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Cho JY, Rumschlag JA, Tsvetkov E, Proper DS, Lang H, Berto S, Assali A, Cowan CW. MEF2C Hypofunction in GABAergic Cells Alters Sociability and Prefrontal Cortex Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in a Sex-Dependent Manner. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100289. [PMID: 38390348 PMCID: PMC10881314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous mutations or deletions of MEF2C cause a neurodevelopmental disorder termed MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MCHS), characterized by autism spectrum disorder and neurological symptoms. In mice, global Mef2c heterozygosity has produced multiple MCHS-like phenotypes. MEF2C is highly expressed in multiple cell types of the developing brain, including GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibitory neurons, but the influence of MEF2C hypofunction in GABAergic neurons on MCHS-like phenotypes remains unclear. Methods We employed GABAergic cell type-specific manipulations to study mouse Mef2c heterozygosity in a battery of MCHS-like behaviors. We also performed electroencephalography, single-cell transcriptomics, and patch-clamp electrophysiology and optogenetics to assess the impact of Mef2c haploinsufficiency on gene expression and prefrontal cortex microcircuits. Results Mef2c heterozygosity in developing GABAergic cells produced female-specific deficits in social preference and altered approach-avoidance behavior. In female, but not male, mice, we observed that Mef2c heterozygosity in developing GABAergic cells produced 1) differentially expressed genes in multiple cell types, including parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons, 2) baseline and social-related frontocortical network activity alterations, and 3) reductions in parvalbumin cell intrinsic excitability and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto deep-layer pyramidal neurons. Conclusions MEF2C hypofunction in female, but not male, developing GABAergic cells is important for typical sociability and approach-avoidance behaviors and normal parvalbumin inhibitory neuron function in the prefrontal cortex of mice. While there is no apparent sex bias in autism spectrum disorder symptoms of MCHS, our findings suggest that GABAergic cell-specific dysfunction in females with MCHS may contribute disproportionately to sociability symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey A. Rumschlag
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Evgeny Tsvetkov
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Divya S. Proper
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ahlem Assali
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Christopher W. Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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2
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Rexrode LE, Hartley J, Showmaker KC, Challagundla L, Vandewege MW, Martin BE, Blair E, Bollavarapu R, Antonyraj RB, Hilton K, Gardiner A, Valeri J, Gisabella B, Garrett MR, Theoharides TC, Pantazopoulos H. Molecular profiling of the hippocampus of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02441-8. [PMID: 38355786 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to a key role of the hippocampus in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Altered hippocampal volume and deficits in memory for person and emotion related stimuli have been reported, along with enhanced ability for declarative memories. Mouse models have demonstrated a critical role of the hippocampus in social memory dysfunction, associated with ASD, together with decreased synaptic plasticity. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), a family of extracellular matrix molecules, represent a potential key link between neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and immune system signaling. There is a lack of information regarding the molecular pathology of the hippocampus in ASD. We conducted RNAseq profiling on postmortem human brain samples containing the hippocampus from male children with ASD (n = 7) and normal male children (3-14 yrs old), (n = 6) from the NIH NeuroBioBank. Gene expression profiling analysis implicated molecular pathways involved in extracellular matrix organization, neurodevelopment, synaptic regulation, and immune system signaling. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were used to confirm several of the top markers identified. The CSPG protein BCAN was examined with multiplex immunofluorescence to analyze cell-type specific expression of BCAN and astrocyte morphology. We observed decreased expression of synaptic proteins PSD95 (p < 0.02) and SYN1 (p < 0.02), increased expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protease MMP9 (p < 0.03), and decreased expression of MEF2C (p < 0.03). We also observed increased BCAN expression with astrocytes in children with ASD, together with altered astrocyte morphology. Our results point to alterations in immune system signaling, glia cell differentiation, and synaptic signaling in the hippocampus of children with ASD, together with alterations in extracellular matrix molecules. Furthermore, our results demonstrate altered expression of genes implicated in genetic studies of ASD including SYN1 and MEF2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Rexrode
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Joshua Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Lavanya Challagundla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Brigitte E Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Estelle Blair
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ratna Bollavarapu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Rhenius B Antonyraj
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Keauna Hilton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alex Gardiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jake Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA.
