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Girma D, Abita Z, Adugna A, Alie MS, Shifera N, Abebe GF. The pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307173. [PMID: 39024258 PMCID: PMC11257254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common childhood neurobehavioral disorders, which has a serious negative effect on educational achievement, peer relationships, social functioning, behavior, and self-esteem of children. However, the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not well known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Ethiopia. METHODS PubMed, HINARI, Science Direct, Psych INFO, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, and cross-referenced were searched to identify relevant articles. Quality appraisal was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Heterogeneity was tested using the I-square statistics. Publication bias was tested using a funnel plot visual inspection. Further, trim and fill analysis was done to correct publication bias.Forest plots and tables were used to present results. The random effect model was used to compute the pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Ethiopia was 14.2% (95% CI: 8.48, 22.83). Being male (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.54; 3.12), being aged 6-11 years (OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.98; 6.83), low family socioeconomic status (OR: 3.45 95% CI: 2.17; 5.47), maternal complication during pregnancy (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.97; 5.51) and family history of mental illness (OR: 3.83, 95% CI:2.17; 6.77) were factors associated with a higher odds of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The overall pooled prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents is high in Ethiopia as compared to previous literature. To reduce the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents, emphasis has to be given to prevention, early detection, and management of pregnancy-related complications. Moreover, parents with mental illness should be supported and properly treated to reduce the impact of hostile parenting on their child's health. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered in PROSPERO with ID: CRD42024536334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Girma
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Zinie Abita
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Adugna
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Melsew Setegn Alie
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusie Shifera
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Gossa Fetene Abebe
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Teferi, Ethiopia
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Inci Izmir SB, Çitil Akyol C. EMDR Flash Technique in adolescents with depression: A twelve-week follow-up study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:949-965. [PMID: 38631366 DOI: 10.1177/13591045241247701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the specific effects of the EMDR Flash Technique on adolescents with depression. This follow-up study consists of 32 adolescents, 12-17 years of age (M = 14.34, SD = 1.56), including 7 males and 25 females. They were evaluated with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Children Revised Impact of Event Scale-8 (Crıes-8). These were administered at baseline, at the end of the 4th and 12th weeks of treatment. The EMDR Flash Technique which can be utilized in the preparation phase of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to reduce the intensity of highly distressing memories rapidly and relatively painlessly was applied for 12 weeks, one session per week as a free-standing intervention. Also, the EMDR Flash Technique can be effective in decreasing the rate of noncompliance and drop-outs of adolescents. The baseline means of total BDI scores decreased from 48.19 to 2.16 at the end of the 12th week of treatment. Also, the CRIES scores decreased from 31.78 to 0.44 at the end of the 12th week of treatment. In addition, the baseline means of SUD scores decreased from 9.53 to zero at the end of the 12th week of treatment. Overall, our results underscore the effectiveness of the EMDR-Flash Technique in adolescents with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Berrin Inci Izmir
- Institute on Social Science, Department of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Isık University, Turkey
| | - Canan Çitil Akyol
- Faculty of Letters, Department of Psychology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
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Karalunas SL, Dude J, Figuracion M, Lane SP. Momentary Dynamics Implicate Emotional Features in the ADHD Phenotype. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01206-9. [PMID: 38771497 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation is increasingly recognized as important to the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype alongside inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Studies of ADHD have relied primarily on trait-based conceptualizations that emphasize stability of symptoms across moderate developmental timescales (i.e., months to years). Trait-based conceptualizations provide a critical view but fail to account for short-term dynamic variations in the expression of ADHD symptoms and emotion. This leaves a gap in our understanding of the short-term variation in ADHD symptom expression and the dynamic relationships among ADHD symptoms and emotion. Here, we assessed caregiver report of ADHD symptoms and positive and negative emotion using ecological momentary approaches over 2 weeks in a sample of 36 children with and without ADHD between the ages of 7-12 years old. Between-person (RKF) and within-person (RC) reliability were estimated. Multilevel models tested specific covariation hypotheses between ADHD symptoms and emotion. Analyses confirmed that ADHD and emotion ratings were reliable as individual differences (i.e., between-person; RKF range 0.93-1.0) and moment-to-moment change (i.e., within-person; Rc range 0.66-0.88) measures. Multilevel models found little evidence for lagged effects between domains, but consistently identified concurrent expression of ADHD symptoms and emotions; inattention covaried most strongly with negative emotion and hyperactivity-impulsivity covaried most strongly with positive emotion. Results demonstrate the importance of complementing trait-level conceptualizations with assessment of momentary dynamics. Momentary assessment suggests important covariation of ADHD symptoms and emotion as part of the ADHD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Dude
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Garcia-Argibay M, Brikell I, Thapar A, Lichtenstein P, Lundström S, Demontis D, Larsson H. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: Evidence From Multiple Genetically Informed Designs. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:444-452. [PMID: 37562520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are two highly prevalent disorders that frequently co-occur. Prior evidence from genetic and cohort studies supports an association between ADHD and MDD. However, the direction and mechanisms underlying their association remain unclear. As onset of ADHD occurs in early life, it has been hypothesized that ADHD may cause MDD. METHODS We examined the association of ADHD with MDD using 3 different genetically informed methods to disentangle causality from confounding: 1) a nationwide longitudinal register-based full sibling comparison (N = 1,018,489) adjusting for shared familial confounding; 2) a prospective co-twin control study comprising 16,477 twins (5084 monozygotic and 11,393 dizygotic); and 3) a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using the largest available ADHD (N = 225,534) and MDD (N = 500,199) genome-wide association study summary statistics, adjusting for correlated and uncorrelated horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS Sibling and twin comparisons indicated that individuals with ADHD have an increased risk for subsequent development of MDD (hazard ratio = 4.12 [95% CI 3.62-4.69]) after adjusting for shared genetic and familial factors and that ADHD scores endorsed by parents are positively associated with subsequent MDD scores at ages 15 and 18 years (b = 0.07 [95% CI 0.05-0.08] and b = 0.09 [95% CI 0.08-0.11], respectively). Mendelian randomization analyses showed that genetic liability for ADHD is causally related to MDD (odds ratio = 1.15 [95% CI 1.08-1.23]). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides consistent results across 3 different genetically informative approaches, strengthening the hypothesis that ADHD is causally related to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia-Argibay
