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Salim NV, Madhan B, Glattauer V, Ramshaw JAM. Comprehensive review on collagen extraction from food by-products and waste as a value-added material. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134374. [PMID: 39098671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of animal products has witnessed a significant increase over the years, leading to a growing need for industries to adopt strict waste control measures to mitigate environmental impacts. The disposal of animal waste in landfill can result in diverse and potentially hazardous decomposition by-products. Animal by-products, derived from meat, poultry, seafood and fish industries, offer a substantial raw material source for collagen and gelatin production due to their high protein content. Collagen, being a major protein component of animal tissues, represents an abundant resource that finds application in various chemical and material industries. The demand for collagen-based products continues to grow, yet the availability of primary material remains limited and insufficient to meet projected needs. Consequently, repurposing waste materials that contain collagen provides an opportunity to meet this need while at the same time minimizing the amount of waste that is dumped. This review examines the potential to extract value from the collagen content present in animal-derived waste and by-products. It provides a systematic evaluation of different species groups and discusses various approaches for processing and fabricating repurposed collagen. This review specifically focuses on collagen-based research, encompassing an examination of its physical and chemical properties, as well as the potential for chemical modifications. We have detailed how the research and knowledge built on collagen structure and function will drive the new initiatives that will lead to the development of new products and opportunities in the future. Additionally, it highlights emerging approaches for extracting high-quality protein from waste and discusses efforts to fabricate collagen-based materials leading to the development of new and original products within the chemical, biomedical and physical science-based industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa V Salim
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorne, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Balaraman Madhan
- Centre for Academic and Research Excellence, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | | | - John A M Ramshaw
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorne, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Wang M, Chee J, Tanaka MJ, Lee YHD. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and knee injuries: current concepts for female athletes. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:781-787. [PMID: 38795863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
In athletes, a mismatch between caloric intake and energy expended in exercise can eventually lead to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), where the athlete suffers from physiological derangements and decreased sport performance. The prevalence of REDs is higher in females than males. Females are already at a higher risk of knee injuries, which has been attributed to a multitude of factors such as hormonal influences, differences in musculoskeletal anatomy and neuromuscular control compared to males. The literature demonstrates an even higher risk of knee injuries in female athletes with symptoms of REDs. We propose the various factors that influence this risk. A reduction in anabolic hormones can affect muscle development and tendon repair. A relationship between poor neuromuscular control and knee injury has been established, and this can be further worsened in patients with menstrual dysfunction. Chronic deficiency in nutrients such as collagen and vitamin D can result in poorer recovery from microtrauma in tendons and ligaments. All these factors may contribute to increasing the risk of knee injuries, which may include anterior cruciate ligament tears, patella tendinopathy and patellofemoral pain syndrome. This review aims to educate sports clinicians to have a high index of suspicion when treating knee injuries in females; to screen and then manage for REDs if present, for holistic patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchang Wang
- Division of Sports, Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119288, Singapore.
| | - Jade Chee
- Division of Sports, Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119288, Singapore
| | - Miho J Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 175 Cambridge Street, Suite 400, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yee Han Dave Lee
- Division of Sports, Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119288, Singapore
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Bischof K, Moitzi AM, Stafilidis S, König D. Impact of Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Combination with Long-Term Physical Training on Strength, Musculotendinous Remodeling, Functional Recovery, and Body Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02079-0. [PMID: 39060741 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, collagen peptide (CP) supplements have received considerable attention in sports nutrition research. These supplements have shown promising results in improving personal health, enhancing athletic performance, and preventing injuries in some but not all studies. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been conducted to investigate the effects of long-term daily collagen peptide (CP) supplementation on strength, musculotendinous adaptation, functional recovery, and body composition in healthy adults, both with and without concurrent exercise interventions over several weeks. METHODS The PRISMA with PERSiST guidelines were followed for this systematic literature review, which was conducted in December 2023 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases. Eligible studies included healthy, normal to overweight adults over 17 years of age who engaged in exercise and daily collagen peptide (CP) supplementation for a minimum of 8 weeks (except one 3-week trial only included for maximal strength). Studies examining recovery-related outcomes were also eligible if they included a 1-week supplementation period without exercise. Methodological study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A random-effects model with standardized mean differences (SMD) of change scores was chosen to calculate overall effect sizes. RESULTS Nineteen studies comprising 768 participants were included in both the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results indicate statistically significant effects in favor of long-term CP intake regarding fat-free mass (FFM) (SMD 0.48, p < 0.01), tendon morphology (SMD 0.67, p < 0.01), muscle architecture (SMD 0.39, p < 0.01), maximal strength (SMD 0.19, p < 0.01), and 48 h recovery in reactive strength following exercise-induced muscle damage (SMD 0.43, p = 0.045). The GRADE approach revealed a moderate certainty of evidence for body composition, a very low certainty for tendon morphology and mechanical properties, and a low certainty for the remaining. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis represents the first comprehensive investigation into the effects of long-term CP supplementation combined with regular physical training on various aspects of musculoskeletal health in adults. The findings indicate significant, though of low to moderate certainty, evidence of improvements in fat-free mass (FFM), tendon morphology, muscle mass, maximal strength, and recovery in reactive strength following exercise-induced muscle damage. However, further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, particularly regarding tendon mechanical properties and short-term adaptations to collagen peptide (CP) intake without exercise, as observed in recovery outcomes. Overall, CP supplementation appears promising as a beneficial adjunct to physical training for enhancing musculoskeletal performance in adults. Open Science Framework (Registration DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WCF4Y ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bischof
- Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Sports Science, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Maria Moitzi
- Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department for Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Savvas Stafilidis
- Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel König
- Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department for Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Department of Sports Science, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Li M, Shi Q, Che X, Du X, Wang D, Song Y. Study of whey protein on muscle mass and functional rehabilitation in postoperative total knee arthroplasty patients. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024:BMR240013. [PMID: 38820012 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-240013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) often experience muscle loss due to pain and limited mobility. Nutritional supplementation and rehabilitation may positively affect the decline in muscle function. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether whey protein intervention, in addition to conventional rehabilitation training, is beneficial in improving muscle function and quality of life in patients after TKA. METHODS 72 patients who met the criteria were selected for this randomized controlled study. For the experimental group, whey protein was used as a daily supplement for 12 weeks, while the control group was given a placebo, during which both groups received conventional rehabilitation training. Muscle strength and each of the secondary observables needed to be measured and statistically analyzed preoperatively and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-intervention. RESULTS In total, 62 subjects completed the study: 32 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Both groups showed significant improvement in muscle strength, VAS, ROM, AKS and leg circumference after 12 weeks of treatment. Compared to the control group, patients in the experimental group showed significant improvement in muscle strength, VAS, ROM, AKS and leg circumference (p= 0.001, p= 0.002, p= 0.001, p= 0.001, p= 0.001, respectively) after 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The 12-week intervention of whey protein nutritional supplement showed significant improvement in muscle mass and function among post-TKA patients besides aiding with conventional rehabilitation exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Li
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiongfang Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinghualing District Central Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinle Che
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingyan Du
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yufeng Song
- Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Bischof K, Stafilidis S, Bundschuh L, Oesser S, Baca A, König D. Reduction in systemic muscle stress markers after exercise-induced muscle damage following concurrent training and supplementation with specific collagen peptides - a randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1384112. [PMID: 38590831 PMCID: PMC10999617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1384112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Collagen peptide supplementation in conjunction with exercise has been shown to improve structural and functional adaptations of both muscles and the extracellular matrix. This study aimed to explore whether specific collagen peptide (SCP) supplementation combined with a concurrent training intervention can improve muscular stress after exercise-induced muscle damage, verified by reliable blood markers. Methods 55 sedentary to moderately active males participating in a concurrent training (CT) intervention (3x/week) for 12 weeks were administered either 15 g of SCP or placebo (PLA) daily. Before (T1) and after the intervention (T2), 150 muscle-damaging drop jumps were performed. Blood samples were collected to measure creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin (MYO) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) before, after, and at 2 h, 24 h and 48 h post exercise. Results A combination of concurrent training and SCP administration showed statistically significant interaction effects, implying a lower increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of MYO (p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.184), CK (p = 0.01, ηp2 = 0.145) and LDH (p = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.133) in the SCP group. On closer examination, the absolute mean differences (ΔAUCs) showed statistical significance in MYO (p = 0.017, d = 0.771), CK (p = 0.039, d = 0.633) and LDH (p = 0.016, d = 0.764) by SCP supplementation. Conclusion In conclusion, 12 weeks of 15 g SCP supplementation combined with CT intervention reduced acute markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improved post-exercise regenerative capacity, as evidenced by the altered post-exercise time course. The current findings indicate that SCP supplementation had a positive effect on the early phase of muscular recovery by either improving the structural integrity of the muscle and extracellular matrix during the training period or by accelerating membrane and cytoskeletal protein repair. Clinical trial registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05220371?cond=NCT05220371&rank=1, NCT05220371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bischof
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Science, Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Savvas Stafilidis
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Larissa Bundschuh
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Science, Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Arnold Baca
