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Ye C, Chen Y, Yu R, Zhao M, Yin R, Qiu Y, Fu S, Liu Y, Wu Z. Baicalin-aluminum complex on the regulation of IPEC-1 infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33038. [PMID: 39027442 PMCID: PMC11254522 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main bacterial cause of diarrhea in weaned piglets. Baicalin-aluminum (BA) complex is the main active ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracted-aluminum complex, which has been used to treat diarrhea in weaning piglets, however the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the effects of the BA complex on the regulation of porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-1) cells infected with ETEC, IPEC-1 cells were incubated with an ETEC bacterial strain at a multiplicity of infection of 1 for 6 h and then treated with different concentrations of the BA complex for 6 h. ETEC infection increased the levels of cAMP and cGMP, upregulated CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) mRNA, and downregulated NHE4 mRNA in IPEC-1 cells. Treatment with the BA complex inhibited ETEC adhesion and the production of cAMP and cGMP, reduced CFTR mRNA expression, and increased NHE4 mRNA expression. Overall, the BA complex weakened the adhesion of ETEC to IPEC-1 cells, and inhibited cAMP/cGMP-CFTR signaling in IPEC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Ruixue Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430000, PR China
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Le H, Nguyen M, Manso HECCC, Wang MD, Watford M. Adipocytes Are the Only Site of Glutamine Synthetase Expression Within the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102168. [PMID: 38813479 PMCID: PMC11130672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamine in milk is believed to play an important role in neonatal intestinal maturation and immune function. For lactating mothers, glutamine utilization is increased to meet the demands of the enlarged intestine and milk production. However, the source of such glutamine during lactation has not been studied. Objectives We aimed to assess the effects of lactation on the expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the mammary gland and other tissues of lactating mice. Methods Mouse tissues were sampled at 4 time points: 8-wk-old (virgin, control), post-delivery day 5 (PD5, early lactation), PD15 (peak lactation), and involution (4 days after weaning at PD21). We examined the gene expression and protein concentrations of GS and the first 2 enzymes of branched-chain amino acid catabolism: branched-chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) and branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase subunit E1α (BCKDHA). Results The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein concentrations of GS in mammary glands were significantly lower at PD5 and PD15 compared with the control but were restored at involution. Within the mammary gland, GS protein was only detected in adipocytes with no evidence of presence in mammary epithelial cells. Compared with the control, mRNA and protein concentrations of BCAT2 and BCKDHA in mammary glands significantly decreased during lactation and involution. No changes in GS protein concentrations during lactation were found in the liver, skeletal muscle, and lung. In non-mammary adipose tissue, GS protein abundance was higher during lactation compared with the virgin. Conclusions This work shows that, within the mouse mammary gland, GS is only expressed in adipocytes and that the relative GS abundance in mammary gland sections is lower during lactation. This suggests that mammary adipocytes may be a site of glutamine synthesis in the lactating mouse. Identifying the sources of glutamine production during lactation is important for optimizing milk glutamine concentration to enhance neonatal and maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Le
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Helena Emilia CCC Manso
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Zootecnia Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Michelle D Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Malcolm Watford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Liu G, Liu X, Wang F, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wang J. Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on the Modulation of Microbiota and Th17/Treg Immune Response Signaling Pathway in Piglets after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. J Nutr 2024; 154:1711-1721. [PMID: 38367809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine (Gln) has an important effect on the growth performance and immune function of piglets. However, the effect of Gln on intestinal immunity in piglets through modulating the signaling pathways of the helper T cells 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) immune response has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effect of Gln on piglet growth performance and immune stress response and its mechanism in piglets. METHODS Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replicates each, using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: diet (basal diet or 1% Gln diet) and immunological challenge [saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. After 21 d, half of the piglets on the basal diet and 1% Gln diet received the intraperitoneal injection of LPS and the other half received the same volume of normal saline. RESULTS The results showed that Gln increased average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). Dietary Gln increased the villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus sp., and Ruminococcus sp. while reducing the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 sp., and Terrisporobacter sp. (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Gln increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the colon and the expression of genes of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-beta-1, forkhead box P3 while downregulating the expression of genes of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-17A, IL-21, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and rar-related orphan receptor c in ileum (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong association between colonic microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and ileal inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary Gln could improve growth performance and attenuate LPS-challenged intestinal inflammation by modulating microbiota and the Th17/Treg immune response signaling pathway in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinlian Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Schregel J, Schulze Holthausen J, Sciascia QL, Görs S, Li Z, Tuchscherer A, Albrecht E, Zentek J, Metges CC. Acute and persistent effects of oral glutamine supplementation on growth, cellular proliferation, and tight junction protein transcript abundance in jejunal tissue of low and normal birthweight pre-weaning piglets. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296427. [PMID: 38165864 PMCID: PMC10760696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breeding for higher fertility has resulted in a higher number of low birthweight (LBW) piglets. It has been shown that LBW piglets grow slower than normal birthweight (NBW) littermates. Differences in growth performance have been associated with impaired small intestinal development. In suckling and weaning piglets, glutamine (Gln) supplementation has been associated with improved growth and intestinal development. This study was designed to examine the effects of oral Gln supplementation on growth and small intestinal parameters in LBW and NBW suckling piglets. At birth (day 0), a total of 72 LBW (1.10 ± 0.06 kg) and 72 NBW (1.51 ± 0.06) male piglets were selected. At day 1, litters were standardized to 12 piglets, and experimental piglets supplemented daily with either Gln (1 g/kg BW) or isonitrogenous amounts of Alanine (Ala) as control (1.22 g/kg BW) until day 12. Creep feed was offered from day 14 onward. Subgroups of piglets were euthanized at days 5, 12, and 26 for the analyses of jejunal morphometry, cellular proliferation, glutathione concentration and transcript abundance of tight junction proteins. From age day 11 to 21, Gln supplemented LBW (LBW-Gln) piglets were heavier than Ala supplemented LBW (LBW-Ala) littermates (P = 0.034), while NBW piglets were heavier until age day 26 compared to LBW littermates. Villus height was higher in LBW-Gln compared to LBW-Ala on age day 12 (P = 0.031). Sporadic differences among supplementation and birthweight groups were detected for jejunal cellular proliferation, cellular population and glutathione concentration, whereas age was the most dominant factor. These results show that Gln supplementation improved the growth of LBW piglets compared to LBW-Ala beyond the termination of Gln supplementation, but this was not associated with consistent effects on selected parameters of jejunal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schregel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Zhang T, Bai J, Chen G, Chen Z, Zeng S, Yang Y, Wu Z. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol induces apoptosis, barrier dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress by inhibiting mTORC1-dependent autophagy in porcine enterocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110695. [PMID: 37659622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated form of deoxynivalenol, is widely present in mycotoxin-contaminated food, feed as well as in other natural sources. Ingestion of 3-Ac-DON may result in intestinal dysfunction, leading to gut diseases in humans and animals. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of 3-Ac-DON in intestinal epithelial cytotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-Ac-DON for 12 h or 24 h, respectively. The results showed that 3-Ac-DON caused decreased cell viability, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blotting analysis showed that 3-Ac-DON significantly decreased the expression of tight junction proteins, inhibited autophagy and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in IPEC-1 cells (P < 0.05). Further investigation demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON caused apoptosis, ER stress and barrier dysfunction were reversed after co-treatment with the autophagy activator rapamycin (100 nM), indicating that autophagy plays a key role in the process of 3-Ac-DON-induced cell damage. In addition, we demonstrated that 3-Ac-DON inhibits the occurrence of autophagy mediated by mTORC1 protein. In conclusion, our research indicated that the mTORC1 protein and autophagy played a key role in the 3-Ac-DON-induced cytotoxic in IPEC-1 cells, which would provide new therapeutic targets and ideas for 3-Ac-DON-mediated intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangye Chen
