period covering fertilization/implantation, gestation, and postnatal life to 2 y of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutberto Garza
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA; Department of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC; and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Li J, Wang Z, Li R, Wu R. BAYESIAN GROUP LASSO FOR NONPARAMETRIC VARYING-COEFFICIENT MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO FUNCTIONAL GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. Ann Appl Stat 2015; 9:640-664. [PMID: 26478762 DOI: 10.1214/15-aoas808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proven powerful for comprehending the genetic architecture of complex traits, they are challenged by a high dimension of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as predictors, the presence of complex environmental factors, and longitudinal or functional natures of many complex traits or diseases. To address these challenges, we propose a high-dimensional varying-coefficient model for incorporating functional aspects of phenotypic traits into GWAS to formulate a so-called functional GWAS or fGWAS. Bayesian group lasso and the associated MCMC algorithms are developed to identify significant SNPs and estimate how they affect longitudinal traits through time-varying genetic actions. The model is generalized to analyze the genetic control of complex traits using subject-specific sparse longitudinal data. The statistical properties of the new model are investigated through simulation studies. We use the new model to analyze a real GWAS data set from the Framingham Heart Study, leading to the identification of several significant SNPs associated with age-specific changes of body mass index. The fGWAS model, equipped with Bayesian group lassso, will provide a useful tool for genetic and developmental analysis of complex traits or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Li
- Department of Applied and Computational, Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 100083.
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Statistics, The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033.
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Orgogozo V, Morizot B, Martin A. The differential view of genotype-phenotype relationships. Front Genet 2015; 6:179. [PMID: 26042146 PMCID: PMC4437230 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re-emphasize the old standpoint that the genotype-phenotype (GP) relationship is best viewed as a connection between two differences, one at the genetic level and one at the phenotypic level. As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype. Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships. Here we show that the differential view of GP relationships is a useful explanatory framework in the context of pervasive pleiotropy, epistasis, and environmental effects. In such cases, it is relevant to view GP relationships as differences embedded into differences. Thinking in terms of differences clarifies the comparison between environmental and genetic effects on phenotypes and helps to further understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Orgogozo
- CNRS, UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris DiderotParis, France
| | - Baptiste Morizot
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CEPERC UMR 7304Aix en Provence, France
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA
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Composite Selection Signals for Complex Traits Exemplified Through Bovine Stature Using Multibreed Cohorts of European and African Bos taurus. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1391-401. [PMID: 25931611 PMCID: PMC4502373 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution and molecular architecture of complex traits is important in domestic animals. Due to phenotypic selection, genomic regions develop unique patterns of genetic diversity called signatures of selection, which are challenging to detect, especially for complex polygenic traits. In this study, we applied the composite selection signals (CSS) method to investigate evidence of positive selection in a complex polygenic trait by examining stature in phenotypically diverse cattle comprising 47 European and 8 African Bos taurus breeds, utilizing a panel of 38,033 SNPs genotyped on 1106 animals. CSS were computed for phenotypic contrasts between multibreed cohorts of cattle by classifying the breeds according to their documented wither height to detect the candidate regions under selection. Using the CSS method, clusters of signatures of selection were detected at 26 regions (9 in European and 17 in African cohorts) on 13 bovine autosomes. Using comparative mapping information on human height, 30 candidate genes mapped at 12 selection regions (on 8 autosomes) could be linked to bovine stature diversity. Of these 12 candidate gene regions, three contained known genes (i.e., NCAPG-LCORL, FBP2-PTCH1, and PLAG1-CHCHD7) related to bovine stature, and nine were not previously described in cattle (five in European and four in African cohorts). Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of CSS coupled with strategies of combining multibreed datasets in the identification and discovery of genomic regions underlying complex traits. Characterization of multiple signatures of selection and their underlying candidate genes will elucidate the polygenic nature of stature across cattle breeds.