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3
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Basu S, Ro EJ, Liu Z, Kim H, Bennett A, Kang S, Suh H. The Mef2c Gene Dose-Dependently Controls Hippocampal Neurogenesis and the Expression of Autism-Like Behaviors. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1058232023. [PMID: 38123360 PMCID: PMC10860657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1058-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the activity-dependent transcription factor MEF2C have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. Among these, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related behavioral deficits are manifested. Multiple animal models that harbor mutations in Mef2c have provided compelling evidence that Mef2c is indeed an ASD gene. However, studies in mice with germline or global brain knock-out of Mef2c are limited in their ability to identify the precise neural substrates and cell types that are required for the expression of Mef2c-mediated ASD behaviors. Given the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive and social behaviors, in this study we aimed to investigate the role of Mef2c in the structure and function of newly generated dentate granule cells (DGCs) in the postnatal hippocampus and to determine whether disrupted Mef2c function is responsible for manifesting ASD behaviors. Overexpression of Mef2c (Mef2cOE ) arrested the transition of neurogenesis at progenitor stages, as indicated by sustained expression of Sox2+ in Mef2cOE DGCs. Conditional knock-out of Mef2c (Mef2ccko ) allowed neuronal commitment of Mef2ccko cells; however, Mef2ccko impaired not only dendritic arborization and spine formation but also synaptic transmission onto Mef2ccko DGCs. Moreover, the abnormal structure and function of Mef2ccko DGCs led to deficits in social interaction and social novelty recognition, which are key characteristics of ASD behaviors. Thus, our study revealed a dose-dependent requirement of Mef2c in the control of distinct steps of neurogenesis, as well as a critical cell-autonomous function of Mef2c in newborn DGCs in the expression of proper social behavior in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetama Basu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Eun Jeoung Ro
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Aubrey Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia
| | - Hoonkyo Suh
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland 44109, Ohio
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4
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Dugger SA, Dhindsa RS, Sampaio GDA, Ressler AK, Rafikian EE, Petri S, Letts VA, Teoh J, Ye J, Colombo S, Peng Y, Yang M, Boland MJ, Frankel WN, Goldstein DB. Neurodevelopmental deficits and cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010952. [PMID: 37782669 PMCID: PMC10569524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo loss-of-function mutations in the gene expression regulator HNRNPU cause an early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. To gain insight into pathological mechanisms and lay the potential groundwork for developing targeted therapies, we characterized the neurophysiologic and cell-type-specific transcriptomic consequences of a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency. Heterozygous mutants demonstrated global developmental delay, impaired ultrasonic vocalizations, cognitive dysfunction and increased seizure susceptibility, thus modeling aspects of the human disease. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of hippocampal and neocortical cells revealed widespread, yet modest, dysregulation of gene expression across mutant neuronal subtypes. We observed an increased burden of differentially-expressed genes in mutant excitatory neurons of the subiculum-a region of the hippocampus implicated in temporal lobe epilepsy. Evaluation of transcriptomic signature reversal as a therapeutic strategy highlights the potential importance of generating cell-type-specific signatures. Overall, this work provides insight into HNRNPU-mediated disease mechanisms and provides a framework for using single-cell RNA-sequencing to study transcriptional regulators implicated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Dugger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Dhindsa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriela De Almeida Sampaio
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Ressler
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Rafikian
- Mouse Neurobehavioral Core Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Petri
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Verity A. Letts
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - JiaJie Teoh
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Junqiang Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sophie Colombo
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yueqing Peng
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mu Yang
- Mouse Neurobehavioral Core Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Boland
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wayne N. Frankel