- SILC Besiness School, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shenming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Department of Companion Animal Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hu S, He W, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Wu G. Synthesis of glycine from 4-hydroxyproline in tissues of neonatal pigs. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1206-1220. [PMID: 37632196 PMCID: PMC10621473 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231181360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine from sow's milk only meets 20% of the requirement of suckling piglets. However, how glycine is synthesized endogenously in neonates is not known. This study determined glycine synthesis from 4-hydroxyproline (an abundant amino acid in milk and neonatal blood) in tissues of sow-reared piglets with normal birth weights. Piglets were euthanized at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of age, and their tissues were used to determine glycine synthesis from 0 to 5 mM 4-hydroxyproline, activities and mRNA expression of key glycine-synthetic enzymes, and their cell-specific localization. Activities of 4-hydroxyproline oxidase (OH-POX), proline oxidase (POX), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), threonine dehydrogenase (TDH), alanine:glyoxylate transaminase (AGT), and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (HOA) occurred in the kidneys and liver from all age groups of piglets, and in the pancreas of 7- to 21-day-old piglets. Activities of OH-POX and HOA were absent from the small intestine of newborn pigs but present in the small intestine of 7- to 21-day-old piglets and in the skeletal muscle of 14- to 21-day-old piglets. Between days 0 and 21 of age, the enzymatic activities of OH-POX, AGT, and HOA decreased in the liver and kidneys but increased in the pancreas and small intestine with age. The mRNA levels of these three enzymes changed in a manner similar to their enzymatic activities. In contrast to OH-POX, AGT, and HOA, the enzymatic activities of POX, SHMT, and TDH were present in the kidneys, liver, and intestine of all age groups of piglets. Glycine was synthesized from 0.1 to 5 mM 4-hydroxyproline in the liver and kidney from 0- to 21-day-old piglets, as well as the pancreas, small intestine, and skeletal muscle from 14- to 21-day-old piglets in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings indicate that 4-hydroxyproline is used for the synthesis of glycine in tissues of piglets to compensate for the deficiency of glycine in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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7
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Arnaud EA, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Selected Nutrition and Management Strategies in Suckling Pigs to Improve Post-Weaning Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1998. [PMID: 37370508 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period in a pig's life. Piglets are confronted with abrupt changes to their physical and social environment, as well as management and nutritional changes. Weaning has always been associated with a growth check and is frequently accompanied by post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, rapid increases in litter size in the last decade have increased within-litter piglet weight variation, with piglets now generally lighter at weaning, making the challenges associated with weaning even greater. Many interventions can be employed during the suckling period to ease the weaning transition for piglets. Pre-weaning strategies such as supervised farrowing (assistance with suckling and oxytocin provision), the provision of pain relief to sows around farrowing, split-suckling, early oral supplementation with glucose, bovine colostrum, faecal microbiota transplantation, feed additives and solid and liquid creep feeding (milk and liquid feed) have all been investigated. The objective of these strategies is to stimulate earlier maturation of the digestive tract, improve immunity, reduce latency to the first feed post-weaning and increase early post-weaning feed intake and growth. This review focuses in particular on: (1) pain relief provision to sows around farrowing, (2)split-suckling of piglets, (3) pre-weaning provision of supplementary milk and/or liquid feed, (4) other strategies to stimulate earlier enzyme production (e.g., enzyme supplementation), (5) other nutritional strategies to promote improved gut structure and function (e.g., L-glutamine supplementation), and (6) other strategies to modulate gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics and prebiotics). Correctly implementing these strategies can, not only increase post-weaning growth and reduce mortality, but also maximise lifetime growth in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Arnaud
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland
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Li X, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with L-citrulline improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival in gilts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:702-711. [PMID: 37012677 PMCID: PMC10408550 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231157943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with gilts as an animal model to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with L-citrulline (Cit) improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival. Between Days 14 and 25 of gestation, each gilt was fed a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet (2 kg/day) supplemented with 0.4% Cit or an isonitrogenous amount of L-alanine (Control). On Day 25 of gestation, gilts were hysterectomized to obtain conceptuses. Amniotic and allantoic fluids and placentae were analyzed for NOx [stable oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO)], polyamines, and amino acids (AAs). Placentae were also analyzed for syntheses of NO and polyamines; concentrations of AAs and related metabolites; and the expression of angiogenic factors and aquaporins (AQPs). Compared to the control group, Cit supplementation increased (P < 0.01) the number of viable fetuses by 2.0 per litter, the number and diameter of placental blood vessels (21% and 24%, respectively), placental weight (15%), and total allantoic and amniotic fluid volumes (20% and 47%, respectively). Cit supplementation also increased (P < 0.01) enzymatic activities of GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 (32%) and ornithine decarboxylase (27%) in placentae; syntheses of NO (29%) and polyamines (26%); concentrations of NOx (19%), tetrahydrobiopterin (28%), polyamines (22%), cAMP (26%), and cGMP (24%) in placentae; total amounts of NOx (22-40%), polyamines (23-40%), AAs (16-255%), glucose (22-44%), and fructose (22-43%) in allantoic and amniotic fluids. Furthermore, Cit supplementation increased (P < 0.05) placental mRNA levels for angiogenic factors (eNOS [84%], GTP-CH1 [55%], PGF [61%], VEGFA120 [26%], and VEGFR2 [137%], as well as AQPs - AQP1 [105%], AQP3 [53%], AQP5 [77%], AQP8 [57%], and AQP9 [31%]). Collectively, dietary Cit supplementation enhanced placental NO and polyamine syntheses as well as angiogenesis to improve conceptus development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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9
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Glutamine supplementation moderately affects growth, plasma metabolite and free amino acid patterns in neonatal low birth weight piglets. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2330-2340. [PMID: 35144703 PMCID: PMC9723486 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) neonates show impaired growth compared with normal birth weight (NBW) neonates. Glutamine (Gln) supplementation benefits growth of weaning piglets, while the effect on neonates is not sufficiently clear. We examined the effect of neonatal Gln supplementation on piglet growth, milk intake and metabolic parameters. Sow-reared pairs of newborn LBW (0·8-1·2 kg) and NBW (1·4-1·8 kg) male piglets received Gln (1 g/kg body mass (BM)/d; Gln-LBW, Gln-NBW; n 24/group) or isonitrogenous alanine (1·22 g/kg BM/d; Ala-LBW; Ala-NBW; n 24/group) supplementation at 1-5 or 1-12 d of age (daily in three equal portions at 07:00, 12:00 and 17:00 by syringe feeding). We measured piglet BM, milk intake (1, 11-12 d), plasma metabolite, insulin, amino acid (AA) and liver TAG concentrations (5, 12 d). The Gln-LBW group had higher BM (+7·5%, 10 d, P = 0·066; 11-12 d, P < 0·05) and milk intake (+14·7%, P = 0·015) than Ala-LBW. At 5 d, Ala-LBW group had higher plasma TAG (+34·7%, P < 0·1) and lower carnosine (-22·5%, P < 0·05) than Ala-NBW and Gln-LBW, and higher liver TAG (+66·9%, P = 0·029) than Ala-NBW. At 12 d, plasma urea was higher (+37·5%, P < 0·05) with Gln than Ala supplementation. Several proteinogenic AA in plasma were lower (P < 0·05) in Ala-NBW v. Gln-NBW. Plasma arginine was higher (P < 0·05) in Gln-NBW v Ala-NBW piglets (5, 12 d). Supplemental Gln moderately improved growth and milk intake and affected lipid metabolism in LBW piglets and AA metabolism in NBW piglets, suggesting effects on intestinal and liver function.
