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Vasantha Raman N, Gebreyohanes Belay BM, South J, Botha TL, Pegg J, Khosa D, Mofu L, Walsh G, Jordaan MS, Koelmans AA, Teurlincx S, Helmsing NR, de Jong N, van Donk E, Lürling M, Wepener V, Fernandes TV, de Senerpont Domis LN. Effect of an antidepressant on aquatic ecosystems in the presence of microplastics: A mesocosm study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124439. [PMID: 38942279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics have become a pressing concern due to their widespread presence and potential impacts on ecological systems. To assess the ecosystem-level effects of these pollutants within a multi-stressor context, we simulated real-world conditions by exposing a near-natural multi-trophic aquatic food web to a gradient of environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine and microplastics in large mesocosms over a period of more than three months. We measured the biomass and abundance of different trophic groups, as well as ecological functions such as nutrient availability and decomposition rate. To explore the mechanisms underlying potential community and ecosystem-level effects, we also performed behavioral assays focusing on locomotion parameters as a response variable in three species: Daphnia magna (zooplankton prey), Chaoborus flavicans larvae (invertebrate pelagic predator of zooplankton) and Asellus aquaticus (benthic macroinvertebrate), using water from the mesocosms. Our mesocosm results demonstrate that presence of microplastics governs the response in phytoplankton biomass, with a weak non-monotonic dose-response relationship due to the interaction between microplastics and fluoxetine. However, exposure to fluoxetine evoked a strong non-monotonic dose-response in zooplankton abundance and microbial decomposition rate of plant material. In the behavioral assays, the locomotion of zooplankton prey D. magna showed a similar non-monotonic response primarily induced by fluoxetine. Its predator C. flavicans, however, showed a significant non-monotonic response governed by both microplastics and fluoxetine. The behavior of the decomposer A. aquaticus significantly decreased at higher fluoxetine concentrations, potentially leading to reduced decomposition rates near the sediment. Our study demonstrates that effects observed upon short-term exposure result in more pronounced ecosystem-level effects following chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vasantha Raman
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Berte M Gebreyohanes Belay
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Josie South
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Josephine Pegg
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, EC, South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Khosa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa; Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Lubabalo Mofu
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Gina Walsh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Martine S Jordaan
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, 6140, South Africa; CapeNature Scientific Services, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico R Helmsing
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina de Jong
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity Research Group, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pervasive Systems, EEMCS, University of Twente & Department of Water Resources, ITC, University of Twente, the Netherlands
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Ramírez-Morales D, Rojas-Jiménez K, Castro-Gutiérrez V, Rodríguez-Saravia S, Vaglio-Garro A, Araya-Valverde E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Ecotoxicological effects of ketoprofen and fluoxetine and their mixture in an aquatic microcosm. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 271:106924. [PMID: 38678909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fluoxetine (antidepressant) and ketoprofen (analgesic) on aquatic ecosystems are largely unknown, particularly as a mixture. This work aimed at determining the effect of sublethal concentrations of both compounds individually (0.050 mg/L) and their mixture (0.025 mg/L each) on aquatic communities at a microcosm scale for a period of 14 d. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored to estimate functional alterations in the ecosystem, while model organisms (Daphnia magna, Lemna sp., Raphidocelis subcapitata) and the sequencing of 16S/18S rRNA genes permitted to determine effects on specific populations and changes in community composition, respectively. Disturbances were more clearly observed after 14 d, and overall, the microcosms containing fluoxetine (alone or in combination with ketoprofen) produced larger alterations on most physicochemical and biological variables, compared to the microcosm containing only ketoprofen, which suffered less severe changes. Differences in nitrogen species suggest alterations in the N-cycle due to the presence of fluoxetine; similarly, all pharmaceutical-containing systems decreased the brood rate of D. magna, while individual compounds inhibited the growth of Lemna sp. No clear trends were observed regarding R. subcapitata, as indirectly determined by chlorophyll quantification. The structure of micro-eukaryotic communities was altered in the fluoxetine-containing systems, whereas the structure of bacterial communities was affected to a greater extent by the mixture. The disruptions to the equilibrium of the microcosm demonstrate the ecological risk these compounds pose to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ramírez-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Víctor Castro-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Saravia
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Emanuel Araya-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos E Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
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Zhang ZF, Fan YY, Lu XM, Min XZ, Ma WL, Liu LY, Li YF, Li WL. Seasonal patterns, fate and ecological risk assessment of pharmaceutical compounds in a wastewater treatment plant with Bacillus bio-reactor treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120732. [PMID: 38560954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) pose a growing concern with potential environmental impacts, commonly introduced into the environment via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The occurrence, removal, and season variations of 60 different classes of PhCs were investigated in the baffled bioreactor (BBR) wastewater treatment process during summer and winter. The concentrations of 60 PhCs were 3400 ± 1600 ng/L in the influent, 2700 ± 930 ng/L in the effluent, and 2400 ± 120 ng/g dw in sludge. Valsartan (Val, 1800 ng/L) was the main contaminant found in the influent, declining to 520 ng/L in the effluent. The grit chamber and BBR tank were substantially conducive to the removal of VAL. Nonetheless, the BBR process showcased variable removal efficiencies across different PhC classes. Sulfadimidine had the highest removal efficiency of 87 ± 17% in the final effluent (water plus solid phase). Contrasting seasonal patterns were observed among PhC classes within BBR process units. The concentrations of many PhCs were higher in summer than in winter, while some macrolide antibiotics exhibited opposing seasonal fluctuations. A thorough mass balance analysis revealed quinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics were primarily eliminated through degradation and transformation in the BBR process. Conversely, 40.2 g/d of macrolide antibiotics was released to the natural aquatic environment via effluent discharge. Gastric acid and anticoagulants, as well as cardiovascular PhCs, primarily experienced removal through sludge adsorption. This study provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of PhCs in wastewater treatment, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to effectively mitigate their release and potential environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xi-Mei Lu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xi-Ze Min
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Wen-Long Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, United States.
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Battaglin W, Bradley P, Weissinger R, Blackwell B, Cavallin J, Villeneuve D, DeCicco L, Kinsey J. Changes in chemical occurrence, concentration, and bioactivity in the Colorado River before and after replacement of the Moab, Utah wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166231. [PMID: 37586530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (2010-19) water-quality monitoring on the Colorado River downstream from Moab Utah indicated the persistent presence of Bioactive Chemicals (BC), such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals. This stream reach near Canyonlands National Park provides critical habitat for federally endangered species. The Moab wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfall discharges to the Colorado River and is the nearest potential point-source to this reach. The original WWTP was replaced in 2018. In 2016-19, a study was completed to determine if the new plant reduced BC input to the Colorado River at, and downstream from, the outfall. Water samples were collected before and after the plant replacement at sites upstream and downstream from the outfall. Samples were analyzed for as many as 243 pesticides, 109 pharmaceuticals, 20 hormones, 51 wastewater indicator chemicals, 20 metals, and 8 nutrients. BC concentrations, hazard quotients (HQs), and exposure activity ratios (EARs) were used to identify and prioritize contaminants for their potential to have adverse biological effects on the health of native and endangered wildlife. There were 22 BC with HQs >1, mostly metals and hormones; and 23 BC with EARs >0.1, mostly hormones and pharmaceuticals. Most high HQs or EARs were associated with samples collected at the WWTP outfall site prior to its replacement. Discharge from the new plant had reduced concentrations of nutrients, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and other BC. For example, all 16 of the hormones detected at the WWTP outfall site had maximum concentrations in samples collected prior to the WWTP replacement. The WWTP replacement had less effect on instream concentrations of metals and pesticides, BC whose sources are less directly tied to domestic wastewater. Study results indicate that improved WWTP technology can create substantial reductions in concentrations of non-regulated BC such as pharmaceuticals, in addition to regulated contaminants such as nutrients.