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Tamura T, Shimojima Yamamoto K, Imaizumi T, Yamamoto H, Miyamoto Y, Yagasaki H, Morioka I, Kanno H, Yamamoto T. Breakpoint analysis for cytogenetically balanced translocation revealed unexpected complex structural abnormalities and suggested the position effect for MEF2C. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1632-1638. [PMID: 36916329 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Many disease-causing genes have been identified by determining the breakpoints of balanced chromosomal translocations. Recent progress in genomic analysis has accelerated the analysis of chromosomal translocation-breakpoints at the nucleotide level. Using a long-read whole-genome sequence, we analyzed the breakpoints of the cytogenetically balanced chromosomal translocation t(5;15)(q21;26.3), which was confirmed to be of de novo origin, in a patient with a neurodevelopmental disorder. The results showed complex rearrangements with seven fragments consisting of five breakpoint-junctions (BJs). Four of the five BJs showed microhomologies of 1-3-bp, and only one BJ displayed a signature of blunt-end ligation, indicating chromothripsis as the underlying mechanism. Although the BJs did not disrupt any disease-causing gene, the clinical features of the patient were compatible with MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome. Complex rearrangements were located approximately 2.5-Mb downstream of MEF2C. Therefore, position effects were considered the mechanism of the occurrence of MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimojima Yamamoto
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Imaizumi
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hisako Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yusaku Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagasaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kanno
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gene Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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The Role of MEF2 Transcription Factor Family in Neuronal Survival and Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043120. [PMID: 36834528 PMCID: PMC9963821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors comprises four highly conserved members that play an important role in the nervous system. They appear in precisely defined time frames in the developing brain to turn on and turn off genes affecting growth, pruning and survival of neurons. MEF2s are known to dictate neuronal development, synaptic plasticity and restrict the number of synapses in the hippocampus, thus affecting learning and memory formation. In primary neurons, negative regulation of MEF2 activity by external stimuli or stress conditions is known to induce apoptosis, albeit the pro or antiapoptotic action of MEF2 depends on the neuronal maturation stage. By contrast, enhancement of MEF2 transcriptional activity protects neurons from apoptotic death both in vitro and in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases. A growing body of evidence places this transcription factor in the center of many neuropathologies associated with age-dependent neuronal dysfunctions or gradual but irreversible neuron loss. In this work, we discuss how the altered function of MEF2s during development and in adulthood affecting neuronal survival may be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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7
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Martini AG, Smith JP, Medrano S, Sheffield NC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Determinants of renin cell differentiation: a single cell epi-transcriptomics approach. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524595. [PMID: 36711565 PMCID: PMC9882312 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Renin cells are essential for survival. They control the morphogenesis of the kidney arterioles, and the composition and volume of our extracellular fluid, arterial blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and oxygen delivery. It is known that renin cells and associated arteriolar cells descend from FoxD1 + progenitor cells, yet renin cells remain challenging to study due in no small part to their rarity within the kidney. As such, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and maintenance of these cells remain insufficiently understood. Objective We sought to comprehensively evaluate the chromatin states and transcription factors (TFs) that drive the differentiation of FoxD1 + progenitor cells into those that compose the kidney vasculature with a focus on renin cells. Methods and Results We isolated single nuclei of FoxD1 + progenitor cells and their descendants from FoxD1 cre/+ ; R26R-mTmG mice at embryonic day 12 (E12) (n cells =1234), embryonic day 18 (E18) (n cells =3696), postnatal day 5 (P5) (n cells =1986), and postnatal day 30 (P30) (n cells =1196). Using integrated scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq we established the developmental trajectory that leads to the mosaic of cells that compose the kidney arterioles, and specifically identified the factors that determine the elusive, myo-endocrine adult renin-secreting juxtaglomerular (JG) cell. We confirm the role of Nfix in JG cell development and renin expression, and identified the myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of TFs as putative drivers of JG cell differentiation. Conclusions We provide the first developmental trajectory of renin cell differentiation as they become JG cells in a single-cell atlas of kidney vascular open chromatin and highlighted novel factors important for their stage-specific differentiation. This improved understanding of the regulatory landscape of renin expressing JG cells is necessary to better learn the control and function of this rare cell population as overactivation or aberrant activity of the RAS is a key factor in cardiovascular and kidney pathologies.