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Science, Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department for Nutrition, Section for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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R K, Kumar A, Vinod Kumar K, Sengupta A, Kundal K, Sharma S, Pawar A, Krishna PS, Alfatah M, Ray S, Tiwari B, Kumar R. AagingBase: a comprehensive database of anti-aging peptides. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae016. [PMID: 38470883 PMCID: PMC10930205 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The process of aging is an intrinsic and inevitable aspect of life that impacts every living organism. As biotechnological advancements continue to shape our understanding of medicine, peptide therapeutics have emerged as a promising strategy for anti-aging interventions. This is primarily due to their favorable attributes, such as low immunogenicity and cost-effective production. Peptide-based treatments have garnered widespread acceptance and interest in aging research, particularly in the context of age-related therapies. To effectively develop anti-aging treatments, a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of anti-aging peptides is essential. Factors such as amino acid composition, instability index, hydrophobic areas and other relevant properties significantly determine their efficacy as potential therapeutic agents. Consequently, the creation of 'AagingBase', a comprehensive database for anti-aging peptides, aims to facilitate research on aging by leveraging the potential of peptide therapies. AagingBase houses experimentally validated 282 anti-aging peptides collected from 54 research articles and 236 patents. Employing state-of-the-art computational techniques, the acquired sequences have undergone rigorous physicochemical calculations. Furthermore, AagingBase presents users with various informative analyses highlighting atomic compositions, secondary structure fractions, tertiary structure, amino acid compositions and frequencies. The database also offers advanced search and filtering options and similarity search, thereby aiding researchers in understanding their biological functions. Hence, the database enables efficient identification and prioritization of potential peptide candidates in geriatric medicine and holds immense potential for advancing geriatric medicine research and innovations. AagingBase can be accessed without any restriction. Database URL: https://project.iith.ac.in/cgntlab/aagingbase/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjulakshmi R
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Keerthana Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Avik Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Kavita Kundal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Simran Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Ankita Pawar
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Pithani Sai Krishna
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana P.O., Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - Mohammad Alfatah
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Bhavana Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502284, India
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Shaharom NFM, Yusoff A, Mutalib SRA, Seow EK. Assessing Impact of Cooking Methods on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Instant Fortified Rice Congee for the Elderly. Foods 2024; 13:723. [PMID: 38472836 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Instant rice congee (IRC) fortified with functional ingredients is designed for supplementation in nourishing the elderly. In this study, collagen peptide and curcumin were fortified in IRC to improve antioxidant and protein content. Different cooking methods were used to prepare rice congee in order to retain the nutritional content of instant fortified rice congee (IFRC). The effect of cooking methods on IFRC were investigated in this study using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). As for cooking methods, the steaming method (IFRC-S) exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) at 36.13 ± 5.63 mg GAE/g sample; a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 6.39 ± 0.24 mg TE/g sample and protein content at 52.20 ± 6.48%. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the texture analysis of hardness, cohesiveness and viscosity between the different cooking methods. However, the boiling method (IFRC-B) showed the highest adhesiveness, at -58.78 ± 11.55 g/s. IFRC with different cooking methods also had no significant differences (p > 0.05) in bulk density, volume expansion and the water absorption index. In sensory analysis, it was found that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) detected in attribute colour, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptability between each cooking method. This study is particularly useful for gaining a preliminary understanding of the development of IRC focused on the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Farisya Mohd Shaharom
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anida Yusoff
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Food Science Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Roha Ab Mutalib
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Food Science Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Keng Seow
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Food Science Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tomaszewska E, Hułas-Stasiak M, Dobrowolski P, Świątkiewicz M, Muszyński S, Tomczyk-Warunek A, Blicharski T, Donaldson J, Arciszewski MB, Świetlicki M, Puzio I, Bonior J. Does Chronic Pancreatitis in Growing Pigs Lead to Articular Cartilage Degradation and Alterations in Subchondral Bone? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1989. [PMID: 38396667 PMCID: PMC10888541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP), a progressive inflammatory disease, poses diagnostic challenges due to its initially asymptomatic nature. While CP's impact on exocrine and endocrine functions is well-recognized, its potential influence on other body systems, particularly in young individuals, remains underexplored. This study investigates the hypothesis that CP in growing pigs leads to alterations in articular cartilage and subchondral bone, potentially contributing to osteoarthritis (OA) development. Utilizing a pig model of cerulein-induced CP, we examined the structural and compositional changes in subchondral bone, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid. Histological analyses, including Picrosirius Red and Safranin-O staining, were employed alongside immuno-histochemistry and Western blotting techniques. Our findings reveal significant changes in the subchondral bone, including reduced bone volume and alterations in collagen fiber composition. Articular cartilage in CP pigs exhibited decreased proteoglycan content and alterations in key proteins such as MMP-13 and TGF-β1, indicative of early cartilage degradation. These changes suggest a link between CP and musculoskeletal alterations, underscoring the need for further research into CP's systemic effects. Our study provides foundational insights into the relationship between CP and skeletal health, potentially guiding future pediatric healthcare strategies for early CP diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.-S.); (P.D.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.-S.); (P.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek
- Laboratory of Locomotor System Research, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Świetlicki
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Iwona Puzio
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
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9
