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Tesoriero AJ, Robertson DM, Green CT, Böhlke JK, Harvey JW, Qi SL. Prioritizing river basins for nutrient studies. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:248. [PMID: 38332337 PMCID: PMC10853301 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Increases in fluxes of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the environment have led to negative impacts affecting drinking water, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Because of the importance, scale, and complexity of these issues, it may be useful to consider methods for prioritizing nutrient research in representative drainage basins within a regional or national context. Two systematic, quantitative approaches were developed to (1) identify basins that geospatial data suggest are most impacted by nutrients and (2) identify basins that have the most variability in factors affecting nutrient sources and transport in order to prioritize basins for studies that seek to understand the key drivers of nutrient impacts. The "impact" approach relied on geospatial variables representing surface-water and groundwater nutrient concentrations, sources of N and P, and potential impacts on receptors (i.e., ecosystems and human health). The "variability" approach relied on geospatial variables representing surface-water nutrient concentrations, factors affecting sources and transport of nutrients, model accuracy, and potential receptor impacts. One hundred and sixty-three drainage basins throughout the contiguous United States were ranked nationally and within 18 hydrologic regions. Nationally, the top-ranked basins from the impact approach were concentrated in the Midwest, while those from the variability approach were dispersed across the nation. Regionally, the top-ranked basin selected by the two approaches differed in 15 of the 18 regions, with top-ranked basins selected by the variability approach having lower minimum concentrations and larger ranges in concentrations than top-ranked basins selected by the impact approach. The highest ranked basins identified using the variability approach may have advantages for exploring how landscape factors affect surface-water quality and how surface-water quality may affect ecosystems. In contrast, the impact approach prioritized basins in terms of human development and nutrient concentrations in both surface water and groundwater, thereby targeting areas where actions to reduce nutrient concentrations could have the largest effect on improving water availability and reducing ecosystem impacts.
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Schmidt TS, Fuller CC, Qi SL, Gellis AC. Rebuttal to Correspondence on "Sediment Sources and Sealed-Pavement Area Drive Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Occurrence in Urban Streams". Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6756-6758. [PMID: 37036265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3162 Bozeman Avenue, Helena, Montana 59601, United States
| | - Christopher C Fuller
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, MS 415 Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Allen C Gellis
- U.S. Geological Survey, 5522 Research Park Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, United States
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Van Metre PC, Mahler BJ, Qi SL, Gellis AC, Fuller CC, Schmidt TS. Sediment Sources and Sealed-Pavement Area Drive Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Occurrence in Urban Streams. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1615-1626. [PMID: 35045246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common pollutants in urban streambed sediment, yet their occurrence is highly variable and difficult to predict. To investigate sources of PAHs and metals to streambed sediment, we sampled pavement dust, soil, and streambed sediment in 10 urban watersheds in three regions of the United States and applied a fallout-radionuclide-based sediment-source analysis to quantify the pavement dust contribution to stream sediment (%dust). We also mapped the area of sealcoated pavement in each watershed (%sealed) to investigate the role of coal-tar pavement sealant (CTS) as a PAH source. Median total and carbon-normalized total PAH concentrations were significantly higher in streambed sediment in the Northeast (54.3 mg/kg and 2.71 mg/gOC) and Southeast (5.37 mg/kg and 1.36 mg/gOC), where CTS is commonly used, than in the Northwest (2.11 mg/kg and 0.071 mg/gOC), where CTS is rarely used. Generalized additive models indicated that %sealed and in some cases %dust significantly affected total PAH concentrations in streambed sediments. The %dust was a significant variable for common urban metals: Cu, Pb, and Zn. These findings advance our quantitative understanding of the role of pavement dust as a source and a vector of contaminants to urban streams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Allen C Gellis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, United States