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Isabell Brikell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; iPSYCH, Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ratanatharathorn A, Quan L, Koenen KC, Chibnik LB, Weisskopf MG, Slopen N, Roberts AL. Polygenic risk for major depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neuroticism, and schizophrenia are correlated with experience of intimate partner violence. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:119. [PMID: 38409192 PMCID: PMC10897413 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has suggested that mental illness may be a risk factor for, as well as a sequela of, experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). The association between IPV and mental illness may also be due in part to gene-environment correlations. Using polygenic risk scores for six psychiatric disorders - attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), neuroticism, and schizophrenia-and a combined measure of overall genetic risk for mental illness, we tested whether women's genetic risk for mental illness was associated with the experience of three types of intimate partner violence. In this cohort of women of European ancestry (N = 11,095), participants in the highest quintile of genetic risk for ADHD (OR range: 1.38-1.49), MDD (OR range: 1.28-1.43), neuroticism (OR range: (1.18-1.25), schizophrenia (OR range: 1.30-1.34), and overall genetic risk (OR range: 1.30-1.41) were at higher risk for experiencing more severe emotional and physical abuse, and, except schizophrenia, more severe sexual abuse, as well as more types of abuse and chronic abuse. In addition, participants in the highest quintile of genetic risk for neuroticism (OR = 1.43 95% CI: 1.18, 1.72), schizophrenia (OR = 1.33 95% CI: 1.10, 1.62), and the overall genetic risk (OR = 1.40 95% CI: 1.15, 1.71) were at higher risk for experiencing intimate partner intimidation and control. Participants in the highest quintile of genetic risk for ADHD, ASD, MDD, schizophrenia, and overall genetic risk, compared to the lowest quintile, were at increased risk for experiencing harassment from a partner (OR range: 1.22-1.92). No associations were found between genetic risk for BPD with IPV. A better understanding of the salience of the multiple possible pathways linking genetic risk for mental illness with risk for IPV may aid in preventing IPV victimization or re-victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Luwei Quan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Chutko LS, Fateeva VV, Surushkina SY. [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:60-65. [PMID: 38261285 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202412401160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To limit the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which has received the status of a pandemic, a lockdown was temporarily introduced. In conditions of isolation, children and adolescents suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were faced with forced changes in their daily routine in the form of a transition to distance learning, a decrease in physical activity, an increase in time in front of TV screens/computer monitors/tablets, etc. The review provides current evidence on the associations between social restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with ADHD. The main factors that can influence the severity of the disease in children and adolescents are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of parental behavior and its influence on the manifestations of ADHD in children in isolation. The results of numerous observations and online surveys of relatives and children suffering from ADHD have demonstrated a multidirectional trajectory of the disease depending on numerous factors, including relationships with parents and immediate family. Despite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of isolation during critical periods of childhood have the potential to increase the burden of mental illness. Treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic should be pathogenetic, taking into account the main symptoms of the disease. When choosing pharmacotherapy, priority should be given to drugs with verified effectiveness and a reliable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chutko
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of the Human BraIn Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Fateeva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Yu Surushkina
- N. Bekhtereva Institute of the Human BraIn Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Amendola S, Fanizza I, Scoditti S, De Rinaldis M, Trabacca A. Factors associated with pharmacological treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders: a retrospective study of a series of 77 cases in a single third-level reference Centre in Apulia region. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:150. [PMID: 37957732 PMCID: PMC10644404 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study analysed data on children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were referred to the ADHD reference centre of Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea (Brindisi, Italy) for ADHD pharmacotherapy initiation and monitoring overtime. The main aim of the study was to examine differences in pharmacological treatment status (i.e., treatment continuation vs discontinuation) between patients. METHODS Seventy-seven children and adolescents (mean age at pharmacotherapy initiation = 9.5, standard deviation = 2.6) with ADHD received drugs treatment for ADHD at the reference center between January, 2013 and May, 2022. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the Italian Registry for ADHD and medical records. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) available data were used. RESULTS Pharmacological treatment status was examined for patients (n = 63) with at least 12 months of follow-up after the first pharmacological treatment for ADHD. After starting pharmacotherapy treatment, 77.8% (n = 49) patients were still on treatment whereas 22.2% (n = 14) discontinued it. No between group difference were observed in demographic and clinical data except for the intelligence quotient/intellectual disability and rule-breaking behavior (n = 40). CONCLUSIONS This study stressed the need of periodical assessments, monitoring difficulties with treatment and/or reasons for poor treatment compliance to provide individualized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Amendola
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) - Piazza "A. Di Summa", Brindisi, 72100, BR, Italy
| | - Isabella Fanizza
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) - Piazza "A. Di Summa", Brindisi, 72100, BR, Italy
| | - Sara Scoditti
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) - Piazza "A. Di Summa", Brindisi, 72100, BR, Italy
| | - Marta De Rinaldis
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) - Piazza "A. Di Summa", Brindisi, 72100, BR, Italy
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Scientific Institute I.R.C.C.S. "E. Medea"- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) - Piazza "A. Di Summa", Brindisi, 72100, BR, Italy.
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Farhat LC, Blakey R, Smith GD, Fujita A, Shephard E, Stergiakouli E, Eley TC, Thapar A, Polanczyk GV. Networks of Neurodevelopmental Traits, Socioenvironmental Factors, Emotional Dysregulation in Childhood, and Depressive Symptoms Across Development in Two U.K. Cohorts. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:755-765. [PMID: 37583326 PMCID: PMC7615665 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous population-based studies have identified associations between childhood neurodevelopmental traits and depression in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. However, neurodevelopmental traits are highly correlated with each other, which could confound associations when traits are examined in isolation. The authors sought to identify unique associations between multiple neurodevelopmental traits in childhood and depressive symptoms across development, while taking into account co-occurring difficulties, in multivariate analyses. METHODS Data from two U.K. population-based cohorts, the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) (N=4,407 independent twins) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (N=10,351), were independently analyzed. Bayesian Gaussian graphical models were estimated to investigate pairwise conditional associations between neurodevelopmental traits (autism and ADHD symptoms and general cognitive, learning, and communication abilities), socioenvironmental stressors (academic performance and peer relations), and emotional dysregulation in childhood (ages 7-11) and depressive symptoms across development (ages 12, 16, and 21). RESULTS In both cohorts, bivariate correlations indicated several associations between neurodevelopmental traits and depressive symptoms across development. However, based on replicated findings across cohorts, these pairs of variables were mostly conditionally independent, and none were conditionally associated, after accounting for socioenvironmental stressors and emotional dysregulation. In turn, socioenvironmental stressors and emotional dysregulation were conditionally associated with both neurodevelopmental traits and depressive symptoms. Based on replicated findings across cohorts, neurodevelopmental traits in childhood could be associated only indirectly with depressive symptoms across development. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that associations between childhood neurodevelopmental traits and depressive symptoms across development could be explained by socioenvironmental stressors and emotional dysregulation. The present findings could inform future research aimed at the prevention of depression in youths with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. Farhat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BR
| | - Rachel Blakey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - André Fujita
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BR
| | - Elizabeth Shephard
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BR
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Guilherme V. Polanczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BR
