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Akinbule OO, Onabanjo OO, Sanni SA, Adegunwa MO, Akinbule AS, Sosanya SK, Afolabi I. Amino acid composition and protein quality of commonly consumed cooked foods in Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Chen W, Yan Q, Zhong R, Tan Z. Amino acid profiles, amino acid sensors and transporters expression and intestinal microbiota are differentially altered in goats infected with Haemonchus contortus. Amino Acids 2023; 55:371-384. [PMID: 36648537 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the nematode Haemonchus contortus causes host malnutrition and gastrointestinal injuries. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of H. contortus infection on gastrointestinal contents of free amino acids (AA), the expression of AA transporters and microbiota with a focus on amino acid metabolism. Twenty-four Xiangdong black goats (13 ± 1.5 kg, 6 months old) were randomly assigned into the control group (n = 8) and the infected group (n = 16). The results showed that H. contortus infection increased (P < 0.05) the free AA contents in jejunum and ileum digesta. The concentrations of blood threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were lower (P < 0.05) in the infected group as compared to the control group. In the jejunum and ileum epithelium, H. contortus infection significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated the expression of AA transporter b0,+AT/rBAT and B0AT1, but up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of transporter CAT2 and xCT. Furthermore, microbiota in both jejunum (Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Micrococcaceae) and ileum (Acidaminococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae) were also altered at the family level by H. contortus infection. The commensal bacteria of jejunum showed a close correlation with amino acids, AA transporters, and amino acid metabolism, especially cystine. In conclusion, H. contortus infection affected the intestinal AA contents and the expression of intestinal AA transporters, suggesting altered AA metabolism and absorption, which were accompanied by changes in the relative abundances of gut bacteria that mediate amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Effect of sous vide cooking parameters on physicochemical properties and free amino acids profile of chicken breast meat. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Xie Y, Cai L, Huang Z, Shan K, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. Plant-Based Meat Analogues Weaken Gastrointestinal Digestive Function and Show Less Digestibility Than Real Meat in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12442-12455. [PMID: 36070521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Real meat and plant-based meat analogues have different in vitro protein digestibility properties. This study aims to further explore their in vivo digestion and absorption and their effects on the gastrointestinal digestive function of mice. Compared with the real pork and beef, plant-based meat analogues significantly reduced the number of gastric parietal cells, the levels of gastrin/CCKBR, acetylcholine/AchR, Ca2+, CAMK II, PKC, and PKA, the activity of H+, K+-ATPase, and pepsin, the duodenal villus height, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and downregulated the expression of most nitrogen nutrient sensors. Peptidomics revealed that plant-based meat analogues released fewer peptides during in vivo digestion and increased the host- and microbial-derived peptides. Moreover, the real beef showed better absorption properties. These results suggested that plant-based meat analogues weaken gastrointestinal digestive function of mice, and their digestion and absorption performance in vivo is not as good as the real meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linlin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Shan
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA; Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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5
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Silva AK, Oliveira GDAR, Castro A, Prado CS, Lião LM. The most consumed beef cuts in Brazil: prices versus metabolic profile. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Chen D, Wang X, Guo Q, Deng H, Luo J, Yi K, Sun A, Chen K, Shen Q. Muscle Fatty Acids, Meat Flavor Compounds and Sensory Characteristics of Xiangxi Yellow Cattle in Comparison to Aberdeen Angus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091161. [PMID: 35565587 PMCID: PMC9101083 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate meat quality of Xiangxi yellow cattle of different ages in comparison to Aberdeen Angus. At the ages of 6, 18, and 30 months, 10 female animals for both Xiangxi yellow cattle and Aberdeen Angus cattle were randomly selected and slaughtered. The proximate composition analysis, fatty acid profiles and flavor compounds were measured on the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle samples. One boneless loin chop was dissected and used for sensory evaluation by a 10-persoon trained taste panel. The data obtained showed that Xiangxi yellow cattle deposited similarly high level of intramuscular fat as Angus at the age of 18 month and the polyunsaturated fatty acid in muscle along with the PUFA/SFA ratio reached the highest levels at this age. Inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) was the predominant umami compound in beef, which concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at month 18, but not different between Angus and Xiangxi yellow cattle. Multiple volatile flavor compounds were higher (p < 0.05) in concentrations in meat from Xiangxi yellow cattle at ages of 18 and 30 months when compared to Angus. Sensory analysis revealed that Xiangxi yellow cattle (18 and 30 months) and Angus (30 months) were superior in meat overall eating quality to Xiangxi yellow cattle (6 months) and Angus (6 and 18 months). This study showed that Xiangxi yellow cattle are a fine cattle breed with equal or even better meat quality attributes when compared to Angus. It is proper to slaughter Xiangxi yellow cattle at the age of 18 months for high quality beef production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (D.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (D.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Huifen Deng
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410127, China;
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Kangle Yi
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha 410130, China;
| | - Ao Sun
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha 410130, China;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kun Chen
- Hunan Aite Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Development Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Qingwu Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (Q.S.)
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Li C, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhao X, Liang H, Li K, Qu M, Qiu Q, Ouyang K. Glutamate Supplementation Improves Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Serum Metabolites in Heat-Stressed Hu Sheep. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851386. [PMID: 35464012 PMCID: PMC9026332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of glutamate supplementation on the physiological parameters of heat-stressed Hu sheep. Forty-eight male Hu sheep with an average initial body weight of 17.74 ± 0.17 kg were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet and a treatment group (GLU) was fed a basal diet + 3 g/head/day of L-glutamate. There were six replications in each group with four sheep in each replication for a 90 days feeding test. Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and serum hormones were measured during phase 1 (1–30 days), phase 2 (31–60 days), and phase 3 (61–90 days) of the experiment; rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and slaughter performance were measured at the end of the experimental periods. There were no differences in growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and immune indices between CON and GLU during phases 1 and 2. However, a higher average daily gain (ADG), a lower average daily feed intake (ADFI), and a lower F:G ratio (ADFI/ADG) were observed in GLU during phase 3 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of glutamate, globulin, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and growth hormone in GLU were higher than those in CON only on day 90 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of heat shock protein 70, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, corticosterone, triiodothyronine, and tetraiodothyronine in GLU were lower than those in CON on day 90 (p < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, ruminal pH, microbial crude protein, ammonia nitrogen, and isovalerate concentrations in GLU were higher than those in CON (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein in GLU was higher than those in CON (p < 0.05). There were no differences in carcass traits and organ indices but spleen weight and spleen index tended to be higher in GLU. In conclusion, dietary glutamate supplementation improved rumen fermentation, increased nutrition digestibility and metabolism, enhanced immunity, and promoted growth performance of heat-stressed Hu sheep. This suggests that a longer period of glutamate supplementation (not less than 60 days) at a level of 3 g/head/day is beneficial to Hu sheep under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiantong Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kairong Li
- Ganzhou Lvlinwan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co. Ltd., Ganzhou, China
| | - Mingren Qu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Luo S, Yang XI, Wu S, Liu M, Zhang X, Sun X, Li Y, Wang X, Wang X, Hu X. Blue Light for Inactivation of Meatborne Pathogens and Maintaining the Freshness of Beef. J Food Prot 2022; 85:553-562. [PMID: 34882203 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beef is rich in various nutrients but easily spoils due to bacterial contamination; thus, a bactericidal method is needed to inactivate meatborne pathogens while maintaining the freshness of beef. The present study was conducted to investigate for the first time the bactericidal effect of blue light (BL) at 415 nm against four meatborne pathogens (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes) both in vitro and inoculated onto the surface of fresh beef. The populations of the four pathogens on the nonirradiated control beef did not change significantly (P > 0.05), whereas a dose-dependent inactivation effect was found for BL-treated beef both in vitro and in vivo. On the beef cuts, BL at 109.44 J/cm2 inactivated 90% of inoculated cells of the tested strains (P < 0.05), and this inactivation effect was sustained during 7 days of cold storage. Insignificant changes in lipid oxidation rate, water holding capacity, and cooking loss were found during storage between the control beef and the beef irradiated at 109.44 J/cm2 at the same time. BL had a minor and nonsignificant effect on surface color and free amino acid concentrations. The pH of the treated beef increased more slowly (P < 0.05) than did that of untreated beef. These results suggest that BL could be a novel bactericide and could help maintain the freshness of beef. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - X I Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, University Avenue and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand and
| | - Minmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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9
