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Intaruck K, Tabata K, Itakura Y, Kawaguchi N, Kishimoto M, Setiyono A, Handharyani E, Harima H, Kimura T, Hall WW, Orba Y, Sawa H, Sasaki M. Characterization of a mammalian orthoreovirus isolated from the large flying fox, Pteropus vampyrus, in Indonesia. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 39319430 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats serve as an important reservoir for many zoonotic pathogens, including Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Marburg virus and Lyssavirus. To gain a deeper insight into the virological characteristics, pathogenicity and zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses, recovery of infectious viruses from field samples is important. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) from a large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) in Indonesia, which is the first detection of MRV in Southeast Asia. MRV was recovered from faecal samples of three different P. vampyrus in Central Java. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the genome of the three MRV isolates shared more than 99% nucleotide sequence identity. We tentatively named one isolated strain as MRV12-52 for further analysis and characterization. Among 10 genome segments, MRV12-52 S1 and S4, which encode the cell-attachment protein and outer capsid protein, had 93.6 and 95.1% nucleotide sequence identities with known MRV strains, respectively. Meanwhile, the remaining genome segments of MRV12-52 were divergent with 72.9-80.7 % nucleotide sequence identities. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the S1 segment, MRV12-52 was grouped into serotype 2, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated evidence of past reassortment events. In vitro characterization of MRV12-52 showed that the virus efficiently replicated in BHK-21, HEK293T and A549 cells. In addition, experimental infection of laboratory mice with MRV12-52 caused severe pneumonia with 75% mortality. This study highlights the presence of pathogenic MRV in Indonesia, which could serve as a potential animal and public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Intaruck
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukari Itakura
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Agus Setiyono
- Division of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Division of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hayato Harima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William W Hall
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Cohen LE, Fagre AC, Chen B, Carlson CJ, Becker DJ. Coronavirus sampling and surveillance in bats from 1996-2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1176-1186. [PMID: 37231088 PMCID: PMC10234814 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlights a need for evidence-based strategies to monitor bat viruses. We performed a systematic review of coronavirus sampling (testing for RNA positivity) in bats globally. We identified 110 studies published between 2005 and 2020 that collectively reported positivity from 89,752 bat samples. We compiled 2,274 records of infection prevalence at the finest methodological, spatiotemporal and phylogenetic level of detail possible from public records into an open, static database named datacov, together with metadata on sampling and diagnostic methods. We found substantial heterogeneity in viral prevalence across studies, reflecting spatiotemporal variation in viral dynamics and methodological differences. Meta-analysis identified sample type and sampling design as the best predictors of prevalence, with virus detection maximized in rectal and faecal samples and by repeat sampling of the same site. Fewer than one in five studies collected and reported longitudinal data, and euthanasia did not improve virus detection. We show that bat sampling before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was concentrated in China, with research gaps in South Asia, the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa, and in subfamilies of phyllostomid bats. We propose that surveillance strategies should address these gaps to improve global health security and enable the origins of zoonotic coronaviruses to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily E Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Binqi Chen
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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3
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Intaruck K, Itakura Y, Kishimoto M, Chambaro HM, Setiyono A, Handharyani E, Uemura K, Harima H, Taniguchi S, Saijo M, Kimura T, Orba Y, Sawa H, Sasaki M. Isolation and characterization of an orthoreovirus from Indonesian fruit bats. Virology 2022; 575:10-19. [PMID: 35987079 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nelson Bay orthoreovirus (NBV) is an emerging bat-borne virus and causes respiratory tract infections in humans sporadically. Over the last two decades, several strains genetically related to NBV were isolated from humans and various bat species, predominantly in Southeast Asia (SEA), suggesting a high prevalence of the NBV species in this region. In this study, an orthoreovirus (ORV) belonging to the NBV species was isolated from Indonesian fruit bats' feces, tentatively named Paguyaman orthoreovirus (PgORV). Serological studies revealed that 81.2% (108/133) of Indonesian fruit bats sera had neutralizing antibodies against PgORV. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of PgORV suggested the occurrence of past reassortments with other NBV strains isolated in SEA, indicating the dispersal and circulation of NBV species among bats in this region. Intranasal PgORV inoculation of laboratory mice caused severe pneumonia. Our study characterized PgORV's unique genetic background and highlighted the potential risk of PgORV-related diseases in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Intaruck
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukari Itakura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Agus Setiyono
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Reproduction and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kentaro Uemura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hayato Harima
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Velikova T, Snegarova V, Kukov A, Batselova H, Mihova A, Nakov R. Gastrointestinal mucosal immunity and COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5047-5059. [PMID: 34497434 PMCID: PMC8384742 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut mucosal immune system as a first-line physical and immunological defense is critical. Furthermore, gastrointestinal involvement and symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been linked to worse clinical outcomes. This review discusses recent data on the interactions between the virus and the immune cells and molecules in the mucosa during the infection. By carrying out appropriate investigations, the mucosal immune system role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in therapy and prevention can be established. In line with this, COVID-19 vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity against the virus may have more advantages than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Velikova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Medical Faculty, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Snegarova