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Jerger S, Jendricke P, Centner C, Bischof K, Kohl J, Keller S, Gollhofer A, König D. Effects of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides in Combination with Concurrent Training on Running Performance and Indicators of Endurance Capacity in Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:103. [PMID: 37935999 PMCID: PMC10630299 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First evidence indicates that the supplementation of specific collagen peptides (SCP) is associated with a significant improvement in running performance in physically active women; however, it is unclear if the same is true in males. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a concurrent training program including 60 min of continuous moderate intensity running training and 15 min of dynamic resistance training combined with supplementation of SCP on parameters of running performance in moderately trained males. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, participants performed a 12 weeks concurrent training and ingested 15 g of SCP [treatment group (TG)] or placebo [control group (CG)] daily. Before and after the intervention, running endurance performance was measured by a 1-h time trial on a running track. Velocity at the lactate threshold (VLT) and at the individual anaerobic threshold (VIAT) were assessed on a treadmill ergometer. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two men (28.4 ± 5.2 years) completed the study and were included in the analysis. After 12 weeks, TG had a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher increase in running distance (1727 ± 705 m) compared to the CG (1018 ± 976 m) in the time trial. VLT increased in the TG by 0.680 ± 1.27 km h-1 and slightly decreased by - 0.135 ± 0.978 km h-1 in the CG, resulting in statistically significant group differences (p ≤ 0.05). A significantly higher improvement in VIAT (p ≤ 0.05) was shown in the TG compared with the CG only (1.660 ± 1.022 km h-1 vs 0.606 ± 0.974 km h-1; p ≤ 0.01). Fat mass decreased (TG - 1.7 ± 1.6 kg; CG - 1.2 ± 2.0 kg) and fat free mass increased (TG 0.2 ± 1.2 kg; CG 0.5 ± 1.3 kg) in both groups with no significant group differences. CONCLUSION In summary, supplementation with 15 g of SCP improved running performance in a 1-h time trial and enhanced indicators of endurance capacity at submaximal exercise intensities such as an increased velocity at the lactate as well as the anaerobic threshold more effectively than CT alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION ETK: 123/17; DRKS-ID: DRKS00015529 (Registered 07 November 2018-Retrospectively registered); https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00015529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Jendricke
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Bischof
- Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Centre of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Auf Der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Keller
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Centre of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Auf Der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Roberts MD, Moulding B, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:514-520. [PMID: 37650704 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance performance. RECENT FINDINGS Several independent lines of evidence support that higher protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements (e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise efforts. SUMMARY Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners aiming to adopt these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Moulding
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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11
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Penggalih MHST, Praditya GN, Rizqiansyah CY, Setyawardani A, Purnomo AF, Maulana RA, Gunawan WB, Subali D, Kurniawan R, Mayulu N, Taslim NA, Hardinsyah H, Sutanto YS, Nurkolis F. Marine-derived protein: peptide bioresources for the development of nutraceuticals for improved athletic performance. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1281397. [PMID: 37964773 PMCID: PMC10642366 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1281397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Astuti Setyawardani
- Medical Student of Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember-Soebandi Regional Hospital, Jember, Indonesia
- Internship Doctor, Kanjuruhan General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Athaya Febriantyo Purnomo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Achmad Maulana
- Nutrition Science, Faculty of Public Health, Ahmad Dahlan Univetsity, Yogjakarta, Indonesia
| | - William Ben Gunawan
- Alumnus of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Dionysius Subali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rudy Kurniawan
- Diabetes Connection Care, Eka Hospital Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Nelly Mayulu
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah Manado University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Nurpudji Astuti Taslim
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hardinsyah Hardinsyah
- Division of Applied Nutrition, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Yosef Stefan Sutanto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Prof. R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Department of Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Poeggeler B, Singh SK, Sambamurti K, Pappolla MA. Nitric Oxide as a Determinant of Human Longevity and Health Span. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14533. [PMID: 37833980 PMCID: PMC10572643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The master molecular regulators and mechanisms determining longevity and health span include nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radicals (SOR). L-arginine, the NO synthase (NOS) substrate, can restore a healthy ratio between the dangerous SOR and the protective NO radical to promote healthy aging. Antioxidant supplementation orchestrates protection against oxidative stress and damage-L-arginine and antioxidants such as vitamin C increase NO production and bioavailability. Uncoupling of NO generation with the appearance of SOR can be induced by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). L-arginine can displace ADMA from the site of NO formation if sufficient amounts of the amino acid are available. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acids can scavenge SOR and increase the bioavailability of NO. The topics of this review are the complex interactions of antioxidant agents with L-arginine, which determine NO bioactivity and protection against age-related degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Poeggeler
- Department of Physiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen, Zappenburg 2, D-38524 Sassenburg, Germany
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India;
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neurobiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 403, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Miguel A. Pappolla
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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13