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Xie F, Shen J, Liu T, Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ma X. Sensation of dietary nutrients by gut taste receptors and its mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5594-5607. [PMID: 34978220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients sensing is crucial for fundamental metabolism and physiological functions, and it is also an essential component for maintaining body homeostasis. Traditionally, basic taste receptors exist in oral cavity to sense sour, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and et al. Recent studies indicate that gut can sense the composition of nutrients by activating relevant taste receptors, thereby exerting specific direct or indirect effects. Gut taste receptors, also named as intestinal nutrition receptors, including at least bitter, sweet and umami receptors, have been considered to be activated by certain nutrients and participate in important intestinal physiological activities such as eating behavior, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Additionally, gut taste receptors can regulate appetite and body weight, as well as maintain homeostasis via targeting hormone secretion or regulating the gut microbiota. On the other hand, malfunction of gut taste receptors may lead to digestive disorders, and then result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. At present, researchers have confirmed that the brain-gut axis may play indispensable roles in these diseases via the secretion of brain-gut peptides, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this review, we summarize the current observation of knowledge in gut taste systems in order to shed light on revealing their important nutritional functions and promoting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Abstract
The prototypical stimuli for umami taste is monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is the sodium salt form of glutamic acid. A proportion of the population has a reduced or complete inability to taste l-glutamate independent to the sodium ion. To determine individuals’ umami discrimination status, many studies use a series of triangle tests containing isomolar (29 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) and MSG, requiring participants to correctly identify the odd sample. Across studies, inconsistent categorization criteria have been applied. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal classification criterion based on the number of tests assessed to ascertain an individual’s ability to discriminate between MSG and NaCl. Thirty-eight participants attended 3 taste assessment sessions, each involving 24 triangle tests (2 blocks of 12 tests) containing 29 mM NaCl and 29 mM MSG, detection and recognition threshold were measured for MSG, monopotassium glutamate (MPG), and sweet (sucrose) tastes. There was no learning, or fatigue trend over n = 24 (P = 0.228), and n = 12 (P = 0.940) triangle tests across each testing session. Twenty-four triangle tests produced the most consistent categorization of tasters across sessions (68.4%). The test–retest correlation across each testing session was highest for n = 24 triangle tests (ICC = 0.50), in comparison to 12 (ICC = 0.37). Overall, conducting n = 24 compared with n = 12 triangle tests provided the optimal classification to determine an individual’s ability to discriminate l-glutamate from NaCl and thus their umami discrimination status, based on the number of tests assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Djin Gie Liem
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Corresponding author: Russell Keast, CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. e-mail:
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Yoshida Y, Nishimura S, Tabata S, Kawabata F. Chicken taste receptors and perception: recent advances in our understanding of poultry nutrient-sensing systems. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2007437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshida
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Tabata
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawabata
- Physiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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12
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Martens K, Steelant B, Bullens DMA. Taste Receptors: The Gatekeepers of the Airway Epithelium. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112889. [PMID: 34831117 PMCID: PMC8616034 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are well known for their role in the sensation of taste. Surprisingly, the expression and involvement of taste receptors in chemosensory processes outside the tongue have been recently identified in many organs including the airways. Currently, a clear understanding of the airway-specific function of these receptors and the endogenous activating/inhibitory ligands is lagging. The focus of this review is on recent physiological and clinical data describing the taste receptors in the airways and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. Taste receptors in the airways are potentially involved in three different immune pathways (i.e., the production of nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides secretion, modulation of ciliary beat frequency, and bronchial smooth muscle cell relaxation). Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may alter the patients’ susceptibility to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. A better understanding of the function of taste receptors in the airways may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutic molecules that can stimulate airway mucosal immune responses and could treat patients with chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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13
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Xia Y, Cheng EH, Zheng BZ, Wu Q, Dong TT, Duan R, Qin Q, Wang W, Tsim KW. Feeding containing the aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis promotes the growth and nutritive value of rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4827-4838. [PMID: 34531995 PMCID: PMC8441375 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Teng Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Edwin Hok‐Chi Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Brody Zhong‐Yu Zheng
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Qi‐Yun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Tina Ting‐Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi‐Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen‐Xiong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Karl Wah‐Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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14
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Lim SY, Dora R, Yatiman NH, Wong JE, Haron H, Poh BK. No effect of monosodium glutamate on subjective appetite and subsequent energy intake in children of different ethnicities. Appetite 2021; 167:105629. [PMID: 34364967 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that monosodium glutamate (MSG) can enhance satiety and reduce appetite among infants and adults. In a multi-ethnic country such as Malaysia, it is also important to consider whether ethnic variations will influence the effects of MSG on appetite regulation. Thus, this crossover study aimed to investigate the effects of MSG on the subjective appetite and subsequent energy intake among Malaysian children from the three major ethnic groups, namely the Malays, Chinese and Indians. A total of 92 participants aged 9-11 years from the three ethnic groups were recruited for this study. A cup of low-energy vegetable preload soup (100g, with MSG or without MSG) was served to each of the participants on the day of the study, followed by an ad libitum meal 45 min later. Appetite ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat and desire to snack were recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS) before the preload, after the preload, before the ad libitum meal and after the ad libitum meal. Results showed that the subjective appetite of the children did not differ between preload conditions (MSG+ or MSG-) throughout the study. Malay, Chinese and Indian children had similar total energy intake during the subsequent meal after the consumption of preload soups. In conclusion, the addition of MSG to low energy preload neither influenced the perception of appetite nor total energy intake in a subsequent ad libitum meal among children. No difference attributable to the participants' ethnicity was observed. Future studies should be conducted to examine whether repeated ingestion of MSG-containing protein-rich preload has potential longer-term effects on appetite and subsequent meal intakes among children from different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim Yee Lim
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosmawati Dora
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Hafizah Yatiman
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jyh Eiin Wong
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hasnah Haron
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Bee Koon Poh
- Nutritional Sciences Programme & Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala, Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Amino acids release from enriched bread with edible insect or pea protein during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Abdallah A, Elemba E, Zhong Q, Sun Z. Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:785-798. [PMID: 32048965 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200212095503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Abdallah
- Key laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization (The Ministry of Education), Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed
Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Evera Elemba
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- Key laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization (The Ministry of Education), Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed
Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Key laboratory of Straw Biology and Utilization (The Ministry of Education), Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed
Science, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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17
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Macronutrient Sensing in the Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract: Alimentary Tastes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020667. [PMID: 33669584 PMCID: PMC7922037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous and diverse factors enabling the overconsumption of foods, with the sense of taste being one of these factors. There are four well established basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; all with perceptual independence, salience, and hedonic responses to encourage or discourage consumption. More recently, additional tastes have been added to the basic taste list including umami and fat, but they lack the perceptual independence and salience of the basics. There is also emerging evidence of taste responses to kokumi and carbohydrate. One interesting aspect is the link with the new and emerging tastes to macronutrients, with each macronutrient having two distinct perceptual qualities that, perhaps in combination, provide a holistic perception for each macronutrient: fat has fat taste and mouthfeel; protein has umami and kokumi; carbohydrate has sweet and carbohydrate tastes. These new tastes can be sensed in the oral cavity, but they have more influence post- than pre-ingestion. Umami, fat, kokumi, and carbohydrate tastes have been suggested as an independent category named alimentary. This narrative review will present and discuss evidence for macronutrient sensing throughout the alimentary canal and evidence of how each of the alimentary tastes may influence the consumption of foods.