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Nowell LH, Moran PW, Bexfield LM, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Bradley PM, Schmidt TS, Button DT, Qi SL. Is there an urban pesticide signature? Urban streams in five U.S. regions share common dissolved-phase pesticides but differ in predicted aquatic toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2021; 793:148453. [PMID: 34182445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides occur in urban streams globally, but the relation of occurrence to urbanization can be obscured by regional differences. In studies of five regions of the United States, we investigated the effect of region and urbanization on the occurrence and potential toxicity of dissolved pesticide mixtures. We analyzed 225 pesticide compounds in weekly discrete water samples collected during 6-12 weeks from 271 wadable streams; development in these basins ranged from undeveloped to highly urbanized. Sixteen pesticides were consistently detected in 16 urban centers across the five regions-we propose that these pesticides comprise a suite of urban signature pesticides (USP) that are all common in small U.S. urban streams. These USPs accounted for the majority of summed maximum pesticide concentrations at urban sites within each urban center. USP concentrations, mixture complexity, and potential toxicity increased with the degree of urbanization in the basin. Basin urbanization explained the most variability in multivariate distance-based models of pesticide profiles, with region always secondary in importance. The USPs accounted for 83% of pesticides in the 20 most frequently occurring 2-compound unique mixtures at urban sites, with carbendazim+prometon the most common. Although USPs were consistently detected in all regions, detection frequencies and concentrations varied by region, conferring differences in potential aquatic toxicity. Potential toxicity was highest for invertebrates (benchmarks exceeded in 51% of urban streams), due most often to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and secondarily to organophosphate insecticides and fipronil. Benchmarks were rarely exceeded in urban streams for plants (at 3% of sites) or fish (<1%). We propose that the USPs identified here would make logical core (nonexclusive) constituents for monitoring dissolved pesticides in U.S. urban streams, and that unique mixtures containing imidacloprid, fipronil, and carbendazim are priority candidates for mixtures toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Placer Hall, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, United States of America.
| | - Patrick W Moran
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America
| | - Laura M Bexfield
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Water Science Center, 6700 Edith Blvd NE, Bldg E, Albuquerque, NM 87113, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd., Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210, United States of America
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 3162 Bozeman Ave., Helena, MT 59601, United States of America
| | - Daniel T Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, 6460 Busch Blvd., Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43229, United States of America
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Laboratory, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683, United States of America
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Romanok KM, Breitmeyer SE, Button DT, Carlisle DM, Huffman BJ, Mahler BJ, Nowell LH, Qi SL, Smalling KL, Waite IR, Van Metre PC. Multi-region assessment of chemical mixture exposures and predicted cumulative effects in USA wadeable urban/agriculture-gradient streams. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145062. [PMID: 33940714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical-contaminant mixtures are widely reported in large stream reaches in urban/agriculture-developed watersheds, but mixture compositions and aggregate biological effects are less well understood in corresponding smaller headwaters, which comprise most of stream length, riparian connectivity, and spatial biodiversity. During 2014-2017, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured 389 unique organic analytes (pharmaceutical, pesticide, organic wastewater indicators) in 305 headwater streams within four contiguous United States (US) regions. Potential aquatic biological effects were evaluated for estimated maximum and median exposure conditions using multiple lines of evidence, including occurrence/concentrations of designed-bioactive pesticides and pharmaceuticals and cumulative risk screening based on vertebrate-centric ToxCast™ exposure-response data and on invertebrate and nonvascular plant aquatic life benchmarks. Mixed-contaminant exposures were ubiquitous and varied, with 78% (304) of analytes detected at least once and cumulative maximum concentrations up to more than 156,000 ng/L. Designed bioactives represented 83% of detected analytes. Contaminant summary metrics correlated strong-positive (rho (ρ): 0.569-0.719) to multiple watershed-development metrics, only weak-positive to point-source discharges (ρ: 0.225-353), and moderate- to strong-negative with multiple instream invertebrate metrics (ρ: -0.373 to -0.652). Risk screening indicated common exposures with high probability of vertebrate-centric molecular effects and of acute toxicity to invertebrates, respectively. The results confirm exposures to broad and diverse contaminant mixtures and provide convincing multiple lines of evidence that chemical contaminants contribute substantially to adverse multi-stressor effects in headwater-stream communities.