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Wessels AG, Simongiovanni A, Zentek J. Impact of dietary supplementation of l-Arginine, l-Glutamine, and the combination of both on nursing performance of multiparous sows. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 7:txac169. [PMID: 36655231 PMCID: PMC9838099 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with arginine (Arg) or glutamine (Gln) has been considered as an option to improve nursing performance in reproductive sows. This study investigated whether a low-level supplementation of Arg or Gln or a blend of both could modify milk nutrients and improve piglets' growth beyond weaning. Seventy-two multiparous sows were assigned to four groups: one group fed a control diet, three treatment groups fed the control diet supplemented with either 0.35% Arg, 0.35% Gln, or both, from day 108 of gestation until weaning at day 26 of lactation. Immediately after birth, the litters were cross fostered to 13 piglets and monitored until 2 wk after weaning. Sows body condition and litter growth were assessed. Colostrum and milk samples were collected for nutrient analyses. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) around weaning were determined in sows and two representative piglets per litter. Supplementing Gln or the combination of Arg and Gln had no effect on the parameters studied. Arg supplementation increased weaning weight, while decreasing the variation of piglet weights 2 wk after weaning. There was no correlation with plasma IGF-1 since the hormone was not altered in sows or piglets. The colostral concentration of fat tended to increase in the Arg-group, whereas protein, lactose, energy, and polyamine concentrations remained unaffected. Milk samples obtained on day 12 and 25 of lactation were not influenced by dietary treatment. The data indicate that there might be a window of opportunity, explicitly at the onset of lactation, for dietary intervention by maternal dietary Arg supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Herring CM, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Seo H, Hu S, Elmetwally M, He W, Long DB, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with 0.4% L-arginine between days 14 and 30 of gestation enhances NO and polyamine syntheses and water transport in porcine placentae. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:134. [PMID: 36476252 PMCID: PMC9730586 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most embryonic loss in pigs occurs before d 30 of gestation. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine (Arg) during early gestation can enhance the survival and development of conceptuses (embryo/fetus and its extra-embryonic membranes) in gilts. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS Between d 14 and 30 of gestation, each gilt was fed daily 2 kg of a corn- and soybean-meal based diet (12% crude protein) supplemented with either 0.4% Arg (as Arg-HCl) or an isonitrogenous amount of L-alanine (Control). There were 10 gilts per treatment group. On d 30 of gestation, gilts were fed either Arg-HCl or L-alanine 30 min before they were hysterectomized, followed by the collection of placentae, embryos, fetal membranes, and fetal fluids. Amniotic and allantoic fluids were analyzed for nitrite and nitrate [NOx; stable oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO)], polyamines, and amino acids. Placentae were analyzed for syntheses of NO and polyamines, water and amino acid transport, concentrations of amino acid-related metabolites, and the expression of angiogenic factors and aquaporins (AQPs). RESULTS Compared to the control group, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the number of viable fetuses by 1.9 per litter, the number and diameter of placental blood vessels (+ 25.9% and + 17.0% respectively), embryonic survival (+ 18.5%), total placental weight (+ 36.5%), the total weight of viable fetuses (+ 33.5%), fetal crown-to-rump length (+ 4.7%), and total allantoic and amniotic fluid volumes (+ 44.6% and + 75.5% respectively). Compared to control gilts, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) placental activities of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (+ 33.1%) and ornithine decarboxylase (+ 29.3%); placental syntheses of NO (+ 26.2%) and polyamines (+ 28.9%); placental concentrations of NOx (+ 22.5%), tetrahydrobiopterin (+ 21.1%), polyamines (+ 20.4%), cAMP (+ 27.7%), and cGMP (+ 24.7%); total amounts of NOx (+ 61.7% to + 96.8%), polyamines (+ 60.7% to + 88.7%), amino acids (+ 39% to + 118%), glucose (+ 60.5% to + 62.6%), and fructose (+ 41.4% to + 57.0%) in fetal fluids; and the placental transport of water (+ 33.9%), Arg (+ 78.4%), glutamine (+ 89.9%), and glycine (+ 89.6%). Furthermore, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) placental mRNA levels for angiogenic factors [VEGFA120 (+ 117%), VEGFR1 (+ 445%), VEGFR2 (+ 373%), PGF (+ 197%), and GCH1 (+ 126%)] and AQPs [AQP1 (+ 280%), AQP3 (+ 137%), AQP5 (+ 172%), AQP8 (+ 165%), and AQP9 (+ 127%)]. CONCLUSION Supplementing 0.4% Arg to a conventional diet for gilts between d 14 and d 30 of gestation enhanced placental NO and polyamine syntheses, angiogenesis, and water and amino acid transport to improve conceptus development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Herring
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Gregory A. Johnson
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Mohammed Elmetwally
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Wenliang He
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Daniel B. Long
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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12
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Schulze Holthausen J, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Li Z, Tuchscherer A, Vahjen W, Metges CC, Zentek J. Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation, Birthweight and Age on Colonic Morphology and Microbiome Development in Male Suckling Piglets. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101899. [PMID: 36296176 PMCID: PMC9612066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality, impaired development and metabolic dysfunctions of suckling low-birthweight piglets may be influenced by modulating the intestinal microbiome through glutamine supplementation. Therefore, this study examined whether glutamine supplementation may affect the colonic development and microbiome composition of male low- and normal-birthweight piglets at 5 and 12 days of age. Suckling piglets were supplemented orally with glutamine or alanine. Colonic digesta samples were obtained for 16S rDNA sequencing, determination of bacterial metabolites and histomorphological tissue analyses. Glutamine-supplemented piglets had lower concentrations of cadaverine and spermidine in the colonic digesta (p < 0.05) and a higher number of CD3+ colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes compared to alanine-supplemented piglets (p < 0.05). Low-birthweight piglets were characterised by a lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, the genera Negativibacillus and Faecalibacterium and a higher abundance of Alistipes (p < 0.05). Concentrations of cadaverine and total biogenic amines (p < 0.05) and CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (p < 0.05) were lower in low- compared with normal-birthweight piglets. In comparison to the factor age, glutamine supplementation and birthweight were associated with minor changes in microbial and histological characteristics of the colon, indicating that ontogenetic factors play a more important role in intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schulze Holthausen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-53984
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genetic and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Sudan S, Zhan X, Li J. A Novel Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Confers Cytoprotection to Host Pig Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Enterotoxic Escherichia coli Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125721. [PMID: 35736372 PMCID: PMC9430607 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections caused by enterotoxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) negatively impact the growth performance of piglets during weaning, resulting in significant economic losses for the producers. With the ban on antibiotic usage in livestock production, probiotics have gained a lot of attention as a potential alternative. However, strain specificity and limited knowledge on the host-specific targets limit their efficacy in preventing ETEC-related postweaning enteric infections. We recently isolated and characterized a novel probiotic Bacillus subtilis bacterium (CP9) that demonstrated antimicrobial activity. Here, we report anti-ETEC properties of CP9 and its impact on metabolic activity of swine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells. Our results showed that pre- or coincubation with CP9 protected IPEC-J2 cells from ETEC-induced cytotoxicity. CP9 significantly attenuated ETEC-induced inflammatory response by reducing ETEC-induced nitric oxide production and relative mRNA expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs; TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9), proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukins (ILs; IL-6 and IL-8), augmenting anti-inflammatory granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and host defense peptide mucin 1 (MUC1) mRNA levels. We also show that CP9 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced caspase-3 activity, reinstated cell proliferation and increased relative expression of tight junction genes, claudin-1, occludin, and zona occludens-1 in ETEC-infected cells. Finally, metabolomic analysis revealed that CP9 exposure induced metabolic modulation in IPEC J2 cells with the greatest impact seen in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; pyrimidine metabolism; nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism; glutathione metabolism; the citrate cycle (TCA cycle); and arginine and proline metabolism. Our study shows that CP9 incubation attenuated ETEC-induced cytotoxicity in IPEC-J2 cells and offers insight into potential application of this probiotic for ETEC infection control. IMPORTANCE ETEC remains one of the leading causes of postweaning diarrhea and mortality in swine production. Due to the rising concerns with the antibiotic use in livestock, alternative interventions need to be developed. In this study, we analyzed the cytoprotective effect of a novel probiotic strain in combating ETEC infection in swine intestinal cells, along with assessing its mechanism of action. To our knowledge, this is also the first study to analyze the metabolic impact of a probiotic on intestinal cells. Results from this study should provide effective cues in developing a probiotic intervention for ameliorating ETEC infection and improving overall gut health in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sudan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoshu Zhan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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14
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L-glutamine for sickle cell disease: more than reducing redox. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:1645-1654. [PMID: 35568758 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) including hemolysis and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). L-glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid with important roles, including the synthesis of antioxidants, such as reduced glutathione and the cofactors NAD(H) and NADP(H), as well as nitric oxide. Given the increased levels of oxidative stress and lower (NADH):(NAD + + NADH) ratio in sickle erythrocytes that adversely affects the blood rheology compared to normal red blood cells, L-glutamine was investigated for its therapeutic potential to reduce VOC. While L-glutamine was approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration to treat SCD, its impact on the redox environment in sickle erythrocytes is not fully understood. The mechanism through which L-glutamine reduces VOC in SCD is also not clear. In this paper, we will summarize the results of the Phase 3 study that led to the approval of L-glutamine for treating SCD and discuss its assumed mechanisms of action. We will examine the role of L-glutamine in health and propose how the extra-erythrocytic functions of L-glutamine might contribute to its beneficial effects in SCD. Further research into the role of L-glutamine on extra-erythrocyte functions might help the development of an improved formulation with more efficacy.
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15
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Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on jejunal morphology, development, and amino acid profiles in male low birth weight suckling piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267357. [PMID: 35476806 PMCID: PMC9045636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that small intestine development in low birth weight (LBW) piglets is impaired. Glutamine (Gln) has been reported to improve piglet health and intestinal function in weaned piglets, but data is scarce in suckling piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral Gln supplementation compared to Alanine (Ala) on jejunal development and function in 5 and 12 d old male LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) suckling piglets. Results Gln had no effect on the jejunal morphology, development, tissue and digesta amino acid profiles and mRNA abundance of genes involved in amino acid transport, metabolism, glutathione synthesis in LBW piglets when compared to Ala supplementation and birth weight controls at 5 and 12 d. Only the concentration of Gln in jejunal tissue was higher in NBW piglets supplemented with Gln compared to Ala at 5 d (P < 0.05). A comparison of the birth weight groups showed no differences between LBW and NBW piglets at 5 and 12 d in any parameter. Jejunal crypt depth, villus height / width, tunica muscularis thickness, number of goblet and IgA positive cells, the ratio of jejunal RNA to DNA and the concentration of DNA, protein and RNA changed (P < 0.05) from 5 compared to 12 d. The concentrations of several free, and protein bound amino acids as well as amino metabolites differed between age groups in jejunal tissue but the digesta concentrations were affected to a lesser extent. Conclusions Oral Gln supplementation to suckling male piglets over the first 12 d of life was not associated with changes in jejunal parameters measured in this study. The absence of effects may indicate that Gln is absorbed as well as metabolized in the upper intestinal tract and thus could benefit intestinal development at a more proximal location.