- Clinic of Internal Diseases, Naval Hospital – Varna, Military Medical Academy, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Varna 9000, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Kukov
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Medical Faculty, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Hristiana Batselova
- Department of Epidemiology and Disaster Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, University Hospital "St George", Plovdiv 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta Mihova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Medical Faculty, Sofia University, St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Radislav Nakov
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Tsaritsa Joanna University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 1527, Bulgaria
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5
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Dharmayanti NLPI, Nurjanah D, Nuradji H, Maryanto I, Exploitasia I, Indriani R. Molecular detection of bat coronaviruses in three bat species in Indonesia. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e70. [PMID: 34697920 PMCID: PMC8636659 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an important reservoir of several zoonotic diseases. However, the circulation of
bat coronaviruses (BatCoV) in live animal markets in Indonesia has not been reported.
Genetic characterization of BatCoV was performed by sequencing partial RdRp genes.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction based on nucleocapsid protein (N) gene and
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the N protein were conducted to detect the
presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA and
antibody, respectively. We identified the presence of BatCoV on Cynopterus
brachyotis, Macroglossus minimus, and Rousettus
amplexicaudatus. The results showed that the BatCoV included in this study are
from an unclassified coronavirus group. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and antibodies were
not detected in the sampled bats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Nurjanah
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor 16124, Indonesia
| | - Harimurti Nuradji
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor 16124, Indonesia
| | - Ibnu Maryanto
- Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Indra Exploitasia
- Biodiversity Conservation for the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
| | - Risa Indriani
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor 16124, Indonesia
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6
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, Jimenez-Diaz SD, Arango-Duque JS, Aguirre-Florez M, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Suárez JA, Pachar MR, Perez-Garcia LA, Delgado-Noguera LA, Sierra MA, Muñoz-Lara F, Zambrano LI, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Bats in ecosystems and their Wide spectrum of viral infectious potential threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 102:87-96. [PMID: 32829048 PMCID: PMC7440229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats have populated earth for approximately 52 million years, serving as natural reservoirs for a variety of viruses through the course of evolution. Transmission of highly pathogenic viruses from bats has been suspected or linked to a spectrum of potential emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebolavirus, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, we provide a narrative review focused in selected emerging viral infectious diseases that have been reported from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - S Daniela Jimenez-Diaz
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | | | - Mateo Aguirre-Florez
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Graciela J Balbin-Ramon
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Hospital de Emergencias Jose Casimiro Ulloa, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital-Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Bioquímica de Parásitos, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela; Academia Nacional de Medicina, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jose Antonio Suárez
- Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá, Clinical Research Deparment, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Monica R Pachar
- Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama
| | - Luis A Perez-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, Edo. Lara, Venezuela
| | - Lourdes A Delgado-Noguera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, Edo. Lara, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Antonio Sierra
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fausto Muñoz-Lara
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Lysien I Zambrano
- Departments of Physiological and Morphological Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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7
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Kumar P, Chander B. COVID 19 mortality: Probable role of microbiome to explain disparity. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110209. [PMID: 33254516 PMCID: PMC7444648 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant difference between COVID 19 associated mortality between different countries. Generally the number of deaths per million population are higher in the developed countries despite better health care efficiency, drinking water quality and expected healthy life span (HALE) at the time of birth. Developing and underdeveloped countries on the other hand have lower mortality even with higher rural and slum populations along with incidence of diarrhea because of lack of sanitation. We analyzed data from 122 countries out of which 80 were high or upper middle income and 42 were low or low middle income countries. There was statistically significant positive correlation between COVID 19 deaths /million population and water current score, health efficiency, and HALE. Statistically significant negative correlation was observed with % rural population and fraction of diarrhea because of inadequate sanitation for all ages. Moreover analysis of 51 countries showed that there is significant negative correlation between COVID 19 deaths /million population and proportion of total population living in slums. We propose that high microbial exposure particularly gram negative bacteria can possibly induce interferon type I which might have a protective effect against COVID 19 since the countries with less mortality also tend to have lack of sanitation and high incidence of attendant diseases. So, far none of the predictive models have taken into account immune status of populations engendered by environmental microbial exposure or microbiome. There might be a need to look at dynamics of COVID 19 pandemic using immune perspective. The approach can potentially inform better policies including interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, India
| | - Bal Chander
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, India.