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40
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Stulp G, Barrett L. Evolutionary perspectives on human height variation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:206-34. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Stulp
- Department of Population Health; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT U.K
- Department of Sociology; University of Groningen; Grote Rozenstraat 31 9712 TS Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge Alberta T1K 3M4 Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; UNISA; Johannesburg South Africa
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Sato R, Maekawa M, Genma R, Shirai K, Ohki S, Morita H, Suda T, Watanabe H. Final height and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults with very low birth weight (<1500 g). PLoS One 2014; 9:e112286. [PMID: 25397968 PMCID: PMC4232389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) are known to be predisposed to both short final height and cardiometabolic disorders. However, associations between final height and cardiometabolic outcomes including glucose metabolism in VLBW individuals in young adulthood are not fully investigated. Methods We investigated glucose metabolism and other cardiometabolic outcomes such as lipid profiles, blood pressure, renal function, urinary albumin, and thyroid function in young adults with VLBW born between 1980 and 1990. Short stature was defined as a final height <10th percentile. Glucose intolerance [diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)] was determined using 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests. Associations between final height and cardiometabolic outcomes were examined using logistic or multiple linear regression. Results A total of 628 VLBW individuals were screened and 111 young adults with VLBW (19–30 years) participated in the study. Of the participants, 40 subjects (36%) had short stature with a final height <10th percentile. Eight subjects (7.2%) had glucose intolerance (1, diabetes; 6, IGT; 1, IFG). Short stature was correlated with glucose intolerance (odds ratio 11.1; 95% CI 1.92, 99.7; P = 0.006). Final height was inversely associated with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance, HOMA-β, insulinogenic index, and total/LDL-cholesterol. The associations of final height with insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles remained after adjustment for target height and age at puberty onset. Conclusions Shorter final height was associated with less favorable metabolic profiles in young adults with VLBW, and may be partly mediated by reduced insulin sensitivity. These associations were independent of target height or age at puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rieko Genma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Shirai
- Department of Neonatology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohki
- Department of Neonatology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Garza C. The INTERGROWTH-21st project and the multicenter growth reference study: enhanced opportunities for monitoring growth from early pregnancy to 5 years of age. Breastfeed Med 2014; 9:341-4. [PMID: 25211458 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2014.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cutberto Garza
- 1 University Professor, Boston College , Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Hiatt RA, Porco TC, Liu F, Balke K, Balmain A, Barlow J, Braithwaite D, Diez-Roux AV, Kushi LH, Moasser MM, Werb Z, Windham GC, Rehkopf DH. A multilevel model of postmenopausal breast cancer incidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2078-92. [PMID: 25017248 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has a complex etiology that includes genetic, biologic, behavioral, environmental, and social factors. Etiologic factors are frequently studied in isolation with adjustment for confounding, mediating, and moderating effects of other factors. A complex systems model approach may present a more comprehensive picture of the multifactorial etiology of breast cancer. METHODS We took a transdisciplinary approach with experts from relevant fields to develop a conceptual model of the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer. The model incorporated evidence of both the strength of association and the quality of the evidence. We operationalized this conceptual model through a mathematical simulation model with a subset of variables, namely, age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, age at first birth, age at menopause, obesity, alcohol consumption, income, tobacco use, use of hormone therapy (HT), and BRCA1/2 genotype. RESULTS In simulating incidence for California in 2000, the separate impact of individual variables was modest, but reduction in HT, increase in the age at menarche, and to a lesser extent reduction in excess BMI >30 kg/m(2) were more substantial. CONCLUSIONS Complex systems models can yield new insights on the etiologic factors involved in postmenopausal breast cancer. Modification of factors at a population level may only modestly affect risk estimates, while still having an important impact on the absolute number of women affected. IMPACT This novel effort highlighted the complexity of breast cancer etiology, revealed areas of challenge in the methodology of developing complex systems models, and suggested additional areas for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hiatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Fengchen Liu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kaya Balke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Allan Balmain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Dejana Braithwaite
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ana V Diez-Roux
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gayle C Windham
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
| | - David H Rehkopf
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Pakdel A, Nejati-Javaremi A, Moradi Shahrbabak M, Morota G, Valente BD, Kranis A, Rosa GJM, Gianola D. Dissection of additive genetic variability for quantitative traits in chickens using SNP markers. J Anim Breed Genet 2014; 131:183-93. [PMID: 24460953 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to separate marked additive genetic variability for three quantitative traits in chickens into components associated with classes of minor allele frequency (MAF), individual chromosomes and marker density using the genomewide complex trait analysis (GCTA) approach. Data were from 1351 chickens measured for body weight (BW), ultrasound of breast muscle (BM) and hen house egg production (HHP), each bird with 354 364 SNP genotypes. Estimates of variance components show that SNPs on commercially available genotyping chips marked a large amount of genetic variability for all three traits. The estimated proportion of total variation tagged by all autosomal SNPs was 0.30 (SE 0.04) for BW, 0.33 (SE 0.04) for BM, and 0.19 (SE 0.05) for HHP. We found that a substantial proportion of this variation was explained by low frequency variants (MAF <0.20) for BW and BM, and variants with MAF 0.10-0.30 for HHP. The marked genetic variance explained by each chromosome was linearly related to its length (R(2) = 0.60) for BW and BM. However, for HHP, there was no linear relationship between estimates of variance and length of the chromosome (R(2) = 0.01). Our results suggest that the contribution of SNPs to marked additive genetic variability is dependent on the allele frequency spectrum. For the sample of birds analysed, it was found that increasing marker density beyond 100K SNPs did not capture additional additive genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abdollahi-Arpanahi