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16
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Rezaei R, Gabriel AS, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1055-1068. [PMID: 35292855 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing dietary content of glutamate through addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of their offspring. Thirty multiparous sows (Landrace × Large White) were assigned randomly into one of three dietary groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1% MSG, and the basal diet + 2% MSG. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and were fed twice daily their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at day 0 of lactation (the day of farrowing). On days 3, 15, and 29 of lactation, body weight and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples obtained from sows and piglets at 2 h and 1 h after feeding, respectively. Feed intake of sows did not differ (P > 0.05) among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, tryptophan, proline, branched-chain amino acids, and glutamate were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of MSG-supplemented sows and their piglets than for controls. When compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG increased (P < 0.05): concentrations of many free amino acids (including glutamate plus glutamine) and all protein-bound amino acids in milk; the milk intake of piglets by 14-25%; and daily weight gains of piglets by 23-44%. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG to lactating sows enhances milk production to support the growth of sow-reared piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana San Gabriel
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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17
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Di Tommaso N, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312836. [PMID: 34886561 PMCID: PMC8657205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their secretions. The gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier in a homeostatic balance. Pathogens, xenobiotics and food can disrupt the intestinal barrier, promoting systemic inflammation and tissue damage. Genetic and immune factors predispose individuals to gut barrier dysfunction, and changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are central to this process. The progressive identification of these changes has led to the development of the concept of ‘leaky gut syndrome’ and ‘gut dysbiosis’, which underlie the relationship between intestinal barrier impairment, metabolic diseases and autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is an intriguing subject of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Di Tommaso
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology—Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (N.D.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology—Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (N.D.T.); (A.G.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology—Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (N.D.T.); (A.G.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3471227242
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Jia S, Li X, He W, Wu G. Protein-Sourced Feedstuffs for Aquatic Animals in Nutrition Research and Aquaculture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:237-261. [PMID: 34807445 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic animals have particularly high requirements for dietary amino acids (AAs) for health, survival, growth, development, and reproduction. These nutrients are usually provided from ingested proteins and may also be derived from supplemental crystalline AA. AAs are the building blocks of protein (a major component of tissue growth) and, therefore, are the determinants of the growth performance and feed efficiency of farmed fish. Because protein is generally the most expensive ingredient in aqua feeds, much attention has been directed to ensure that dietary protein feedstuff is of high quality and cost-effective for feeding fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic animals worldwide. Due to the rapid development of aquaculture worldwide and a limited source of fishmeal (the traditionally sole or primary source of AAs for aquatic animals), alternative protein sources must be identified to feed aquatic animals. Plant-sourced feedstuffs for aquatic animals include soybean meal, extruded soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, soybean protein concentrates, soybean protein isolates, leaf meal, hydrolyzed plant protein, wheat, wheat hydrolyzed protein, canola meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, sunflower meal, peas, rice, dried brewers grains, and dried distillers grains. Animal-sourced feedstuffs include fishmeal, fish paste, bone meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, chicken by-product meal, chicken visceral digest, spray-dried poultry plasma, spray-dried egg product, hydrolyzed feather meal, intestine-mucosa product, peptones, blood meal (bovine or poultry), whey powder with high protein content, cheese powder, and insect meal. Microbial sources of protein feedstuffs include yeast protein and single-cell microbial protein (e.g., algae); they have more balanced AA profiles than most plant proteins for animal feeding. Animal-sourced ingredients can be used as a single source of dietary protein or in complementary combinations with plant and microbial sources of proteins. All protein feedstuffs must adequately provide functional AAs for aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Glutamine and Asparagine in Nutritional Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Stange K, Li Z, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Metges CC, Maak S. Glutamine supplementation stimulates cell proliferation in skeletal muscle and cultivated myogenic cells of low birth weight piglets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13432. [PMID: 34183762 PMCID: PMC8239033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets may be improved with adapted nutrition. This study elucidated effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the cellular muscle development of LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets. Male piglets (n = 144) were either supplemented with 1 g Gln/kg body weight or an isonitrogeneous amount of alanine (Ala) between postnatal day 1 and 12 (dpn). Twelve piglets per group were slaughtered at 5, 12 and 26 dpn, one hour after injection with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 12 mg/kg). Muscle samples were collected and myogenic cells were isolated and cultivated. Expression of muscle growth related genes was quantified with qPCR. Proliferating, BrdU-positive cells in muscle sections were detected with immunohistochemistry indicating different cell types and decreasing proliferation with age. More proliferation was observed in muscle tissue of LBW-GLN than LBW-ALA piglets at 5 dpn, but there was no clear effect of supplementation on related gene expression. Cell culture experiments indicated that Gln could promote cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, but expression of myogenesis regulatory genes was not altered. Overall, Gln supplementation stimulated cell proliferation in muscle tissue and in vitro in myogenic cell culture, whereas muscle growth regulatory genes were barely altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Katja Stange
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L Sciascia
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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21
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Impact of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Weaned Female Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061829. [PMID: 34207398 PMCID: PMC8235084 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It has been reported that a high crude protein diet could reverse the diet-induced lipid accumulation in the liver of mice and rodents. However, in vivo data supporting a functional role of a high crude protein diet on hepatic lipid metabolism-associated genes and proteins in weaned piglets is not available. In the present study, we aimed to provide a mechanistic insight into alterations in the hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis in response to different dietary crude protein levels. Our results demonstrated that dietary crude protein could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism through regulating hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. The result indicated an important role of dietary crude protein in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. Abstract Amino acids serve not only as building blocks for proteins, but also as substrates for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight substances involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. In the present study, eighteen weaned female piglets at 35 days of age were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet containing 20%, 17%, or 14% crude protein (CP), respectively. We found that 17% or 20% CP administration reduced the triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, while enhanced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration in serum. Western blot analysis showed that piglets in the 20% CP group had higher protein abundance of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (HSL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), as compared with other groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBPF1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) were lower in the 17% or 20% CP group, compared with those of the piglets administered with 14% CP. Of note, the mRNA level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACα) was lower in the 17% CP group, compared with other groups. Additionally, the mRNA level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha α (PPARα), glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PKC1) in the liver of piglets in the 20% CP group were higher than those of the 14% CP group. Collectively, our results demonstrated that dietary CP could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism through altering hepatic lipid lipogenesis, lipolysis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis.
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Chalvon-Demersay T, Luise D, Le Floc'h N, Tesseraud S, Lambert W, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Beaumont M, Corrent E. Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:663727. [PMID: 34113671 PMCID: PMC8185281 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs and broiler chickens, the gastrointestinal tract or gut is subjected to many challenges which alter performance, animal health, welfare and livability. Preventive strategies are needed to mitigate the impacts of these challenges on gut health while reducing the need to use antimicrobials. In the first part of the review, we propose a common definition of gut health for pig and chickens relying on four pillars, which correspond to the main functions of the digestive tract: (i) epithelial barrier and digestion, (ii) immune fitness, (iii) microbiota balance and (iv) oxidative stress homeostasis. For each pillar, we describe the most commonly associated indicators. In the second part of the review, we present the potential of functional amino acid supplementation to preserve and improve gut health in piglets and chickens. We highlight that amino acid supplementation strategies, based on their roles as precursors of energy and functional molecules, as signaling molecules and as microbiota modulators can positively contribute to gut health by supporting or restoring its four intertwined pillars. Additional work is still needed in order to determine the effective dose of supplementation and mode of administration that ensure the full benefits of amino acids. For this purpose, synergy between amino acids, effects of amino acid-derived metabolites and differences in the metabolic fate between free and protein-bound amino acids are research topics that need to be furtherly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Zhang Q, Hou Y, Bazer FW, He W, Posey EA, Wu G. Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition and Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:81-107. [PMID: 33770404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in animals, including swine. With the development of new analytical methods and biochemical research, there is a growing interest in fundamental and applied studies to reexamine the roles and usage of amino acids (AAs) in swine production. In animal nutrition, AAs have been traditionally classified as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nutritionally nonessential (NEAAs). AAs that are not synthesized de novo must be provided in diets. However, NEAAs synthesized by cells of animals are more abundant than EAAs in the body, but are not synthesized de novo in sufficient amounts for the maximal productivity or optimal health (including resistance to infectious diseases) of swine. This underscores the conceptual limitations of NEAAs in swine protein nutrition. Notably, the National Research Council (NRC 2012) has recognized both arginine and glutamine as conditionally essential AAs for pigs to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and lactation. Results of recent work have also provided compelling evidence for the nutritional essentiality of glutamate, glycine, and proline for young pigs. The inclusion of so-called NEAAs in diets can help balance AAs in diets, reduce the dietary levels of EAAs, and protect the small intestine from oxidative stress, while enhancing the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of pigs. Thus, both EAAs and NEAAs are needed in diets to meet the requirements of pigs. This notion represents a new paradigm shift in our understanding of swine protein nutrition and is transforming pork production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020402. [PMID: 33562533 PMCID: PMC7914898 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet's gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.