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8
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Artika IM, Dewantari AK, Wiyatno A. Molecular biology of coronaviruses: current knowledge. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04743. [PMID: 32835122 PMCID: PMC7430346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The constant spillover of coronaviruses from natural hosts to humans has been linked to human activities and other factors. The seriousness of this infection and the lack of effective, licensed countermeasures clearly underscore the need of more detailed and comprehensive understanding of coronavirus molecular biology. Coronaviruses are large, enveloped viruses with a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome. Currently, coronaviruses are recognized as one of the most rapidly evolving viruses due to their high genomic nucleotide substitution rates and recombination. At the molecular level, the coronaviruses employ complex strategies to successfully accomplish genome expression, virus particle assembly and virion progeny release. As the health threats from coronaviruses are constant and long-term, understanding the molecular biology of coronaviruses and controlling their spread has significant implications for global health and economic stability. This review is intended to provide an overview of our current basic knowledge of the molecular biology of coronaviruses, which is important as basic knowledge for the development of coronavirus countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Aghnianditya Kresno Dewantari
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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9
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Markotter W, Coertse J, De Vries L, Geldenhuys M, Mortlock M. Bat-borne viruses in Africa: a critical review. J Zool (1987) 2020; 311:77-98. [PMID: 32427175 PMCID: PMC7228346 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, bat-borne zoonoses emerged in the past few decades resulting in large outbreaks or just sporadic spillovers. In addition, hundreds of more viruses are described without any information on zoonotic potential. We discuss important characteristics of bats including bat biology, evolution, distribution and ecology that not only make them unique among most mammals but also contribute to their potential as viral reservoirs. The detection of a virus in bats does not imply that spillover will occur and several biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors play a role in such an event. We summarize and critically analyse the current knowledge on African bats as reservoirs for corona-, filo-, paramyxo- and lyssaviruses. We highlight that important information on epidemiology, bat biology and ecology is often not available to make informed decisions on zoonotic spillover potential. Even if knowledge gaps exist, it is still important to recognize the role of bats in zoonotic disease outbreaks and implement mitigation strategies to prevent exposure to infectious agents including working safely with bats. Equally important is the crucial role of bats in various ecosystem services. This necessitates a multidisciplinary One Health approach to close knowledge gaps and ensure the development of responsible mitigation strategies to not only minimize risk of infection but also ensure conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Markotter
- Department of Medical VirologyCentre for Viral ZoonosesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - J. Coertse
- Department of Medical VirologyCentre for Viral ZoonosesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - L. De Vries
- Department of Medical VirologyCentre for Viral ZoonosesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - M. Geldenhuys
- Department of Medical VirologyCentre for Viral ZoonosesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - M. Mortlock
- Department of Medical VirologyCentre for Viral ZoonosesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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10