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Korkmaz NE, Caglar NB, Aksu A, Unsal T, Balcıoglu EB, Cavus Arslan H, Demirel N. Occurrence, bioconcentration, and human health risks of pharmaceuticals in biota in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138296. [PMID: 36898445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence, bioconcentration, and health risk via seafood consumption of 11 pharmaceutical compounds belonging to different therapeutic groups (anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, lipid regulators, and hormones) were investigated in the muscle tissues of fish and the meat of shrimp in the Sea of Marmara. Six biota species (Merlangius merlangus, Trachurus meditterraneus, Serranus hepatus, Pomatomus saltatrix, Parapenaeus longirostris, Spratus sprattus) were collected from the five stations in October and April 2019. Ultrasonic extraction method followed by solid phase extraction was used for extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from biota samples and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 11 compounds, 10 were detected in biota species. Ibuprofen was the most frequently detected pharmaceutical in the biota tissues at high concentrations (<3.0-1225 ng/g, dw). The other widely detected compounds were fenoprofen (<3.6-323 ng/g, dw), gemfibrozil (<3.2-480 ng/g, dw), 17α-ethynylestradiol (<2.0-462 ng/g, dw), and carbamazepine (<7.6-222 ng/g, dw). The bioconcentration factors of the selected pharmaceuticals calculated in various aquatic organisms ranged from 9 to 2324 L/kg. The estimated daily intakes of anti-inflammatories, antiepileptics, lipid regulators, and hormones via seafood consumption were 0.37-568, 1.1-324, 8.5-197, 3-340 ng/kg bw. Day, respectively. Based on hazard quotients, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol may pose a health risk to humans through the consumption of this seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan E Korkmaz
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuray Balkis Caglar
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Aksu
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Unsal
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Billur Balcıoglu
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Cavus Arslan
- Halic University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazli Demirel
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Department of Physical Oceanography and Marine Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Walls FN, McGarvey DJ. A systems-level model of direct and indirect links between environmental health, socioeconomic factors, and human mortality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162486. [PMID: 36858240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Major efforts are being made to better understand how human health and ecosystem health are influenced by climate and other environmental factors. However, studies that simultaneously address human and ecosystem health within a systems-level framework that accounts for both direct and indirect effects are rare. Using path analysis and a large database of environmental and socioeconomic variables, we create a systems-level model of direct and indirect effects on human and ecosystem health in counties throughout the conterminous United States. As indicators of human and ecosystem health, we use age-adjusted mortality rate and an index of biological integrity in streams and rivers, respectively. We show that: (i) geology and climate set boundary conditions for all other variables in the model; (ii) hydrology and land cover have predictable but distinct effects on human and ecosystem health; and (iii) forest cover is a key link between the environment and the socioeconomic variables that directly influence human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felisha N Walls
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Daniel J McGarvey
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Roznere I, An V, Robinson T, Banda JA, Watters GT. Contaminants of emerging concern in the Maumee River and their effects on freshwater mussel physiology. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280382. [PMID: 36724160 PMCID: PMC9891515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern pose a serious hazard to aquatic wildlife, especially freshwater mussels. The growing number of contaminants in aquatic systems requires scientists and managers to prioritize contaminants that are most likely to elicit a biological response for further monitoring and toxicological testing. The objectives of this study were to identify a sub-category of contaminants most likely to affect Pyganodon grandis and to describe alterations in metabolites and gene expression between various sites. Mussels were deployed in cages for two weeks at four sites along the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, USA. Water samples were analyzed for the presence of 220 contaminants. Hemolymph samples were collected for metabolomics and analyzed using mass spectrometry. Contaminants that significantly covaried with metabolites were identified using partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Tissue samples were collected for transcriptomics, RNA was sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2500, and differential expression analysis was performed on assembled transcripts. Of the 220 targeted contaminants, 69 were detected in at least one water sample. Of the 186 metabolites detected in mussel hemolymph, 43 showed significant differences between the four sites. The PLS model identified 44 contaminants that significantly covaried with changes in metabolites. A total of 296 transcripts were differentially expressed between two or more sites, 107 received BLAST hits, and 52 were annotated and assigned to one or more Gene Ontology domains. Our analyses reveal the contaminants that significantly covaried with changes in metabolites and are most likely to negatively impact freshwater mussel health and contribute to ongoing population declines in this group of highly endangered animals. Our integration of "omics" technologies provides a broad and in-depth assessment of the short-term effects of contaminants on organismal physiology. Our findings highlight which contaminants are most likely to be causing these changes and should be prioritized for more extensive toxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Roznere
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktoriya An
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Timothy Robinson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann Banda
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gloucester, Virginia, United States of America
| | - G. Thomas Watters
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Van Nguyen T, Bořík A, Velíšek J, Kouba A, Žlábek V, Koubová A. Integrated biomarker response in signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus exposed to diphenhydramine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136382. [PMID: 36088977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diphenhydramine (DPH) is a pharmaceutical with multiple modes of action, primarily designed as an antihistamine therapeutic drug. Among antihistamines, DPH is a significant contaminant in the environment, frequently detected in surface waters, sediments, and tissues of aquatic biota. In the present study, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was used as a model organism because of their prominent ecological roles in freshwater ecosystems. The biochemical effects were investigated in crayfish exposed to the environmental (low: 2 μg L-1), ten times elevated (medium: 20 μg L-1), and the sublethal (high: 200 μg L-1) nominal concentrations of DPH in water for 96 h. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and acetylcholinesterase activity were assessed as toxicological biomarkers in crayfish hepatopancreas, gills, and muscles. Low and medium DPH exposure caused imbalances only in glutathione-like enzyme activities. Integrated biomarker response showed the absolute DPH toxicity effects on all tested tissues under high exposure. This study identified that high, short-term DPH exposure induced oxidative stress in crayfish on multiple tissue levels, with the most considerable extent in muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Van Nguyen
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velíšek
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Žlábek
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Koubová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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Harrison LJ, Pearson KA, Wheatley CJ, Hill JK, Maltby L, Rivetti C, Speirs L, White PCL. Functional measures as potential indicators of down-the-drain chemical stress in freshwater ecological risk assessment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1135-1147. [PMID: 34951104 PMCID: PMC9543243 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional ecological risk assessment (ERA) predominately evaluates the impact of individual chemical stressors on a limited range of taxa, which are assumed to act as proxies to predict impacts on freshwater ecosystem function. However, it is recognized that this approach has limited ecological relevance. We reviewed the published literature to identify measures that are potential functional indicators of down-the-drain chemical stress, as an approach to building more ecological relevance into ERA. We found wide variation in the use of the term "ecosystem function," and concluded it is important to distinguish between measures of processes and measures of the capacity for processes (i.e., species' functional traits). Here, we present a classification of potential functional indicators and suggest that including indicators more directly connected with processes will improve the detection of impacts on ecosystem functioning. The rate of leaf litter breakdown, oxygen production, carbon dioxide consumption, and biomass production have great potential to be used as functional indicators. However, the limited supporting evidence means that further study is needed before these measures can be fully implemented and interpreted within an ERA and regulatory context. Sensitivity to chemical stress is likely to vary among functional indicators depending on the stressor and ecosystem context. Therefore, we recommend that ERA incorporates a variety of indicators relevant to each aspect of the function of interest, such as a direct measure of a process (e.g., rate of leaf litter breakdown) and a capacity for a process (e.g., functional composition of macroinvertebrates), alongside structural indicators (e.g., taxonomic diversity of macroinvertebrates). Overall, we believe that the consideration of functional indicators can add value to ERA by providing greater ecological relevance, particularly in relation to indirect effects, functional compensation (Box 1), interactions of multiple stressors, and the importance of ecosystem context. Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1135-1147. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Harrison
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Katie A. Pearson
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Christopher J. Wheatley
- Department of BiologyLeverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of YorkYorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of BiologyLeverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of YorkYorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Lorraine Maltby
- School of Biosciences, The University of SheffieldSheffieldWestern BankUK
| | - Claudia Rivetti
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrookUK
| | - Lucy Speirs
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrookUK
| | - Piran C. L. White
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkHeslingtonUK
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10
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Ferreira D, Alkimin GDD, Neves B, Conde T, Domingues MR, Nunes B. Evaluation of parental and transgenerational effects of clotrimazole in Daphnia magna - A multi-parametric approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154677. [PMID: 35337862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Azole antifungals inhibit the cytochrome P450 complex, decreasing the production of ergosterol in fungi, and compromising the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids in crustaceans, which are hormones regulating reproduction and ecdysis. The azole antifungal clotrimazole (CLO) raises environmental concerns due its toxicity. This work evaluated the effects on the number of moults, feeding rate, growth, reproduction, transgenerational reproductive effects on two different generations (F0, parental generation; and F1, organisms born from F0), and energetic balance in Daphnia magna. Neonates (<24 h) were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0, 2.7, and 3.4 mg/L) of CLO, to assess its effects on the moulting process. Neonates were also exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of CLO (0, 30, 150, 750, and 3750 ng/L) for 24 and 96 h, to assess adverse effects on their feeding behaviour. Effects on energy reserves (fatty acids, glycogen, and protein levels) were also measured in animals exposed to CLO. A reproduction test was carried out to evaluate the amount and size of neonates from F0 and F1 generations. CLO exposure decreased the number of moults, and the size of organisms, but did not alter the feeding pattern of 5 days old individuals. However, neonates (<24 h) exposed to CLO had a significant decrease in their feeding pattern. CLO decreased the fatty acids content in exposed animals, but did not change glycogen and protein. CLO also decreased the size of adult daphnids from the third brood, born from animals exposed in F0; in F1 animals, the size of neonates from the third brood was decreased. This study evidenced the toxic effects caused by CLO on growth, feeding and reproduction of D. magna. Nevertheless, it is not possible to conclude whether the effects are due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes, or to unspecific effects caused by general toxic stress and decreased nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Dias de Alkimin
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Bruna Neves
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Conde
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Environmental Risk Assessment of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Tocilizumab Mixture in Zebrafish Early Life Stage (Danio rerio). TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060279. [PMID: 35736888 PMCID: PMC9231124 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are widely regarded as a menace to the aquatic environment. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study was aimed to evaluate the molecular pathway underling the developmental toxicity of exposure in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed at doses of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) 1 μmol/L, tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L and dexamethasone + tocilizumab (1 μmol/L and 442.1 μmol/L, respectively) from 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf. This study confirmed that DEX exposure in association with tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L at 1 μmol/L (non-toxic concentration) affected the survival and hatching rate, morphology score, and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, a DEX 1 μmol/L and tocilizumab 442.1 μmol/L association also increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, bax, and bcl-2).
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12
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Di Paola D, Capparucci F, Lanteri G, Crupi R, Marino Y, Franco GA, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Environmental Toxicity Assessment of Sodium Fluoride and Platinum-Derived Drugs Co-Exposure on Aquatic Organisms. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050272. [PMID: 35622686 PMCID: PMC9145728 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are widely acknowledged to be a threat to aquatic life. Over the last two decades, the steady use of biologically active chemicals for human health has been mirrored by a rise in the leaking of these chemicals into natural environments. The aim of this work was to detect the toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure and platinum-derived drugs in an ecological setting on aquatic organism development. From 24 to 96 h post-fertilization, zebrafish embryos were treated to dosages of NaF 10 mg/L−1 + cisplatin (CDDP) 100 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L−1 + carboplatin (CARP) 25 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L−1 + CDDP 100 μM + CARP 25 μM. Fluoride exposure in combination with Cisplatin and Carboplatin (non-toxic concentration) had an effect on survival and hatching rate according to this study. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system and increased ROS in zebrafish larvae. NaF 10 mg/L−1 associated with CDDP 100 μM and CARP 25 μM, increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase 3, bax, and bcl-2) and the downregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, while no effect was seen for the single exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Giovanni Lanteri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Gianluca Antonio Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-906-765-208 (S.C.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-906-765-208 (S.C.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (F.C.); (G.L.); (Y.M.); (G.A.F.); (A.F.P.)