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Starr AL, Gokhman D, Fraser HB. Accounting for cis-regulatory constraint prioritizes genes likely to affect species-specific traits. Genome Biol 2023; 24:11. [PMID: 36658652 PMCID: PMC9850818 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring allele-specific expression in interspecies hybrids is a powerful way to detect cis-regulatory changes underlying adaptation. However, it remains difficult to identify genes most likely to explain species-specific traits. Here, we outline a simple strategy that leverages population-scale allele-specific RNA-seq data to identify genes that show constrained cis-regulation within species yet show divergence between species. Applying this strategy to data from human-chimpanzee hybrid cortical organoids, we identify signatures of lineage-specific selection on genes related to saccharide metabolism, neurodegeneration, and primary cilia. We also highlight cis-regulatory divergence in CUX1 and EDNRB that may shape the trajectory of human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gokhman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Present Address: Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Mohajeri K, Yadav R, D'haene E, Boone PM, Erdin S, Gao D, Moyses-Oliveira M, Bhavsar R, Currall BB, O'Keefe K, Burt ND, Lowther C, Lucente D, Salani M, Larson M, Redin C, Dudchenko O, Aiden EL, Menten B, Tai DJC, Gusella JF, Vergult S, Talkowski ME. Transcriptional and functional consequences of alterations to MEF2C and its topological organization in neuronal models. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2049-2067. [PMID: 36283406 PMCID: PMC9674968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Point mutations and structural variants that directly disrupt the coding sequence of MEF2C have been associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the impact of MEF2C haploinsufficiency on neurodevelopmental pathways and synaptic processes is not well understood, nor are the complex mechanisms that govern its regulation. To explore the functional changes associated with structural variants that alter MEF2C expression and/or regulation, we generated an allelic series of 204 isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural stem cells and glutamatergic induced neurons. These neuronal models harbored CRISPR-engineered mutations that involved direct deletion of MEF2C or deletion of the boundary points for topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops encompassing MEF2C. Systematic profiling of mutation-specific alterations, contrasted to unedited controls that were exposed to the same guide RNAs for each edit, revealed that deletion of MEF2C caused differential expression of genes associated with neurodevelopmental pathways and synaptic function. We also discovered significant reduction in synaptic activity measured by multielectrode arrays (MEAs) in neuronal cells. By contrast, we observed robust buffering against MEF2C regulatory disruption following deletion of a distal 5q14.3 TAD and loop boundary, whereas homozygous loss of a proximal loop boundary resulted in down-regulation of MEF2C expression and reduced electrophysiological activity on MEA that was comparable to direct gene disruption. Collectively, these studies highlight the considerable functional impact of MEF2C deletion in neuronal cells and systematically characterize the complex interactions that challenge a priori predictions of regulatory consequences from structural variants that disrupt three-dimensional genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Mohajeri
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva D'haene
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip M Boone
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dadi Gao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana Moyses-Oliveira
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Riya Bhavsar
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Currall
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn O'Keefe
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Burt
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Salani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathew Larson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Redin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong, China
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Derek J C Tai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Vergult
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Fu X, Yao T, Chen X, Li H, Wu J. MEF2C gene variations are associated with ADHD in the Chinese Han population: a case-control study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:431-439. [PMID: 35357565 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is associated with hyperactivity and might be a novel risk gene for susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association between MEF2C genetic variants and ADHD in the Chinese Han population. A total of 215 patients with ADHD and 233 controls were recruited for this study. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham version IV questionnaire was used to evaluate the clinical features of ADHD. In silico analysis was used to annotate the biological functions of the promising single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our findings indicated that MEF2C rs587490 was significantly associated with ADHD in the multiplicative model (OR = 0.640, p = 0.002). Participants with the rs587490 TT allele exhibited less hyperactivity/impulsivity than those with the rs587490 CC allele. Furthermore, the expression quantitative trait loci analysis suggested that rs587490 could regulate the gene expression of MEF2C in the hippocampus, putamen, thalamus, and frontal white matter. Our study concluded that the MEF2C rs587490 T allele is significantly associated with a reduced risk of ADHD in the Chinese Han population, which provides new insight into the genetic etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Zhang Z, Zhao Y. Progress on the roles of MEF2C in neuropsychiatric diseases. Mol Brain 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 34991657 PMCID: PMC8740500 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 C (MEF2C), one of the transcription factors of the MADS-BOX family, is involved in embryonic brain development, neuronal formation and differentiation, as well as in the growth and pruning of axons and dendrites. MEF2C is also involved in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), epilepsy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the relationship between MEF2C and neuropsychiatric disorders, and provide further insights into the mechanism of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Mental Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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12
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Faust TE, Gunner G, Schafer DP. Mechanisms governing activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the developing mammalian CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:657-673. [PMID: 34545240 PMCID: PMC8541743 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost 60 years have passed since the initial discovery by Hubel and Wiesel that changes in neuronal activity can elicit developmental rewiring of the central nervous system (CNS). Over this period, we have gained a more comprehensive picture of how both spontaneous neural activity and sensory experience-induced changes in neuronal activity guide CNS circuit development. Here we review activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the mammalian CNS, which we define as the removal of a subset of synapses, while others are maintained, in response to changes in neural activity in the developing nervous system. We discuss the mounting evidence that immune and cell-death molecules are important mechanistic links by which changes in neural activity guide the pruning of specific synapses, emphasizing the role of glial cells in this process. Finally, we discuss how these developmental pruning programmes may go awry in neurodevelopmental disorders of the human CNS, focusing on autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Together, our aim is to give an overview of how the field of activity-dependent pruning research has evolved, led to exciting new questions and guided the identification of new, therapeutically relevant mechanisms that result in aberrant circuit development in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Gunner
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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13
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Cooley Coleman JA, Sarasua SM, Boccuto L, Moore HW, Skinner SA, DeLuca JM. Tremors: A concept analysis. Nurs Open 2021; 8:2419-2428. [PMID: 33797860 PMCID: PMC8363388 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This article seeks to clarify and define the concept of tremors. DESIGN The Walker & Avant (2005) concept analysis method was followed. METHODS A search of PubMed, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, ERIC, Google and Google Scholar was performed. RESULTS Through this process, uses of the concept were assessed including definitions and categories of tremors. Defining attributes were found to include "movement disorder," "shaking motions," "involuntary," "oscillatory," "rhythmic," "not painful or life threatening," "always present but variable" and "can sometimes be repressed." We identified two model cases and a borderline case, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents (including measurement tools) of tremors. CONCLUSION The concept analysis process has clarified and illuminated an operational definition of tremors: that tremors are a movement disorder characterized by shaking motions that are involuntary, oscillatory, rhythmic, non-painful, always present although vary in severity, and can be repressed by changing posture or going into a rest position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jane M. DeLuca
- School of NursingClemson UniversityClemsonSCUSA
- Greenwood Genetic CenterGreenwoodSCUSA
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14
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The zebrafish grime mutant uncovers an evolutionarily conserved role for Tmem161b in the control of cardiac rhythm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018220118. [PMID: 33597309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of cardiac function in the developing embryo is essential to ensure blood flow and, therefore, growth and survival of the animal. The molecular mechanisms controlling normal cardiac rhythm remain to be fully elucidated. From a forward genetic screen, we identified a unique mutant, grime, that displayed a specific cardiac arrhythmia phenotype. We show that loss-of-function mutations in tmem161b are responsible for the phenotype, identifying Tmem161b as a regulator of cardiac rhythm in zebrafish. To examine the evolutionary conservation of this function, we generated knockout mice for Tmem161b. Tmem161b knockout mice are neonatal lethal and cardiomyocytes exhibit arrhythmic calcium oscillations. Mechanistically, we find that Tmem161b is expressed at the cell membrane of excitable cells and live imaging shows it is required for action potential repolarization in the developing heart. Electrophysiology on isolated cardiomyocytes demonstrates that Tmem161b is essential to inhibit Ca2+ and K+ currents in cardiomyocytes. Importantly, Tmem161b haploinsufficiency leads to cardiac rhythm phenotypes, implicating it as a candidate gene in heritable cardiac arrhythmia. Overall, these data describe Tmem161b as a highly conserved regulator of cardiac rhythm that functions to modulate ion channel activity in zebrafish and mice.