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Blavi L, Solà-Oriol D, Llonch P, López-Vergé S, Martín-Orúe SM, Pérez JF. Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:302. [PMID: 33503942 PMCID: PMC7911825 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig's life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and welfare of pigs at weaning. A complex set of early management and dietary strategies have been explored in sows and suckling piglets for achieving optimum and efficient growth of piglets after weaning. The management strategies studied to improve development and animal welfare include: (1) improving sow housing during gestation, (2) reducing pain during farrowing, (3) facilitating an early and sufficient colostrum intake, (4) promoting an early social interaction between litters, and (5) providing complementary feed during lactation. Dietary strategies for sows and suckling piglets aim to: (1) enhance fetal growth (arginine, folate, betaine, vitamin B12, carnitine, chromium, and zinc), (2) increase colostrum and milk production (DL-methionine, DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, arginine, L-carnitine, tryptophan, valine, vitamin E, and phytogenic actives), (3) modulate sows' oxidative and inflammation status (polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, selenium, phytogenic actives, and spray dried plasma), (4) allow early microbial colonization (probiotics), or (5) supply conditionally essential nutrients (nucleotides, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and tryptophan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Blavi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (P.L.); (S.L.-V.); (S.M.M.-O.); (J.F.P.)
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Oxidation of Energy Substrates in Tissues of Fish: Metabolic Significance and Implications for Gene Expression and Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:67-83. [PMID: 34251639 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish are useful animal models for studying effects of nutrients and environmental factors on gene expression (including epigenetics), toxicology, and carcinogenesis. To optimize the response of the animals to substances of interest (including toxins and carcinogens), water pollution, or climate changes, it is imperative to understand their fundamental biochemical processes. One of these processes concerns energy metabolism for growth, development, and survival. We have recently shown that tissues of hybrid striped bass (HSB), zebrafish, and largemouth bass (LMB) use amino acids (AAs; such as glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, alanine, and leucine) as major energy sources. AAs contribute to about 80% of ATP production in the liver, proximal intestine, kidney, and skeletal muscle tissue of the fish. Thus, as for mammals (including humans), AAs are the primary metabolic fuels in the proximal intestine of fish. In contrast, glucose and fatty acids are only minor metabolic fuels in the fish. Fish tissues have high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, as well as high rates of glutamate uptake. In contrast, the activities of hexokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in all the tissues are relatively low. Furthermore, unlike mammals, the skeletal muscle (the largest tissue) of HSB and LMB has a limited uptake of long-chain fatty acids and barely oxidizes fatty acids. Our findings explain differences in the metabolic patterns of AAs, glucose, and lipids among various tissues in fish. These new findings have important implications for understanding metabolic significance of the tissue-specific oxidation of AAs (particularly glutamate and glutamine) in gene expression (including epigenetics), nutrition, and health, as well as carcinogenesis in fish, mammals (including humans), and other animals.
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Jin Y, Zhai Z, Jia H, Lai J, Si X, Wu Z. Kaempferol attenuates diquat-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Food Funct 2021; 12:6889-6899. [PMID: 34338265 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonol component of plants, is well-known to exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects remain elusive. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that kaempferol attenuated diquat-induced oxidative damage and intestinal barrier dysfunction by ameliorating oxidative damage and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Compared with the control group, diquat treatment led to enhanced intracellular ROS production, increased mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis, which were accompanied by cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, reduced cell migration, and disrupted intestinal epithelial barrier function. These effects triggered by diquat were reversed by kaempferol. Further study showed that the protective effect of kaempferol was associated with an enhanced mRNA level of genes related to cell cycle progression (cyclin D1, CDK4, and E2F1) and genes implicated in the anti-oxidant system (GSR, GSTA4, and HO-1), up-regulated abundance of tight junctions (ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, and claudin-4), as well as enhanced Nrf2, an anti-oxidant transcription factor. In conclusion, we revealed a functional role of kaempferol in the intestinal barrier. Ingestion of kaempferol-rich foods might be a potential strategy to improve the integrity and function of enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Amino Acids in Cell Signaling: Regulation and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:17-33. [PMID: 34251636 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the main building blocks for life. Aside from their roles in composing proteins, functional amino acids and their metabolites play regulatory roles in key metabolic cascades, gene expressions, and cell-to-cell communication via a variety of cell signaling pathways. These metabolic networks are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity in humans and animals. These amino acids include, but are not limited to, arginine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan. We will discuss these functional amino acids in cell signaling pathways in mammals with a particular emphasis on mTORC1, AMPK, and MAPK pathways for protein synthesis, nutrient sensing, and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as cell survival, growth, and development.
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Sato H, Miura M, Fujieda T, Taciak M, Kikusato M, Sato K, Toyomizu M. Growth performance responses to increased tryptophan supplementation in growing barrows fed three different very low crude protein corn and soybean meal-based diets fortified with essential amino acids. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13605. [PMID: 34387392 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-five individually fed barrows averaging 35 kg were used in a series of three experiments for 6-week growth assays (25 barrows each) to determine the effects of l-tryptophan (Trp) supplementation on growth performance and to establish the lower limits of dietary crude protein (CP) levels. Corn and soybean meal (SBM)-based diets containing 9% (Experiment 1), 10% (Experiment 2), and 11% CP (Experiment 3) fortified with deficient essential amino acids (AAs) except Trp were used as basal diets for each experiment. The experimental diets were supplemented with 0.00%, 0.02%, 0.04%, or 0.06% Trp. A 16% CP corn-SBM-based diet was set as a positive control in each experiment, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio improved quadratically (P < 0.05) as supplemented Trp increased in the 9% and 10% CP group, although these positive effects were not observed in the 11% CP group. Because the maximum performance parameters in 9%, 10%, and 11% CP groups were not different from that of the 16% CP positive control group, the marginally reduced level of dietary CP without growth performance being affected appears to be around 9% at most. A potential reduction of nitrogen intake was clearly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sato
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material and Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Miura
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material and Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujieda
- Animal Nutrition Group, Material Development Section, Material and Technology Solutions Laboratories, Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoi Kikusato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kan Sato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Cheng X, Aabdin ZU, Wang Y, Ma N, Dai H, Shi X, Shen X. Glutamine pretreatment protects bovine mammary epithelial cells from inflammation and oxidative stress induced by γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP). J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2123-2139. [PMID: 33358155 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (GLN) has many types of biological activity in rats, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis effects. However, little is known about the effects of GLN on bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). γ-d-Glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) is a cell wall peptidoglycan component of gram-negative bacteria that can be recognized by the intracellular receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and can cause bovine mastitis. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether GLN protects BMEC from iE-DAP-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. We cultured BMEC in a GLN-free medium for 24 h and then separated them into 4 groups: cells treated with 1× PBS for 26 or 32 h (control); cells stimulated by 10 μg/mL iE-DAP for 2 or 8 h (2- or 8-h iE-DAP); cells pretreated with 8 or 4 mM GLN for 24 h followed by 2 or 8 h of 1× PBS treatment (8 or 4 mM GLN); and cells pretreated with 8 or 4 mM GLN for 24 h followed by 2 or 8 h of iE-DAP treatment (DG). In the 2-h iE-DAP group, when levels of inflammation peaked, iE-DAP treatment increased both the mRNA and protein expression of NOD1, inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NFKBIA, IκB), and nuclear factor-κB subunit p65 (RELA, NF-κB p65), as well as the mRNA expression of IL6 and IL8 and levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in cell culture supernatants. In contrast, 8 mM GLN pretreatment inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory-related factors by suppressing the NOD1/NF-κB pathway. In the 8-h iE-DAP group, iE-DAP treatment decreased the mRNA and protein expression of extracellular regulated kinase (Erk, ERK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-associated factor2 (NFE2L2, Nrf2), as well as the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), coenzyme II oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1, HO1). In addition, iE-DAP treatment increased the expression of malondialdehyde in BMEC when oxidative stress levels peaked. Interestingly, 4 mM GLN pretreatment induced the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidative stress-related factors and inhibited the expression of reactive oxygen species in BMEC by promoting the ERK/Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, GLN reduced apoptosis caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in BMEC. This is the first report showing that GLN protects against iE-DAP-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via the NOD1/NF-κB and ERK/Nrf2 pathways in BMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Cheng
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zain-Ui Aabdin
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhao Y, Albrecht E, Sciascia QL, Li Z, Görs S, Schregel J, Metges CC, Maak S. Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation on Early Postnatal Muscle Morphology in Low and Normal Birth Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1976. [PMID: 33126436 PMCID: PMC7692811 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapted nutrition can improve the growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets. Since maternal milk is thought to provide insufficient glutamine (Gln) for LBW piglets, the current study investigated the influence of Gln supplementation during the early suckling period on development and lipid deposition in skeletal muscle. The weight differences between LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) littermates persisted from birth to slaughter (p < 0.001). However, intramuscular Gln and Ala concentrations were altered in piglets according to the supplementation (p < 0.01). There were larger muscle fibers (p = 0.048) in Gln-supplemented piglets. Capillarization or nuclei number per muscle fiber was not influenced by birth weight (BiW) or Gln supplementation. Abundance of myosin heavy chain (MYH) isoforms was slightly altered by Gln supplementation. LBW piglets had more lipid droplets than NBW piglets at day 5 of life in both muscles (p < 0.01). The differences decreased with age. Adipocyte development increased with age, but was not influenced by BiW or supplementation. The results indicate that BiW differences were accompanied by differences in lipid deposition and muscle fiber structure, suggesting a delayed development in LBW piglets. Supplementation with Gln may support piglets to overcome those disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhao
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Zeyang Li
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Q.L.S.); (Z.L.); (S.G.); (J.S.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (Y.Z.); (S.M.)