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Lin CR, Tsai SHL, Huang KY, Tsai PA, Chou H, Chang SH. Analgesic efficacy of collagen peptide in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:694. [PMID: 37717022 PMCID: PMC10505327 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of knee osteoarthritis involves various treatment strategies. It is important to explore alternative therapies that are both safe and effective. Collagen peptides have emerged as a potential intervention for knee osteoarthritis. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic effects and safety of collagen peptide in patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to 27 May 2023 that focused on the analgesic outcomes and adverse events associated with collagen peptides or hydrolyzed collagen in patients with osteoarthritis. We assessed the quality of the included studies and the strength of evidence using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 tool and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations. RESULTS Four trials involving 507 patients with knee osteoarthritis were included and analyzed using the random-effects model. All these trials were considered to have a high risk of bias. Our results revealed a significant difference in pain relief between the collagen peptide group and the placebo group in patients with knee osteoarthritis (standardized mean difference: - 0.58; 95% CI - 0.98, - 0.18, p = 0.004; I2: 68%; quality of evidence: moderate). However, there was no significant difference in the risk of adverse events between collagen peptide and placebo (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% CI 0.99, 2.78, p = 0.05; I2: 0%; quality of evidence: very low). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate significant pain relief in patients with knee osteoarthritis who received collagen peptides compared to those who received placebo. In addition, the risk of adverse events did not differ significantly between the collagen peptide group and the placebo group. However, due to potential biases and limitations, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to validate and confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ru Lin
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Sung Huang Laurent Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, and Chang Gung University, F7, No 222 Mai-King Road, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Yen Huang
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, No. 291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 235041, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Tsai
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, No. 5, Fuxing Street, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Chou
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242008, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 69, Guizi Rd., Taishan Dist., New Taipei City, 24352, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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14
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Neltner TJ, Sahoo PK, Smith RW, Anders JPV, Arnett JE, Ortega DG, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Natarajan SK, Housh TJ. Effects of High-Intensity, Eccentric-Only Muscle Actions on Serum Biomarkers of Collagen Degradation and Synthesis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1729-1737. [PMID: 37616533 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neltner, TJ, Sahoo, PK, Smith, RW, Anders, JPV, Arnett, JE, Ortega, DG, Schmidt, RJ, Johnson, GO, Natarajan, SK, and Housh, TJ. Effects of high-intensity, eccentric-only muscle actions on serum biomarkers of collagen degradation and synthesis. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1729-1737, 2023-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity, eccentric-only muscle actions of the leg extensors on (a) serum biomarkers of collagen degradation (hydroxyproline [HYP] and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [C1M]) and synthesis (pro-c1α1) and (b) the time course of changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and ratings of muscle soreness after the eccentric-only exercise bout. Twenty-five recreationally active men (mean ± SD: age = 21.2 ± 2.0 years) completed 5 sets of 10 bilateral, eccentric-only dynamic constant external resistance muscle actions of the leg extensors at a load of 110% of their concentric leg extension 1 repetition maximum. Analysis of variances (p < 0.05) and a priori planned pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni corrected (p < 0.0167) paired t tests were used to examine mean changes in blood biomarkers from baseline to 48 hours postexercise as well as in MVIC and soreness ratings immediately, 24 hours, and 48 hours postexercise. There were increases in HYP (3.41 ± 2.37 to 12.37 ± 8.11 μg·ml-1; p < 0.001) and C1M (2.50 ± 1.05 to 5.64 ± 4.89 μg·L-1; p = 0.003) from preexercise to 48 hours postexercise, but no change in pro-c1α1. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction declined immediately after the exercise bout (450.44 ± 72.80 to 424.48 ± 66.67 N·m; p = 0.002) but recovered 24 hours later, whereas soreness was elevated immediately (6.56 ± 1.58; p < 0.001), 24 hours (3.52 ± 1.53; p < 0.001), and 48 hours (2.60 ± 1.32; p = 0.001) postexercise. The eccentric-only exercise bout induced increases in collagen degradation but had no effect on collagen synthesis. These findings provide information for clinicians to consider when prescribing exercise after an acute injury or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Prakash K Sahoo
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Robert W Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | | | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
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15
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Campos LD, Pereira ATSDA, Cazarin CBB. The collagen market and knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Brazilian consumers regarding collagen ingestion. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112951. [PMID: 37316004 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is considered a nutraceutical, and its consumption has been expanding due to the increased life expectancy, rising per capita income, and increased consumer awareness of health care. This study aimed to evaluate consumers' perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and practices about the consumption of collagen-based products by using an online questionnaire and to correlate them with socio-economic data. A market survey (pharmacy stores and online) was also conducted to evaluate the available products. In total, 275 participants answered the survey, 73.3% from the Southeast region, mostly female (84.0%). Most participants reported three months as the period of collagen intake (31.6%), and the consumption period was associated with the perception of the health benefits (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the participants' knowledge and perceptions regarding collagen intake are frequently associated with dermatological and orthopedic changes. Collagen-based products supplementation is a growing market with a broad target audience (genders, age groups, and socio-economic levels). The commercial presentation of collagen has been diversified over the years, and powder collagen is the most consumed (52.7%) and cheapest compared with capsules, pills, or gummies. The results of the present study demonstrate that most consumers of this type of supplement associate its benefits with aesthetic care such as skin, hair, and nails, although the scientific literature has shown its effects in treating osteoarticular diseases, for example. Undoubtedly, the correct dose prescription, treatment time, and choice of product presentation must be analyzed carefully, as they significantly impact treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Dias Campos
- Universidade de Campinas, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Zip Code: 13083-862 Campinas/SP, Brazil.
| | - Anna Thereza Santiago de Almeida Pereira
- Universidade de Campinas, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Zip Code: 13083-862 Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Baú Betim Cazarin
- Universidade de Campinas, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Zip Code: 13083-862 Campinas/SP, Brazil.