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15
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Cooley Coleman JA, Sarasua SM, Boccuto L, Moore HW, Skinner SA, DeLuca JM. Comprehensive investigation of the phenotype of MEF2C-related disorders in human patients: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3884-3894. [PMID: 34184825 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MEF2C-related disorders (aka MEF2C-haploinsufficiency) are caused by variations in or involving the MEF2C gene and are characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, lack of speech, limited walking, and seizures. Despite these findings, the disorder is not easily recognized clinically. We performed a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to assemble the most comprehensive list of patients and their phenotypes. Through searching PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE, 43 articles met the inclusion criteria and were fully reviewed. One hundred and seventeen patients were identified from these publications with most having a phenotype of intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, hypotonia, absent speech, inability to walk, stereotypic movements, and MRI abnormalities. Nonclassical findings included one patient with a question mark ear, two patients with a jugular pit, one patient with a unique neuroendocrine finding, and nine patients that did not have MEF2C deletions or disruptions but may be affected due to a positional effect on MEF2C. This systematic review characterizes the phenotype of MEF2C-related disorders, documents the severity of this condition, and will help providers to better diagnose and care for patients and their families. Additionally, this compiled information provides a comprehensive resource for investigators interested in pursuing specific genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cooley Coleman
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sara M Sarasua
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jane M DeLuca
- School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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16
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Adrião A, Santana I, Ribeiro C, Cancela ML, Conceição N, Grazina M. Identification of a novel mutation in MEF2C gene in an atypical patient with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:319-326. [PMID: 33999292 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The MEF2C gene encodes a transcription factor known to play a crucial role in molecular pathways affecting neuronal development. MEF2C mutations were described as a genetic cause of developmental disease (MRD20), and several reports sustain its involvement in dementia-related conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These pathologies and frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD) are thought to share common physiopathological pathways. In this exploratory study, we searched for alterations in the DNA sequence of exons and boundaries, including 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (5'UTR, 3'UTR), of MEF2C gene in 11 patients with clinical phenotypes related with MRD20 or FTLD. We identified a heterozygous deletion of 13 nucleotides in the 5'UTR region of a 69 years old FTLD patient. This alteration was absent in 200 healthy controls, suggesting a contribution to this patient's disease phenotype. In silico analysis of the mutated sequence indicated changes in mRNA secondary structure and stability, thus potentially affecting MEF2C protein levels. Furthermore, in vitro functional analysis of this mutation revealed that the presence of this deletion abolished the transcriptional activity of the gene in human embryonic cells and rat brain neurons, probably by modifying MEF2C expression. Altogether, our results provide evidence for the involvement of MEF2C in FTLD manifesting with seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Adrião
- Centre of Marine Sciences/CCMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Pólo III - Subunit I, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba Celas PT, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Ribeiro
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra - Laboratory of Mitochondrial BioMedicine and Theranostics, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences/CCMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Algarve Biomedical Centre, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas PT, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Natércia Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences/CCMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Algarve Biomedical Centre, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas PT, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Grazina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Pólo III - Subunit I, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba Celas PT, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra - Laboratory of Mitochondrial BioMedicine and Theranostics, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Chaudhary R, Agarwal V, Kaushik AS, Rehman M. Involvement of myocyte enhancer factor 2c in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06854. [PMID: 33981903 PMCID: PMC8082549 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a family of transcription factor of MADS (minichromosome maintenance 1, agamous, deficiens and serum response factor)-box family needed in the growth and differentiation of a variety of human cells, such as neural, immune, endothelial, and muscles. As per existing literature, MEF2 transcription factors have also been associated with synaptic plasticity, the developmental mechanisms governing memory and learning, and several neurologic conditions, like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recent genomic findings have ascertained a link between MEF2 defects, particularly in the MEF2C isoform and the ASD. In this review, we summarized a concise overview of the general regulation, structure and functional roles of the MEF2C transcription factor. We further outlined the potential role of MEF2C as a risk factor for various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD, MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arjun Singh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mujeeba Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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18