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13
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Paracetamol in Aqueous Medium Using TiO2 Prepared by the Sol–Sel Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092904. [PMID: 35566255 PMCID: PMC9099495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two titania photocatalysts have been prepared using the sol-gel method using TiCl4 as a precursor, and two different alcohols, namely, ethanol or propanol (Et or Pr). The main aim of this work was to study the effect of the nature of the alcohol on the chemical, structural and photocatalytic properties for paracetamol photodegradation of the final solids. The TiCl4/alcohol molar ratio to obtain the corresponding alkoxides (TiEt and TiPr) was 1/10. These alkoxides were calcined at 400 °C to prepare the oxide catalysts (named as TiEt400 and TiPr400). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of the original samples showed the presence of anatase diffraction peaks in sample TiPr, while TiEt is a completely amorphous material. Contrary to commercial TiO2-P25, the PXRD diagrams of the calcined samples showed anatase as the exclusive crystalline phase in both solids. The specific surface area (SBET) of sample TiPr400 was larger than that of sample TiEt400, and both larger than that of TiO2-P25. The three solids have been tested in the photodegradation of paracetamol in aqueous solution. It has been established that the alcohol used influences the properties and catalytic activity of the final oxides. The synthesized solids exhibit a higher activity than commercial TiO2-P25, because of their structural characteristics and larger SBET.
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Essfeld F, Reinwald H, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Eilebrecht E, Eilebrecht S. Transcriptomic profiling of clobetasol propionate-induced immunosuppression in challenged zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113346. [PMID: 35228030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the ecotoxicological hazard assessment of chemicals, the detection of immunotoxicity is currently neglected. This is mainly due to the complexity of the immune system and the consequent lack of standardized procedures and markers for the comprehensive assessment of immunotoxic modes of action. In this study, we present a new approach applying transcriptome profiling to an immune challenge with a mixture of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in zebrafish embryos, analyzing differential gene expression during acute infection with and without prior exposure to the immunosuppressive drug clobetasol propionate (CP). While PAMP injection itself triggered biological processes associated with immune activation, some of these genes were more differentially expressed upon prior exposure to CP than by immune induction alone, whereas others showed weaker or no differential regulation in response to the PAMP stimulus. All of these genes responding differently to PAMP after prior CP exposure showed additivity of PAMP- and CP-induced effects, indicating independent regulatory mechanisms. The transcriptomic profiles suggest that CP impaired innate immune induction by attenuating the response of genes involved in antigen processing, TLR signaling, NF-КB signaling, and complement activation. We propose this approach as a powerful method for detecting gene biomarkers for immunosuppressive modes of action, as it was able to identify alternatively regulated processes and pathways in a sublethal, acute infection zebrafish embryo model. This allowed to define biomarker candidates for immune-mediated effects and to comprehensively characterize immunosuppression. Ultimately, this work contributes to the development of molecular biomarker-based environmental hazard assessment of chemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Essfeld
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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15
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Kondor AC, Molnár É, Jakab G, Vancsik A, Filep T, Szeberényi J, Szabó L, Maász G, Pirger Z, Weiperth A, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dobosy P, Horváthné Kiss K, Hatvani IG, Szalai Z. Pharmaceuticals in water and sediment of small streams under the pressure of urbanization: Concentrations, interactions, and risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152160. [PMID: 34864023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small streams are crucial but vulnerable elements of ecological networks. To better understand the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in streams, this study focused on the occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk of 111 PhACs and 7 trace elements based on a total of 141 water and sediment samples from small streams located in the urbanizing region of Budapest, Hungary. Eighty-one PhACs were detected in the aqueous phase, whereas sixty-two compounds were detected in the sediment. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was the most frequently identified PhAC in water, and was found in 91.5% of all samples. However, the highest concentrations were measured for lamotrigine (344.8 μg·L-1) and caffeine (221.4 μg·L-1). Lidocaine was the most frequently occurring PhAC in sediment (73.8%), but the maximum concentrations were detected for CBZ (395.9 ng·g-1) and tiapride (187.7 ng·g-1). In both water and sediment, more PhACs were found downstream of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) than in the samples not affected by treated wastewater, even though no relationship was observed between the total amount of treated wastewater and the number of detected PhACs. The PhAC concentrations were also independent of the distance from the WWTP effluents. PhAC-polluted samples were detected upstream of the WWTPs, thereby suggesting the relevance of diffuse emissions in addition to WWTP outlets. The most frequently detected PhACs in the sediment were usually also present in the water samples collected at the same place and time. The varying concentrations of PhACs and the fluctuating water-sediment properties resulted in a lack of correlation between the general chemical properties and the concentrations of PhACs, which makes it difficult to predict PhAC contamination and risks in urbanized small streams. The environmental risk assessment indicated that diclofenac had the highest risk in the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Éva Molnár
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Institute of Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, Miskolc H-3515, Hungary.
| | - Anna Vancsik
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Tibor Filep
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - József Szeberényi
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary; Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi Miklós Str. 18, Nagykanizsa H-8800, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary
| | - András Weiperth
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Péter Dobosy
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | | | - István Gábor Hatvani
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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16
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Rumschlag SL, Casamatta DA, Mahon MB, Hoverman JT, Raffel TR, Carrick HJ, Hudson PJ, Rohr JR. Pesticides alter ecosystem respiration via phytoplankton abundance and community structure: Effects on the carbon cycle? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1091-1102. [PMID: 34674353 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater systems are critical to life on earth, yet they are threatened by the increasing rate of synthetic chemical pollution. Current predictions of the effects of synthetic chemicals on freshwater ecosystems are hampered by the sheer number of chemical contaminants entering aquatic systems, the diversity of organisms inhabiting these systems, the myriad possible direct and indirect effects resulting from these combinations, and uncertainties concerning how contaminants might alter ecosystem metabolism via changes in biodiversity. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a mesocosm experiment that elucidated the responses of ponds composed of phytoplankton and zooplankton to standardized concentrations of 12 pesticides, nested within four pesticide classes, and two pesticide types. We show that the effects of the pesticides on algae were consistent within herbicides and insecticides and that responses of over 70 phytoplankton species and genera were consistent within broad taxonomic groups. Insecticides generated top-down effects on phytoplankton community composition and abundance, which were associated with persistent increases in ecosystem respiration. Insecticides had direct toxic effects on cladocerans, which led to competitive release of copepods. These changes in the zooplankton community led to a decrease in green algae and a modest increase in diatoms. Herbicides did not change phytoplankton composition but reduced total phytoplankton abundance. This reduction in phytoplankton led to short-term decreases in ecosystem respiration. Given that ponds release atmospheric carbon and that worldwide pesticide pollution continues to increase exponentially, scientists and policy makers should pay more attention to the ways pesticides alter the carbon cycle in ponds via changes in communities, as demonstrated by our results. Our results show that these predictions can be simplified by grouping pesticides into types and species into functional groups. Adopting this approach provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of risk assessment and mitigation responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Rumschlag
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Dale A Casamatta
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael B Mahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas R Raffel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Hunter J Carrick
- Department of Biology, Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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17
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Gray AD, Bernhardt E. Are nitrogen and carbon cycle processes impacted by common stream antibiotics? A comparative assessment of single vs. mixture exposures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261714. [PMID: 34986185 PMCID: PMC8730405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of antibiotics are ubiquitous in all freshwater ecosystems that receive wastewater. A wide variety of antibiotics have been developed to kill problematic bacteria and fungi through targeted application, and their use has contributed significantly to public health and livestock management. Unfortunately, a substantial fraction of the antibiotics applied to humans, pets and livestock end up in wastewater, and ultimately many of these chemicals enter freshwater ecosystems. The effect of adding chemicals that are intentionally designed to kill microbes, on freshwater microbial communities remains poorly understood. There are reasons to be concerned, as microbes play an essential role in nutrient uptake, carbon fixation and denitrification in freshwater ecosystems. Chemicals that reduce or alter freshwater microbial communities might reduce their capacity to degrade the excess nutrients and organic matter that characterize wastewater. We performed a laboratory experiment in which we exposed microbial community from unexposed stream sediments to three commonly detected antibiotics found in urban wastewater and urban streams (sulfamethoxazole, danofloxacin, and erythromycin). We assessed how the form and concentration of inorganic nitrogen, microbial carbon, and nitrogen cycling processes changed in response to environmentally relevant doses (10 μg/L) of each of these antibiotics individually and in combination. We expected to find that all antibiotics suppressed rates of microbial mineralization and nitrogen transformations and we anticipated that this suppression of microbial activity would be greatest in the combined treatment. Contrary to our expectations we measured few significant changes in microbially mediated functions in response to our experimental antibiotic dosing. We found no difference in functional gene abundance of key nitrogen cycling genes nosZ, mcrA, nirK, and amoA genes, and we measured no treatment effects on NO3- uptake or N2O, N2, CH4, CO2 production over the course of our seven-day experiment. In the mixture treatment, we measured significant increases in NH4+ concentrations over the first 24 hours of the experiment, which were indistinguishable from controls within six hours. Our results suggest remarkable community resistance to pressure antibiotic exposure poses on naïve stream sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Gray