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Mahler BJ, Schmidt TS, Nowell LH, Qi SL, Van Metre PC, Hladik ML, Carlisle DM, Munn MD, May J. Biofilms Provide New Insight into Pesticide Occurrence in Streams and Links to Aquatic Ecological Communities. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:5509-5519. [PMID: 32309929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streambed sediment is commonly analyzed to assess occurrence of hydrophobic pesticides and risks to aquatic communities. However, stream biofilms also have the potential to accumulate pesticides and may be consumed by aquatic organisms. To better characterize risks to aquatic life, the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Stream Quality Assessment measured 93 current-use and 3 legacy pesticides in bed sediment and biofilm from 54 small streams in California across a range of land-use settings. On average, 4 times as many current-use pesticides were detected in biofilm at a site (median of 2) as in sediment (median of 0.5). Of 31 current-use pesticides detected, 20 were detected more frequently in biofilm than in sediment and 10 with equal frequency. Pyrethroids as a class were the most potentially toxic to benthic invertebrates, and of the 9 pyrethroids detected, 7 occurred more frequently in biofilm than sediment. We constructed general additive models to investigate relations between pesticides and 6 metrics of benthic community structure. Pesticides in biofilm improved fit in 4 of the 6 models, and pesticides in sediment improved fit in 2. The results indicate that the sampling of stream biofilms can complement bed-sediment sampling by identification of more current-use pesticides present and better estimation of ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Science Center Austin, Texas 78751, United States
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Headquarters Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Daren M Carlisle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Headquarters Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Mark D Munn
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center Tacoma, Washington 98402, United States
| | - Jason May
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center Sacramento, California 95819, United States
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Button DT, Carlisle DM, Huffman BJ, Qi SL, Romanok KM, Van Metre PC. Multi-region assessment of pharmaceutical exposures and predicted effects in USA wadeable urban-gradient streams. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228214. [PMID: 31999738 PMCID: PMC6992211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-use pharmaceuticals in urban streams link aquatic-ecosystem health to human health. Pharmaceutical mixtures have been widely reported in larger streams due to historical emphasis on wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) sources, with limited investigation of pharmaceutical exposures and potential effects in smaller headwater streams. In 2014-2017, the United States Geological Survey measured 111 pharmaceutical compounds in 308 headwater streams (261 urban-gradient sites sampled 3-5 times, 47 putative low-impact sites sampled once) in 4 regions across the US. Simultaneous exposures to multiple pharmaceutical compounds (pharmaceutical mixtures) were observed in 91% of streams (248 urban-gradient, 32 low-impact), with 88 analytes detected across all sites and cumulative maximum concentrations up to 36,142 ng/L per site. Cumulative detections and concentrations correlated to urban land use and presence/absence of permitted WWTP discharges, but pharmaceutical mixtures also were common in the 75% of sampled streams without WWTP. Cumulative exposure-activity ratios (EAR) indicated widespread transient exposures with high probability of molecular effects to vertebrates. Considering the potential individual and interactive effects of the detected pharmaceuticals and the recognized analytical underestimation of the pharmaceutical-contaminant (unassessed parent compounds, metabolites, degradates) space, these results demonstrate a nation-wide environmental concern and the need for watershed-scale mitigation of in-stream pharmaceutical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Celeste A. Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Bradley J. Huffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kristin M. Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States of America
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Bradley PM, Journey CA, Berninger JP, Button DT, Clark JM, Corsi SR, DeCicco LA, Hopkins KG, Huffman BJ, Nakagaki N, Norman JE, Nowell LH, Qi SL, VanMetre PC, Waite IR. Mixed-chemical exposure and predicted effects potential in wadeable southeastern USA streams. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:70-83. [PMID: 30469070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Complex chemical mixtures have been widely reported in larger streams but relatively little work has been done to characterize them and assess their potential effects in headwater streams. In 2014, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) sampled 54 Piedmont streams over ten weeks and measured 475 unique organic compounds using five analytical methods. Maximum and median exposure conditions were evaluated in relation to watershed characteristics and for potential biological effects using multiple lines of evidence. Results demonstrate that mixed-contaminant exposures are ubiquitous and varied in sampled headwater streams. Approximately 56% (264) of the 475 compounds were detected at least once across all sites. Cumulative maximum concentrations ranged 1,922-162,346ngL-1 per site. Chemical occurrence significantly correlated to urban land use but was not related to presence/absence of wastewater treatment facility discharges. Designed bioactive chemicals represent about 2/3rd of chemicals detected, notably pharmaceuticals and pesticides, qualitative evidence for possible adverse biological effects. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database chemical-gene associations applied to maximum exposure conditions indicate >12,000 and 2,900 potential gene targets were predicted at least once across all sites for fish and invertebrates, respectively. Analysis of cumulative exposure-activity ratios provided additional evidence that, at a minimum, transient exposures with high probability of molecular effects to vertebrates were common. Finally, cumulative detections and concentrations correlated inversely with invertebrate metrics from in-stream surveys. The results demonstrate widespread instream exposure to extensive contaminant mixtures and compelling multiple lines of evidence for adverse effects on aquatic communities.