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16
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Liu S, Zhang L, Li S. Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1189522. [PMID: 37492597 PMCID: PMC10365293 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1189522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a decline in muscular mass, strength, and function with advancing age. The risk of falls, fragility, hospitalization, and death is considerably increased in the senior population due to sarcopenia. Although there is no conclusive evidence for drug treatment, resistance training has been unanimously recognized as a first-line treatment for managing sarcopenia, and numerous studies have also pointed to the combination of nutritional supplementation and resistance training as a more effective intervention to improve quality of life for people with sarcopenia. People with both malnutrition and sarcopenia have a higher mortality rate, so identifying people at risk of malnutrition and intervening early is extremely important to avoid sarcopenia and its associated problems. This article provides important information for dietary interventions in sarcopenia by summarizing the discoveries and developments of nutritional supplements such as protein, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, inorganic nitrate, probiotics, minerals, collagen peptides, and polyphenols in the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Multimorbidity Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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17
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Markoulli M, Ahmad S, Arcot J, Arita R, Benitez-Del-Castillo J, Caffery B, Downie LE, Edwards K, Flanagan J, Labetoulle M, Misra SL, Mrugacz M, Singh S, Sheppard J, Vehof J, Versura P, Willcox MDP, Ziemanski J, Wolffsohn JS. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of nutrition on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:226-271. [PMID: 37100346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients, required by human bodies to perform life-sustaining functions, are obtained from the diet. They are broadly classified into macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and water. All nutrients serve as a source of energy, provide structural support to the body and/or regulate the chemical processes of the body. Food and drinks also consist of non-nutrients that may be beneficial (e.g., antioxidants) or harmful (e.g., dyes or preservatives added to processed foods) to the body and the ocular surface. There is also a complex interplay between systemic disorders and an individual's nutritional status. Changes in the gut microbiome may lead to alterations at the ocular surface. Poor nutrition may exacerbate select systemic conditions. Similarly, certain systemic conditions may affect the uptake, processing and distribution of nutrients by the body. These disorders may lead to deficiencies in micro- and macro-nutrients that are important in maintaining ocular surface health. Medications used to treat these conditions may also cause ocular surface changes. The prevalence of nutrition-related chronic diseases is climbing worldwide. This report sought to review the evidence supporting the impact of nutrition on the ocular surface, either directly or as a consequence of the chronic diseases that result. To address a key question, a systematic review investigated the effects of intentional food restriction on ocular surface health; of the 25 included studies, most investigated Ramadan fasting (56%), followed by bariatric surgery (16%), anorexia nervosa (16%), but none were judged to be of high quality, with no randomized-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sumayya Ahmad
- Icahn School of Medicine of Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayashree Arcot
- Food and Health, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Reiko Arita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Itoh Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Edwards
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judith Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision CRC, USA
| | - Marc Labetoulle
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Bicêtre, APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; IDMIT (CEA-Paris Saclay-Inserm U1184), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sumeer Singh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Sheppard
- Virginia Eye Consultants, Norfolk, VA, USA; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jelle Vehof
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Piera Versura
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Analysis - Translation Research Laboratory, Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy; IRCCS AOU di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian Ziemanski
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- College of Health & Life Sciences, School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Zhu X, Wang J, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang N, Wu W, Zhang Y, Fu Y. Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Sarcopenia: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5419-5437. [PMID: 36988097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related progressive muscle disorder characterized by accelerated loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, which are important causes of physiological dysfunctions in the elderly. At present, the main alleviating method includes protein supplements to stimulate synthesis of muscle proteins. Food protein-derived peptides containing abundant branched-chain amino acids have a remarkable effect on the improvement of sarcopenia. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism and clarifying the structure-activity relationship is essential for the mitigation of sarcopenia. This present review recaps the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcopenia, which facilitates a comprehensive understanding of sarcopenia. Moreover, the latest research progress on food-derived antisarcopenic peptides is reviewed, including their antisarcopenic activity, molecular mechanism as well as structural characteristics. Food-derived bioactive peptides can indeed alleviate/mitigate sarcopenia. These antisarcopenic peptides play a pivotal role mainly by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways and inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system and AMPK pathway, thus promoting the synthesis of muscle proteins and inhibiting their degradation. Antisarcopenic peptides alleviate sarcopenia via specific peptides, which may be absorbed into the circulation and exhibit their bioactivity in intact forms. The present review provides a theoretical reference for mitigation and prevention of sarcopenia by food protein-derived bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yujia Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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19