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Amado-Caballero P, Casaseca-de-la-Higuera P, Alberola-López S, Andrés-de-Llano JM, López-Villalobos JA, Alberola-López C. Insight into ADHD diagnosis with deep learning on Actimetry: Quantitative interpretation of occlusion maps in age and gender subgroups. Artif Intell Med 2023; 143:102630. [PMID: 37673587 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood that often persists into adulthood. Objectively diagnosing ADHD can be challenging due to the reliance on subjective questionnaires in clinical assessment. Fortunately, recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have shown promise in providing objective diagnoses through the analysis of medical images or activity recordings. These AI-based techniques have demonstrated accurate ADHD diagnosis; however, the growing complexity of deep learning models has introduced a lack of interpretability. These models often function as black boxes, unable to offer meaningful insights into the data patterns that characterize ADHD. OBJECTIVE This paper proposes a methodology to interpret the output of an AI-based diagnosis system for combined ADHD in age and gender-stratified populations. METHODS Our system is based on the analysis of 24 hour-long activity records using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify spectrograms of activity windows. These windows are interpreted using occlusion maps to highlight the time-frequency patterns explaining ADHD activity. RESULTS Significant differences in the frequency patterns between ADHD and controls both in diurnal and nocturnal activity were found for all the populations. Temporal dispersion also presented differences in the male population. CONCLUSION The proposed interpretation techniques for CNNs highlighted gender- and age-related differences between ADHD patients and controls. Leveraging these differences could potentially lead to improved diagnostic accuracy, especially if a larger and more balanced dataset is utilized. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings pave the way for the development of an AI-based diagnosis system for ADHD that offers interpretability, thereby providing valuable insights into the underlying etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Alberola-López
- Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagen (LPI), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Seely HD, Gaskins J, Pössel P, Hautzinger M. Comprehensive Prevention: An Evaluation of Peripheral Outcomes of a School-based Prevention Program. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:921-936. [PMID: 36870013 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
By age 18, 22-27% of adolescents have experienced depressive symptoms increasing their risk of peripheral mental health and social issues. Despite the development of effective depression prevention programs, issues related to dissemination persist. This study aims to identify ways of increasing the likelihood of dissemination by a) investigating how prevention effects differ based on the professional background of the prevention program group leader and b) evaluating adolescent depression prevention in terms of comprehensive prevention - prevention with the breadth to reduce peripheral mental health and social issues. This cluster-randomized trial included 646 eighth-grade students recruited from German secondary schools. Adolescents were randomized into three conditions: teacher-led prevention, psychologist-led prevention, or school-as-usual. Results from hierarchical linear models reveal differences in effects based on implementation type and adolescent gender and provide preliminary evidence for a wider reach of depression prevention such that, regardless of implementation type or gender, the tested program was effective in reducing hyperactivity over time. Taken together, our findings warrant further research and suggest that depression prevention programs may have an effect on some peripheral outcomes, but not others, and that these effects may differ based on the profession of the group leader and adolescent gender. With continued empirical research investigating the efficaciousness of comprehensive prevention, this type of prevention has the potential to impact a larger proportion of the population and improve the cost-benefit ratio of prevention, thus increasing the likelihood of dissemination.
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Taylor A, Kong C, Zhang Z, Herold F, Ludyga S, Healy S, Gerber M, Cheval B, Pontifex M, Kramer AF, Chen S, Zhang Y, Müller NG, Tremblay MS, Zou L. Associations of meeting 24-h movement behavior guidelines with cognitive difficulty and social relationships in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:42. [PMID: 36973804 PMCID: PMC10042421 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines have been developed to integrate recommendations for the time spent on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. For children and adolescents, these 24-HMB guidelines recommend a maximum of two hours of recreational screen time (as part of sedentary behavior), a minimum of 60 min per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and an age-appropriate sleep duration (9-11 h for 5 to 13-year-olds; 8-10 h for 14 to 17-year-olds). Although adherence to the guidelines has been associated with positive health outcomes, the effects of adhering to the 24-HMB recommendations have not been fully examined in children and adolescents with attention eficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this study examined potential associations between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and indicators of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS Cross-sectional data on 3470 children and adolescents with ADHD aged between 6 and 17 years was extracted from the National Survey for Children's Health (NSCH 2020). Adherence to 24-HMB guidelines comprised screen time, physical activity, and sleep. ADHD-related outcomes included four indicators; one relating to cognitive difficulties (i.e., serious difficulties in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions) and three indicators of social difficulties (i.e., difficulties in making or keeping friends, bullying others, being bullied). Logistic regression was performed to determine the associations between adherence to 24-HMB guidelines and the cognitive and social outcomes described above, while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS In total, 44.8% of participants met at least one movement behavior guideline, while only 5.7% met all three. Adjusted logistic regressions further showed that meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of cognitive difficulties in relation to none of the guidelines, but the strongest model included only screen time and physical activity as predictors (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12-0.53, p < .001). For social relationships, meeting all three guidelines was associated with lower odds of difficulty keeping friends (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.21-0.97, p = .04) in relation to none of the guidelines. Meeting the guideline for screen time was associated with lower odds of being bullied (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.39-0.97, p = .04) in relation to none of the guidelines. While screen time only, sleep only and the combination of both were associated with lower odds of bullying others, sleep alone was the strongest predictor (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.76, p = .003) in relation to none of the guidelines. CONCLUSION Meeting 24-HMB guidelines was associated with reduced likelihood of cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These findings highlight the importance of adhering to healthy lifestyle behaviors as outlined in the 24-HMB recommendations with regard to cognitive and social difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD. These results need to be confirmed by longitudinal and interventional studies with a large sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyx Taylor
- School of Rehabilitation, Sport and Psychology, AECC University College, Bournemouth, BH5 2DF, UK
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory; The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Chuidan Kong
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory; The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory; The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sean Healy
- Community Health Academic Group, School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, 4052, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Pontifex
- Departments of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, 8001, Australia
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Physical Education Unit, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory; The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061, China.
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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12
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Capps RE, Wilson ED, Evans SW, Allan DM, Langberg JM. Impairment's Role in the Pathway From Externalizing Psychopathology to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:887-898. [PMID: 36915046 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231159911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the role of academic, social, and family impairment in the pathway from externalizing psychopathology to depression among young adolescents with ADHD in a multiple mediation model. METHOD The sample included adolescents with ADHD enrolled in an intervention trial. Parent ratings of externalizing psychopathology were measured at eligibility assessment, adolescent self-reported depressive symptoms were measured at eligibility and at the end of treatment, and parent-rated impairment was measured in the middle of treatment. A multiple mediation model was used to examine mediating effects of impairment types in the pathway from externalizing psychopathology to depression. RESULTS Parent-reported family impairment significantly mediated the association between externalizing psychopathology and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest family impairment mediates the association between externalizing psychopathology and depressive symptoms beyond academic and social impairment for youth with ADHD. Findings implicate the importance of targeting family functioning during early adolescence to prevent depression.