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Duke University, French Science Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Duke University, French Science Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Ighalo JO, Rangabhashiyam S, Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Adeniyi AG, Igwegbe CA. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) for aqueous phase adsorption – A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Ockenden A, Tremblay LA, Dikareva N, Simon KS. Towards more ecologically relevant investigations of the impacts of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148507. [PMID: 34465042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is a major environmental concern and the subject of a rapidly growing body of research. Much of this research has focused on the direct effects of microplastics on single species and there is limited information on how microplastics affect different functional groups of organisms, multi-species interactions, and ecosystem processes. We focused on freshwater systems and reviewed 146 studies of microplastic effects on freshwater biota and recorded features including particle characteristics, study designs, functional types of species tested and ecotoxicological endpoints measured. Study species were categorized based on their ecosystem role/functional feeding group rather than taxonomy. We found that most studies were conducted on single species (95%) and focused on a narrow range of functional groups of organisms (mostly filter feeders, 37% of studies). Very few studies have investigated multi-species interactions and ecosystem processes. In many studies, certain characteristics of microplastics, such as polymer type were not well matched with the feeding and habitat ecology of test species, potentially reducing their ecological relevance. Median laboratory study test concentrations were 5-6 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the field and few studies considered the effects of chemical additives in plastics (6%). We recommend that studies addressing the ecological effects of microplastics need to address neglected functional groups of organisms, design experiments to better match the ecology of test species, and increase in experimental scale and complexity to identify any indirect effects on species interactions and ecosystem processes. We suggest that examining microplastics through an ecological lens that better integrates the feeding and habitat ecology of test organisms will advance our understanding of the effects microplastics have in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ockenden
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Science Centre, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Louis A Tremblay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Building 110, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Nadia Dikareva
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Science Centre, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Kevin S Simon
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Science Centre, Building 302, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Fork ML, Fick JB, Reisinger AJ, Rosi EJ. Dosing the Coast: Leaking Sewage Infrastructure Delivers Large Annual Doses and Dynamic Mixtures of Pharmaceuticals to Urban Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11637-11645. [PMID: 34405672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are commonly detected at low concentrations in surface waters, where they disrupt biological and ecological processes. Despite their ubiquity, the annual mass of pharmaceuticals exported from watersheds is rarely quantified. We used liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy to screen for 92 pharmaceuticals in weekly samples from an urban stream network in Baltimore, MD, USA, that lacks wastewater treatment effluents. Across the network, we detected 37 unique compounds, with higher concentrations and more compounds in streams with higher population densities. We also used concentrations and stream discharge to calculate annual pharmaceutical loads at the watershed outlet, which range from less than 1 kg to ∼15 kg and are equivalent to tens of thousands of human doses. By calculating annual watershed mass balances for eight compounds, we show that ∼0.05 to ∼42% of the pharmaceuticals consumed by humans in this watershed are released to surface waters, with the importance of different pathways (leaking sewage vs treated wastewater effluent) differing among compounds. These results demonstrate the importance of developing, maintaining, and improving sewage infrastructure to protect water resources from pharmaceutical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Fork
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike AB, Millbrook, New York 12545, United States
| | - Jerker B Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Alexander J Reisinger
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, 12545 United States
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21
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Bradley PM, Kulp MA, Huffman BJ, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Breitmeyer SE, Clark JM, Journey CA. Reconnaissance of cumulative risk of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146711. [PMID: 33798883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The United States (US) National Park Service (NPS) manages protected public lands to preserve biodiversity. Exposure to and effects of bioactive organic contaminants in NPS streams are challenges for resource managers. Recent assessment of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in protected-streams within the urbanized NPS Southeast Region (SER) indicated the importance of fluvial inflows from external sources as drivers of aquatic contaminant-mixture exposures. Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), lies within SER, has the highest biodiversity and annual visitation of NPS parks, but, in contrast to the previously studied systems, straddles a high-elevation hydrologic divide; this setting limits fluvial-inflows of contaminants but potentially increases visitation-driven contaminant deliveries. We leveraged the unique characteristics of GRSM to test further the importance of fluvial contaminant inflows as drivers of protected-stream exposures and to inform the relative importance of potential additional contaminant transport mechanisms, by comparing the estimated risks of 328 pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water at 16 GRSM stream locations to those estimated previously in SER streams. Extensive mixtures (31 compounds) were only observed in an atypical reach on the boundary of GRSM downstream of a wastewater discharge, while limited mixtures (2-5 compounds) were observed in one stream with elevated visitation pressure (recreational "tube floating"). The insecticide, imidacloprid, used to eradicate hemlock woolly adelgid, was detected in 8 (50%) streams. Infrequent exceedances of a cumulative ToxCast-based, exposure-activity ratio (ΣEAR) 0.001 screening-level of concern suggested limited risk to non-target, aquatic vertebrates, whereas exceedances of a cumulative benchmark-based, invertebrate toxicity quotient (ΣTQ) 0.1 screening level at 8 locations indicated generally high risk to invertebrates. The results are consistent with the importance of fluvial transport from extra-park sources as a driver of bioactive-contaminant mixture exposures in protected streams and illustrate the potential additional risks from visitation-driven and tactical-use-pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Matt A Kulp
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
| | - Bradley J Huffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Sara E Breitmeyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Jimmy M Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Celeste A Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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22
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Hunter WR, Williamson A, Sarneel JM. Using the Tea Bag Index to determine how two human pharmaceuticals affect litter decomposition by aquatic microorganisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1272-1278. [PMID: 34131825 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that independent additive effects of two human pharmaceuticals, the antibiotic trimethoprim and the artificial estrogen 17a-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), inhibit plant litter decomposition by aquatic microorganisms. The constant release of pharmaceuticals, such as these, has the potential to affect aquatic microbial metabolism and alter biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. Here we advance the Tea Bag Index (TBI) for decomposition by using it in a series of contaminant exposure experiments testing how interactions between trimethoprim and EE2 affect aquatic microbial activity. The TBI is a citizen science tool used to test microbial activity by measuring the differential degradation of green and rooibos tea as proxies for respectively labile and recalcitrant litter decomposition. Exposure to either trimethoprim or EE2 decreased decomposition of green tea, suggesting additive effects upon microbial activity. Exposure to EE2 alone decreased rooibos tea decomposition. Consequently, trimethoprim and EE2 stabilized labile organic matter against microbial degradation and restricted decomposition. We propose that the method outlined could provide a powerful tool for testing the impacts of multiple interacting pollutants upon microbial activity, at a range of scales, across aquatic systems and over ecologically relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ross Hunter
- Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute Northern Ireland, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK.
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Ashley Williamson
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Judith Maria Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Liu S, Wang C, Wang P, Chen J, Wang X, Yuan Q. Anthropogenic disturbances on distribution and sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products throughout the Jinsha River Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110449. [PMID: 33217435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are recognized as a group of emerging contaminants closely related to anthropogenic activities, which capture increasing attention worldwide. To evaluate the anthropogenic disturbances on PPCP distribution and sources, this study investigated the distribution and sources of 50 PPCPs along the 2300 km long Jinsha River and revealed different anthropogenic disturbances on PPCPs. Results showed that 40 out of the 50 PPCPs were ubiquitously detected among these river water samples, with the concentrations varied from less than 1 ng/L to more than 500 ng/L. Although most PPCPs concentrations were much lower in the Jinsha River than in highly developed rivers, the prevalence of PPCPs suggested the widespread use and improper disposal of PPCPs in the Jinsha River. The risk assessment also revealed that some PPCPs posed risks to aquatic organisms in the Jinsha River. Anthropogenic activities including human habitation and dam construction had different influence on PPCPs. PPCP distribution varied significantly across the "Hu Huanyong line", indicating human habitation significantly influenced PPCP distribution. Dam construction was insignificant in altering PPCP distribution throughout the Jinsha River. Moreover, the land use index indicated degradation level of multiple lands related to anthropogenic activities and represented the major sources of PPCPs in the Jinsha River. Most PPCPs were correlated with anthropogenic lands, for example, antibiotics, analgesics, and endocrine disrupting chemicals mainly originated from artificial surfaces, whereas other PPCPs mainly originated from cultivated lands. Together, this study indicates the disturbances of multiple anthropogenic activities on PPCP distribution and sources along the Jinsha River, which contributes to PPCP management in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qiusheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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24
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Romanok KM, Breitmeyer SE, Button DT, Carlisle DM, Huffman BJ, Mahler BJ, Nowell LH, Qi SL, Smalling KL, Waite IR, Van Metre PC. Multi-region assessment of chemical mixture exposures and predicted cumulative effects in USA wadeable urban/agriculture-gradient streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145062. [PMID: 33940714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-contaminant mixtures are widely reported in large stream reaches in urban/agriculture-developed watersheds, but mixture compositions and aggregate biological effects are less well understood in corresponding smaller headwaters, which comprise most of stream length, riparian connectivity, and spatial biodiversity. During 2014-2017, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured 389 unique organic analytes (pharmaceutical, pesticide, organic wastewater indicators) in 305 headwater streams within four contiguous United States (US) regions. Potential aquatic biological effects were evaluated for estimated maximum and median exposure conditions using multiple lines of evidence, including occurrence/concentrations of designed-bioactive pesticides and pharmaceuticals and cumulative risk screening based on vertebrate-centric ToxCast™ exposure-response data and on invertebrate and nonvascular plant aquatic life benchmarks. Mixed-contaminant exposures were ubiquitous and varied, with 78% (304) of analytes detected at least once and cumulative maximum concentrations up to more than 156,000 ng/L. Designed bioactives represented 83% of detected analytes. Contaminant summary metrics correlated strong-positive (rho (ρ): 0.569-0.719) to multiple watershed-development metrics, only weak-positive to point-source discharges (ρ: 0.225-353), and moderate- to strong-negative with multiple instream invertebrate metrics (ρ: -0.373 to -0.652). Risk screening indicated common exposures with high probability of vertebrate-centric molecular effects and of acute toxicity to invertebrates, respectively. The results confirm exposures to broad and diverse contaminant mixtures and provide convincing multiple lines of evidence that chemical contaminants contribute substantially to adverse multi-stressor effects in headwater-stream communities.