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Raviglione F, Douzgou S, Scala M, Mingarelli A, D'Arrigo S, Freri E, Darra F, Giglio S, Bonaglia MC, Pantaleoni C, Mastrangelo M, Epifanio R, Elia M, Saletti V, Morlino S, Vari MS, De Liso P, Pavaine J, Spaccini L, Cattaneo E, Gardella E, Møller RS, Marchese F, Colonna C, Gandioli C, Gobbi G, Ram D, Palumbo O, Carella M, Germano M, Tonduti D, De Angelis D, Caputo D, Bergonzini P, Novara F, Zuffardi O, Verrotti A, Orsini A, Bonuccelli A, De Muto MC, Trivisano M, Vigevano F, Granata T, Bernardina BD, Tranchina A, Striano P. Electroclinical features of MEF2C haploinsufficiency-related epilepsy: A multicenter European study. Seizure 2021; 88:60-72. [PMID: 33831796 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is a main manifestation in the autosomal dominant mental retardation syndrome caused by heterozygous variants in MEF2C. We aimed to delineate the electro-clinical features and refine the genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with MEF2C haploinsufficiency. METHODS We thoroughly investigated 25 patients with genetically confirmed MEF2C-syndrome across 12 different European Genetics and Epilepsy Centers, focusing on the epileptic phenotype. Clinical features (seizure types, onset, evolution, and response to therapy), EEG recordings during waking/sleep, and neuroimaging findings were analyzed. We also performed a detailed literature review using the terms "MEF2C", "seizures", and "epilepsy". RESULTS Epilepsy was diagnosed in 19 out of 25 (~80%) subjects, with age at onset <30 months. Ten individuals (40%) presented with febrile seizures and myoclonic seizures occurred in ~50% of patients. Epileptiform abnormalities were observed in 20/25 patients (80%) and hypoplasia/partial agenesis of the corpus callosum was detected in 12/25 patients (~50%). Nine patients harbored a 5q14.3 deletion encompassing MEF2C and at least one other gene. In 7 out of 10 patients with myoclonic seizures, MIR9-2 and LINC00461 were also deleted, whereas ADGRV1 was involved in 3/4 patients with spasms. CONCLUSION The epileptic phenotype of MEF2C-syndrome is variable. Febrile and myoclonic seizures are the most frequent, usually associated with a slowing of the background activity and irregular diffuse discharges of frontally dominant, symmetric or asymmetric, slow theta waves with interposed spike-and-waves complexes. The haploinsufficiency of ADGRV1, MIR9-2, and LINC00461 likely contributes to myoclonic seizures and spasms in patients with MEF2C syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Member of ERN-ITHACA
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Francesca Darra
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria C Bonaglia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Mastrangelo
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Vittore Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Epifanio
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS, E Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Saletti
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morlino
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Poliambulatorio "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Padre Pio, snc, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Vari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola De Liso
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRRCS, Rome, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Julija Pavaine
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Radiology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luigina Spaccini
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cattaneo
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Gardella
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Rikke S Møller
- The Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Francesca Marchese
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Clara Colonna
- Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service, ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandioli
- Hospital Neuropsychiatry Service, ASST Rhodense, Rho, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gobbi
- Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dipak Ram
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Poliambulatorio "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Padre Pio, snc, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Poliambulatorio "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Padre Pio, snc, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Michele Germano
- Maternal and Pediatric Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Poliambulatorio "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Padre Pio, snc, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) 71013, Italy