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18
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Choi Y, Lee S, Na Y. Effects of a pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) cannery by-product on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing Hanwoo steers. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:233-242. [PMID: 32819084 PMCID: PMC7876721 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple cannery by-product (PCB) level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Hanwoo steers. Methods The feeding stage was divided into early and late finishing stages. A total of 60 castrated Hanwoo steers (13.9±0.8 months old, 418.8±36.5 kg initial body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and then randomly allotted into 12 pens (five head/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to control (CONT), low PCB (LPCB), or high PCB (HPCB) treatments. These diets contained 0%, 1.5%, or 3.0% of PCB (on a dry matter [DM] basis; as-fed basis was 0%, 10.6%, or 21.2%), respectively. Results For the early finishing stage, body weight gain (BWG) and average daily gain (ADG) of the CONT and LPCB feeding groups were greater (p<0.05) than those of the HPCB feeding group. In addition, there were linear and quadratic effects on BWG and ADG with increasing dietary PCB level (p<0.05). The gain to feed (G:F) ratio tends to quadratically decrease with an increasing PCB level in the early finishing stage (p = 0.076). Growth performances of late finishing stage were not affected by PCB level. The marbling score of the LPCB feeding group was similar to that of the CONT feeding group. However, there was a linear decrease (p< 0.05) in marbling score and quality grade among treatments as PCB was increased in the diet. In the longissimus muscle free amino acid profile, histidine composition increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing level of PCB. Conclusion The level of PCB 1.5% DM in diet can be used for finishing steers without any adverse effects on growth and carcass performances. However, there were some negative effects on growth and carcass performance in the HPCB feeding group.
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19
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Kantono K, Hamid N, Ma Q, Oey I, Farouk M. Changes in the physicochemical properties of chilled and frozen-thawed lamb cuts subjected to pulsed electric field processing. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110092. [PMID: 33641968 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent interest in the use of pulse electric field (PEF) processing of muscle foods to improve food quality. In this study, the effects of PEF processing and storage (0 and 7 days) on the physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of different frozen thawed and chilled lamb meat cuts were investigated. Seven lamb cuts (knuckle, rump, topside, shoulder shank, loin and rib) were treated at electric field strengths of 1-1.4 kV.cm-1, specific energy of 88-109 kJ.kg-1, frequency of 90 Hz, pulse width of 20 µs, and pulse number of 964. PEF had less effects on cooking loss when applied to frozen-thawed meat compared to chilled meat samples. PEF treatment of all chilled cuts at 0 and 7 days storage significantly decreased fatty acids. PEF treated chilled topside, knuckle, rump anf loin cuts stored for 7 days resulted in significantly increased amino acids content. PEF treatment of almost all frozen lamb cuts (except rib cut) that were stored for 7 days significantly increased TBARS value, decreased fatty acids, and increased amino acids content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kantono
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nazimah Hamid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO BOX 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mustafa Farouk
- AgResearch MIRINZ, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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20
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Landy N, Kheiri F, Faghani M. Effects of periodical application of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed on performance, immunity, total antioxidant activity of serum and intestinal development of broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:134-141. [PMID: 33997341 PMCID: PMC8110846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to examine the effect of periodical application of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed (BPC) in comparison with using sub-therapeutic doses of lincomycin and the excessive inclusion of vitamin E on performance, immunity, total antioxidant capacity of serum and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-d-old male broiler chicks with similar initial weight (Ross strain) were randomly assigned to 6 groups (8 chicks/pen): non-treated group (basal diet), basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg lincomycin, basal diet supplemented with 50 IU vitamin E, basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg in starter period, basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg in starter and grower periods and basal diet supplemented with 6 g BPC/kg throughout the whole experiment. The highest final body weight was obtained in the group supplemented with BPC in starter and grower periods. In the finisher phase, broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the starter period and in the whole trial had significantly (P < 0.05) better feed conversion ratios (FCR). Jejunal villus height was significantly elevated in broilers supplemented with antibiotic (P < 0.001), furthermore it tended to be greater in broilers fed BPC in the starter period. The jejunal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in broilers fed the diet containing antibiotic in comparison to other groups. Humoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine tended to be elevated in broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the whole trial (P > 0.05). Broilers supplemented with BPC in starter and grower, and in the whole trial had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The highest total antioxidant capacity was obtained in broilers supplemented with the excessive level of vitamin E, furthermore it tended to improve in broilers fed the diet containing BPC in the whole trial. In summary, the results of the study indicated that addition of BPC in broiler diets in the whole trial could improve FCR, immune responses and total antioxidant activity of serum, and BPC could be used in broiler diets as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Landy
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
| | - Farshid Kheiri
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
| | - Mostafa Faghani
- Department of Animal Science, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 8813733395, Iran
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21
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Müller M, Ryoo MCK, Roura E. Gut sensing of dietary amino acids, peptides and proteins, and feed-intake regulation in pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Feinle-Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. Nutrient-sensing components of the mouse stomach and the gastric ghrelin cell. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13944. [PMID: 32666613 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of the gut to detect nutrients is critical to the regulation of gut hormone secretion, food intake, and postprandial blood glucose control. Ingested nutrients are detected by specific gut chemosensors. However, knowledge of these chemosensors has primarily been derived from the intestine, while available information on gastric chemosensors is limited. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient-sensing repertoire of the mouse stomach with particular emphasis on ghrelin cells. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of nutrient chemosensors (protein: G protein-coupled receptor 93 [GPR93], calcium-sensing receptor [CaSR], metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 [mGluR4]; fatty acids: CD36, FFAR2&4; sweet/umami taste: T1R3), taste transduction components (TRPM5, GNAT2&3), and ghrelin and ghrelin-processing enzymes (PC1/3, ghrelin O-acyltransferase [GOAT]) in the gastric corpus and antrum of adult male C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess protein expression of chemosensors (GPR93, T1R3, CD36, and FFAR4) and their co-localization with ghrelin. KEY RESULTS Most nutrient chemosensors had higher mRNA levels in the antrum compared to the corpus, except for CD36, GNAT2, ghrelin, and GOAT. Similar regional distribution was observed at the protein level. At least 60% of ghrelin-positive cells expressed T1R3 and FFAR4, and over 80% expressed GPR93 and CD36. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The cellular mechanisms for the detection of nutrients are expressed in a region-specific manner in the mouse stomach and gastric ghrelin cells. These gastric nutrient chemosensors may play a role modulating gastrointestinal responses, such as the inhibition of ghrelin secretion following food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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ZhuGe R, Roura E, Behrens M. Editorial: Extra-Oral Taste Receptors: Function, Disease and Evolution. Front Physiol 2020; 11:607134. [PMID: 33192623 PMCID: PMC7662156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.607134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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25