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Williams KA, Labidi-Galy SI, Terry KL, Vitonis AF, Welch WR, Goodman A, Cramer DW. Prognostic significance and predictors of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 132:542-50. [PMID: 24462730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) from peripheral blood, a general measure of inflammation, in ovarian cancer. METHODS White cell counts and CA125 levels before treatment, tumor features, and questionnaire data on 519 women with ovarian cancer at two Boston hospitals were recorded. Counts were log-transformed and effects on these by tumor features and epidemiologic variables assessed by analysis of variance and generalized linear models. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess effects on overall survival. RESULTS Greater NLR was associated with higher tumor stage and grade, presence of ascites, and bilateral disease and correlated with risk factors including Jewish ethnicity, taller height, more ovulatory cycles, and family history of cancer in premenopausal women and talc use in all women. CA125 was positively correlated with neutrophil count, monocyte count, and NLR and inversely correlated with lymphocyte count. In a multivariate adjusted analysis, high NLR predicted poorer survival and high lymphocyte count better survival. CONCLUSION An elevated NLR before treatment signals more aggressive disease and correlates with risk factors for ovarian cancer. CA125 directly correlates with neutrophils which may reflect secretion of both CA125 and neutrophilic growth factors by the tumor. CA125 inversely correlates with lymphocytes which may reflect the ability of some neutrophilic factors to induce lymphopenia and/or binding of CA125 to lymphocytes removing CA125 from the serum pool. Links between NLR, CA125, and epidemiologic factors may provide new clues about the pathogenesis and progression of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Williams
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison F Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William R Welch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annekathryn Goodman
- Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Gillette Center for Women's Cancer, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel W Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Nejati-Javaremi A, Pakdel A, Moradi-Shahrbabak M, Morota G, Valente BD, Kranis A, Rosa GJM, Gianola D. Effect of allele frequencies, effect sizes and number of markers on prediction of quantitative traits in chickens. J Anim Breed Genet 2014; 131:123-33. [PMID: 24397350 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to assess goodness of fit and predictive ability of subsets of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers constructed based on minor allele frequency (MAF), effect sizes and varying marker density. Target traits were body weight (BW), ultrasound measurement of breast muscle (BM) and hen house egg production (HHP) in broiler chickens. We used a 600 K Affymetrix platform with 1352 birds genotyped. The prediction method was genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with 354 564 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used to derive a genomic relationship matrix (G). Predictive ability was assessed as the correlation between predicted genomic values and corrected phenotypes from a threefold cross-validation. Predictive ability was 0.27 ± 0.002 for BW, 0.33 ± 0.001 for BM and 0.20 ± 0.002 for HHP. For the three traits studied, predictive ability decreased when SNPs with a higher MAF were used to construct G. Selection of the 20% SNPs with the largest absolute effect sizes induced a predictive ability equal to that from fitting all markers together. When density of markers increased from 5 K to 20 K, predictive ability enhanced slightly. These results provide evidence that designing a low-density chip using low-frequency markers with large effect sizes may be useful for commercial usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abdollahi-Arpanahi
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Waldman LA, Chia DJ. Towards identification of molecular mechanisms of short stature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:19. [PMID: 24257104 PMCID: PMC3835394 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2013-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Growth evaluations are among the most common referrals to pediatric endocrinologists. Although a number of pathologies, both primary endocrine and non-endocrine, can present with short stature, an estimated 80% of evaluations fail to identify a clear etiology, leaving a default designation of idiopathic short stature (ISS). As a group, several features among children with ISS are suggestive of pathophysiology of the GH–IGF-1 axis, including low serum levels of IGF-1 despite normal GH secretion. Candidate gene analysis of rare cases has demonstrated that severe mutations of genes of the GH–IGF-1 axis can present with a profound height phenotype, leading to speculation that a collection of mild mutations or polymorphisms of these genes can explain poor growth in a larger proportion of patients. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified ~180 genomic loci associated with height that together account for approximately 10% of height variation. With only modest representation of the GH–IGF-1 axis, there is little support for the long-held hypothesis that common genetic variants of the hormone pathway provide the molecular mechanism for poor growth in a substantial proportion of individuals. The height-associated common variants are not observed in the anticipated frequency in the shortest individuals, suggesting rare genetic factors with large effect are more plausible in this group. As we advance towards establishing a molecular mechanism for poor growth in a greater percentage of those currently labeled ISS, we highlight two strategies that will likely be offered with increasing frequency: (1) unbiased genetic technologies including array analysis for copy number variation and whole exome/genome sequencing and (2) epigenetic alterations of key genomic loci. Ultimately data from subsets with similar molecular etiologies may emerge that will allow tailored interventions to achieve the best clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Waldman