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25
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Peace A, Frost PC, Wagner ND, Danger M, Accolla C, Antczak P, Brooks BW, Costello DM, Everett RA, Flores KB, Heggerud CM, Karimi R, Kang Y, Kuang Y, Larson JH, Mathews T, Mayer GD, Murdock JN, Murphy CA, Nisbet RM, Pecquerie L, Pollesch N, Rutter EM, Schulz KL, Scott JT, Stevenson L, Wang H. Stoichiometric Ecotoxicology for a Multisubstance World. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nutritional and contaminant stressors influence organismal physiology, trophic interactions, community structure, and ecosystem-level processes; however, the interactions between toxicity and elemental imbalance in food resources have been examined in only a few ecotoxicity studies. Integrating well-developed ecological theories that cross all levels of biological organization can enhance our understanding of ecotoxicology. In the present article, we underline the opportunity to couple concepts and approaches used in the theory of ecological stoichiometry (ES) to ask ecotoxicological questions and introduce stoichiometric ecotoxicology, a subfield in ecology that examines how contaminant stress, nutrient supply, and elemental constraints interact throughout all levels of biological organization. This conceptual framework unifying ecotoxicology with ES offers potential for both empirical and theoretical studies to deepen our mechanistic understanding of the adverse outcomes of chemicals across ecological scales and improve the predictive powers of ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Peace
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Paul C Frost
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | | | - Chiara Accolla
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - David M Costello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States
| | - Rebecca A Everett
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin B Flores
- Department of Mathematics and the Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Christopher M Heggerud
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roxanne Karimi
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Yun Kang
- Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona, United States
| | - Yang Kuang
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - James H Larson
- US Geological Survey's Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Teresa Mathews
- Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
| | - Gregory D Mayer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States
| | - Justin N Murdock
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cheryl A Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Roger M Nisbet
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Laure Pecquerie
- Université de Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzane, France
| | - Nathan Pollesch
- University of Wisconsin's Aquatic Sciences Center and with the US Environmental Protection Agency's Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, United States
| | - Erica M Rutter
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States
| | - Kimberly L Schulz
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York's College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - J Thad Scott
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Louise Stevenson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; with the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; and with the Department of Biological Sciences at Bowling Green State University, in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Marshall MM, McCluney KE. Mixtures of co-occurring chemicals in freshwater systems across the continental US. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115793. [PMID: 33069045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace chemicals are common in marine and freshwater ecosystems globally. It is recognized that in the environment, individual chemicals are rarely found in isolation. Insufficient work has examined which chemicals co-occur and which methods best identify these mixtures. Using an existing data set, we found evidence that simple correlation analysis is better at identifying mixtures of commonly co-occurring trace chemicals than more commonly used PCA methods. Moreover, simple correlation analysis, unlike PCA, can be used in cases with unbalanced designs and with data points below reportable limits. Application of this approach allowed identification of 10 groups of chemicals commonly found together in freshwaters of the continental US, representing common "chemical syndromes." Better identification of co-occurring chemical combinations could aid in our understanding of biological and ecological effects of aquatic contaminants. This research provides evidence of correlation analyses as a more effective method for identifying commonly co-occurring aquatic contaminants. We also examined the patterns of these mixtures with a dataset consisting of concentrations of 406 trace chemicals from 38 sample locations across the continental US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Marshall
- Wright State University - Lake Campus, Celina, OH, 45822, United States; Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43402, United States.
| | - Kevin E McCluney
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43402, United States
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27
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Ogata EM, Baker MA, Rosi EJ, Smart TB, Long D, Aanderud ZT. Nutrients and Pharmaceuticals Structure Bacterial Core Communities in Urban and Montane Stream Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:526545. [PMID: 33178141 PMCID: PMC7593328 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.526545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in stream biofilms contribute to stream biogeochemical processes and are potentially sensitive to the substantial levels of pollution entering urban streams. To examine the effects of contaminants on stream biofilm bacteria in situ, we exposed growing biofilms to experimental additions of nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe)], pharmaceuticals (caffeine and diphenhydramine), nutrients plus pharmaceuticals, or no contaminants using contaminant exposure substrates (CES) in three catchments in northern Utah. We performed our study at montane and urban sites to examine the influence of existing pollution on biofilm response. We identified bacterial core communities (core) for each contaminant treatment at each land-use type (e.g., nutrient addition montane bacterial core, nutrient addition urban bacterial core, pharmaceutical addition montane bacterial core) by selecting all taxa found in at least 75% of the samples belonging to each specific grouping. Montane and urban land-use distinguished bacterial cores, while nutrients and pharmaceuticals had subtle, but nonetheless distinct effects. Nutrients enhanced the dominance of already abundant copiotrophs [i.e., Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) and Comamonadaceae (Betaproteobacteria)] within bacterial cores at montane and urban sites. In contrast, pharmaceuticals fostered species-rich bacterial cores containing unique contaminant-degrading taxa within Pseudomonadaceae and Anaerolineaceae (Chloroflexi). Surprisingly, even at urban sites containing ambient pharmaceutical pollution, pharmaceutical additions increased bacterial core richness, specifically within DR-16 (Betaproteobacteria), WCHB1-32 (Bacteroidetes), and Leptotrichiaceae (Fusobacteria). Nutrients exerted greater selective force than pharmaceuticals in nutrient plus pharmaceutical addition treatments, creating bacterial cores more closely resembling those under nutrient rather than pharmaceutical addition, and promoting unique Oscillatoriales (Cyanobacteria) taxa in urban streams. Our results show that additions of N, P, and Fe intensified the dominance of already abundant copiotrophs, while additions of caffeine and diphenhydramine enabled unique taxa associated with contaminant degradation to participate in bacterial cores. Further, biofilm bacteria at urban sites remained sensitive to pharmaceuticals commonly present in waters, suggesting a dynamic interplay among pharmaceutical pollution, bacterial diversity, and contaminant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Ogata
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Michelle A Baker
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, United States
| | - Trevor B Smart
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Donald Long
- Department of Biology, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, United States
| | - Zachary T Aanderud
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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28
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McClean P, Hunter WR. 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) limits the impact of ibuprofen upon respiration by streambed biofilms in a sub-urban stream. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37149-37154. [PMID: 32681335 PMCID: PMC7456402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and the artificial estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater systems. Globally, human pharmaceutical use is growing by around ~ 3% per year; yet, we know little about how interactions between different pharmaceuticals may affect aquatic ecosystems. Here, we test how interactions between ibuprofen and EE2 affect the growth and respiration of streambed biofilms. We used contaminant exposure experiments to quantify how these compounds affected biofilm growth (biomass), respiration, net primary production (NPP) and gross primary production (GPP), both individually and in combination. We found no effects of either ibuprofen or EE2 on biofilm biomass (using ash-free dry mass as a proxy) or gross primary production. Ibuprofen significantly reduced biofilm respiration and altered NPP. Concomitant exposure to EE2, however, counteracted the inhibitory effects of ibuprofen upon biofilm respiration. Our study, thus, demonstrates that interactions between pharmaceuticals in the environment may have complex effects upon microbial contributions to aquatic ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McClean
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - William Ross Hunter
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Northern Ireland Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK.
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29
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Chen Q, Zhang L, Han Y, Fang J, Wang H. Degradation and metabolic pathways of sulfamethazine and enrofloxacin in Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus treatment systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28198-28208. [PMID: 32415445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degradation and metabolic pathways of sulfamethazine (SMZ) and enrofloxacin (ENR) via microalgal treatment systems were investigated in this study. SMZ and ENR applied at 1-25 mg L-1 did not significantly inhibit the growth of Chlorella vulgaris or Scenedesmus obliquus. SMZ and ENR exposure did not significantly alter the maximum quantum efficiencies of C. vulgaris and S. obliquus. When cultured at light intensities of 45-50 μmol photon m-2 s-1, the C. vulgaris and S. obliquus treatment systems achieved 24% and 11% degradation, respectively. The greatest removal of ENR was 52% and 43.3%, for C. vulgaris and S. obliquus treatment systems, respectively, after 15 days. The results indicated that the degradation of SMZ and ENR occurred by a combination of biodegradation and photolysis. Kinetic investigations revealed that the removal of SMZ and ENR (5 mg L-1) followed a first-order model, with apparent rate constants (k) ranging from 0.0141 to 0.0048 day-1 and 0.0132 to 0.0086 day-1, respectively. Fifteen metabolites of SMZ and five intermediates of ENR were identified by UPLC-MS, and degradation pathways for SMZ and ENR were proposed. SMZ transformation reactions included ring cleavage, hydroxylation, methylation, and oxidation, whereas ENR was degraded by dealkylation, decarboxylation, and defluorination. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Chen
- Key laboratory of Hubei Province for the Protection and Utilization of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Mountain Area, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key laboratory of Hubei Province for the Protection and Utilization of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Mountain Area, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yihong Han
- Key laboratory of Hubei Province for the Protection and Utilization of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Mountain Area, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Crean Lutheran High School, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key laboratory of Hubei Province for the Protection and Utilization of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Mountain Area, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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30
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Bradley PM, Argos M, Kolpin DW, Meppelink SM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Allen JM, Dietze JE, Devito MJ, Donovan AR, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Journey CA, Lane RF, Laughrey ZR, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley E, Meyer MT, Putz AR, Richardson SD, Stark AE, Weis CP, Wilson VS, Zehraoui A. Mixed organic and inorganic tapwater exposures and potential effects in greater Chicago area, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMID: 32126404 DOI: 10.5066/p9voobwt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Safe drinking water at the point of use (tapwater, TW) is a public-health priority. TW exposures and potential human-health concerns of 540 organics and 35 inorganics were assessed in 45 Chicago-area United States (US) homes in 2017. No US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level(s) (MCL) were exceeded in any residential or water treatment plant (WTP) pre-distribution TW sample. Ninety percent (90%) of organic analytes were not detected in treated TW, emphasizing the high quality of the Lake Michigan drinking-water source and the efficacy of the drinking-water treatment and monitoring. Sixteen (16) organics were detected in >25% of TW samples, with about 50 detected at least once. Low-level TW exposures to unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBP) of emerging concern, per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and three pesticides were ubiquitous. Common exceedances of non-enforceable EPA MCL Goal(s) (MCLG) of zero for arsenic [As], lead [Pb], uranium [U], bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane suggest potential human-health concerns and emphasize the continuing need for improved understanding of cumulative effects of low-concentration mixtures on vulnerable sub-populations. Because DBP dominated TW organics, residential-TW concentrations are potentially predictable with expanded pre-distribution DBP monitoring. However, several TW chemicals, notably Pb and several infrequently detected organic compounds, were not readily explained by pre-distribution samples, illustrating the need for continued broad inorganic/organic TW characterization to support consumer assessment of acceptable risk and point-of-use treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Argos
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Devito
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea R Putz
- City of Chicago, Department of Water Management, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alan E Stark
- City of Chicago, Department of Water Management, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P Weis
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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Bradley PM, Argos M, Kolpin DW, Meppelink SM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Focazio MJ, Allen JM, Dietze JE, Devito MJ, Donovan AR, Evans N, Givens CE, Gray JL, Higgins CP, Hladik ML, Iwanowicz LR, Journey CA, Lane RF, Laughrey ZR, Loftin KA, McCleskey RB, McDonough CA, Medlock-Kakaley E, Meyer MT, Putz AR, Richardson SD, Stark AE, Weis CP, Wilson VS, Zehraoui A. Mixed organic and inorganic tapwater exposures and potential effects in greater Chicago area, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137236. [PMID: 32126404 PMCID: PMC9140060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Safe drinking water at the point of use (tapwater, TW) is a public-health priority. TW exposures and potential human-health concerns of 540 organics and 35 inorganics were assessed in 45 Chicago-area United States (US) homes in 2017. No US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level(s) (MCL) were exceeded in any residential or water treatment plant (WTP) pre-distribution TW sample. Ninety percent (90%) of organic analytes were not detected in treated TW, emphasizing the high quality of the Lake Michigan drinking-water source and the efficacy of the drinking-water treatment and monitoring. Sixteen (16) organics were detected in >25% of TW samples, with about 50 detected at least once. Low-level TW exposures to unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBP) of emerging concern, per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and three pesticides were ubiquitous. Common exceedances of non-enforceable EPA MCL Goal(s) (MCLG) of zero for arsenic [As], lead [Pb], uranium [U], bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane suggest potential human-health concerns and emphasize the continuing need for improved understanding of cumulative effects of low-concentration mixtures on vulnerable sub-populations. Because DBP dominated TW organics, residential-TW concentrations are potentially predictable with expanded pre-distribution DBP monitoring. However, several TW chemicals, notably Pb and several infrequently detected organic compounds, were not readily explained by pre-distribution samples, illustrating the need for continued broad inorganic/organic TW characterization to support consumer assessment of acceptable risk and point-of-use treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Argos
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Devito
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea R Putz
- City of Chicago, Department of Water Management, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alan E Stark
- City of Chicago, Department of Water Management, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P Weis
- U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Abstract
Fungal biosorption is an environmental biotechnology based on the ability of the fungal cell wall to concentrate harmful water pollutants. Among its advantages are its simplicity, high efficiency, flexibility of operation, and low cost. The biosorptive performance of fungal pellets is getting growing attention since they offer process advantages over the culture of disperse mycelia, such as an enhanced biomass separation, and a high resilience in severe environmental conditions. In this review, biosorption capacity of fungal pellets towards heavy metals, dyes, phenolic compounds, humic substances, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals was reviewed. Available data about the adsorption capacity of pellets, their removal efficiency, and the operational conditions used were collected and synthesized. The studies relying on biodegradation were discarded to present only the possibilities of fungal pellets for removing these concern pollutants through biosorption. It was found that the biosorption of complex mixtures of pollutants on fungal pellets is scarcely studied, as well as the interfering effect of anions commonly found in water and wastewater. Furthermore, there is a lack of research with real wastewater and at pilot and large scale. These topics need to be further explored to take full advantage of fungal pellets on improving the quality of aquatic systems.