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Rigamonti AE, Leoncini R, De Col A, Tamini S, Cicolini S, Abbruzzese L, Cella SG, Sartorio A. The Appetite-Suppressant and GLP-1-Stimulating Effects of Whey Proteins in Obese Subjects are Associated with Increased Circulating Levels of Specific Amino Acids. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030775. [PMID: 32183423 PMCID: PMC7146343 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The satiating effect of whey proteins depends upon their unique amino acid composition because there is no difference when comparing whey proteins or a mix of amino acids mimicking the amino acid composition of whey proteins. The specific amino acids underlying the satiating effect of whey proteins have not been investigated to date. AIMS AND METHODS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the appetite-suppressant effect of an isocaloric drink containing whey proteins or maltodextrins on appetite (satiety/hunger measured by a visual analogue scale or VAS), anorexigenic gastrointestinal peptides (circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY)) and amino acids (circulating levels of single, total [TAA] and branched-chain amino acids [BCAA]) in a cohort of obese female subjects (n = 8; age: 18.4 ± 3.1 years; body mass index, BMI: 39.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2). RESULTS Each drink significantly increased satiety and decreased hunger, the effects being more evident with whey proteins than maltodextrins. Similarly, circulating levels of GLP-1, PYY and amino acids (TAA, BCAA and alanine, arginine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine) were significantly higher with whey proteins than maltodextrins. In subjects administered whey proteins (but not maltodextrins), isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, and valine were significantly correlated with hunger (negatively), satiety, and GLP-1 (positively). CONCLUSIONS Eight specific amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, and valine) were implicated in the appetite-suppressant and GLP-1-stimulating effects of whey proteins, which may be mediated by their binding with nutrient-sensing receptors expressed by L cells within the gastrointestinal wall. The long-term satiating effect of whey proteins and the effectiveness of a supplementation with these amino acids (i.e., as a nutraceutical intervention) administered during body weight reduction programs need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello E. Rigamonti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-17013; Fax: +39-02-503-17011
| | - Roberto Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alessandra De Col
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.T.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Sofia Tamini
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.T.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Sabrina Cicolini
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.T.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Laura Abbruzzese
- Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy;
| | - Silvano G. Cella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.T.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo (VB), Italy;
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McVeay C, Fitzgerald PCE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of Duodenal Infusion of Lauric Acid and L-Tryptophan, Alone and Combined, on Fasting Glucose, Insulin and Glucagon in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112697. [PMID: 31703434 PMCID: PMC6893799 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12'), and the amino acid, tryptophan ('Trp'), when given intraduodenally at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, have recently been shown to stimulate plasma cholecystokinin, suppress ghrelin and reduce energy intake much more markedly when combined. Both fatty acids and amino acids stimulate insulin secretion by distinct mechanisms; fatty acids enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while amino acids may have a direct effect on pancreatic β cells. Therefore, it is possible that, by combining these nutrients, their effects to lower blood glucose may be enhanced. We have investigated the potential for the combination of C12 and Trp to have additive effects to reduce blood glucose. To address this question, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured in 16 healthy, lean males during duodenal infusions of saline (control), C12 (0.3 kcal/min), Trp (0.1 kcal/min), or C12+Trp (0.4 kcal/min), for 90 min. Both C12 and C12+Trp moderately reduced plasma glucose compared with control (p < 0.05). C12+Trp, but not C12 or Trp, stimulated insulin and increased the insulin-to-glucose ratio (p < 0.05). There was no effect on plasma glucagon. In conclusion, combined intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp reduced fasting glucose in healthy men, and this decrease was driven primarily by C12. The effects of these nutrients on postprandial blood glucose and elevated fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes warrant evaluation.
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Cho Y, Lee J, Lee MY, Cho HY, Choi MJ. Effects of Hydrolyzed Animal Protein on the Enhancement of Saltiness and Quality Characteristics of White Pan Bread. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Roura E, Depoortere I, Navarro M. Review: Chemosensing of nutrients and non-nutrients in the human and porcine gastrointestinal tract. Animal 2019; 13:2714-2726. [PMID: 31387651 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an interface between the external and internal milieus that requires continuous monitoring for nutrients or pathogens and toxic chemicals. The study of the physiological/molecular mechanisms, mediating the responses to the monitoring of the GIT contents, has been referred to as chemosensory science. While most of the progress in this area of research has been obtained in laboratory rodents and humans, significant steps forward have also been reported in pigs. The objective of this review was to update the current knowledge on nutrient chemosensing in pigs in light of recent advances in humans and laboratory rodents. A second objective relates to informing the existence of nutrient sensors with their functionality, particularly linked to the gut peptides relevant to the onset/offset of appetite. Several cell types of the intestinal epithelium such as Paneth, goblet, tuft and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contain subsets of chemosensory receptors also found on the tongue as part of the taste system. In particular, EECs show specific co-expression patterns between nutrient sensors and/or transceptors (transport proteins with sensing functions) and anorexigenic hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), amongst others. In addition, the administration of bitter compounds has an inhibitory effect on GIT motility and on appetite through GLP-1-, CCK-, ghrelin- and PYY-labelled EECs in the human small intestine and colon. Furthermore, the mammalian chemosensory system is the target of some bacterial metabolites. Recent studies on the human microbiome have discovered that commensal bacteria have developed strategies to stimulate chemosensory receptors and trigger host cellular functions. Finally, the study of gene polymorphisms related to nutrient sensors explains differences in food choices, food intake and appetite between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gut Peptide Research Lab, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Wu P, Luo S, Li J, Wang Q, Huang P, Li Y, Ding X, Hou Z, Wu D, Huang J, Tu Q, Yang H. Effects of oral monosodium glutamate administration on serum metabolomics of suckling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:269-279. [PMID: 31553089 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration with glutamate on metabolism of suckling piglets based on 1 H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectroscopy through the level of metabolism. Forty-eight healthy [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets born on the same day with a similar birth bodyweight (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) were obtained from six sows (8 piglets per sow). The piglets from each sow were randomly assigned into four treatments (2 piglets per treatment). The piglets were given 0.09 g/kg body weight (BW) of sodium chloride (CN group), 0.03 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (LMG group), 0.25 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (MMG group) and 0.50 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (HMG group) twice a day respectively. An 1 H NMR-based metabolomics' study found that the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) significantly reduced serum citrate content in 7-day-old piglets, while HMG significantly increased serum trimethylamine content and significantly reduced unsaturated fat content in 7-day-old piglets (p < .05). The content of glutamine, trimethylamine, albumin, choline and urea nitrogen was significantly increased and the creatinine content decreased significantly in the 21-day-old HMG (p < .05). Analysis of serum hormones revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) content in the 21-day-old HMG was highest (p < .05). The cholecystokinin (CCK) content in the HMG of 7-day-old piglets was lower than that in the LMG (p < .05), and the CCK content in the serum of the 21-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). The serum leptin levels in the 21-day-old HMG were the lowest (p < .05). The serum insulin content in the 7-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). This study suggests that MSG plays an important role in the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein (amino acids). These results provide a theoretical basis for designing piglet feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Fujian Aonong Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xueqin Ding