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Liang H, Liu N, Wang R, Zhang Y, Chen J, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. N-Acetyl Serotonin Alleviates Oxidative Damage by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling in Porcine Enterocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040303. [PMID: 32272634 PMCID: PMC7222184 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells following oxidative stress is a major cause of mucosal barrier dysfunction and is associated with the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases. Although L-tryptophan (Trp) is known to improve intestinal integrity and function, a beneficial effect of N-acetyl serotonin (NAS), a metabolite of Trp, on the apoptosis of enterocytes and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that porcine enterocytes treated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a metabolite of lipid peroxidation, led to upregulation of apoptotic proteins, including Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and reduction of tight junction proteins. These effects of 4-HNE were significantly abrogated by NAS. In addition, NAS reduced ROS accumulation while increasing the intracellular concentration of glutathione (GSH), and the abundance of the Nrf2 protein in the nucleus and its downstream target proteins. Importantly, these protective effects of NAS were abrogated by Atra, an inhibitor of Nrf2, indicating a dependence on Nrf2 signaling. Taken together, we demonstrated that NAS attenuated oxidative stress-induced cellular injury in porcine enterocytes by regulating Nrf2 signaling. These findings provide new insights into a functional role of NAS in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Renjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jingqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.D.); (Y.Y.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-1003
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Jin M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang G, Liu X, Xue Y, Liu Z, Li C. Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:369. [PMID: 32292346 PMCID: PMC7118711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial disease is a global sight-threatening disease, and corneal transplantation using donor corneas remains the sole therapeutic option. A previous work demonstrated that N (2)-alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) protected against apoptosis and cellular stress, and maintained intestinal tissue integrity. In this pursuit, the present study aimed to examine the effect of Ala-Gln in the protection of the corneal endothelium and expand its range of potential clinical applications. Mice in the control group were intracamerally irrigated with Ringers lactate injection, whereas those in the experimental group were irrigated with Ringers lactate injection containing Ala-Gln. The mean intraocular pressure increased to 44 ± 3.5 mm Hg during intracameral irrigation (normal range 10.2 ± 0.4 mmHg). In vivo confocal microscopy results showed that the addition of Ala-Gln protected the morphology, structure, and density of the corneal endothelial cells. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) measurements showed that corneal thickness was not significantly different between the two groups, because of the immediate corneal edema after irrigation, but the addition of Ala-Gln obviously promoted the recovery of the corneal edema. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the corneal endothelial cells were severely ruptured and exfoliated in the Ringer’s group accompanied with cellular edema, when compared with the Ala-Gln group. The intracameral irrigation using Ala-Gln protected the structure and expression of cytoskeleton and Na-K-ATPase, which exhibited a regular distribution and significantly increased expression in comparison to Ringer’s group. Furthermore, Ala-Gln maintained the mitochondrial morphology and increased the activity of mitochondria. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy showed that intracameral irrigation of Ala-Gln reversed the ultrastructural changes induced by the acute ocular hypertension in mice. Our study demonstrates that the intracameral irrigation of Ala-Gln effectively maintained the corneal endothelial pump function and barrier function by protecting the mitochondrial function and preventing the rearrangement of cytoskeleton in acute ocular hypertension in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Jin
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuezhi Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, China
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Ou B, Jiang B, Jin D, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhang D, Zhao H, Xu M, Song H, Wu W, Chen M, Lu T, Huang J, Seo H, Garcia C, Zheng W, Guo W, Lu Y, Jiang Y, Yang S, Kaushik RS, Li X, Zhang W, Zhu G. Engineered Recombinant Escherichia coli Probiotic Strains Integrated with F4 and F18 Fimbriae Cluster Genes in the Chromosome and Their Assessment of Immunogenic Efficacy in Vivo. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:412-426. [PMID: 31944664 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
F4 (K88) and F18 fimbriaed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the predominant causes of porcine postweaning diarrhea (PWD), and vaccines are considered the most effective preventive approach against PWD. Since heterologous DNA integrated into bacterial chromosomes could be effectively expressed with stable inheritance, we chose probiotic EcNc (E. coli Nissle 1917 prototype cured of cryptic plasmids) as a delivery vector to express the heterologous F4 or both F4 and F18 fimbriae and sequentially assessed their immune efficacy of anti-F4 and F18 fimbriae in both murine and piglet models. Employing the CRISPR-cas9 technology, yjcS, pcadA, lacZ, yieN/trkD, maeB, and nth/tppB sites in the chromosome of an EcNc strain were targeted as integration sites to integrate F4 or F18 fimbriae cluster genes under the Ptet promotor to construct two recombinant integration probiotic strains (RIPSs), i.e., nth integration strain (EcNcΔnth/tppB::PtetF4) and multiple integration strain (EcNc::PtetF18x4::PtetF4x2). Expression of F4, both F4 and F18 fimbriae on the surfaces of two RIPSs, was verified with combined methods of agglutination assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The recombinant strains have improved adherence to porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines. Mice and piglets immunized with the nth integration strain and multiple integration strain through gavage developed anti-F4 and both anti-F4 and anti-F18 IgG immune responses. Moreover, the serum antibodies from the immunized mice and piglets significantly inhibited the adherence of F4+ or both F4+ and F18+ ETEC wild-type strains to porcine intestinal cell lines in vitro, indicating the potential of RIPSs as promising probiotic strains plus vaccine candidates against F4+/F18+ ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Boyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Duo Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haizhou Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Mengxian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haoliang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ti Lu
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Hyesuk Seo
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Carolina Garcia
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Weiyi Guo
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yinhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Radhey S. Kaushik
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Xinchang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China
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He Y, Fan X, Liu N, Song Q, Kou J, Shi Y, Luo X, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z, Wu G. l-Glutamine Represses the Unfolded Protein Response in the Small Intestine of Weanling Piglets. J Nutr 2019; 149:1904-1910. [PMID: 31334766 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in apoptosis, inflammation, and enhanced proteolysis in the small intestine of humans and animals. l-Glutamine (Gln) is required for intestinal mucosal homeostasis in piglets. However, a functional role of the ER in the enterocytes of weanling piglets and its contribution to intestinal mucosal integrity remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that preweaning administration of Gln alleviates the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the small intestine of weanling piglets. METHODS Eighteen sow-reared piglets aged 7 d from 3 litters (6 piglets/litter) were assigned randomly into 1 of 3 treatment groups. Piglets were reared by sows until age 24 d, or were reared by sows and orally administered either l-alanine [1.84 g · kg body weight (BW)-1 · d-1] or Gln (1.52 g · kg BW-1 · d-1) twice daily between 7 and 21 d of age, and then weaned to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. The small-intestinal samples were collected at 24 d of age for analyses of abundance of proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis, concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, and mRNA abundance for genes implicated in protein degradation. RESULTS Compared with age-matched suckling piglets, weaning stress increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in the jejunum. The abundance of proteins related to ER stress [binding immunoglobulin protein, activating transcription factor 6α, phosphorylated (p)-inositol-requiring kinase 1α, and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α] was elevated by 200% to 320%, and that of apoptotic proteins (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, p-Jun-N-terminal kinase, caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, and Bcl-2-associated X) was augmented by 100% to 350% in the jejunum of weanling piglets. The protein abundance for IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 was increased by 100% to 230% in the jejunum of weanling piglets. These alterations in gene and protein expression were markedly abrogated by Gln supplementation. The mRNA concentration of F-Box protein 32 in the jejunum of weanling piglets was increased by 70%, compared with the control group, and was not affected by Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that preweaning administration of Gln to nursing piglets alleviates the weaning-activated UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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37