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Beena V, Saikumar G. Emerging horizon for bat borne viral zoonoses. Virusdisease 2019; 30:321-328. [PMID: 31803797 PMCID: PMC6864002 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only flying placental mammals that constitute the second largest order of mammals and present all around the world except in Arctic, Antarctica and a few oceanic islands. Sixty percent of emerging infectious diseases originating from animals are zoonotic and more than two-thirds of them originate in wildlife. Bats were evolved as a super-mammal for harboring many of the newly identified deadly diseases without any signs and lesions. Their unique ability to fly, particular diet, roosting behavior, long life span, ability to echolocate and critical susceptibility to pathogens make them suitable host to harbor numerous zoonotic pathogens like virus, bacteria and parasite. Many factors are responsible for the emergence of bat borne zoonoses but the most precipitating factor is human intrusions. Deforestation declined the natural habitat and forced the bats and other wild life to move out of their niche. These stressed bats, having lost foraging and behavioral pattern invade in proximity of human habitation. Either directly or indirectly they transmit the viruses to humans and animals. Development of fast detection modern techniques for viruses from the diseased and environmental samples and the lessons learned in the past helped in preventing the severity during the latest outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Beena
- 1Present Address: CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP 226001 India.,2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - G Saikumar
- 2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
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11
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Hanadhita D, Rahma A, Prawira AY, Mayasari NLPI, Satyaningtijas AS, Hondo E, Agungpriyono S. The spleen morphophysiology of fruit bats. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:315-324. [PMID: 30968443 PMCID: PMC7159459 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spleen is one of the important lymphoid organs with wide variations of morphological and physiological functions according to species. Morphology and function of the spleen in bats, which are hosts to several viral strains without exhibiting clinical symptoms, remain to be fully elucidated. This study aims to examine the spleen morphology of fruit bats associated with their physiological functions. Spleen histological observations were performed in three fruit bats species: Cynopterus titthaecheilus (n = 9), Rousettus leschenaultii (n = 3) and Pteropus vampyrus (n = 3). The spleens of these fruit bats were surrounded by a thin capsule. Red pulp consisted of splenic cord and wide vascular space filled with blood. Ellipsoids in all three studied species were found numerously and adjacent to one another forming macrophages aggregates. White pulp consisted of periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS), lymphoid follicles and marginal zone. The lymphoid follicle contained a germinal centre and a tingible body macrophage that might reflect an active immune system. The marginal zone was prominent and well developed. This study reports some differences in spleen structure of fruit bats compared to other bat species previously reported and discusses possible physiological implications of the spleen based on its morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desrayni Hanadhita
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Anisa Rahma
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Andhika Yudha Prawira
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Aryani Sismin Satyaningtijas
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Srihadi Agungpriyono
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBogor Agricultural University (IPB)BogorIndonesia
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12
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Doysabas KCC, Oba M, Furuta M, Iida K, Omatsu T, Furuya T, Okada T, Sutummaporn K, Shimoda H, Wong ML, Wu CH, Ohmori Y, Kobayashi R, Hengjan Y, Yonemitsu K, Kuwata R, Kim YK, Han SH, Sohn JH, Han SH, Suzuki K, Kimura J, Maeda K, Oh HS, Endoh D, Mizutani T, Hondo E. Encephalomyocarditis virus is potentially derived from eastern bent-wing bats living in East Asian countries. Virus Res 2018; 259:62-67. [PMID: 30391400 PMCID: PMC7114854 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EMCV genome was widely found in fecal guanos in Taiwanese, Korean, and Japanese caves. Miniopterus fuliginosus is the main source of the fecal guano. It is possible that Miniopterus fuliginosus is one of the natural hosts of EMCV in East Asia.