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenping Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Duanqin Wu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
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Free Amino Acid Content in Human Milk is Associated with Infant Gender and Weight Gain during the First Four Months of Lactation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092239. [PMID: 31533347 PMCID: PMC6770539 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a growing interest regarding the physiological role of free amino acids (FAA) present in human milk (HM). Recent studies show FAA in HM could be influenced by infants’ gender and could have an important role in their growth and development. We studied the concentrations of FAA in HM and potential associations with infants’ gender and their patterns of growth in a cohort of Ecuadorian women. Methods: Human milk samples were collected after approximately eight hours of overnight fast within one week (colostrum), 2 weeks (transition milk), and 2 and/or 4 months (mature milk) after parturition. Free AA were determined by cation-exchange chromatography separation. Results: We observed significantly higher concentrations of Glu 14.40 (1.35, 27.44), Gly 1.82 (0.24, 3.4), Cys 0.36 (0.03, 0.68), and Tyr 0.24 (0.02, 0.46) in HM intended for boys. Free Glu, Gly, Cys, and Tyr concentrations increased with time of lactation. In addition, there were higher concentrations of Glu 28.62 (1.78, 55.46) and Ala 7.16 (1.26, 13.06) in HM for children that presented faster weight gain than for those with slower gain. Conclusions: The present results showed that there are differences in FAA levels in HM intended for male and fast-growing children.
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Wang H, Murthy KS, Grider JR. Expression patterns of L-amino acid receptors in the murine STC-1 enteroendocrine cell line. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:471-483. [PMID: 31410629 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gut function depends on the detection and response to luminal contents. Luminal L-amino acids (L-AA) are detected by several receptors including metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 and 4 (mGluR1 and mGluR4), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), GPRC family C group 6 subtype A receptor (GPRC6A) and umami taste receptor heterodimer T1R1/T1R3. Here, we show that murine mucosal homogenates and STC-1 cells, a murine enteroendocrine cell line, express mRNA for all L-AA receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of all L-AA receptors on STC-1 with CaSR being most commonly expressed and T1R1 least expressed (35% versus 15% of cells); mGluRs and GPRC6a were intermediate (~ 20% of cells). Regarding coexpression of L-AA receptors, the mGluRs and T1R1 were similarly coexpressed with CaSR (10-12% of cells) whereas GPRC6a was coexpressed least (7% of cells). mGluR1 was coexpressed with GPRC6a in 11% of cells whereas coexpression between other receptors was less (2-8% of cells). CaSR and mGluR1 were coexpressed with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in 20-25% of cells whereas T1R1 and GPRC6a were coexpressed with GLP-1 and PYY less (8-12% of cells). Only mGluR4 showed differential coexpression with GLP-1 (13%) and PYY (21%). L-Phenylalanine (10 mM) caused a 3-fold increase in GLP-1 release, which was strongly inhibited by siRNA to CaSR indicating functional coupling of CaSR to GLP-1 release. The results suggest that not all STC-1 cells express (and coexpress) L-AA receptors to the same extent and that the pattern of response likely depends on the pattern of expression of L-AA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Karnam S Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - John R Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 908551, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Tian M, Heng J, Song H, Shi K, Lin X, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Regulate Food Intake Partly through Intestinal and Hypothalamic Amino Acid Receptors in Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6809-6818. [PMID: 31134808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to increase feed intake are of great importance for producing more meat in swine production. Intestinal and hypothalamic amino acid receptors are found to largely participate in feed intake regulation. The purpose of the current research is to study the function of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation in the regulation of feed intake through sensors that can detect amino acids in piglets. Twenty-four piglets were assigned one of four treatments and fed one of the experimental diets for either a short period (Expt. 1) or a long period (Expt. 2): a normal protein diet (NP, 20.04% CP), a reduced-protein diet (RP, 17.05% CP), or a reduced-protein test diet supplemented with one of two doses of BCAAs (BCAA1, supplemented with 0.13% l-isoleucine, 0.09% l-leucine, and 0.23% l-valine; BCAA2, supplemented with the 150% standardized ileal digestibility BCAA requirement, as recommended by the National Research Council (2012)). In Expt. 1, no differences were observed in the feed intake among piglets fed different diets ( P > 0.05). In Expt. 2, compared with the RP group, the feed intake of piglets was significantly increased after sufficient BCAAs were supplemented in the BCAA1 group, which was associated with decreased cholecystokinin secretion ( P < 0.05), down-regulated expression of type-1 taste receptors 1/3 (T1R1/T1R3) in the intestine, as well as increased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, activated general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the hypothalamus ( P < 0.05). However, the feed intake was decreased for unknown reasons when the piglets were fed a BCAA over-supplemented diet. Our study confirmed that a BCAA-deficient diet inhibited feed intake through two potential ways: regulating the amino acid T1R1/T1R3 receptor in the intestine or activating GCN2/eIF2α pathways in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Hanqing Song
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Kui Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Hou Y, He W, Hu S, Wu G. Composition of polyamines and amino acids in plant-source foods for human consumption. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1153-1165. [PMID: 31197570 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyamines and amino acids (AAs) are crucial for human growth, development, reproduction, and health. However, the scientific literature shows large variations in polyamine and AA concentrations among major staple foods of plant origin, and there is a scarcity of information regarding their complete composition of AAs. To provide a much-needed database, we quantified polyamines, agmatine, and AAs in select plant-source foods. On the dry matter basis, total polyamines were most abundant in corn grains, followed by soybeans, sweet potatoes, pistachio nuts, potatoes, peanuts, wheat flour and white rice in descending order. Glutamine was the most abundant AA in pistachio nuts, wheat flour and white rice, arginine in peanuts, leucine in corn grains, glutamate in soybeans, and asparagine in potatoes and sweet potatoes. Glutamine was the second most abundant AA in corn grains, peanuts, potatoes, and soybeans, arginine in pistachio nuts, proline in wheat flour, and glutamate in sweet potatoes and white rice. Free AAs represented ≤ 3.1% of total AAs in corn grains, peanuts, pistachio nuts, soybeans, wheat flour and white rice, but 34.4% and 28.5% in potatoes and sweet potatoes, respectively. Asparagine accounted for 32.3%, 17.5%, and 19.4% of total free AAs in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice, respectively. The content of histidine, glycine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and threonine was relatively low in corn grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice. All of the analyzed plant-source foods lacked taurine, creatine, carnosine and anserine (antioxidants that are abundant in meats and also present in milk), and contained little 4-hydroxyproline. Proper proportions of plant- and animal-source products are likely most desirable for optimizing human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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McVeay C, Fitzgerald PCE, Ullrich SS, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on gut hormones, pyloric pressures, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1335-1343. [PMID: 31051504 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12'), and the amino acid, L-tryptophan ('Trp'), modulate gastrointestinal functions including gut hormones and pyloric pressures, which are important for the regulation of energy intake, and both potently suppress energy intake. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that do not affect energy intake individually, when combined will reduce energy intake, which is associated with greater modulation of gut hormones and pyloric pressures. DESIGN Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 24 ± 1.5 y) received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline (control), C12 (0.3 kcal/min), Trp (0.1 kcal/min), or C12 + Trp (0.4 kcal/min), in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations, appetite perceptions, and gastrointestinal symptoms at 15-min intervals. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a standardized buffet meal was quantified. RESULTS C12 + Trp markedly reduced energy intake (kcal; control: 1,232 ± 72, C12: 1,180 ± 82, Trp: 1,269 ± 73, C12 + Trp: 1,056 ± 106), stimulated plasma CCK (AUC(area under the curve)0-90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 21 ± 8; C12: 129 ± 15; Trp: 97 ± 16; C12 + Trp: 229 ± 22) and GLP-1 (AUC0-90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 102 ± 41; C12: 522 ± 102; Trp: 198 ± 63; C12 + Trp: 545 ± 138), and suppressed ghrelin (AUC0-90 min, pg/mL*min; control: -3,433 ± 2,647; C12: -11,825 ± 3,521; Trp: -8,417 ± 3,734; C12 + Trp: -18,188 ± 4,165) concentrations, but did not stimulate tonic, or phasic, pyloric pressures, compared with the control (all P < 0.05), or have adverse effects. C12 and Trp each stimulated CCK (P < 0.05), but to a lesser degree than C12 + Trp, and did not suppress energy intake or ghrelin. C12, but not Trp, stimulated GLP-1 (P < 0.05) and phasic pyloric pressures (P < 0.05), compared with the control. CONCLUSION The combined intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, substantially reduces energy intake, which is associated with a marked stimulation of CCK and suppression of ghrelin. The study was registered as a clinical trial at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au,) as 12613000899741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Umami as an 'Alimentary' Taste. A New Perspective on Taste Classification. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010182. [PMID: 30654496 PMCID: PMC6356469 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Applied taste research is increasingly focusing on the relationship with diet and health, and understanding the role the sense of taste plays in encouraging or discouraging consumption. The concept of basic tastes dates as far back 3000 years, where perception dominated classification with sweet, sour, salty, and bitter consistently featuring on basic taste lists throughout history. Advances in molecular biology and the recent discovery of taste receptors and ligands has increased the basic taste list to include umami and fat taste. There is potential for a plethora of other new basic tastes pending the discovery of taste receptors and ligands. Due to the possibility for an ever-growing list of basic tastes it is pertinent to critically evaluate whether new tastes, including umami, are suitably positioned with the four classic basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). The review critically examines the evidence that umami, and by inference other new tastes, fulfils the criteria for a basic taste, and proposes a subclass named ‘alimentary’ for tastes not meeting basic criteria.
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36
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Mennella JA, Papas MA, Reiter AR, Stallings VA, Trabulsi JC. Early rapid weight gain among formula-fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12503. [PMID: 30629845 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND What and how infants are fed are considered important determinants for the risk factor of early rapid gain weight. OBJECTIVES We conducted secondary analyses on data from a randomized clinical trial, wherein infants randomized to feed cow milk formula had double the incidence of early rapid weight gain than those fed extensively hydrolyzed protein formula, to determine whether maternal feeding styles had independent effects or interactive effects with infant formula type on early rapid weight gain. METHODS Anthropometry and feeding patterning (number of daily formula feeds) were measured monthly, and maternal feeding styles were measured at 0.5, 3.5, and 4.5 months. Longitudinal models were fitted using generalized estimating equations and separate logistic models conducted. RESULTS The treatment groups did not differ in formula feeding patterning or in maternal feeding styles, which were stable across the first 4.5 months. Feeding styles had no significant effects on early rapid weight gain and did not interact with formula group. However, type of infant formula had a direct and independent impact on early rapid weight gain (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The type of infant formula had a differential impact on early rapid weight gain independent of maternal feeding style, highlighting the self-regulatory capabilities of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mennella
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M A Papas
- Christiana Care Health System Value Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - A R Reiter
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - V A Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J C Trabulsi
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware College of Health and Sciences, Newark, Delaware
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Mennella JA, Inamdar L, Pressman N, Schall JI, Papas MA, Schoeller D, Stallings VA, Trabulsi JC. Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1015-1025. [PMID: 30295700 PMCID: PMC6250982 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Millions of infants are fed breast milk substitutes, and the type of infant formula can impact weight gain patterns. Objective We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the direct impact of 2 types of infant formula (cow milk formula, CMF; extensively protein hydrolyzed formula, EHF) on growth and energy balance. Design A racially diverse group of formula-fed infants (n = 113) were randomly assigned to either CMF or EHF from the age of 0.75 to 12.5 mo. At each monthly visit, anthropometric measures were obtained to determine growth z scores and weight gain velocity, and to categorize early weight gain patterns as rapid or nonrapid. Also, diet records were collected to determine energy from formula and other sources. Comprehensive assessments of energy balance (intake, expenditure, loss) were made at 0.75, 3.5, and 12.5 mo. Results Beginning 3 wk after randomization, CMF infants had significantly higher weight, but not length, z scores than did EHF infants, and this persisted after solid foods complemented the formula diet. On average, weight gain velocity from 0.75 to 4.5 mo was within the range of typically growing infants for both groups, yet velocity was 3.9 g/d greater for CMF infants (P = 0.002), who were more likely to be classified as an early rapid weight gainer, than EHF infants (46% compared with 18%; P = 0.007). Early differences in energy intake and fecal loss, yielding greater energy available for deposition among CMF infants, contributed to the differential weight gain patterns. There were no significant differences between the formula treatment groups in total energy expenditure or sleeping energy expenditure. Conclusions Among healthy infants, the type of formula impacted on early rapid weight gain patterns owing to energy intake and loss mechanisms. Research is needed to identify the macronutrients and other compositional constituents in EHF and breast milk that promote satiation and healthy weight gain during sensitive periods of development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01700205.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joan I Schall
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Virginia A Stallings
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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38
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Longitudinal Variation of Amino Acid Levels in Human Milk and Their Associations with Infant Gender. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091233. [PMID: 30189593 PMCID: PMC6163519 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is discussed that specific amino acids (AAs) have functional roles in early life. Understanding the AA composition in human milk (HM) during lactation assists in specifying these roles. To this end we assessed the levels of free AAs (FAAs), total AAs (free and bound, TAAs) and protein levels in HM in the first 6 months of lactation, and evaluated possible associations with infant gender. HM samples of 25 healthy Dutch mothers participating in the PreventCD study were collected monthly during the first 6 months of lactation. Of the participating mothers, 12 gave birth to a boy and 13 gave birth to a girl. Analyses of the HM samples revealed that levels of free glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, glycine, and serine significantly increased during months 1–3 of lactation, both in absolute sense and relative to TAA levels. Evaluation of gender differences by mixed model analyses revealed an association between female infant gender and higher protein content (p = 0.0465) and TAA content (p = 0.0362) in HM during the first 3 months of lactation. Furthermore, there was a tendency for an association of male infant gender with higher levels of free glutamine (p = 0.0948) in HM during the first 3 months of lactation. These results show that FAA, TAA and protein levels in HM display a time-specific occurrence during lactation. Moreover, although confirmation is necessary in view of the small sample size, this study indicates that the AA composition in HM shows differential effects of the infant’s sex.