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13
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Park JI, Lee IH, Lee SJ, Kwon RW, Choo EA, Nam HW, Lee JB. Effects of music therapy as an alternative treatment on depression in children and adolescents with ADHD by activating serotonin and improving stress coping ability. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 36879223 PMCID: PMC9987133 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy as an alternative treatment on depression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by activating serotonin (5-HT) and improving stress coping ability. METHODS This study is designed based on randomization method. A total of 36 subjects participated in the experiment, consisting of an ADHD control group (n = 18) and ADHD music therapy group (n = 18). The ADHD control group received standard care, while the ADHD music therapy group received music therapy and standard care. The ADHD music therapy group received both active music therapy (improvisation) and receptive music therapy (music listening) for 50 minutes, twice a week, for 3 months: a total of 24 times. From a neurophysiological perspective, changes in depression and stress were tracked by measuring 5-HT secretion, cortisol expression, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and CDI and DHQ psychological scales. RESULTS The ADHD music therapy group's 5-HT secretion increased (p < 0.001), whereas cortisol expression (p < 0.001), BP (p < 0.001) and HR (p < 0.001) decreased. The CDI and DHQ psychological scales also showed positive changes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, the ADHD Con G's (who did not receive music therapy) 5-HT secretion did not increase, whereas cortisol expression, BP, and HR did not decrease. In addition, the CDI and DHQ psychological scales did not display positive changes. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the application of music therapy as an alternative treatment for ADHD children and adolescents showed positive neurophysiological and psychological effects. Therefore, this study would like to propose a new alternative to medicine for preventing and treating depression through various uses of music therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-In Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Won Kwon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon-Ah Choo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Nam
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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14
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ADHD Follow-Up in Adulthood among Subjects Treated for the Disorder in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service from 1995 to 2015. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020338. [PMID: 36837537 PMCID: PMC9966311 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity and can persist in adulthood. The aim of this study is to deepen knowledge about adult ADHD follow-up. Materials and Methods: This observational study consists of one retrospective part aimed at collecting records of children and adolescents treated for ADHD in the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) from 1995 to 2015 and, successively, at identifying their adult follow-up in Adult Mental Health Service (AMHS); the second part consists of ADHD scale administration, Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2-0) and Adult Self Rating Scale (ASRSv1.1), for the subjects currently being treated at AMHS who agreed to participate in the study. Results: We observed that among the 55 patients treated at CAMHS between 1995 and 2015 for ADHD and subsequently at the AMHS, none presented a diagnosis of ADHD; instead, they were treated for Intellectual Dysfunction (33%), Borderline Personality Disorder (15%) and Anxiety Disorders (9%), and two individuals were also diagnosed with comorbid substance/alcohol abuse (4%). Of the 55 patients, only 25 (45%) were treated at AMHS during the study period. Though we asked for their informed consent to administer the questionnaires, we were able to test only seven patients. The ASRS-V1.1 score showed that 43% of patients reported symptoms of ADHD persistence in adulthood. For DIVA 2.0, 57% of individuals reported scores indicating the persistence of the ADHD inattention component, and 43% the persistence of both ADHD dimensions. Conclusions: ADHD cannot be considered a disorder confined to childhood/adolescence but instead is a chronic and complex condition that can persist into adulthood. The very small size of our final sample may account for both the high ADHD dropout rate over the long follow-up period and the difficult transition from child to adult health care in ADHD treatment. Our investigation suggests the need for specific training in the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD and the implementation of transition protocols between minor and adult services to improve long-term treatments.
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15
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Leno VC, Wright N, Pickles A, Bedford R, Zaidman-Zait A, Kerns C, Zwaigenbaum L, Duku E, Bennett T, Georgiades S, Smith IM, Richards A, Vaillancourt T, Szatmari P, Elsabbagh M. Longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression symptoms in autistic children are mediated by peer relationships but not educational engagement. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 36:1-11. [PMID: 36700357 PMCID: PMC7615659 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the general population, irritability is associated with later depression. Despite irritability being more prevalent in autistic children, the long-term sequelae are not well explored. We tested whether irritability in early childhood predicted depression symptoms in autistic adolescents, and whether associations could be explained by difficulties in peer relationships and lower educational engagement. Analyses tested the longitudinal associations between early childhood irritability (ages 3-5) and adolescent depression symptoms (age 14) in a prospective inception cohort of autistic children (N = 390), followed from early in development shortly after they received a clinical diagnosis. Mediators were measured in mid-childhood (age 10) by a combination of measures, from which latent factors for peer relationships and educational engagement were estimated. Results showed early childhood irritability was positively associated with adolescent depression symptoms, and this association remained when adjusting for baseline depression. A significant indirect pathway through peer relationships was found, which accounted for around 13% of the association between early childhood irritability and adolescent depression, suggesting peer problems may partially mediate the association between irritability and later depression. No mediation effects were found for education engagement. Results highlight the importance of early screening and intervention for co-occurring irritability and peer problems in young autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Carter Leno
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Wright
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Bedford
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Connor Kerns
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Eric Duku
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Isabel M. Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Annie Richards
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- University of Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Thapar A, Livingston LA, Eyre O, Riglin L. Practitioner Review: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder - the importance of depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:4-15. [PMID: 35972029 PMCID: PMC10087979 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Young people with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), show high rates of mental health problems, of which depression is one of the most common. Given that depression in ASD and ADHD is linked with a range of poor outcomes, knowledge of how clinicians should assess, identify and treat depression in the context of these neurodevelopmental disorders is much needed. Here, we give an overview of the latest research on depression in young people with ADHD and ASD, including possible mechanisms underlying the link between ADHD/ASD and depression, as well as the presentation, assessment and treatment of depression in these neurodevelopmental disorders. We discuss the implications for clinicians and make recommendations for critical future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy A Livingston
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olga Eyre
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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17
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Beaton DM, Sirois F, Milne E. The role of self-compassion in the mental health of adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2497-2512. [PMID: 35334113 PMCID: PMC9790285 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that the poorer mental health associated with attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is partially explained by adverse psychosocial correlates of the condition. As recent studies show that self-compassion is negatively associated with ADHD, this study investigates if levels of self-compassion may explain the mental health outcomes in people with ADHD compared to people without ADHD. METHOD A total of 543 adults with ADHD (62.72% female, 18-67 years), and 313 adults without ADHD (66.45% female, 18-82 years) completed questionnaires online to measure levels of self-compassion and mental health. A Structural Equation Model assessed the mediating effect of self-compassion on the relationships between ADHD and well-being (psychological, emotional, and social), and ADHD and ill-being (depression, anxiety, and stress). RESULTS Findings suggest that low self-compassion contributes to poorer mental health in adults with ADHD compared to adults without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Thus, self-compassion may be a potential target to improve mental health in this population. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that self-compassion is an important factor in the mental health of adults with ADHD and provides preliminary evidence for the use of self-compassion interventions to improve mental health outcomes in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuschia Sirois
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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18
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Antony EM, Pihlajamäki M, Speyer LG, Murray AL. Does emotion dysregulation mediate the association between ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems? A longitudinal within-person analysis in a large population-representative study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1583-1590. [PMID: 35484998 PMCID: PMC9790420 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms commonly show emotion dysregulation difficulties. These difficulties may partly explain the strong tendency for internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression to co-occur with ADHD symptoms. However, no study has yet provided a longitudinal analysis of the within-person links between ADHD symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing problems necessary to examine this hypothesis from a developmental perspective. METHODS We used data from the age 3, 5, and 7 waves of the large UK population-representative Millennium Cohort Study (n = 9,619, 4,885 males) and fit gender-stratified autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to disaggregate within- and between-person relations between ADHD symptom, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing problem symptoms. RESULTS We found that emotion dysregulation significantly mediated the longitudinal within-person association between ADHD symptoms and internalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS Results underline the promise of targeting emotion dysregulation as a means of preventing internalizing problems co-occurring with ADHD symptoms.