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Journey CA, Van Metre PC, Waite IR, Clark JM, Button DT, Nakagaki N, Qi SL, Munn MD, Bradley PM. Nutrient enrichment in wadeable urban streams in the Piedmont Ecoregion of the Southeastern United States. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00904. [PMID: 30450436 PMCID: PMC6226590 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Southeastern Stream Quality Assessment (SESQA) collected weekly samples for nitrogen and phosphorus in 76 wadeable streams in the urbanized Piedmont Ecoregion of the Southeastern United States, during April–June 2014. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in excess of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines and statistically greater than at reference locations indicated nitrogen-nutrient enrichment in streams draining poultry confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) or urban centers. Nitrate plus nitrite (NO3 + NO2) dominated TN species in urban/CAFO-influenced streams. Streams that drained poultry CAFO and Washington DC had statistically higher NO3 + NO2 concentrations than streams draining Atlanta, Charlotte, Greenville, or Raleigh. In contrast, total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in Atlanta and Washington DC streams statistically were comparable to and lower than, respectively, reference stream concentrations. Over 50% of TP concentrations in Greenville, Charlotte, Raleigh and CAFO-influenced streams exceeded the EPA guideline and reference-location mean concentrations, indicating phosphorus-nutrient enrichment. Urban land use, permitted point sources, and soil infiltration metrics best predicted TN exceedances. Elevated TN and NO3 + NO2 concentrations in urban streams during low flow were consistent with reduced in-stream dilution of point-source or groundwater contributions. Urban land use, permitted point sources, and surface runoff metrics best predicted TP exceedances. Elevated TP in CAFO and urban streams during high flow were consistent with non-point sources and particulate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian R Waite
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2130 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jimmy M Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, 720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Daniel T Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6460 Busch Boulevard, Columbus, OH 43229, USA
| | - Naomi Nakagaki
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J Street Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court, Bldg. 10, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
| | - Mark D Munn
- U.S. Geological Survey, 934 Broadway, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, 720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
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Ayotte JD, Medalie L, Qi SL, Backer LC, Nolan BT. Estimating the High-Arsenic Domestic-Well Population in the Conterminous United States. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:12443-12454. [PMID: 29043784 PMCID: PMC8842838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic concentrations from 20 450 domestic wells in the U.S. were used to develop a logistic regression model of the probability of having arsenic >10 μg/L ("high arsenic"), which is presented at the county, state, and national scales. Variables representing geologic sources, geochemical, hydrologic, and physical features were among the significant predictors of high arsenic. For U.S. Census blocks, the mean probability of arsenic >10 μg/L was multiplied by the population using domestic wells to estimate the potential high-arsenic domestic-well population. Approximately 44.1 M people in the U.S. use water from domestic wells. The population in the conterminous U.S. using water from domestic wells with predicted arsenic concentration >10 μg/L is 2.1 M people (95% CI is 1.5 to 2.9 M). Although areas of the U.S. were underrepresented with arsenic data, predictive variables available in national data sets were used to estimate high arsenic in unsampled areas. Additionally, by predicting to all of the conterminous U.S., we identify areas of high and low potential exposure in areas of limited arsenic data. These areas may be viewed as potential areas to investigate further or to compare to more detailed local information. Linking predictive modeling to private well use information nationally, despite the uncertainty, is beneficial for broad screening of the population at risk from elevated arsenic in drinking water from private wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Ayotte
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, New Hampshire − Vermont Office, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03301, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 603-226-7810;
| | - Laura Medalie
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, New Hampshire − Vermont Office, 87 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05602, United States
| | - Sharon L. Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court Bldg., 10 Vancouver, Washington 98683, United States
| | - Lorraine C. Backer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Bernard T. Nolan
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Program, National Center 413, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