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Newman C, Adriaens E, Virgilio N, Vleminckx S, de Pelsmaeker S, Prawitt J, Silva CIF. Development of a mobile application to monitor the effectiveness of a hydrolyzed cartilage matrix supplement on joint discomfort: a real-life study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42967. [PMID: 36848035 PMCID: PMC10131938 DOI: 10.2196/42967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint discomfort is a widespread and growing problem in active adults. The rising interest in preventative nutrition has increased the demand for supplements reducing joint discomfort. Protocols assessing the effect of a nutritional intervention on health commonly involve a series of face-to-face meetings between participants and study staff that can weigh on resources, participant availabilities and even increase drop-out rates. Digital tools are increasingly added to protocols to facilitate study conduct but fully digitally run studies are still scarce. With the increasing interest in real-life studies, the development of health applications for mobile devices to monitor study outcomes could be of great importance. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current real-life study was to develop a specific mobile application, Ingredients for LifeTM, to conduct a 100% digital study testing the effectiveness of a hydrolyzed cartilage matrix (HCM) supplement on joint discomfort in a heterogeneous group of healthy, active consumers. METHODS The 'Ingredients for LifeTM ' mobile app using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was specifically developed to monitor the variation in joint pain after exercise by the study participants. A total of 201 healthy and physically active, adult women and men (18 to 72 years old) with joint pain completed the study over a period of 16 weeks. Participants were randomly allocated to the study groups and did not receive any dietary or lifestyle advice. Each participant indicated one area of joint pain and logged the type and duration of their weekly activities. They received blinded study supplements and took a daily regimen of 1 g of hydrolyzed cartilage matrix (HCM-G) or 1g of maltodextrin (placebo group; P-G) for 12 weeks while weekly logging joint pain scores in the app. This was followed by a 4-week wash out period during which participants continued reporting their joint pain scores (until the end of week 16). RESULTS Joint pain was reduced within 3 weeks of taking a low dosage of HCM (1g/day), regardless of gender, age group and activity intensity when compared to the placebo-group. After stopping supplementation, joint pain scores gradually increased but still remained significantly lower than placebo after 4 weeks of washout. The low dropout rate (< 6% of participants, mainly in the P-G) demonstrates the digital study was well received by the study population. CONCLUSIONS The digital tool allowed to measure a heterogeneous group of active adults in a real-life setting (without any lifestyle intervention), thus promoting inclusivity and diversity. With low dropout rates, it demonstrates that mobile applications can generate qualitative, quantifiable, real-world data showcasing supplement effectiveness. The study confirmed that the oral intake of a low dose (1g/day) of HCM led to a significant reduction of joint pain from 3 weeks after starting supplementation. CLINICALTRIAL
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20
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Nutritional Strategies in the Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040819. [PMID: 36839176 PMCID: PMC9965375 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that three to five million sports injuries occur worldwide each year. The highest incidence is reported during competition periods with mainly affectation of the musculoskeletal tissue. For appropriate nutritional management and correct use of nutritional supplements, it is important to individualize based on clinical effects and know the adaptive response during the rehabilitation phase after a sports injury in athletes. Therefore, the aim of this PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science PERSiST-based systematic integrative review was to perform an update on nutritional strategies during the rehabilitation phase of musculoskeletal injuries in elite athletes. After searching the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar, a total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria (Price Index: 66.6%). The risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials was performed using the RoB 2.0 tool while review articles were evaluated using the AMSTAR 2.0 items. Based on the main findings of the selected studies, nutritional strategies that benefit the rehabilitation process in injured athletes include balanced energy intake, and a high-protein and carbohydrate-rich diet. Supportive supervision should be provided to avoid low energy availability. The potential of supplementation with collagen, creatine monohydrate, omega-3 (fish oils), and vitamin D requires further research although the effects are quite promising. It is worth noting the lack of clinical research in injured athletes and the higher number of reviews in the last 10 years. After analyzing the current quantitative and non-quantitative evidence, we encourage researchers to conduct further clinical research studies evaluating doses of the discussed nutrients during the rehabilitation process to confirm findings, but also follow international guidelines at the time to review scientific literature.