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19
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Haugan ALJ, Sund AM, Thomsen PH, Lydersen S, Nøvik TS. Executive functions mediate the association between ADHD symptoms and anxiety in a clinical adolescent population. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:834356. [PMID: 36172514 PMCID: PMC9510657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.834356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a high prevalence of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The reasons for this association are poorly understood. Preliminary findings with young adults have suggested that executive functions and functional impairment may mediate the relationship between symptoms of ADHD and mixed anxiety and depressive symptoms. The objective of this study was to explore whether ADHD symptoms, executive functions and functional impairment predict anxiety in a clinical adolescent population. In addition, we investigated the possible mediating role of executive functions and functional impairment in this relationship. Method One hundred adolescents with ADHD and their parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS-IV), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) in relation to an RCT study. The adolescents also completed the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Analyses were conducted using regression and a serial multiple mediator model. Results In the regression analyses, parent-rated ADHD symptoms were unable to predict anxiety, but ADHD inattention symptoms predicted anxiety in the self-ratings. Executive dysfunction and functional impairment predicted anxiety in both the parent- and self-reports. In the mediation analyses ADHD symptoms alone did not predict anxiety, but executive dysfunction mediated this relationship as expected. Functional impairment mediated this relationship indirectly through executive functions. The results were similar in the parent- and self- reports. Conclusion The results pinpoint executive dysfunction as an important treatment target for alleviating anxiety in adolescents with impairing ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Juul Haugan
- Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Sund
- Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Stene Nøvik
- Department of Mental Health, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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20
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Lawrence TI. Parental support, marital conflict, and stress as predictors of depressive symptoms among African American adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:630-643. [PMID: 35200051 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211070163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Given the increase of depressive symptoms among adolescents, it is essential to investigate familial and temperamental correlates of depressive symptoms such as parental support, marital conflict, and stress. Thus, using a cross-sectional design, the current study examined whether parental support, marital conflict, and stress predicted depressive symptoms. Then, using structural equation modeling, this study tested whether stress mediated the relationships among parental support, marital conflict, and depressive symptoms among African American adolescents while controlling for sex (N = 883). Results suggest that maternal support negatively related to depressive symptoms in contrast to stress and marital conflict. However, paternal support and sex were not statistically associated with depressive symptoms. Mediation results suggest that stress explained the relationships among parental support, marital conflict, and depressive symptoms. Family therapy and depression reduction implications are discussed.
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21
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Fenesy MC, Lee SS. Childhood ADHD and Executive Functioning: Unique Predictions of Early Adolescent Depression. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:753-770. [PMID: 34862961 PMCID: PMC9130164 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of adolescent depression, identification of its early predictors and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying its individual differences is imperative. Controlling for baseline executive functioning (EF), we tested separate ADHD dimensions (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity) as independent predictors of early adolescent depression, including temporally-ordered causal mediation by academic functioning and social problems, using structural equation modeling. At baseline, participants consisted of 216 children (67% male) ages 6-9 years old with (n = 112) and without (n = 104) ADHD who subsequently completed Wave 2 and 3 follow-ups approximately two and four years later, respectively. Predictors consisted of separate parent and teacher ratings of childhood ADHD and laboratory-based assessments of key EF domains. At Wave 2, parents and teachers completed normed rating scales of youth academic and social functioning; youth completed standardized assessments of academic achievement. At Wave 3, youth self-reported depression. Baseline inattention positively predicted early adolescent depression whereas childhood hyperactivity-impulsivity and EF did not. Neither academic nor social functioning significantly mediated predictions of depression from baseline ADHD and EF. We consider prediction of early adolescent depression from inattention, including directions for future intervention and prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Fenesy
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
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22
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MacLochlainn J, Mallett J, Kirby K, McFadden P. Stressful Events and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Person-Centred Approach to Expanding Adverse Childhood Experience Categories. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:327-340. [PMID: 35600522 PMCID: PMC9120305 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stress from cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can pose a serious risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders in adolescence. However, there is a paucity of research identifying specific profiles or combinations of exposure to other forms of stressful life events and their impact on adolescent psychopathology. This study attempted a conceptual expansion of the ACE checklist by examining these stressful events. The study used cross-sectional data from a modified version of the CASE Study survey where 864 adolescents (56% female, n = 480), aged from 11 - 18 years were recruited from four post-primary schools in the North-West region of NI. Latent class analysis of the 20-item stressful events checklist revealed 3 distinct risk classes: a low-risk class (53.5%), at-risk class (42.7%), and an immediate-risk class (3.8%). Results showed those at most risk of adolescent psychopathology had the highest probability of encountering interpersonal relationship issues, experiencing family dysfunction, and having close friends experiencing psychological difficulties. Findings indicate that the original ten ACE categories may be too narrow in focus and do not capture the wide range of childhood adversity. Expanding the ACE checklist to include other stressful events is discussed as these may also be antecedents to psychopathologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin MacLochlainn
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H259, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - John Mallett
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H259, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Kirby
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H245, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Paula McFadden
- School of Applied Social and Policy Sc, Institute for Research in Social Sciences, Magee campus, Room MF211, Derry, BT48 7JL Northern Ireland
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23
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Speyer LG, Obsuth I, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Mediating Factors in Within-Person Developmental Cascades of Externalising, Internalising and ADHD Symptoms in Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1011-1025. [PMID: 35488988 PMCID: PMC9395455 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have offered evidence for peer problems and academic achievement as mediators in developmental cascades from externalising to internalising problems, and from ADHD symptoms to both internalising and externalising problems. However, these mediators have not been found to fully account for these cascades, indicating that there may be additional mediators involved. This study investigated the role of harsh parenting and parental involvement alongside academic achievement and peer problems in mediating within-person developmental cascades from externalising to internalising problems and from ADHD symptoms to internalising and externalising problems using autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals. Models were fit for parent- and teacher-reports on children’s psychosocial development as measured by the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (SBQ) collected over ages 7, 9, and 11 in an ethnically diverse Swiss longitudinal cohort study (z-proso; N = 1387, 51% male). Results indicated that, when appropriately disentangling within- from between-person effects, none of the considered factors acted as significant mediators in longitudinal within-person relations between ADHD, internalising and externalising problems; hence, mediating mechanisms in developmental cascades remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Clinical Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Krauss A, Schellenberg C. ADHD Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents and Young Adults. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Adolescence and young adulthood present particularly challenging periods for individuals affected by attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. However, unlike childhood ADHD, ADHD among adolescents and young adults has been studied less frequently. A concept that can be used to characterize the experiences of individuals with ADHD symptoms is health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which encompasses well-being in various dimensions. Aims: The present study used a school-based sample in the German-speaking part of Switzerland to investigate the association between ADHD symptoms and HRQoL of adolescents and young adults. Method: A total of 907 individuals aged 14–24 years ( M = 17.69; SD = 1.66; 58.9% female) were surveyed regarding ADHD symptoms and HRQoL. Results: Multiple hierarchical regression analyses disclosed that ADHD symptoms were negatively related to all subdimensions of HRQoL. Moreover, adolescents with clinically significant or subclinical ADHD symptoms showed lower values in all examined dimensions – physical, emotional, self-esteem, family, friends/peers, and school/education – than adolescents with unremarkable ADHD symptoms. An exception was the well-being concerning friends/peers. Limitations: The present study used a cross-sectional design and a selective sample of school classes. ADHD symptoms were assessed using self-reports without any diagnostic judgment. Conclusion: The results illustrate the comprehensive effects of ADHD symptoms on well-being during adolescence and young adulthood. They highlight the importance of focusing more on ADHD during these stages of age, also considering individuals with symptoms in the subclinical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Krauss
- Institute for Educational Support for Behaviour, Social-Emotional, and Psychomotor Development, University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schellenberg
- Institute for Educational Support for Behaviour, Social-Emotional, and Psychomotor Development, University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH), Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Park S, Chang H. Developmental Trajectory of Inattention and Its Association With Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Peer Relationships as a Mediator. Front Psychol 2022; 12:736840. [PMID: 35178006 PMCID: PMC8845459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the developmental trajectory of inattention symptoms as a predictor of later depressive symptoms in adolescence, and examined potential mediating role of peer relationships in this process. Participants were adolescents who were part of the large longitudinal panel study on Korean Youths, Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey 2010 (KCYPS 2010) of the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). Specifically, data were drawn from two cohorts of KCYPS that differed in participant age (Panel 1: 2003 birth cohort, n = 2,342, 48.2% girls; Panel 2: 2000 birth cohorts, n = 2,378, 40.0% girls). We analyzed data collected from 2010 to 2016 when children in panel 1 were 6-7 to 12-13 years old, and children in panel 2 were 9-10 to 15-16 years old. Results of latent growth modeling (LGM) were as follows. In Panel 1, the inattention symptoms increased from 9-10 to 12-13 years. Otherwise, the inattention symptoms decreased from 11-12 to 15-16 years in panel 2. Additionally, in both panels, initial status and slope of inattention significantly predicted later levels of depressive symptoms, and peer relationships partly mediated the association between inattention trajectory and depressive symptoms. The findings are discussed with respect to considering the growth of inattention and the quality of peer relationships as promising targets for early identification and intervention of depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyein Chang
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Thorell LB, Skoglund C, de la Peña AG, Baeyens D, Fuermaier ABM, Groom MJ, Mammarella IC, van der Oord S, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Luman M, de Miranda DM, Siu AFY, Steinmayr R, Idrees I, Soares LS, Sörlin M, Luque JL, Moscardino UM, Roch M, Crisci G, Christiansen H. Parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health conditions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:649-661. [PMID: 33415470 PMCID: PMC7790054 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with or without a child with a mental health condition across Europe. The study included 6720 parents recruited through schools, patient organizations and social media platforms (2002 parents with a child with a mental health condition and 4718 without) from seven European countries: the UK (n = 508), Sweden (n = 1436), Spain (n = 1491), Belgium (n = 508), the Netherlands (n = 324), Germany (n = 1662) and Italy (n = 794). Many parents reported negative effects of homeschooling for themselves and their child, and many found homeschooling to be of poor quality, with insufficient support from schools. In most countries, contact with teachers was limited, leaving parents with primary responsibility for managing homeschooling. Parents also reported increased levels of stress, worry, social isolation, and domestic conflict. A small number of parents reported increased parental alcohol/drug use. Some differences were found between countries and some negative experiences were more common in families with a child with a mental health condition. However, differences between countries and between families with and without a mental health condition were generally small, indicating that many parents across countries reported negative experiences. Some parents also reported positive experiences of homeschooling. The adverse effects of homeschooling will likely have a long-term impact and contribute to increased inequalities. Given that school closures may be less effective than other interventions, policymakers need to carefully consider the negative consequences of homeschooling during additional waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B. Thorell
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Skoglund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P. Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1633. [PMID: 34942936 PMCID: PMC8699555 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough synthesis of the literature assessing the biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression in order to piece together the puzzle of the key factors that are related to this condition. Titles and abstracts published between 2017 and 2020 were identified in PubMed, as well as Medline, Scopus, and PsycInfo. Key words relating to biological, social, and psychological determinants as well as depression were applied to the databases, and the screening and data charting of the documents took place. We included 470 documents in this literature review. The findings showed that there are a plethora of risk and protective factors (relating to biological, psychological, and social determinants) that are related to depression; these determinants are interlinked and influence depression outcomes through a web of causation. In this paper, we describe and present the vast, fragmented, and complex literature related to this topic. This review may be used to guide practice, public health efforts, policy, and research related to mental health and, specifically, depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Remes
- Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | | | - Peter Templeton
- IfM Engage Limited, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK;
- The William Templeton Foundation for Young People’s Mental Health (YPMH), Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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28
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Children and adolescents with ADHD followed up to adulthood: a systematic review of long-term outcomes. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2021; 33:283-298. [PMID: 34384511 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2021.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to highlight the clinical and social outcomes among adults who suffered from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in their childhood/adolescence. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched for prospective studies published during the last 5 years addressing patients with ADHD in childhood/adolescence followed-up to adulthood. We also included studies published before 2015 reported in other reviews with similar outcomes. Thousand four-hundred and eighty-five studies were identified, but only 39 were included for qualitative analysis and 27 for quantitative analysis. Overall, we found that ADHD persisted into adulthood with a mean rate of 43% and was mainly associated with both substance/alcohol use disorders and antisocial behavior and, less frequently, with anxiety and depressive disorders. The prevalence of persistent ADHD in adulthood reported by studies published after 2011 (55%) was higher than that reported by studies published previously from 1985 to 2011 (34%), suggesting a greater focus on ADHD in recent years. Our results highlight that ADHD can be considered not only a neurodevelopmental disorder, but also a persistent and complex condition, with detrimental consequences for quality of life in adulthood.