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Li SF, Zhang XT, Qi SL, Ye YT, Cao H, Yang YQ, McElwee KJ, Zhang X. Allergy to dust mites may contribute to early onset and severity of alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 40:171-6. [PMID: 25252126 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher risk of allergic diseases such as rhinitis, asthma and atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) has been reported for patients with alopecia areata (AA) compared with the general population, but the significance of this is still largely unclear. AIM To determine whether serum total or specific IgE play a role in the onset and severity of AA. METHODS We tested 461 serum samples from 351 patients with AA and 110 healthy controls (HC) for total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgE (sIgE) by ImmunoCAP-100 or in vitro test (IVT). RESULTS The absolute value of tIgE was higher in patients with AA than in normal controls (P < 0.001), although the prevalence of raised tIgE (> 120 IU/mL) detected in patients with AA (29.3%) was similar to that of HC (21.8%). Prevalences of raised sIgE against various allergens detected by ImmunoCAP-100 showed that Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p; 31.1%) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f; 29.0%) were the most common allergens. Similar results were found by IVT, with the most common response being against Der p/Der f (29.0%). However, the prevalences of tIgE and sIgE against dust mites (Der p and Der f) in patients with early-onset AA and severe AA were significantly higher than those with late-onset AA and mild AA (P = 0.02, P = 0.02 vs. P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). Notably, the increases in tIgE and sIgE were independent of atopy history. CONCLUSIONS Allergy to dust mites may have an effect on the immune response in AA, and may contribute to its early onset and severity in patients of Chinese origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lv Y, Cao LH, Pang H, Lu LN, Li JL, Fu Y, Qi SL, Luo Y, Li-Ling J. Combined genetic and imaging diagnosis for two large Chinese families affected with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Genet Mol Res 2012; 11:2035-44. [PMID: 22911587 DOI: 10.4238/2012.august.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by nystagmus, impaired motor development, ataxia, and progressive spasticity. Genetically defective or altered levels of proteolipid protein (PLP1) or gap-junction alpha protein 12 gene have been found to be a common cause. Here we report on two large Han Chinese families affected with this disease. The probands of both families had produced sons featuring cerebral palsy that had never been correctly diagnosed. PMD was suspected after careful analysis of family history and clinical features. Three rounds of molecular testing, including RT-PCR, genetics linkage and SRY sequence analyses, in combination with fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, confirmed the diagnosis. In Family 1, in addition to two patients, three carriers were identified, including one who was not yet married. Genetic testing indicated that a fetus did not have the disease. A healthy girl was born later. In Family 2, two patients and two carriers were identified, while a fetus was genetically normal. A healthy girl was born later. We concluded that by combining genetic testing and imaging, awareness of the symptoms of PMD and understanding of its molecular biology, there is great benefit for families that are at risk for producing offspring affected with this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lv
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Gurdak JJ, Qi SL. Vulnerability of recently recharged groundwater in principal [corrected] aquifers of the United States to nitrate contamination. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:6004-12. [PMID: 22582987 DOI: 10.1021/es300688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently recharged water (defined here as <60 years old) is generally the most vulnerable part of a groundwater resource to nonpoint-source nitrate contamination. Understanding at the appropriate scale the interactions of natural and anthropogenic controlling factors that influence nitrate occurrence in recently recharged groundwater is critical to support best management and policy decisions that are often made at the aquifer to subaquifer scale. New logistic regression models were developed using data from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program and National Water Information System for 17 principal aquifers of the U.S. to identify important source, transport, and attenuation factors that control nonpoint source nitrate concentrations greater than relative background levels in recently recharged groundwater and were used to predict the probability of detecting elevated nitrate in areas beyond the sampling network. Results indicate that dissolved oxygen, crops and irrigated cropland, fertilizer application, seasonally high water table, and soil properties that affect infiltration and denitrification are among the most important factors in predicting elevated nitrate concentrations. Important differences in controlling factors and spatial predictions were identified in the principal aquifer and national-scale models and support the conclusion that similar spatial scales are needed between informed groundwater management and model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gurdak
- Department of Geosciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, United States.