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33
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Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Duncan JR, Battaglin WA, Clark JM, Hladik ML, Huffman BJ, Iwanowicz LR, Journey CA, Smalling KL. Exposure and potential effects of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in protected streams of the US National park Service southeast region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135431. [PMID: 31896231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, protected areas offer refugia for a broad range of taxa including threatened and endangered species. In the United States (US), the National Park Service (NPS) manages public lands to preserve biodiversity, but increasing park visitation and development of surrounding landscapes increase exposure to and effects from bioactive contaminants. The risk (exposure and hazard) to NPS protected-stream ecosystems within the highly urbanized southeast region (SER) from bioactive contaminants was assessed in five systems based on 334 pesticide and pharmaceutical analytes in water and 119 pesticides in sediment. Contaminant mixtures were common across all sampled systems, with approximately 24% of the unique analytes (80/334) detected at least once and 15% (49/334) detected in half of the surface-water samples. Pharmaceuticals were observed more frequently than pesticides, consistent with riparian buffers and concomitant spatial separation from non-point pesticide sources in four of the systems. To extrapolate exposure data to biological effects space, site-specific cumulative exposure-activity ratios (ΣEAR) were calculated for detected surface-water contaminants with available ToxCast data; common exceedances of a 0.001 ΣEAR effects-screening threshold raise concerns for molecular toxicity and possible, sub-lethal effects to non-target, aquatic vertebrates. The results illustrate the need for continued management of protected resources to reduce contaminant exposure and preserve habitat quality, including prioritization of conservation practices (riparian buffers) near stream corridors and increased engagement with upstream/up-gradient property owners and municipal wastewater facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC USA.
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ USA
| | | | | | - Jimmy M Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Bradley J Huffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center , Kearneysville, WV USA
| | - Celeste A Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ USA
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34
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Button DT, Carlisle DM, Huffman BJ, Qi SL, Romanok KM, Van Metre PC. Multi-region assessment of pharmaceutical exposures and predicted effects in USA wadeable urban-gradient streams. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228214. [PMID: 31999738 PMCID: PMC6992211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-use pharmaceuticals in urban streams link aquatic-ecosystem health to human health. Pharmaceutical mixtures have been widely reported in larger streams due to historical emphasis on wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) sources, with limited investigation of pharmaceutical exposures and potential effects in smaller headwater streams. In 2014-2017, the United States Geological Survey measured 111 pharmaceutical compounds in 308 headwater streams (261 urban-gradient sites sampled 3-5 times, 47 putative low-impact sites sampled once) in 4 regions across the US. Simultaneous exposures to multiple pharmaceutical compounds (pharmaceutical mixtures) were observed in 91% of streams (248 urban-gradient, 32 low-impact), with 88 analytes detected across all sites and cumulative maximum concentrations up to 36,142 ng/L per site. Cumulative detections and concentrations correlated to urban land use and presence/absence of permitted WWTP discharges, but pharmaceutical mixtures also were common in the 75% of sampled streams without WWTP. Cumulative exposure-activity ratios (EAR) indicated widespread transient exposures with high probability of molecular effects to vertebrates. Considering the potential individual and interactive effects of the detected pharmaceuticals and the recognized analytical underestimation of the pharmaceutical-contaminant (unassessed parent compounds, metabolites, degradates) space, these results demonstrate a nation-wide environmental concern and the need for watershed-scale mitigation of in-stream pharmaceutical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celeste A. Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Bradley J. Huffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kristin M. Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
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35
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Li Y, Ding J, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang G. Occurrence and ranking of pharmaceuticals in the major rivers of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133991. [PMID: 31465916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Residual pharmaceuticals have received widespread attention worldwide due to their continuous release and potential hazard to the environment. As a result of rapid development and a large population, China has become a country with high production and consumption of pharmaceuticals. This may be the main reason for the high detection frequencies and concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment in China. Rivers represent an important water resource and play an important role in the sustainable development of the Chinese economy and society. This study summarizes the occurrence of frequently detected pharmaceuticals in major rivers. A hazard score based on the occurrence, exposure potential, and environmental effects of pharmaceuticals was calculated and a prioritization approach was used to rank 166 pharmaceuticals that were detected in the aquatic environment of major rivers in China. The priority list provides a basis for selecting candidate pharmaceuticals for future site-specific monitoring in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Luyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianshu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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36
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Parrish SC, Dormio SM, Richards SL, McCoy KA, McCoy MW. Life in a contaminant milieu: PPCP mixtures generate unpredictable outcomes across trophic levels and life stages. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Parrish
- Department of Biology East Carolina University 108 Howell Science Complex Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Samantha M. Dormio
- Department of Biology East Carolina University 108 Howell Science Complex Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Stephanie L. Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion Environmental Health Program East Carolina University 3403 Carol Belk Building Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Krista A. McCoy
- Department of Biology East Carolina University 108 Howell Science Complex Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Michael W. McCoy
- Department of Biology East Carolina University 108 Howell Science Complex Greenville North Carolina USA
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37
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Meyer MF, Powers SM, Hampton SE. An Evidence Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment: Imbalances among Compounds, Sewage Treatment Techniques, and Ecosystem Types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12961-12973. [PMID: 31603661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) garner increasing attention globally for both their usefulness as indicators of human waste and their potency as emerging organic toxicants. Three decades of rapid increase in PPCP study combined with an increasing number of PPCPs on the global market have created an opportunity (1) to review trends in diversity of compounds, sewage treatment techniques (STTs), and ecosystems investigated as well as (2) to identify knowledge gaps in the literature. We conducted a quantitative evidence synthesis of 6517 abstracts from primary articles in the environmental PPCP literature by examining relative abundance of specific PPCP classes, STTs, and ecosystem types. Our results demonstrate that non-prescription drugs and antibiotics dominated PPCP abstracts, appearing in 51% and 39% of reviewed abstracts, respectively, in comparison to hormones (18%), prescription drugs (18%), fragrances (0.3%), and antioxidants (0.0%), which can all elicit physiological and ecological responses even at low concentrations. References to centralized STTs (e.g., activated sludge, 37%) were more frequent than decentralized STTs (e.g., septic, 2%), despite decentralized STTs being common and frequently high impact sources of sewage pollution worldwide. Freshwater lotic systems (63%) were more prevalent than freshwater lentic (24%) and terrestrial (20%) systems. This discrepancy is notable because the longer residence times of lentic and terrestrial systems may enable PPCPs to concentrate and thus increase risk of biological consequences. These results highlight distinct opportunities to address knowledge gaps in the environmental PPCP literature, including underrepresented compounds (e.g., fragrances), sewage treatment techniques (e.g., septic systems), and ecosystem types (e.g., lakes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Meyer
- School of the Environment , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
| | - Stephen M Powers
- Center for Environmental Research, Education, & Outreach , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
| | - Stephanie E Hampton
- Center for Environmental Research, Education, & Outreach , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164 , United States
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38
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Gaw S, Harford A, Pettigrove V, Sevicke‐Jones G, Manning T, Ataria J, Cresswell T, Dafforn KA, Leusch FDL, Moggridge B, Cameron M, Chapman J, Coates G, Colville A, Death C, Hageman K, Hassell K, Hoak M, Gadd J, Jolley DF, Karami A, Kotzakoulakis K, Lim R, McRae N, Metzeling L, Mooney T, Myers J, Pearson A, Saaristo M, Sharley D, Stuthe J, Sutherland O, Thomas O, Tremblay L, Wood W, Boxall ABA, Rudd MA, Brooks BW. Towards Sustainable Environmental Quality: Priority Research Questions for the Australasian Region of Oceania. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:917-935. [PMID: 31273905 PMCID: PMC6899907 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental challenges persist across the world, including the Australasian region of Oceania, where biodiversity hotspots and unique ecosystems such as the Great Barrier Reef are common. These systems are routinely affected by multiple stressors from anthropogenic activities, and increasingly influenced by global megatrends (e.g., the food-energy-water nexus, demographic transitions to cities) and climate change. Here we report priority research questions from the Global Horizon Scanning Project, which aimed to identify, prioritize, and advance environmental quality research needs from an Australasian perspective, within a global context. We employed a transparent and inclusive process of soliciting key questions from Australasian members of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Following submission of 78 questions, 20 priority research questions were identified during an expert workshop in Nelson, New Zealand. These research questions covered a range of issues of global relevance, including research needed to more closely integrate ecotoxicology and ecology for the protection of ecosystems, increase flexibility for prioritizing chemical substances currently in commerce, understand the impacts of complex mixtures and multiple stressors, and define environmental quality and ecosystem integrity of temporary waters. Some questions have specific relevance to Australasia, particularly the uncertainties associated with using toxicity data from exotic species to protect unique indigenous species. Several related priority questions deal with the theme of how widely international ecotoxicological data and databases can be applied to regional ecosystems. Other timely questions, which focus on improving predictive chemistry and toxicology tools and techniques, will be important to answer several of the priority questions identified here. Another important question raised was how to protect local cultural and social values and maintain indigenous engagement during problem formulation and identification of ecosystem protection goals. Addressing these questions will be challenging, but doing so promises to advance environmental sustainability in Oceania and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Andrew Harford
- Department of the Environment and EnergyAustralian Government, DarwinAustralia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research CentreRMIT University, BundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Tom Cresswell
- Australia's Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLucas HeightsAustralia
| | | | - Frederic DL Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Bradley Moggridge
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralia
| | | | - John Chapman
- Office of Environment and HeritageNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gary Coates
- Te Rūnanga o Ngāi TahuChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Anne Colville
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Claire Death
- Faculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kimberly Hageman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State University, LoganUtahUSA
| | - Kathryn Hassell
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research CentreRMIT University, BundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Molly Hoak
- School of BiosciencesThe University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer Gadd
- National Institute of Atmospheric and Water ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Ali Karami
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | - Richard Lim
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Nicole McRae
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Mooney
- Department of the Environment and EnergyAustralian Government, DarwinAustralia
| | - Jackie Myers
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research CentreRMIT University, BundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Dave Sharley
- Bio2Lab, Melbourne Innovation CentreGreensboroughAustralia
| | | | | | - Oliver Thomas