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Abstract
The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 mo of life to promote optimal infant health and development. Understanding the micro- and macronutrient concentrations of human milk and how each nutrient fluctuates with lactational stage, maternal factors, and supplementation is imperative for supporting good breastfeeding practices. Where maternal undernutrition compromises human milk quality, a thorough awareness of the effectiveness of interventions can direct efforts to achieve both maternal and infant nutrient sufficiency. This review of current knowledge covers trends in nutrient concentrations over the course of lactation and describes the influence of maternal intake, status, supplementation, and other factors on human milk concentrations of each nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna K Dror
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
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40
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Wang Y, Li C, Li L, Yang X, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Wei Y. Effect of Bacterial Community and Free Amino Acids on the Content of Biogenic Amines During Fermentation of Yu-lu, a Chinese Fermented Fish Sauce. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2018.1450573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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41
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The Role of the Japanese Traditional Diet in Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns around the World. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020173. [PMID: 29401650 PMCID: PMC5852749 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As incomes steadily increase globally, traditional diets have been displaced by diets that are usually animal-based with a high content of “empty calories” or refined sugars, refined fats, and alcohol. Dietary transition coupled with the expansion of urbanization and lower physical activity have been linked to the global growth in the prevalence of obesity, overweight and life style-related non-communicable diseases. The challenge is in how to reverse the trend of high consumption of less healthy food by more healthful and more environmentally sustainable diets. The increasing recognition that each individual has specific needs depending on age, metabolic condition, and genetic profile adds complexity to general nutritional considerations. If we were to promote the consumption of low-energy and low salt but nutritious diets, taste becomes a relevant food quality. The Japanese traditional diet (Washoku), which is characterized by high consumption of fish and soybean products and low consumption of animal fat and meat, relies on the effective use of umami taste to enhance palatability. There may be a link between Washoku and the longevity of the people in Japan. Thus Washoku and umami may be valuable tools to support healthy eating.
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42
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Comparison of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of fermented soybean-based red pepper paste, Gochujang, prepared with five different red pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 55:792-801. [PMID: 29391645 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to identify physicochemical properties and evaluate bioactive compound levels and antioxidant characteristics at 30 day intervals during the 90 days of fermentation of gochujang fortified with five different varieties of red pepper: Juktoma pepper (RP1), facing heaven pepper (RP2), Thai chili pepper (RP3), bird's eye pepper (RP4), and red bell pepper (RP5). Physicochemicals properties, including reducing sugar, capsaicin, pH, β-carotene, and color parameters, of gochujang were evaluated. Antioxidant compounds of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were analyzed with antioxidant activities of DPPH and FRAP assays. The results showed that gochujangs (GRP1, GRP5) fortified with RP1, and RP5, had consistently higher values of reducing sugars, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids with antioxidant activities, but lower values of capsaicin, pH, β-carotene, and color parameters as compared to GRP2, GRP3, GRP4 during 90 days of fermentation. GRP5 especially had the highest reducing sugar, amino acid contents, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids with antioxidant activities and the lowest value of capsaicin during the 90 days of fermentation.
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43
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Zhou H, Yu B, Gao J, Htoo JK, Chen D. Regulation of intestinal health by branched-chain amino acids. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:3-11. [PMID: 29164733 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Besides its primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the intestine also interacts with a complex external milieu, and is the first defense line against noxious pathogens and antigens. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrients, which are the essential substrates for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence showed that BCAAs are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with BCAAs promotes intestinal development, enhances enterocyte proliferation, increases intestinal absorption of amino acids (AA) and glucose, and improves the immune defenses of piglets. The underlying mechanism of these effects is mediated by regulating expression of genes and proteins associate with various signaling pathways. In addition, BCAAs promote the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of mice. Compelling evidence supports the notion that BCAAs play important roles in both nutrition and intestinal health. Therefore, as functional amino acids with various physiological effects, BCAAs hold key roles in promoting intestinal development and health in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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44
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He L, Zhou X, Huang N, Li H, Cui Z, Tian J, Jiang Q, Liu S, Wu J, Li T, Yao K, Yin Y. Administration of alpha-ketoglutarate improves epithelial restitution under stress injury in early-weaning piglets. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91965-91978. [PMID: 29190890 PMCID: PMC5696156 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is an important cellular metabolite that participates in energy production and amino acid metabolism. However, the protective effects and mechanism of AKG on mucosal lesions have not been well understood. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary AKG supplementation on epithelial restitution in early-weaning piglets under Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. A total of 32 weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design; the major factors were dietary treatment (basal diet or AKG diet) and inflammatory challenge (LPS or saline). The results showed that AKG supplementation improved the growth performance and intestinal morphology in the LPS-induced early-weaning piglets. Compared with the basal diet, the AKG diet remarkably decreased the concentration and mRNA expression of intestinal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) in the LPS-induced piglets. Moreover, AKG administration upregulated the mRNA expression of nutrient-sensing transporters (GLUT-2, SGLT-1, PEPT-1, I-FABP2) in the small intestine of both saline- and LPS-treated piglets, and improved the distribution and expression of tight-junction genes andproteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudins, E-cadherin). Collectively, our findings indicate that AKG has the potential to alleviate intestinal inflammatory response and improve epithelial restitution and nutrient-sensing ability under stress injury in early-weaning piglets, and it also provides an experimental basis for enteral use of AKG in swine production and clinical application to prevent intestinal epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Niu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhijie Cui
- Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Junquan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, China
| | - Shaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410006, China
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45
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Increases in circulating amino acids with in-feed antibiotics correlated with gene expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in piglets. Amino Acids 2017. [PMID: 28623466 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In-feed antibiotics have been commonly used to promote the growth performance of piglets. The antibiotics can increase protein utilization, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of in-feed antibiotics on intestinal AA transporters and receptors to test the hypothesis that the alteration of circulating AA profiles may be concomitant with the change of intestinal AA transporters and receptors. Sixteen litters of piglets at day 7 started to receive creep feed with (Antibiotic) or without (Control) antibiotic. Piglets were weaned at day 23 after birth, and fed the same diets until day 42. In-feed antibiotics did not affect the BW of 23-day-old (P = 0.248), or 42-day-old piglets (P = 0.089), but increased the weight gain to feed ratio from day 23 to 42 (P = 0.020). At day 42 after birth, antibiotic treatment increased the concentrations of most AAs in serum (P < 0.05), and decreased the concentrations of most AAs in jejunal and ileal digesta. Antibiotics upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression levels for jejunal AAs transporters (CAT1, EAAC1, ASCT2, y+LAT1), peptide transporters (PepT1), and Na+-K+-ATPase (ATP1A1), and ileal AA transporters (ASCT2, y+LAT1, b0,+AT, and B0AT1), and ATP1A1. The antibiotics also upregulated the mRNA expression of jejunal AAs receptors T1R3 and CaSR, and ileal T1R3. Protein expression levels for jejunal AA transporters (EAAC1, b0,+AT, and ASCT2) and PepT1 were also upregulated. Correlation analysis revealed that the alterations of AA profiles in serum after the in-feed antibiotics were correlated with the upregulations of mRNA expression levels for key AA transporters and receptors in the small intestine. In conclusion, the in-feed antibiotics increased serum level of most AAs and decreased most AAs in the small intestine. These changes correlated with the upregulations of mRNA expression levels for key AA transporters and receptors in the small intestine. The findings provide further insights into the mechanism of in-feed antibiotics, which may provide new framework for designing alternatives to antibiotics in animal feed in the future.