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Abstract
A methodology is proposed to quantify prediction uncertainty associated with ground water vulnerability models that were developed through an approach that coupled multivariate logistic regression with a geographic information system (GIS). This method uses Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) to illustrate the propagation of input error and estimate uncertainty associated with the logistic regression predictions of ground water vulnerability. Central to the proposed method is the assumption that prediction uncertainty in ground water vulnerability models is a function of input error propagation from uncertainty in the estimated logistic regression model coefficients (model error) and the values of explanatory variables represented in the GIS (data error). Input probability distributions that represent both model and data error sources of uncertainty were simultaneously sampled using a Latin hypercube approach with logistic regression calculations of probability of elevated nonpoint source contaminants in ground water. The resulting probability distribution represents the prediction intervals and associated uncertainty of the ground water vulnerability predictions. The method is illustrated through a ground water vulnerability assessment of the High Plains regional aquifer. Results of the LHS simulations reveal significant prediction uncertainties that vary spatially across the regional aquifer. Additionally, the proposed method enables a spatial deconstruction of the prediction uncertainty that can lead to improved prediction of ground water vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gurdak
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO 80225, USA.
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Qi SL, Zhang P, Zhang AL, Wang RZ, Xu LX. Performance evaluation of a novel liquid nitrogen cryoprobe. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2006:486-9. [PMID: 17282222 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel liquid nitrogen cryoprobe is developed in the present study. The inlet, handle, the vapor-liquid separator and the heat transfer segment of the cryoprobe are designed to be detachable. This flexible construction provides many distinct features, such as good maneuverability, high safety and low cost. A new vapor-liquid separator is made to ensure the free flow of the liquid nitrogen and increase the probe freezing capacity. The wall temperatures at the different locations along the cryoprobe are measured in the air, gel and brine, with the various driven pressure ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 MPa. The results are compared to the other probe. It is found that the precooling time of the probe is shortened significantly. The present cryoprobe offers better cooling performance to the existing cryoprobe. The heat flux transferred from the surrounding air or brine to the cryoprobe is estimated, and it is concluded that the boiling pattern in the probe is the film boiling and suggestions for further improvement of the cryoprobe's performance is made based on the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Qi
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P R China
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Wan JH, Zhang SJ, Mi JX, Qi SL, Wu KF, Gan F, Yang BQ, Xu LJ, Xu LZ. Establishment of a group of murine leukemic cell lines and investigation of their biological characteristics. Sci China B 1989; 32:1087-98. [PMID: 2803526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro-vivo technique for establishment of cell lines on murine leukemia has been developed. Using this method, suppressive T lymphoblastic leukemia L7811-85, L7212-85, non-T, non-B lymphocytic leukemia L1210-86, B lymphocytic leukemia P 388-86 and Friend erythroleukemia FLCL cell lines have been established. Incidence of leukemia with these cell lines was 100%. Along with the increase of generations of cell lines, cell growth accelerated, generation time shortened and cloning efficiencies rose. A following up electron microscopic observation on L7811-85 and L7212-85 showed that the virus particles were "A" particles in original cells. When they became cell lines in vitro, virus particles increased and transformed into typical "C" particles with budding. An inhibitory activity relevant to leukemic cells on proliferation of leukemic cells has been observed in the supernatant of L7811-85 medium and was regarded as an "autocrine".