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Taylor G, Leonard A, Tang JCY, Dunn R, Fraser WD, Virgilio N, Prawitt J, Stevenson E, Clifford T. The effects of collagen peptides on exercise-induced gastrointestinal stress: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1027-1039. [PMID: 36370176 PMCID: PMC9941265 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of collagen peptides (CP) supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) stress. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 20 volunteers (16 males: [Formula: see text]O2max, 53.4 ± 5.9 ml·kg-1) completed 3 trials: a non-exercise rest trial, with no supplement (REST) and then an exercise trial with CP (10 g·day-1) or placebo control (CON) supplements, which were consumed for 7 days prior to, and 45 min before, a 70 min run at 70-90% of [Formula: see text]O2max. Outcome measures included urinary lactulose and rhamnose (L/R), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-LPS antibody, monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL) 6 and 8, cortisol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (measured pre, 10 min post and 2 h post) and subjective GI symptoms. RESULTS There were no differences in heart rate, perceived exertion, thermal comfort, or core temperature during exercise in the CP and CON trials (all P > 0.05). I-FABP was higher in CP (2538 ± 1221 pg/ml) and CON (2541 ± 766 pg/ml) vs. REST 2 h post (1893 ± 1941 pg/ml) (both P < 0.05). LPS increased in CON vs. REST 2 h post (+ 71.8 pg/ml; P < 0.05). Anti-LPS antibody decreased in CON and CP vs. REST at post (both P < 0.05). There were no differences in MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 between the CP and CON trials (all P > 0.05), and no differences in L/R or GI symptoms between CON and CP (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Collagen peptides did not modify exercise-induced changes in inflammation, GI integrity or subjective GI symptoms but LPS was higher in CON 2 h post-exercise and thus future studies may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Taylor
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Institue of Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Amber Leonard
- grid.6571.50000 0004 1936 8542School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK
| | - Jonathan C. Y. Tang
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | - Rachel Dunn
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | - William D. Fraser
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich University Hospital Norfolk, Norfolk, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Stevenson
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Institue of Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Neltner TJ, Sahoo PK, Smith RW, Anders JPV, Arnett JE, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Natarajan SK, Housh TJ. Effects of 8 Weeks of Shilajit Supplementation on Serum Pro-c1α1, a Biomarker of Type 1 Collagen Synthesis: A Randomized Control Trial. J Diet Suppl 2022; 21:1-12. [PMID: 36546868 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2157522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 collagen is an abundant structural protein with importance to the skin, eyes, bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Shilajit supplementation has been shown to increase gene expression of collagen synthesis, however, it is unclear if increased gene expression translates to increases in circulating levels. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of daily supplementation with 500 mg·d-1 and 1000 mg·d-1 of Shilajit versus placebo on serum pro-c1α1, a biomarker of type 1 collagen synthesis. Thirty-five recreationally trained men (mean ± SD: age = 21.1 ± 1.8 yrs; body mass = 80.7 ± 12.4 kg; height = 180.9 ± 6.7 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Mixed factorial and one-way ANOVAs were used to analyze mean differences between groups, with follow-up t-tests when necessary. Individual subject responses were assessed using the minimal clinically important difference and Chi-squared tests. There were significant (Low dose: p = 0.008, d = 1.2; High dose: p = 0.007, d = 1.3) increases in serum pro-c1α1 from pre- (Low dose: 42.5 ± 12.4 ng·mL-1; High dose: 42.7 ± 12.7 ng·mL-1) to post-supplementation (Low dose: 82.3 ± 46.5 ng·mL-1; High dose: 113.1 ± 78.7 ng·mL-1) for the low and high dose groups, however, no change (p > 0.05) for the placebo group. A greater proportion (p = 0.03) of subjects exhibited increases in pro-c1α1 that exceeded the minimal clinically important difference in the high dose Shilajit group (75%) compared to the placebo group (30%), but no differences (p = 0.06) between the low dose Shilajit group (69%) and placebo. In conclusion, 8 weeks of Shilajit supplementation with 500 and 1000 mg·d-1 increased type 1 collagen synthesis as indicated by serum levels of pro-c1α1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Prakash K Sahoo
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert W Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Characterization of Acid- and Pepsin-Soluble Collagen Extracted from the Skin of Purple-Spotted Bigeye Snapper. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100665. [PMID: 36286166 PMCID: PMC9602141 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish processing waste is a prospective source of collagen and a cost-effective environmental pollutant. The skin of the purple-spotted bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) was extracted utilising various acid soluble collagens (ASC) including acetic acid (AAC), lactic acid (LAC), citric acid (CAC) and pepsin soluble collagens (PSC). In this study, PSC (6.65%) had the highest collagen yield, followed by AAC (5.79%), CAC (4.15%), and LAC (3.19%). The maximum temperatures (Tmax) denaturation of AAC, LAC, CAC, and PSC were 31.4, 31.7, 31.5, and 33.2 °C, respectively. UV-VIS absorption spectra showed all extracted collagens had a range of absorbance at 230 nm, due to the presence of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and triple-helical collagen. Additionally, they exhibited amide A, B, amide I, II, and III peaks. SDS−PAGE identified all extracted collagens as type I. The PSC had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) hydroxyproline content than acidic extraction 66.3 ± 1.03 (mg/g sample). Furthermore, all samples were extremely soluble in acetic conditions at pH 5, and all collagen was soluble in NaCl up to 3% (w/v). Therefore, PSC was the best treatment since it did not impact collagen triple helical and acetic acid yielded the most collagen in ASC extraction. Overall, the analysis revealed that fish skin waste might be used as an alternate source of collagen in diverse applications, particularly in food applications.
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Timorshina S, Popova E, Osmolovskiy A. Sustainable Applications of Animal Waste Proteins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081601. [PMID: 35458349 PMCID: PMC9027211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the growth of the global population leads to an increase in demand for agricultural products. Expanding the obtaining and consumption of food products results in a scale up in the amount of by-products formed, the development of processing methods for which is becoming an urgent task of modern science. Collagen and keratin make up a significant part of the animal origin protein waste, and the potential for their biotechnological application is almost inexhaustible. The specific fibrillar structure allows collagen and keratin to be in demand in bioengineering in various forms and formats, as a basis for obtaining hydrogels, nanoparticles and scaffolds for regenerative medicine and targeted drug delivery, films for the development of biodegradable packaging materials, etc. This review describes the variety of sustainable sources of collagen and keratin and the beneficial application multiformity of these proteins.
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