- School of Applied Chemistry and Environmental ScienceRMIT University, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Louis Tremblay
- Cawthron InstituteNelsonNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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39
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Application and Evaluation of Energy Conservation Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9214501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High energy consumption is an important issue affecting the operation and development of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper seeks energy-saving opportunities from three aspects: energy application, process optimization, and performance evaluation. Moreover, effective energy-saving can be achieved from the perspective of energy supply and recovery by using green energy technologies, including wastewater and sludge energy recovery technologies. System optimization and control is used to reduce unnecessary energy consumption in operation. Reasonable indexes and methods can help researchers evaluate the application value of energy-saving technology. Some demonstration WWTPs even can achieve energy self-sufficiency by using these energy conservation technologies. Besides, this paper introduces the challenges faced by the wastewater treatment industry and some emerging energy-saving technologies. The work can give engineers some suggestions about reducing energy consumption from comprehensive perspectives.
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40
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Baho DL, Pomati F, Leu E, Hessen DO, Moe SJ, Norberg J, Nizzetto L. A single pulse of diffuse contaminants alters the size distribution of natural phytoplankton communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:578-588. [PMID: 31150881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a multitude of bioactive organic pollutants collectively classified as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in freshwaters is of concern, considering that ecological assessments of their potential impacts on natural systems are still scarce. In this field experiment we tested whether a single pulse exposure to a mixture of 12 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are commonly found in European inland waters, can influence the size distributions of natural lake phytoplankton communities. Size is one of the most influential determinants of community structure and functioning, particularly in planktonic communities and food webs. Using an in-situ microcosm approach, phytoplankton communities in two lakes with different nutrient levels (mesotrophic and eutrophic) were exposed to a concentration gradient of the PPCPs mixture at five levels. We tested whether sub-lethal PPCPs doses affect the scaling of organisms' abundances with their size, and the slope of these size spectra, which describe changes in the abundances of small relative to large phytoplankton. Our results showed that a large proportion (approximately 80%) of the dataset followed a power-law distribution, thus suggesting evidence of scale invariance of abundances, as expected in steady state ecosystems. PPCPs were however found to induce significant changes in the size spectra and community structure of natural phytoplankton assemblages. The two highest treatment levels of PPCPs were associated with decreased abundance of the most dominant size class (nano-phytoplankton: 2-5 μm), leading to a flattening of the size spectra slope. These results suggest that a pulse exposure to PPCPs induce changes that potentially lead to unsteady ecosystem states and cascading effects in the aquatic food webs, by favoring larger non-edible algae at the expense of small edible species. We propose higher susceptibility due to higher surface to volume ratio in small species as the likely cause of these structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier L Baho
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Leu
- Akvaplan-niva, CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag O Hessen
- University of Oslo, Dept. Biosciences, Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Norberg
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; RECETOX, Masarik University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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41
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Karrasch B, Horovitz O, Norf H, Hillel N, Hadas O, Beeri-Shlevin Y, Laronne JB. Quantitative ecotoxicological impacts of sewage treatment plant effluents on plankton productivity and assimilative capacity of rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24034-24049. [PMID: 31228068 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sewage treatment plants are sources of inorganic and organic matter as well as contaminants for the receiving watercourses. We analyzed the ecological consequences of such effluents by following a holistic and synecological ecotoxicological approach based on quantifying extracellular enzyme activities (EEA), primary production and bacterial cell, and biomass production rates. Samples were obtained at three locations at the Rivers Holtemme and Elbe, Germany and Lower Jordan River, Israel and West Bank, as well as from their adjacent sewage treatment plants. Blending river samples with sewage treatment plant effluents mainly resulted in a stimulation of EEAs, which was diminished in blends with 0.2-μm filtered sewage treatment plant effluents. Stimulation for primary production and bacterial cell and biomass production of River Holtemme and Elbe samples was observed, and inhibition of these rates for Lower Jordan River samples probably linked to generally high turbidity. The quantified bacterial biomass versus cell production rates showed almost unbalanced (≫ 1) growth. Very high biomass to cell production ratios were found for sewage and sewage-containing samples, which provides a semi-quantitative indicator function for high quantities of microbial easy utilizable dissolved organic matter as nutrition source. The presented approach enables the simultaneous quantification of inhibitory and stimulating toxic responses as well as supplying ecosystem-based data for policy decision-making, and for direct incorporation in models to derive management and remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Karrasch
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Omer Horovitz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Helge Norf
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Noa Hillel
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ora Hadas
- Yigal Alon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O.B. 447, 14950, Migdal, Israel
| | - Yaron Beeri-Shlevin
- Yigal Alon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O.B. 447, 14950, Migdal, Israel
| | - Jonathan B Laronne
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Quadra GR, Silva PSA, Paranaíba JR, Josué IIP, Souza H, Costa R, Fernandez M, Vilas-Boas J, Roland F. Investigation of medicines consumption and disposal in Brazil: A study case in a developing country. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:505-509. [PMID: 30933805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The incorrect disposal of medicines can be harmful to the environment. Here, we aim to understand the consumption and disposal of medicines in Brazil using online forms. 64% of the respondents have the habit to self-medicate. 66% of respondents dispose the disused or expired medicines in the garbage. 71.9% of respondents never receive any information about correct disposal of medicines. 95.2% of respondents believe that residues of medicines can be harmful to the environment. Environmental education can provide information to the population and help to mitigate pharmaceuticals pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R Quadra
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela S A Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - José R Paranaíba
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Iollanda I P Josué
- Laboratório de Limnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Helena Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduaçãoem Desenvolvimento e Meiio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59064-741, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernandez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Departamento de Oceanografia Química, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Roland
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil
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43
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Norman BC, Frost PC, Blakelock GC, Higgins SN, Hoque ME, Vincent JL, Cetinic K, Xenopoulos MA. Muted responses to Ag accumulation by plankton to chronic and pulse exposure to silver nanoparticles in a boreal lake. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an emerging class of contaminants with the potential to impact ecosystem structure and function. AgNPs are antimicrobial, suggesting that microbe-driven ecosystem functions may be particularly vulnerable to AgNP exposure. Predicting the environmental impacts of AgNPs requires in situ investigation of environmentally relevant dosing regimens over time scales that allow for ecosystem-level responses. We used 3000 L enclosures installed in a boreal lake to expose plankton communities to chronic and pulse AgNP dosing regimens with concentrations mimicking those recorded in natural waters. We compared temporal patterns of plankton responses, Ag accumulation, and ecosystem metabolism (i.e., daily ecosystem respiration, gross primary production, and net ecosystem production) for 6 weeks of chronic dosing and 3 weeks following a pulsed dose. Ag accumulated in microplankton and zooplankton, but carbon-specific Ag was nonlinear over time and generally did not predict plankton response. Ecosystem metabolism did not respond to either AgNP exposure type. This lack of response corresponded with weak microplankton responses in the chronic treatments but did not reflect the stronger microplankton response in the pulse treatment. Our results suggest that lake ecosystem metabolism is somewhat resistant to environmentally relevant concentrations of AgNPs and that organismal responses do not necessarily predict ecosystem-level responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C. Norman
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L0G2, Canada
| | - Paul C. Frost
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L0G2, Canada
| | - Graham C. Blakelock
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | | | - Md Ehsanul Hoque
- Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Vincent
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Katarina Cetinic
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L0G2, Canada
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Jepsen R, He K, Blaney L, Swan C. Effects of antimicrobial exposure on detrital biofilm metabolism in urban and rural stream environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:1151-1160. [PMID: 30970480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals in streams is increasingly being reported, yet the impacts of these contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic ecosystems are relatively unknown. Bacteria and fungi are vital components of stream environments and, therefore, exposure to antimicrobials may have important consequences for ecosystem services, such as carbon cycling. The objective of this study was to investigate how two antimicrobials, ciprofloxacin and climbazole, impact detrital biofilm metabolism in urban and rural streams. To establish baseline conditions, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of red maple (Acer rubrum) biofilms was measured in one urban and one rural stream. In mesocosm studies, the BOD of biofilms on single- and mixed-species leaf litter from the same sites was measured after exposure to 10 μg/L of the antimicrobials, both in combination and individually. The presence of ciprofloxacin and climbazole did not affect BOD compared to the controls at the urban site, although significant differences were identified for select treatments at the rural site. In addition, the BOD of mixed-leaf biofilms was not significantly different from that of single species litter after exposure. Overall, exposure to 10 μg/L of the antimicrobials did not significantly impact community-level carbon processing by the leaf biofilms, and leaf mixtures did not result in increased biofilm BOD compared to single species leaves. The outcomes of this work demonstrate a need for further research for the understanding the effects of antimicrobials on rural streams to prevent unintended consequences to ecological processes and biota from future development, leaking septic systems, and wastewater spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Jepsen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ke He
- University of Maryland, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Christopher Swan
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Mpupa A, Mashile GP, Nomngongo PN. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid phase nanoextraction of selected personal care products in wastewater followed by their determination using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:33-41. [PMID: 30262169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a rapid and simple method based on ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid phase nanoextraction (UA-SPNE) method for the extraction and preconcentration of selected personal care products using MPC@Al2O3-SiO2 nano adsorbent. A high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used to detect the analytes of interest. Experimental parameters affecting the extraction and preconcentration efficiency of the UA-SPNE (such as mass of adsorbent, extraction time, sample pH and eluent volume,) were optimized using fractional factorial design and response surface methodology based on central composite design. Under optimized conditions, the linear range for benzophenone, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide and trichlorocarbanilide were in the interval of LOQ-1000 μg L-1 with correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9907 to 0.9977. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.066-0.096 μg L-1 and 0.22-0.32 μg L-1, respectively. The accuracy of the UA-SPNE/HPLC-DAD method was evaluated using spike recovery test and the recoveries were in the range of 98-107%. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method 0.8-1.0 % and 2.4-4.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anele Mpupa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Geaneth P Mashile
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Philiswa N Nomngongo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa.