- Institutional addresses: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L, Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Kabat GC, Anderson ML, Heo M, Hosgood HD, Kamensky V, Bea JW, Hou L, Lane DS, Wactawski-Wende J, Manson JE, Rohan TE. Adult stature and risk of cancer at different anatomic sites in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1353-63. [PMID: 23887996 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies in Western and Asian populations suggest that height is a risk factor for various cancers. However, few studies have explored potential confounding or effect modification of the association by other factors. METHODS We examined the association between height measured at enrollment in 144,701 women participating in the Women's Health Initiative and risk of all cancers combined and cancer at 19 specific sites. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 20,928 incident cancers were identified. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate HR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) per 10 cm increase in height, with adjustment for established risk factors. We also examined potential effect modification of the association with all cancer and specific cancers. RESULTS Height was significantly positively associated with risk of all cancers (HR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.11-1.16), as well as with cancers of the thyroid, rectum, kidney, endometrium, colorectum, colon, ovary, and breast, and with multiple myeloma and melanoma (range of HRs: 1.13 for breast cancer to 1.29 for multiple myeloma and thyroid cancer). These associations were generally insensitive to adjustment for confounders, and there was little evidence of effect modification. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the positive association of height with risk of all cancers and a substantial number of cancer sites. IMPACT Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated both with height and with increased cancer risk may help elucidate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Kabat
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Chen Y, Yu Z, Packham JC, Mattey DL. Influence of adult height on rheumatoid arthritis: association with disease activity, impairment of joint function and overall disability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64862. [PMID: 23705017 PMCID: PMC3660323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether normal variation of adult height is associated with clinical characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including disease activity (DAS28), impairment of joint function (mechanical joint score, MJS) and overall disability (health assessment questionnaire, HAQ). Methods A cohort (134 males, 287 females) of consecutively recruited RA patients of Northern European origin was studied. Height, weight and demographic information were obtained. A core set of disease measurements, including DAS28, MJS and HAQ, were recorded at baseline, 12 and 24 months. Other clinical variables (e.g. disease duration, IgM rheumatoid factor, antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) were recorded at baseline. Socioeconomic status, smoking status, comorbid condition, other autoimmune conditions and drug therapy were also recorded. Associations were analyzed using univariate statistics and multivariate linear regression models. Mediation tests were also carried out for evaluating the relationship between gender, height and disease measures. Results In males, height was inversely associated with DAS28, MJS and HAQ (at baseline and over 24 months) independent of other factors (e.g. weight, body mass index, age, disease duration, osteoporosis, autoantibodies, erosive disease, joint replacement, steroid use, smoking status, socioeconomic status and comorbid disease). In females, a similar trend was seen but the relationships were non significant. In the whole population, the association of female gender with more active disease and poor function disappeared after adjustment for height. Mediation analysis indicated that height served as a full mediator in the relationship of gender with disease activity and overall disability. Confirmation of these findings was demonstrated in a second RA population (n = 288). Conclusion Adult height is inversely associated with disease activity, impairment of joint function and overall disability in RA, particularly in males. The association of female sex with more severe disease activity and disability appears to be mediated by smaller stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Haywood Rheumatology Centre, Haywood Hospital, High Lane, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Zanzhe Yu
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Packham
- Haywood Rheumatology Centre, Haywood Hospital, High Lane, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Derek L. Mattey
- Haywood Rheumatology Centre, Haywood Hospital, High Lane, Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Allwood JS, Harbison S. SNP model development for the prediction of eye colour in New Zealand. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:444-52. [PMID: 23597786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to predict externally visible characteristics (EVCs) from DNA has appeal for use in forensic science, particularly where a forensic database match is not made and an eye witness account is unavailable. This technology has yet to be implemented in casework in New Zealand. The broad cultural diversity and likely population stratification within New Zealand dictates that any EVC predictions made using anonymous DNA must perform accurately in the absence of knowledge of the donor's ancestral background. Here we construct classification tree models with SNPs of known association with eye colour phenotypes in three categories, blue vs. non-blue, brown vs. non-brown and intermediate vs. non-intermediate. A set of nineteen SNPs from ten different known or suspected pigmentation genes were selected from the literature. A training dataset of 101 unrelated individuals from the New Zealand population and representing different ancestral backgrounds were used. We constructed four alternate models capable of predicting eye colour from the DNA genotypes of SNPs located within the HERC2, OCA2, TYR and SLC24A4 genes using probability calculation and classification trees. The final model selected for eye colour prediction exhibited high levels of accuracy for both blue (89%) and brown eye colour (94%). Models were further assessed with a test set of 25 'blind' samples where phenotype was unknown, with blue and brown eye colour predicted correctly where model thresholds were met. Classification trees offer an aesthetically simple and comprehendible model to predict blue and brown eye colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Allwood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR Ltd.), Mt Albert Science Centre, Private Bag 92-021, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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