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29
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The role of school enjoyment and connectedness in the association between depressive and externalising symptoms and academic attainment: Findings from a UK prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:974-980. [PMID: 34706471 PMCID: PMC8572763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the relationship between children's depressive and externalising symptoms, experience of school, and academic attainment is inconclusive. The aims of this study were (i) to test bidirectional associations between children's school experience and depressive and externalising symptoms at age 10-11 and 13-14, (ii) to ascertain whether school experience age 13-14 is associated with academic attainment age 16, and (iii) to test whether school experience mediates the relationship between depressive or externalising symptoms and attainment. METHODS Data was used from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n=6,409). A cross-lagged model was used to investigate bidirectional associations between school experience (enjoyment and connectedness) and depression and externalising at age 10-11 and 13-14. The same framework was used to test if school experience aged 13-14 mediated associations of depressive and externalising symptoms with later attainment. RESULTS Depressive and externalising symptoms at 10-11 were negatively associated with school connectedness (depressive: standardised β=-0.06, CI: -0.11, 0.01; externalizing: β=-0.13, CI: -0.17, -0.08), and school enjoyment at 13-14 (depressive β=-0.04, -0.08, 0.03; externalising: β=-0.08, CI: -0.13, -0.03). School enjoyment at 13-14 was positively associated with attainment at 16 (β=0.10, CI: 0.04, 0.15), and partially mediated associations between depressive and externalising symptoms at 10-11 and attainment at 16 (depressive: proportion mediated 2.2%, CI: -1.5, 5.9; externalising: proportion mediated; 4.7%, CI: 0.7, 10.1,). LIMITATIONS Results may be subject to residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS School enjoyment is a potentially modifiable risk factor that may affect educational attainment of adolescents with depressive or externalising symptoms.
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30
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Sawamura Y, Hirokawa-Ueda H, Kawakami T, Sakane H, Teramoto K, Yamamoto A, Taketani R, Ono H. Increased prefrontal cortex activity on near-infrared spectroscopy after interpersonal counseling in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:668-671. [PMID: 34539071 PMCID: PMC8436038 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The number of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has been
increasing. These patients show low activity in the prefrontal cortex, which can be
improved by pharmacotherapy and neurofeedback training. This exploratory study aimed to
examine whether the hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during an inhibition
response in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendencies increased
after interpersonal counseling. [Participants and Methods] Participants (n=5) received
three interpersonal counseling sessions. Interpersonal counseling focuses on the patient’s
current problems and devises specific coping strategies, and it can be performed by
healthcare personnel such as physiotherapists. Prefrontal cortex activity during a
suppression reaction task was measured by using near-infrared spectroscopy at baseline and
post-interpersonal counseling. The outcome was a difference in the oxyhemoglobin level
from baseline to post-interpersonal counseling. [Results] The oxyhemoglobin level in the
prefrontal cortex significantly increased post-interpersonal counseling. [Conclusion]
These results suggested that interpersonal counseling could improve the hemodynamic
response in the prefrontal cortex under inhibition in individuals with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder tendencies, suggesting that interpersonal counseling may be
effective for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sawamura
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hirokawa-Ueda
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Takuro Kawakami
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakane
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Teramoto
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Ami Yamamoto
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Reiko Taketani
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Hisae Ono
- Department of Psychological Science, Graduate School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University: 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
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31
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Powell V, Riglin L, Ng-Knight T, Frederickson N, Woolf K, McManus C, Collishaw S, Shelton K, Thapar A, Rice F. Investigating Friendship Difficulties in the Pathway from ADHD to Depressive Symptoms. Can Parent-Child Relationships Compensate? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1031-1041. [PMID: 33655375 PMCID: PMC8222013 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with friendship difficulties. This may partly account for the increasingly recognised association between ADHD and subsequent depression. Little is known about the types of friendship difficulties that could contribute to the association between ADHD and depressive symptoms and whether other relationships, such as parent-child relationships, can mitigate against potential adverse effects of friendship difficulties. In a representative UK school sample (n = 1712), three main features of friendship (presence of friends, friendship quality and characteristics of the individual's classroom friendship group) were assessed in a longitudinal study with two assessment waves (W1, W2) during the first year of secondary school (children aged 11-12 years). These friendship features (W1) were investigated as potential mediators of the prospective association between teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (W1) and self-rated depressive symptoms (W2) seven months later. Parent-child relationship quality (W1) was tested as a moderator of any indirect effects of ADHD on depression via friendship. ADHD symptoms were inversely associated with friendship presence, friendship quality and positive characteristics of classroom friendship groups. Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with presence and quality of friendships. Friendship quality had indirect effects in the association between ADHD and subsequent depressive symptoms. There was some evidence of moderated mediation, whereby indirect effects via friendship quality attenuated slightly as children reported warmer parent-child relationships. This highlights the importance of considering the quality of friendships and parent-child relationships in children with ADHD symptoms. Fostering good quality relationships may help disrupt the link between ADHD symptomology and subsequent depression risk.
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32
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Lee YA, Goto Y. The Habenula in the Link Between ADHD and Mood Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:699691. [PMID: 34248519 PMCID: PMC8264146 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.699691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset, neurodevelopmental disorder, whereas major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder that typically emerges in adulthood. Accumulating evidence suggests that these seemingly unrelated psychiatric disorders, whose symptoms even appear antithetical [e.g., psychomotor retardation in depression vs. hyperactivity (psychomotor acceleration) in ADHD], are in fact associated with each other. Thus, individuals with ADHD exhibit high comorbidity with MDD later in life. Moreover, genetic studies have shown substantial overlaps of susceptibility genes between ADHD and MDD. Here, we propose a novel and testable hypothesis that the habenula, the epithalamic brain region important for the regulation of monoamine transmission, may be involved in both ADHD and MDD. The hypothesis suggests that an initially hypoactive habenula during childhood in individuals with ADHD may undergo compensatory changes during development, priming the habenula to be hyperactive in response to stress exposure and thereby increasing vulnerability to MDD in adulthood. Moreover, we propose a new perspective on habenular deficits in psychiatric disorders that consider the habenula a neural substrate that could explain multiple psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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33
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Karawekpanyawong N, Wongpakaran T, Wongpakaran N, Boonnag C, Siritikul S, Chalanunt S, Kuntawong P. Impact of Perceived Social Support on the Relationship between ADHD and Depressive Symptoms among First Year Medical Students: A Structural Equation Model Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:401. [PMID: 34065767 PMCID: PMC8156751 DOI: 10.3390/children8050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with depression among college students, while perceived social support is also associated with depression, especially among young adults. This study aimed to examine to what extent perceived social support mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms. METHODS In total, 124 first year medical students completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener (ASRS), the Patient Health questionnaire-9 and the revised Thai Multidimensional scale of perceived social support reflecting ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and perceive social support, i.e., family members, friends and other significant people, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the hypothesized mediation model. RESULTS ADHD symptoms exhibited a significant indirect effect on depressive symptoms via perceived social support. ADHD symptoms initially had a direct effect on depression; thereafter, it reduced to a non-significance effect after perceived social support was added. The total variance explained by this model was 35.2%. The mediation model with family support as a mediator showed the highest effect size. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the importance of perceived social support, particularly family support, on depressive symptoms among young medical students experiencing ADHD symptoms. The model suggests promising relationships for further research on ADHD-related depression and potential treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntaporn Karawekpanyawong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Tinakon Wongpakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Nahathai Wongpakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Chiraphat Boonnag