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Hou Y, He W, Hu S, Wu G. Composition of polyamines and amino acids in plant-source foods for human consumption. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1153-1165. [PMID: 31197570 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyamines and amino acids (AAs) are crucial for human growth, development, reproduction, and health. However, the scientific literature shows large variations in polyamine and AA concentrations among major staple foods of plant origin, and there is a scarcity of information regarding their complete composition of AAs. To provide a much-needed database, we quantified polyamines, agmatine, and AAs in select plant-source foods. On the dry matter basis, total polyamines were most abundant in corn grains, followed by soybeans, sweet potatoes, pistachio nuts, potatoes, peanuts, wheat flour and white rice in descending order. Glutamine was the most abundant AA in pistachio nuts, wheat flour and white rice, arginine in peanuts, leucine in corn grains, glutamate in soybeans, and asparagine in potatoes and sweet potatoes. Glutamine was the second most abundant AA in corn grains, peanuts, potatoes, and soybeans, arginine in pistachio nuts, proline in wheat flour, and glutamate in sweet potatoes and white rice. Free AAs represented ≤ 3.1% of total AAs in corn grains, peanuts, pistachio nuts, soybeans, wheat flour and white rice, but 34.4% and 28.5% in potatoes and sweet potatoes, respectively. Asparagine accounted for 32.3%, 17.5%, and 19.4% of total free AAs in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice, respectively. The content of histidine, glycine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and threonine was relatively low in corn grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice. All of the analyzed plant-source foods lacked taurine, creatine, carnosine and anserine (antioxidants that are abundant in meats and also present in milk), and contained little 4-hydroxyproline. Proper proportions of plant- and animal-source products are likely most desirable for optimizing human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Kinetic and Cross-Sectional Studies on the Genesis of Hypoargininemia in Severe Pediatric Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00655-18. [PMID: 30718287 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00655-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The low bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and its precursor, arginine, contributes to the microvascular pathophysiology of severe falciparum malaria. To better characterize the mechanisms underlying hypoargininemia in severe malaria, we measured the plasma concentrations of amino acids involved in de novo arginine synthesis in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria (UM; n = 61), children with cerebral falciparum malaria (CM; n = 45), and healthy children (HC; n = 109). We also administered primed infusions of l-arginine uniformly labeled with 13C6 and 15N4 to 8 children with severe falciparum malaria (SM; age range, 4 to 9 years) and 7 healthy children (HC; age range, 4 to 8 years) to measure the metabolic flux of arginine, hypothesizing that arginine flux is increased in SM. Using two different tandem mass spectrometric methods, we measured the isotopic enrichment of arginine in plasma obtained at 0, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min during the infusion. The plasma concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, proline, ornithine, citrulline, and arginine were significantly lower in UM and CM than in HC (P ≤ 0.04 for all pairwise comparisons). Of these, glutamine concentrations were the most markedly decreased: median, 457 μM (interquartile range [IQR], 400 to 508 μM) in HC, 300 μM (IQR, 256 to 365 μM) in UM, and 257 μM (IQR, 195 to 320 μM) in CM. Arginine flux during steady state was not significantly different in SM than in HC by the respective mass spectrometric methods: 93.2 μmol/h/kg of body weight (IQR, 84.4 to 129.3 μmol/h/kg) versus 88.0 μmol/h/kg (IQR, 73.0 to 102.2 μmol/h/kg) (P = 0.247) by the two mass spectrometric methods in SM and 93.7 μmol/h/kg (IQR, 79.1 to 117.8 μmol/h/kg) versus 81.0 μmol/h/kg (IQR, 75.9 to 88.6 μmol/h/kg) (P = 0.165) by the two mass spectrometric methods in HC. A limited supply of amino acid precursors for arginine synthesis likely contributes to the hypoargininemia and NO insufficiency in falciparum malaria in children.
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Zhang X, Tan X, Liu Y, You W, Liu G, Liu X, Jin Q, Wei C, Wan F, Zhao H. Alanyl-glutamine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and barrier function injury in bovine jejunum epithelial cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:670-680. [PMID: 30773024 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) on the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and barrier function in bovine jejunum epithelial cells (BJECs). BJECs were exposed (or not) to 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h to generate a pro-inflammatory model. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of Ala-Gln (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mmol/L) to detect any regulatory effects on the inflammation and barrier function of BJECs. LPS decreased cell viability and enhanced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. LPS induced inflammation and damaged the barrier function of BJECs, as evidenced by up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory factors and down-regulated expression of tight junction proteins. Conversely, Ala-Gln rescued the decrease in cell viability and prevented the accumulation of ILs after LPS exposure by reducing the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory factors. In addition, Ala-Gln induced the mRNA and protein expression of multiple tight junction proteins, and thus reconstituted the barrier function of BJECs. In conclusion, Ala-Gln attenuates injury from inflammation and repairs damaged intestinal barrier induced with LPS, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent against intestinal inflammation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Tan
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei You
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifen Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomu Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Jin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fachun Wan
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250114, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Shandong Provincial Testing Center of Beef Cattle Performance, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Center of Animal Healthy Breeding, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Alanyl-glutamine Protects Against Damage Induced by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Strains in Intestinal Cells. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:190-198. [PMID: 30247422 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important pathogen causing enteric infections worldwide. This pathotype is linked to malnutrition in children from developing countries. Alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) is an immune modulator nutrient that acts during intestinal damage and/or inflammation. This study investigated the effect of EAEC infection and Ala-Gln on cell viability, cell death, and inflammation of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC-6). METHODS Cells were infected with an EAEC prototype 042 strain, an EAEC wild-type strain isolated from a Brazilian malnourished child, and a commensal E coli HS. Gene transcription and protein levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1/CXCL1) were evaluated using RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, and ELISA. RESULTS Infections with both EAEC strains decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis and necrosis after 24 hours. Ala-Gln supplementation increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death in infected cells. Likewise, EAEC strain 042 significantly increased the transcript levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 when compared to the control group, and Ala-Gln treatment reversed this effect. Furthermore, EAEC induced CXCL1 protein levels, which were also reduced by Ala-Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that EAEC infection promotes apoptosis, necrosis, and intestinal inflammation with involvement of caspases. Supplementation of Ala-Gln inhibits cell death, increases cell proliferation, attenuates mediators associated with cell death, and inflammatory pathways in infected cells.
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Do HT, Chua YZ, Habicht J, Klinksiek M, Hallermann M, Zaitsau D, Schick C, Held C. Melting properties of peptides and their solubility in water. Part 1: dipeptides based on glycine or alanine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32722-32734. [PMID: 35529741 PMCID: PMC9073158 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Melting properties (melting temperature, melting enthalpy and heat capacity difference between liquid and solid phase) of biomolecules are indispensable for natural and engineering sciences. The direct determination of these melting properties by using conventional calorimeters for biological compounds is often not possible due to decomposition during slow heating. In the current study this drawback is overcome by using fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) to directly measure the melting properties of five dipeptides (glycyl-glycine, glycyl-l-alanine, l-alanyl-glycine, l-alanyl-l-alanine and cyclo(l-alanyl-glycine)). The experimental melting properties were used as inputs into a thermodynamic solid–liquid equilibrium relation to predict solubility of the dipeptides in water. The required activity coefficients were predicted with PC-SAFT using solubility-independent model parameters. PC-SAFT predicted different solubility profiles (solubility vs. temperature) of isomers. The predictions were validated by new experimental solubility data, and the crystal structure of the dipeptides in saturated solution was verified by X-ray diffraction. The different water solubility profiles of isomers (glycyl-l-alanine and l-alanyl-glycine) were found to be caused by the big difference in the melting enthalpy of the two dipeptides. To conclude, combining the PC-SAFT and FSC methods allows for accurate prediction of dipeptide solubility in water in a wide temperature range without the need to fit any model parameters to experimental solubility data. Combination of the PC-SAFT and FSC methods allows for accurate prediction of dipeptide solubility in water in a wide temperature range without the need to fit any model parameters to experimental solubility data.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Tam Do
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Yeong Zen Chua
- Institute of Physics
- University of Rostock
- 18051 Rostock
- Germany
- Competence Centre CALOR
| | - Jonas Habicht
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Marcel Klinksiek
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Moritz Hallermann
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Dzmitry Zaitsau
- Competence Centre CALOR
- University of Rostock
- 18051 Rostock
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics
- University of Rostock
- 18051 Rostock
- Germany
- Competence Centre CALOR
| | - Christoph Held
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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Geng S, Cheng S, Li Y, Wen Z, Ma X, Jiang X, Wang Y, Han X. Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Reduces Susceptibility to Epithelial Injury and Modulates Tryptophan Metabolism of the Microbial Community in a Piglet Model. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:1359-1374. [PMID: 30010734 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] has shown promise as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Using a piglet model, our previous study indicated that exogenous faecal microbiota can increase the expressions of tight junction proteins, mucin and antimicrobial peptide in the intestinal mucosa, suggesting a beneficial effect of FMT on gut barrier and gastrointestinal health. However, specific connections between FMT-induced microbial changes and modulation of the intestinal barrier remain to be fully illustrated. Here, we aimed to determine the potential role of metabolic function of gut microbiota in the beneficial effects of FMT. METHODS The influence of FMT on the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis was assessed by early-life gut microbiota intervention on newborn piglets and subsequent lipopolysaccharide [LPS] challenge. Analysis of the gut microbiome and metabolome was carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multiple mass spectrometry platforms. RESULTS FMT modulated the diversity and composition of colonic microbiota and reduced the susceptibility to LPS-induced destruction of epithelial integrity and severe inflammatory response. Metabolomic analysis revealed functional changes of the gut metabolome along with a significant increase of the typical microbiota-derived tryptophan catabolite indole-3-acetic acid in the colonic lumen. In concordance with the metabolome data, metagenomics prediction analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing also demonstrated that FMT modulated the metabolic functions of gut microbiota associated with indole alkaloid biosynthesis, cytochrome P450 and intestinal homeostasis, which coincided with up-regulation of cytokine interleukin-22 and enhanced activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the recipient colon. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a regulatory effect of FMT on tryptophan metabolism of gut microbiota in the recipient colon, which may play a potential role in maintenance of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saisai Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengshun Wen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Li Z, Quan G, Jiang X, Yang Y, Ding X, Zhang D, Wang X, Hardwidge PR, Ren W, Zhu G. Effects of Metabolites Derived From Gut Microbiota and Hosts on Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:314. [PMID: 30276161 PMCID: PMC6152485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metabolites participate in various physiological processes, including energy metabolism, cell-to-cell communication, and host immunity. These metabolites mainly originate from gut microbiota and hosts. Although many host metabolites are dominant in intestines, such as free fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins, the metabolites derived from gut microbiota are also essential for intestinal homeostasis. In addition, some metabolites are only generated and released by gut microbiota, such as bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, and quorum-sensing autoinducers. In this review, we summarize recent studies regarding the crosstalk between pathogens and metabolites from different sources, including the influence on bacterial development and the activation/inhibition of immune responses of hosts. All of these functions would affect the colonization of and infection by pathogens. This review provides clear ideas and directions for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms and effects of metabolites on pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guomei Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Hou Y, Wu G. L-Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1497-1510. [PMID: 30116978 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate (Glu) has traditionally not been considered as a nutrient needed in diets for humans and other animals (including swine) due to the unsubstantiated assumption that animals can synthesize sufficient amounts of Glu to meet their needs. The lack of knowledge about Glu nutrition has contributed to suboptimal efficiency of global livestock production. Over the past 25 years, there has been growing interest in Glu metabolism in the pig, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying human biology. Because of analytical advances in its analysis, Glu is now known to be a highly abundant free amino acid in milk and intracellular fluid, a major constituent of food and tissue proteins, and a key regulator of gene expression, cell signaling, and anti-oxidative reactions. Emerging evidence shows that dietary supplementation with 2% Glu maintains gut health and prevents intestinal dysfunction in weanling piglets, while enhancing their growth performance and survival. In addition, the inclusion of 2% Glu is required for dietary arginine to maximize the growth performance and feed efficiency in growing pigs, whereas dietary supplementation with 2% Glu reduces the loss of skeletal muscle mass in endotoxin-challenged pigs. Furthermore, supplementing 2% Glu to a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet promotes milk production by lactating sows. Thus, an adequate amount of dietary Glu as a quantitatively major nutrient is necessary to support maximum growth, development, and production performance of swine. These results also have important implications for improving the nutrition and health of humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China. .,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Alghamdi OA, King N, Andronicos NM, Jones GL, Chami B, Witting PK, Moens PDJ. Molecular changes to the rat renal cotransporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 due to ageing. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:71-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu N, Ma X, Luo X, Zhang Y, He Y, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. l-Glutamine Attenuates Apoptosis in Porcine Enterocytes by Regulating Glutathione-Related Redox Homeostasis. J Nutr 2018; 148:526-534. [PMID: 29659951 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death plays a fundamental role in intestinal development and mucosal homeostasis. Dysregulation of these processes is associated with an impaired intestinal-mucosal barrier, reduced nutrient absorption, and initiation and progression of intestinal diseases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a product of lipid peroxidation, is commonly used to induce oxidative stress in cells. l-Glutamine is known to protect cells from apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Objective This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by modulating glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (TXN) antioxidant systems and the expression of genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism in enterocytes. Methods Intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were cultured with or without 4-HNE (30 μmol/L) in the presence of 0.05 or 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L (a physiological concentration in the lumen of the small intestine) for indicated time periods. Cell viability, abundances of apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH, and expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of GSH, thioredoxin, and 4-HNE metabolism were determined. Results Compared with basal medium containing 0.05 mmol l-glutamine/L, 4-HNE enhanced apoptosis by 19.6% (P < 0.05) in a caspase-3-dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by elevated intracellular ROS production (39.5% and 85.3% for 2- and 4-h treatment, respectively), increased mitochondrial depolarization by 80%, and decreased intracellular GSH concentrations by 17.7%. These effects of 4-HNE were reduced by 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L. Further study showed that the protective effect of l-glutamine was associated with the enhanced expression of genes involved in GSH production (including GCLC, GCLM, GSR, CBS, and CTH) by 3.9-14-fold, as well as genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism [e.g., glutathione S-transferase A (GSTA)1 and GSTA4] by 1.9-7.2-fold. The mRNA levels for ADH5, AKR1C1, AKR1A1, and TXNRD1 were enhanced 1.4-8.8-fold by 4-HNE but were not changed in cells co-treated with 4-HNE and l-glutamine. Conclusion These findings indicate that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by regulating GSH-related redox homeostasis and enhancing GSTA-mediated metabolism in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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Alanyl-glutamine but not glycyl-glutamine improved the proliferation of enterocytes as glutamine substitution in vitro. Amino Acids 2017; 49:2023-2031. [PMID: 28861626 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic dipeptides alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) and glycyl-glutamine (Gly-Gln) are used as Gln substitution to provide energy source in the gastrointestinal tract due to their high solubility and stability. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Gln, Ala-Gln and Gly-Gln on mitochondrial respiration and protein turnover of enterocytes. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were cultured for 2 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's-F12 Ham medium (DMEM-F12) containing 2.5 mM Gln, Ala-Gln or Gly-Gln. Results from 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and flow cytometry analysis indicated that there were no differences in proliferation between free Gln and Ala-Gln-treated cells, whereas Gly-Gln treatment inhibited the cell growth compared with Gln treatment. Significantly lower mRNA expressions of Sp1 and PepT1 were also observed in Gly-Gln-treated cells than that of Ala-Gln treatment. Ala-Gln treatment increased the basal respiration and ATP production, compared with free Gln and Gly-Gln treatments. There were no differences in protein turnover between free Gln and Ala-Gln-treated cells, but Gly-Gln treatment reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation. Ala-Gln treatment stimulated mTOR activation whereas Gly-Gln decreased mTOR phosphorylation and increased the UB protein expression compared with free Gln treatment. These results indicate that Ala-Gln has the very similar functional profile to free Gln in porcine enterocytes in vitro and can be substituted Gln as energy and protein sources in the gastrointestinal tract.
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49
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Sun K, Lei Y, Wang R, Wu Z, Wu G. Cinnamicaldehyde regulates the expression of tight junction proteins and amino acid transporters in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28824802 PMCID: PMC5559818 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamicaldehyde (CA) is a key flavor compound in cinnamon essential oil possessing various bioactivities. Tight junction (TJ) proteins are vital for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial barrier function, transport, absorption and utilization of dietary amino acids and other nutrients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that CA may regulate the expression of TJ proteins and amino acid transporters in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-1) isolated from neonatal pigs. RESULTS Compared with the control, cells incubated with 25 μmol/L CA had increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and decreased paracellular intestinal permeability. The beneficial effect of CA on mucosal barrier function was associated with enhanced protein abundance for claudin-4, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3. Immunofluorescence staining showed that 25 μmol/L CA promoted the localization of claudin-1 and claudin-3 to the plasma membrane without affecting the localization of other TJ proteins, including claudin-4, occludin, ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, compared with the control cells. Moreover, protein abundances for rBAT, xCT and LAT2 in IPEC-1 cells were enhanced by 25 μmol/L CA, while that for EAAT3 was not affected. CONCLUSIONS CA improves intestinal mucosal barrier function by regulating the distribution of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in enterocytes, as well as enhancing protein abundance for amino acid transporters rBAT, xCT and LAT2 in enterocytes. Supplementation with CA may provide an effective nutritional strategy to improve intestinal integrity and amino acid transport and absorption in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiji Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yan Lei
- DadHank (Chengdu) Biotech Corp, Sichuan, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,DadHank (Chengdu) Biotech Corp, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Roles of amino acids in preventing and treating intestinal diseases: recent studies with pig models. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1277-1291. [PMID: 28616751 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are needed to study and understand a human complex disease. Because of their similarities in anatomy, structure, physiology, and pathophysiology, the pig has proven its usefulness in studying human gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diarrhea, and cancer. To understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, a number of experimental models generated in pigs are available, for example, through surgical manipulation, chemical induction, microbial infection, and genetic engineering. Our interests have been using amino acids as therapeutics in pig and human disease models. Amino acids not only play an important role in protein biosynthesis, but also exert significant physiological effects in regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, redox regulation, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and animal behavior. Recent studies in pigs have shown that specific dietary amino acids can improve intestinal integrity and function under normal and pathological conditions that protect the host from different diseases. In this review, we summarize several pig models in intestinal diseases and how amino acids can be used as therapeutics in treating pig and human diseases.
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