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46
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Wu G, Cross HR, Gehring KB, Savell JW, Arnold AN, McNeill SH. Composition of free and peptide-bound amino acids in beef chuck, loin, and round cuts. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2603-13. [PMID: 27285936 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat is a food for humans. However, beef consumption in the United States has steadily declined by >14% over the past decade due to a variety of factors, including insufficient knowledge of animal protein. This study quantified all proteinogenic AA as well as nutritionally and physiologically significant nonproteinogenic AA and small peptides in beef cuts from 3 subprimals (chuck, round, and loin). Beef carcasses ( = 10) were selected at 3 commercial packing plants in the United States. Retail-cut samples were analyzed for the nitrogenous substances after acid, alkaline, or enzymatic hydrolysis and after deproteinization. In these chuck, round, and loin cuts, total amounts of glutamate (free plus peptide bound) were the highest (69-75 mg/g dry weight) followed by lysine, leucine, arginine, and glutamine in descending order. This is the first study to determine aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine in meat proteins of any animal species. In all the beef samples evaluated, glutamine was the most abundant free AA (4.0-5.7 mg/g dry weight) followed by taurine, alanine, glutamate, and β-alanine. Additionally, samples from all beef cuts had high concentrations of anserine, carnosine, and glutathione, which were 2.8 to 3.7, 15.2 to 24.2, and 0.68 to 0.79 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Beef top loin steaks appear to provide higher protein nutrition values than top round steaks and under blade roasts, but all are excellent sources of proteinogenic AA as well as antioxidant AA and peptides to improve human growth, development, and health. Our findings may help guide future decisions regarding human and animal nutrition.
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47
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Ion-Exchange Chromatographic Method for the Determination of the Free Amino Acid Composition of Cheese and Other Dairy Products: an Inter-Laboratory Validation Study. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Hou Y, Wu Z, Dai Z, Wang G, Wu G. Protein hydrolysates in animal nutrition: Industrial production, bioactive peptides, and functional significance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:24. [PMID: 28286649 PMCID: PMC5341468 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the role of peptides in animal nutrition. Chemical, enzymatic, or microbial hydrolysis of proteins in animal by-products or plant-source feedstuffs before feeding is an attractive means of generating high-quality small or large peptides that have both nutritional and physiological or regulatory functions in livestock, poultry and fish. These peptides may also be formed from ingested proteins in the gastrointestinal tract, but the types of resultant peptides can vary greatly with the physiological conditions of the animals and the composition of the diets. In the small intestine, large peptides are hydrolyzed to small peptides, which are absorbed into enterocytes faster than free amino acids (AAs) to provide a more balanced pattern of AAs in the blood circulation. Some peptides of plant or animal sources also have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities. Those peptides which confer biological functions beyond their nutritional value are called bioactive peptides. They are usually 2-20 AA residues in length but may consist of >20 AA residues. Inclusion of some (e.g. 2-8%) animal-protein hydrolysates (e.g., porcine intestine, porcine mucosa, salmon viscera, or poultry tissue hydrolysates) or soybean protein hydrolysates in practical corn- and soybean meal-based diets can ensure desirable rates of growth performance and feed efficiency in weanling pigs, young calves, post-hatching poultry, and fish. Thus, protein hydrolysates hold promise in optimizing the nutrition of domestic and companion animals, as well as their health (particularly gut health) and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Genhu Wang
- Research and Development Division, Shanghai Gentech Industries Group, Shanghai, China 201015
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA 77843
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49
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Abstract
Animal studies show that the lactation period contributes to metabolic programming of the offspring and that oral leptin and insulin show bioactivity. Stage of lactation, duration of gestation, maternal body composition, and maternal diet seem to influence the concentrations of small molecules in human milk. Variability of small molecule concentrations seems higher in preterm milk than in term milk. Insulin in human milk shows concentrations similar to plasma. Leptin concentration is lower in milk than in plasma and reflects maternal body mass index. Early in lactation, leptin could contribute to mediating the association between maternal and infant body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany.
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany
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50
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Abstract
A protein consists of amino acids (AA) linked by peptide bonds. Dietary protein is hydrolyzed by proteases and peptidases to generate AA, dipeptides, and tripeptides in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These digestion products are utilized by bacteria in the small intestine or absorbed into enterocytes. AA that are not degraded by the small intestine enter the portal vein for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and other tissues. AA are also used for cell-specific production of low-molecular-weight metabolites with enormous physiological importance. Thus, protein undernutrition results in stunting, anemia, physical weakness, edema, vascular dysfunction, and impaired immunity. Based on short-term nitrogen balance studies, the Recommended Dietary Allowance of protein for a healthy adult with minimal physical activity is currently 0.8 g protein per kg body weight (BW) per day. To meet the functional needs such as promoting skeletal-muscle protein accretion and physical strength, dietary intake of 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 g protein per kg BW per day is recommended for individuals with minimal, moderate, and intense physical activity, respectively. Long-term consumption of protein at 2 g per kg BW per day is safe for healthy adults, and the tolerable upper limit is 3.5 g per kg BW per day for well-adapted subjects. Chronic high protein intake (>2 g per kg BW per day for adults) may result in digestive, renal, and vascular abnormalities and should be avoided. The quantity and quality of protein are the determinants of its nutritional values. Therefore, adequate consumption of high-quality proteins from animal products (e.g., lean meat and milk) is essential for optimal growth, development, and health of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science and Medical Physiology and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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