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sirinut Siritikul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sirikorn Chalanunt
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Pimolpun Kuntawong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
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34
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Balan-Moshe L, Gothelf D. Minding the gap between clinical guidelines and real-life clinical work. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:681-683. [PMID: 33796938 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Balan-Moshe
- The Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Tel Hashmoer, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Tel Hashmoer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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35
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Moore G, Angel L, Brown R, van Godwin J, Hallingberg B, Rice F. Socio-Economic Status, Mental Health Difficulties and Feelings about Transition to Secondary School among 10-11 Year Olds in Wales: Multi-Level Analysis of a Cross Sectional Survey. CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH 2021; 14:1597-1615. [PMID: 34721729 PMCID: PMC8550448 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-021-09815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition between primary and secondary school represents an important milestone in young people's development. While most young people look forward to this transition, it is a source of anxiety for many. Drawing on a nationally representative survey of 2218 children in 73 schools in Wales, this study aimed to understand the extent to which 10-11 year old children worried about and/or looked forward to their imminent transition to secondary school, the things they worried about and/or looked forward to, and how feelings about transition differed by socioeconomic status, as well as by emotional and behavioural difficulties. About a third of children reported being quite or very worried about transition to secondary school, while approximately two-thirds reported looking forward to it quite a bit or very much. These items were only moderately correlated, with many children both looking forward to and worrying about transition, or neither. Major sources of worry about transition centred around bullying and impact on existing friendships, while forming new friendships or joining existing friends in their new school were key things children looked forward to. Children from poorer backgrounds, attending poorer schools and reporting more emotional difficulties were significantly more likely to report worries about transition. Children from poorer families, and children reporting more emotional difficulties and behavioural difficulties, were less likely to look forward to transition. Interventions to support children in transition to secondary school need to be sensitive to the needs of children from poorer backgrounds and children with mental health difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Moore
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lianna Angel
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Brown
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jordan van Godwin
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Britt Hallingberg
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Rice F, Ng-Knight T, Riglin L, Powell V, Moore GF, McManus IC, Shelton KH, Frederickson N. Pupil Mental Health, Concerns and Expectations About Secondary School as Predictors of Adjustment Across the Transition to Secondary School: A Longitudinal Multi-informant Study. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe transition from primary to secondary schooling is challenging and involves a degree of apprehension. The extent to which pre-existing mental health difficulties, as well as pupil, parent, and teacher concerns and expectations about secondary school predict adaptation to secondary school, is unclear. In a three-wave, prospective longitudinal study, we examined associations between pre-transition concerns and expectations about moving to secondary school with mental health difficulties and demographic factors. We then evaluated whether these constructs predicted multiple indicators of adaptive pupil functioning at the end of the first year of secondary school (academic attainment, classmate behaviour rating, school liking and loneliness at school). We found children’s concerns reduced across the transition period. Concurrent associations were identified between both concerns about secondary school and lower parent and teacher expectations that children would settle in well at secondary school, with mental health difficulties and special educational needs. Investigating associations with multiple indicators of adaptive functioning at secondary school, multivariable regression analyses controlling for a range of baseline factors (e.g. special educational needs), found children’s concerns about secondary school to be specifically associated with loneliness. In contrast, children’s mental health difficulties and both parent and teacher expectations of how well children would settle into secondary school were associated with a wider range of indicators of adaptive functioning at secondary school. When examining all predictors simultaneously, primary school teacher expectations showed longitudinal association with a wide range of indicators of successful transition. These findings suggest that assessing primary school teacher expectations may be useful for monitoring and supporting pupils through this transition period and could usefully inform school-based interventions to support transition and mental health.
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Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk for diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The evidence reviewed here indicates that deficits in striatal dopamine are a shared component of the causal chains that produce these disorders. Neuropsychological studies of adult ADHD, prodromal PD, and early-stage PD reveal similar deficits in executive functions, memory, attention, and inhibition that are mediated by similar neural substrates. These and other findings are consistent with the possibility that ADHD may be part of the PD prodrome. The mechanisms that may mediate the association between PD and ADHD include neurotoxic effects of stimulants, other environmental exposures, and Lewy pathology. Understanding the nature of the association between PD and ADHD may provide insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of both disorders. The possible contribution of stimulants to this association may have important clinical and public health implications.
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Young S, Asherson P, Lloyd T, Absoud M, Arif M, Colley WA, Cortese S, Cubbin S, Doyle N, Morua SD, Ferreira-Lay P, Gudjonsson G, Ivens V, Jarvis C, Lewis A, Mason P, Newlove-Delgado T, Pitts M, Read H, van Rensburg K, Zoritch B, Skirrow C. Failure of Healthcare Provision for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United Kingdom: A Consensus Statement. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649399. [PMID: 33815178 PMCID: PMC8017218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite evidence-based national guidelines for ADHD in the United Kingdom (UK), ADHD is under-identified, under-diagnosed, and under-treated. Many seeking help for ADHD face prejudice, long waiting lists, and patchy or unavailable services, and are turning to service-user support groups and/or private healthcare for help. Methods: A group of UK experts representing clinical and healthcare providers from public and private healthcare, academia, ADHD patient groups, educational, and occupational specialists, met to discuss shortfalls in ADHD service provision in the UK. Discussions explored causes of under-diagnosis, examined biases operating across referral, diagnosis and treatment, together with recommendations for resolving these matters. Results: Cultural and structural barriers operate at all levels of the healthcare system, resulting in a de-prioritization of ADHD. Services for ADHD are insufficient in many regions, and problems with service provision have intensified as a result of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has established a range of adverse outcomes of untreated ADHD, and associated long-term personal, social, health and economic costs are high. The consensus group called for training of professionals who come into contact with people with ADHD, increased funding, commissioning and monitoring to improve service provision, and streamlined communication between health services to support better outcomes for people with ADHD. Conclusions: Evidence-based national clinical guidelines for ADHD are not being met. People with ADHD should have access to healthcare free from discrimination, and in line with their legal rights. UK Governments and clinical and regulatory bodies must act urgently on this important public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Lloyd
- ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Absoud
- Department of Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences & Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sally Cubbin
- The ADHD Clinic, Manor Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Doyle
- Genius Within, Plumpton Green, United Kingdom.,Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Dunn Morua
- AADD-United Kingdom, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Adult ADHD Support Group, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Ferreira-Lay
- Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Gudjonsson
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alexandra Lewis
- Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mason
- ADHD Foundation, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,ADHD and Psychiatry Services Limited, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Pitts
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Read
- ADHD Consultancy Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kobus van Rensburg
- Adult ADHD and Asperger's Team & Children and Young People's ADHD and ASD Service, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, United Kingdom
| | - Bozhena Zoritch
- ADDmire Clinic, West Byfleet, United Kingdom.,Epsom and St. Helier University Hospital, Epsom, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Skirrow
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Fairchild G. Developmental pathways from childhood ADHD to adolescent depression: insights from the ALSPAC study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1477-1478. [PMID: 33037489 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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