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46
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Evaluating the Impact of Wastewater Effluent on Microbial Communities in the Panke, an Urban River. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are consumed in high amounts and can enter as emerging organic compounds in surface waters as they are only partially retained in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Receiving pharmaceuticals may burden the aquatic environment, as they are designed to be bioactive even at low concentrations. Sediment biofilm populations were analyzed in river sediments due to the exposure of an inflow of WWTP effluents. Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed of 108 sediment samples, which were taken from multiple cores within three sampling locations in the Panke River, with one sampling site located downstream of the inflow. Sequencing data were processed to infer microbial community structure in samples concerning the environmental variables, such as micropollutants and physicochemical parameters measured for each core. More than 25 different micropollutants were measured in pore water samples, in which bezafibrate, clofibric acid, carbamazepine, and diclofenac were detected at high concentrations. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed Nitrospirae, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Ignavibacteriae as the most abundant groups in the samples. Differences in microbial community composition were observed with respect to micropollutants. However, our findings revealed that the composition of the microbial community was not only governed by the effluent. The significant changes in the alpha- and beta-diversity were explained by phenobarbital and SO42−, which did not originate from the WWTP indicating that more unobserved factors are also likely to play a role in affecting the biofilm community’s composition.
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47
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Pan C, Li R, Xue R, Guo J, Zhang R. Spatiotemporal distributions, source apportionment and potential risks of 15 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Qinzhou Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:104-111. [PMID: 30955714 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distributions and risks of 15 non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water collected from Qinzhou Bay, China during the summer and winter of 2017. Our results showed that 14 out of the 15 target PPCPs were detected, and they had higher concentrations in the winter than the summer, except for N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide and indomethacin. Furthermore, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide and caffeine respectively were the dominant contaminants in the summer and winter, with their highest concentrations up to 33.7 ng/L and 26.8 ng/L. Generally, concentrations of PPCPs were higher in the inner bay than outer bays, with untreated sewage and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) as main pollution sources. The results of the risk assessment indicate that diclofenac may pose risks to aquatic organisms. Overall, our results provided occurrence and important insights into the risk management of PPCPs in Qinzhou Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Changgui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Rui Xue
- National Center for Science & Technology Evaluation, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
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48
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Berninger JP, Button DT, Clark JM, Corsi SR, DeCicco LA, Hopkins KG, Huffman BJ, Nakagaki N, Norman JE, Nowell LH, Qi SL, VanMetre PC, Waite IR. Mixed-chemical exposure and predicted effects potential in wadeable southeastern USA streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:70-83. [PMID: 30469070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Complex chemical mixtures have been widely reported in larger streams but relatively little work has been done to characterize them and assess their potential effects in headwater streams. In 2014, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) sampled 54 Piedmont streams over ten weeks and measured 475 unique organic compounds using five analytical methods. Maximum and median exposure conditions were evaluated in relation to watershed characteristics and for potential biological effects using multiple lines of evidence. Results demonstrate that mixed-contaminant exposures are ubiquitous and varied in sampled headwater streams. Approximately 56% (264) of the 475 compounds were detected at least once across all sites. Cumulative maximum concentrations ranged 1,922-162,346ngL-1 per site. Chemical occurrence significantly correlated to urban land use but was not related to presence/absence of wastewater treatment facility discharges. Designed bioactive chemicals represent about 2/3rd of chemicals detected, notably pharmaceuticals and pesticides, qualitative evidence for possible adverse biological effects. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database chemical-gene associations applied to maximum exposure conditions indicate >12,000 and 2,900 potential gene targets were predicted at least once across all sites for fish and invertebrates, respectively. Analysis of cumulative exposure-activity ratios provided additional evidence that, at a minimum, transient exposures with high probability of molecular effects to vertebrates were common. Finally, cumulative detections and concentrations correlated inversely with invertebrate metrics from in-stream surveys. The results demonstrate widespread instream exposure to extensive contaminant mixtures and compelling multiple lines of evidence for adverse effects on aquatic communities.
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49
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Cerrato G, Bianchi CL, Galli F, Pirola C, Morandi S, Capucci V. Micro-TiO 2 coated glass surfaces safely abate drugs in surface water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:328-334. [PMID: 30321837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ingredients of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) persist in water and conventional treatment plants are not able to remove them efficiently. Sonochemical treatment is insufficient to mineralize organics such as ibuprofen into CO2 and H2O. TiO2 degrades ibuprofen (IBP) under UV light; however, it does not reach a high grade of conversion. Here, we investigated the mineralization of ibuprofen to CO2 by TiO2 UV-C photocatalysis. We replaced nano-sized P25 (the standard catalyst) with a micro-sized commercial sample of TiO2 to preclude the use of nanoparticles which are dangerous for human health and because typical filtration systems are expensive and inefficient. We deposited micro-TiO2 on glass Raschig rings to ensure an easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalyst and we studied its performance both with a batch and a continuous reactor. Micro-TiO2 mineralized 100% of IBP in 24 h. TiO2-coated glass Raschig rings degraded 87% of IBP in 6 h of UV-C irradiation in a continuous reactor, with a mineralization of 25%. Electronspray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS, positive mode) analyses identified 13 different byproducts and we hypothised a degradration pathway for IBP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cerrato
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dip. Chimica & NIS Interdept. Centre, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la scienza e tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - C L Bianchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la scienza e tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - F Galli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la scienza e tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - C Pirola
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la scienza e tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dip. Chimica & NIS Interdept. Centre, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; INSTM - Consorzio Interuniversitario per la scienza e tecnologia dei Materiali, via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - V Capucci
- GranitiFiandre SpA, 41042 Fiorano M.se, Italy
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50
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Jonsson M, Andersson M, Fick J, Brodin T, Klaminder J, Piovano S. High-speed imaging reveals how antihistamine exposure affects escape behaviours in aquatic insect prey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1257-1262. [PMID: 30340271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic systems receive a wide range of pharmaceuticals that may have adverse impacts on aquatic wildlife. Among these pharmaceuticals, antihistamines are commonly found, and these substances have the potential to influence the physiology of aquatic invertebrates. Previous studies have focused on how antihistamines may affect behaviours of aquatic invertebrates, but these studies probably do not capture the full consequences of antihistamine exposure, as traditional recording techniques do not capture important animal movements occurring at the scale of milliseconds, such as prey escape responses. In this study, we investigated if antihistamine exposure can impact escape responses in aquatic insect, by exposing damselfly (Coenagrion hastulatum) larvae to two environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1 and 1 μg L-1) of diphenhydramine. Importantly, we used a high-speed imaging approach that with high-time resolution captures details of escape responses and, thus, potential impacts of diphenhydramine on these behaviours. Our results show overall weak effects of antihistamine exposure on the escape behaviours of damselfly larvae. However, at stage 2 of the C-escape response, we found a significant increase in turning angle, which corresponds to a reduced swimming velocity, indicating a reduced success at evading a predator attack. Thus, we show that low concentrations of an antihistamine may affect behaviours strongly related to fitness of aquatic insect prey - effects that would have been overlooked using traditional recording techniques. Hence, to understand the full consequences of pharmaceutical contamination on aquatic wildlife, high-speed imaging should be incorporated into future environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, SLU, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Klaminder
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanna Piovano
- School of Marine Studies, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji
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