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wan
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin
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Qi SL. [Ultrastructural changes in hemopoietic microenvironment and hemopoietic cells in bone marrow of aplastic anemia]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1988; 10:393-6. [PMID: 2978392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Qi SL, Yang CL, Hu WW, Su YL, Hu XL. Pathological changes in red cell series: electron microscopic study on bone marrow cells of some blood disorders. Chin Med J (Engl) 1987; 100:34-7. [PMID: 3109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Protein kinase NII has a alpha alpha' beta 2 subunit structure, and consists of a chromatographically heterogeneous population. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, each subunit was resolved into multiple polypeptides with various pI values: alpha subunit, 4 spots; alpha' subunit, 10 spots; and beta subunit, 4 spots. NII underwent autophosphorylation on beta subunits. Fractions of alpha and alpha' polypeptides also occurred as phosphoforms as shown by alkaline phosphatase treatment. In addition, alpha' subunit had another motif for heterogeneity, which separated alpha' polypeptides into two groups, and was exemplified by NIIa and NIIb that showed different enzyme kinetics and the nuclear localization. We interpret these to account for the basis of the functional as well as molecular heterogeneities of protein kinase NII.
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Qi SL, Yang CL, Hu WW, Fu J, Liu JH. [Studies on the morphological structure of bone marrow under TEM, SEM and freeze cracking]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1985; 7:298-300. [PMID: 2939993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hatayama T, Qi SL, Kim K, Ichiba K, Yukioka M. Caffeine-induced reorganization of DNA replicating system occurs on or near nuclear matrix in HeLa cells. Biochem Int 1984; 9:651-7. [PMID: 6240982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since caffeine reorganizes the DNA replicating system, with several consequences, we studied the effect of caffeine on the DNA replication which normally occurs on or near the nuclear matrix in a variety of eukaryotic cells. When HeLa cells, treated with or without the DNA-damaging agent, neocarzinostatin, were postincubated in the presence or absence of caffeine and then pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine, the DNA remaining tightly associated with the matrix was enriched in the newly synthesized DNA at the same level as that seen in untreated cells. The nuclear matrix-bound DNA polymerase alpha activity was also the same in these cells. Therefore, in the presence of caffeine, DNA replication, with or without DNA damage, also occurs on or near the nuclear matrix, as is the case in normal DNA replication.
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Abstract
Protein kinase NII from rat liver nuclei was resolved into two fractions, NIIa and NIIb, by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. NIIa was eluted at 151 mM (NH4)2SO4 and NIIb at 175 mM. They had an identical molecular size (125,000 daltons, 7.0S) and subunit composition (alpha alpha' beta 2). However, they showed significantly different Km values and turnover numbers for casein substrate. Furthermore, NIIa was found predominantly as a form bound to the chromatin, while NIIb was in the nucleoplasmic-soluble fraction in addition to the chromatin-bound fraction. These observations suggest that NII consists of a heterogeneous population of at least two molecular species, differing in the activity and functional states in the cell nucleus.
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Yukioka M, Sasaki S, Qi SL, Inoue A. Two species of histone acetyltransferase in rat liver nuclei. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:8372-7. [PMID: 6736037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization of histone acetyltransferase was studied in rat liver cells. Two histone acetyltransferases, designated NI and NII, were identified in the nuclear fraction, and an additional two acetyltransferases, termed CI and CII, were separated from the cytoplasmic fraction. These acetyltransferases exhibited different substrate specificities toward free and nucleosomal histones. The enzymes NI and NII represented major histone acetyltransferase activities in rat liver nuclei, and they were further differentiated by DNA-binding properties, subnuclear localization, and reaction kinetics. While the NI enzyme exhibited an intersecting initial velocity kinetic, the NII enzyme followed a ping-pong initial velocity pattern. These results show the multiple occurrence of histone acetyltransferases in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, events which may reflect the complexities of histone acetylation.
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Qi SL. [Ultrastructure of marrow cells in preleukemia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1984; 64:414-6. [PMID: 6440681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yang CL, Yang WW, Qi SL, Yang TY, Wang YL. Subacute myelogenous leukemia. A special type of myelogenous leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 1982; 95:459-66. [PMID: 6813055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Qi SL. [Ultrastructure of leukemic cells in subacute granulocytic leukemia (author's transl)]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 1980; 19:39-41. [PMID: 6937342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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