Bats are reservoir hosts of many zoonotic viruses and identification of viruses that they carry is important. This study aimed to use high throughput screening to identify the viruses in fecal guano of Taiwanese insectivorous bats caves in order to obtain more information on bat-derived pathogenic viruses in East Asia. Guano samples were collected from two caves in Taiwan, pooled, and then subjected to Multiplex PCR-based next generation sequencing for viral identification. Subsequently, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) sequence was detected and confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. EMCV is considered as rodent virus and thus, animal species identification through cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding was further done to identify the viral source. Finally, determination of distribution and verification of the presence of EMCV in guano obtained from Japanese and South Korean caves was also done. We concluded that the guano collected was not contaminated with the excrement of rodents which were reported and presumed to live in Taiwan. Also, EMCV genome fragments were found in guanos of Japanese and South Korean caves. It is possible that the eastern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) is one of the natural hosts of EMCV in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Cristine C Doysabas
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Masaya Furuta
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kripitch Sutummaporn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yasushige Ohmori
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yupadee Hengjan
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoo-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Han
- Institute of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hyuk Sohn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Natural Institute of Biological Resources, South Korea
| | | | - Junpei Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ken Maeda
- Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hong-Shik Oh
- Institute of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Daiji Endoh
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu-shi 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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13
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Wada Y, Sasaki M, Setiyono A, Handharyani E, Rahmadani I, Taha S, Adiani S, Latief M, Kholilullah ZA, Subangkit M, Kobayashi S, Nakamura I, Kimura T, Orba Y, Sawa H. Detection of novel gammaherpesviruses from fruit bats in Indonesia. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:415-422. [PMID: 29458559 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an important natural reservoir of zoonotic viral pathogens. We previously isolated an alphaherpesvirus in fruit bats in Indonesia, and here establish the presence of viruses belonging to other taxa of the family Herpesviridae. We screened the same fruit bat population with pan-herpesvirus PCR and discovered 68 sequences of novel gammaherpesvirus, designated 'megabat gammaherpesvirus' (MgGHV). A phylogenetic analysis of approximately 3.4 kbp of continuous MgGHV sequences encompassing the glycoprotein B gene and DNA polymerase gene revealed that the MgGHV sequences are distinct from those of other reported gammaherpesviruses. Further analysis suggested the existence of co-infections of herpesviruses in Indonesian fruit bats. Our findings extend our understanding of the infectious cycles of herpesviruses in bats in Indonesia and the phylogenetic diversity of the gammaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Wada
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Agus Setiyono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ekowati Handharyani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ibenu Rahmadani
- Veterinary Investigation and Diagnostic Center, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Siswatiana Taha
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gorontalo State University, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adiani
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Munira Latief
- Office of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Soppeng, Indonesia
| | | | - Mawar Subangkit
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakamura
- Unit of International Cooperation, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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14
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[Discovery of DNA viruses in wildlife in Zambia and Indonesia]. Uirusu 2017; 67:151-160. [PMID: 30369539 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.67.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zoonoses originate from pathogens harbored in domestic and wild animals and therefore it is likely impossible to completely eradicate zoonotic diseases. For pre-emptive measures to attempt to predict the emergence of zoonosis outbreaks and the prevention of future epidemics and pandemics, it is imperative to identify natural host animals carrying potential pathogens and elucidate the routes of pathogen transmission into the human population. Our research team is conducting epidemiological research studies in Zambia and Indonesia for the control of viral zoonotic diseases. In this review, we present the research findings, including the discovery of orthopoxviruses and polyomaviruses in wildlife in Zambia and the identification of herpesviruses in bats in Indonesia among our activities.
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15
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Genetic diversity of coronaviruses in bats in Lao PDR and Cambodia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 48:10-18. [PMID: 27932284 PMCID: PMC7106194 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
South-East Asia is a hot spot for emerging zoonotic diseases, and bats have been recognized as hosts for a large number of zoonotic viruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), responsible for acute respiratory syndrome outbreaks. Thus, it is important to expand our knowledge of the presence of viruses in bats which could represent a risk to humans. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have been reported in bat species from Thailand, China, Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines. However no such work was conducted in Cambodia or Lao PDR. Between 2010 and 2013, 1965 bats were therefore sampled at interfaces with human populations in these two countries. They were tested for the presence of coronavirus by consensus reverse transcription-PCR assay. A total of 93 samples (4.7%) from 17 genera of bats tested positive. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of potentially 37 and 56 coronavirus belonging to alpha-coronavirus (αCoV) and beta-CoV (βCoV), respectively. The βCoVs group is known to include some coronaviruses highly pathogenic to human, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. All coronavirus sequences generated from frugivorous bats (family Pteropodidae) (n = 55) clustered with other bat βCoVs of lineage D, whereas one coronavirus from Pipistrellus coromandra fell in the lineage C of βCoVs which also includes the MERS-CoV. αCoVs were all detected in various genera of insectivorous bats and clustered with diverse bat αCoV sequences previously published. A closely related strain of PEDV, responsible for severe diarrhea in pigs (PEDV-CoV), was detected in 2 Myotis bats. We highlighted the presence and the high diversity of coronaviruses circulating in bats from Cambodia and Lao PDR. Three new bat genera and species were newly identified as host of coronaviruses, namely Macroglossus sp., Megaerops niphanae and Myotis horsfieldii Coronaviruses detected in bats from Lao PDR and Cambodia. High diversity of αCoVs and βCoVs circulating in bats in Cambodia and Lao PDR. One strain of βCoV, a new member of the MERS-CoV sister-clade, detected from Pipistrellus coromandra. A αCoV strain genetically related to PEDV-CoV, detected from Myotis horsfieldii. CoVs detected for the first time in Megaerops niphanae, Myotis horsfieldii and Macroglossus sp.
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16
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Mendenhall IH, Borthwick S, Neves ES, Low D, Linster M, Liang B, Skiles M, Jayakumar J, Han H, Gunalan V, Lee BPYH, Okahara K, Wang LF, Maurer-Stroh S, Su YCF, Smith GJD. Identification of a Lineage D Betacoronavirus in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) in Singapore and an Overview of Lineage D Reservoir Ecology in SE Asian Bats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1790-1800. [PMID: 27637887 PMCID: PMC7159162 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that infect mammals and birds. Bats are reservoirs for several different coronaviruses in the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera. They also appear to be the natural reservoir for the ancestral viruses that generated the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks. Here, we detected coronavirus sequences in next‐generation sequence data created from Eonycteris spelaea faeces and urine. We also screened by PCR urine samples, faecal samples and rectal swabs collected from six species of bats in Singapore between 2011 and 2014, all of which were negative. The phylogenetic analysis indicates this novel strain is most closely related to lineage D Betacoronaviruses detected in a diverse range of bat species. This is the second time that coronaviruses have been detected in cave nectar bats, but the first coronavirus sequence data generated from this species. Bat species from which this group of coronaviruses has been detected are widely distributed across SE Asia, South Asia and Southern China. They overlap geographically, often share roosting sites and have been witnessed to forage on the same plant. The addition of sequence data from this group of viruses will allow us to better understand coronavirus evolution and host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - S Borthwick
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - E S Neves
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - D Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - M Linster
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - B Liang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - M Skiles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J Jayakumar
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - H Han
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - V Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - B P Y-H Lee
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,National Parks Board, Singapore
| | - K Okahara
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - L-F Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - S Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Y C F Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - G J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Divergent bufavirus harboured in megabats represents a new lineage of parvoviruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24257. [PMID: 27113297 PMCID: PMC4845017 DOI: 10.1038/srep24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufavirus is a recently recognized member of the genus Protoparvovirus in the subfamily Parvovirinae. It has been reported that human bufavirus was detected predominantly in patients with diarrhoea in several countries. However, little is known about bufavirus or its close relatives in nonhuman mammals. In this study, we performed nested-PCR screening and identified bufavirus from 12 megabats of Pteropus spp. in Indonesia. Furthermore, we determined nearly the full genome sequence of a novel megabat-borne bufavirus, tentatively named megabat bufavirus 1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that megabat bufavirus 1 clustered with known protoparvoviruses, including human bufavirus but represented a distinct lineage of bufavirus. Our analyses also inferred phylogenetic relationships among animal-borne bufaviruses recently reported by other studies. Recombination analyses suggested that the most common recent ancestor of megabat bufavirus 1 might have arisen from multiple genetic recombination events. These results characterized megabat bufavirus 1 as the first protoparvovirus discovered from megabats and indicates the high genetic divergence of bufavirus.
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18
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Zheng XY, Qiu M, Chen SW, Xiao JP, Ma LZ, Liu S, Zhou JH, Zhang QH, Li X, Chen Z, Wu Y, Chen HF, Jiang LN, Xiong YQ, Ma SJ, Zhong XS, Huo ST, Ge J, Cen SW, Chen Q. High prevalence and diversity of viruses of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, in fecal specimens from bats of different species in southern China. Arch Virol 2015; 161:135-40. [PMID: 26446885 PMCID: PMC7086982 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the detection of herpesviruses (HVs) in bats. However, the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of HVs in bats are still poorly understood. To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of bat HVs in southern China, 520 fecal samples from eight bat species were collected in four geographic regions of southern China. Of these samples, 73 (14.0 %) tested positive for HVs using nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of molecular diversity of HVs in bats of different species from different geographic regions. Our study provides evidence for co-evolution of bats and HVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-yan Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-peng Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-zhen Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-hua Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong-hua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-fang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-na Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-quan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-juan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-shan Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-ting Huo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-wen Cen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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