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Vittore Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego De Angelis
- Pediatric Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Davide Caputo
- Department of Health Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit - Epilepsy Center, San Paolo Hospital, University of Medicine, Milan, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | | | - Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, San Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Bonuccelli
- Pediatric Neurology Santa Chiara Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRRCS, Rome, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Federico Vigevano
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRRCS, Rome, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Tiziana Granata
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Member of ERN EpiCARE
| | - Bernardo Dalla Bernardina
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonia Tranchina
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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19
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Wan L, Liu X, Hu L, Chen H, Sun Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Lin Z, Zou L, Yang G. Genotypes and Phenotypes of MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome: New Cases and Novel Point Mutations. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:664449. [PMID: 34055696 PMCID: PMC8155578 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.664449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MCHS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. We describe the clinical phenotypes and genotypes of seven patients with MCHS to enhance the understanding of clinical manifestations and genetic alterations associated with MCHS. Method: Seven patients (6 females and 1 male, aged between 2 years 5 months and 6 years) who had MEF2C mutations, and their parents underwent trio-based whole-exome sequencing; subsequently, their clinical features were assessed. A literature review of patients with MCHS was performed by searching the PubMed and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. Results: Seven mutations were identified, of which six were unreported in the past; of the reported cases, five patients had de novo mutations but two had an undefined inheritance pattern. All patients presented delays in developmental milestones, severe intellectual disabilities and lack of speech. Six patients exhibited infantile hypotonia, five patients experienced stereotypic movements and were unable to walk, four patients exhibited poor eye contact indicative of autism and two showed poor performance. While six patients experienced seizure, five among them became seizure free after receiving anti-seizure medicine. Three patients showed a regression in their development, whereas the mothers of two patients exhibited mosaicism but were healthy without any abovementioned symptoms. Interpretation: Regression was not a common phenomenon but occurred in MCHS. The prognosis of MCHS patients with epilepsy was good, but most patients can achieve a seizure-free status. Healthy people may have low-level mosaicism and carry a pathogenic MEF2C mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wan
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linyan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liping Zou
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 mediates overlapping mechanisms across brain disorders. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22255. [PMID: 33335218 PMCID: PMC7746753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MECP2 and its product, Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), are mostly known for their association to Rett Syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Additional evidence suggests that MECP2 may underlie other neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions, and perhaps modulate common presentations and pathophysiology across disorders. To clarify the mechanisms of these interactions, we develop a method that uses the binding properties of MeCP2 to identify its targets, and in particular, the genes recognized by MeCP2 and associated to several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Analysing mechanisms and pathways modulated by these genes, we find that they are involved in three main processes: neuronal transmission, immuno-reactivity, and development. Also, while the nervous system is the most relevant in the pathophysiology of the disorders, additional systems may contribute to MeCP2 action through its target genes. We tested our results with transcriptome analysis on Mecp2-null models and cells derived from a patient with RTT, confirming that the genes identified by our procedure are directly modulated by MeCP2. Thus, MeCP2 may modulate similar mechanisms in different pathologies, suggesting that treatments for one condition may be effective for related disorders.
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21
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Cosgrove D, Whitton L, Fahey L, Ó Broin P, Donohoe G, Morris DW. Genes influenced by MEF2C contribute to neurodevelopmental disease via gene expression changes that affect multiple types of cortical excitatory neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:961-970. [PMID: 32975584 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (MEF2C) is an important transcription factor during neurodevelopment. Mutation or deletion of MEF2C causes intellectual disability (ID), and common variants within MEF2C are associated with cognitive function and schizophrenia risk. We investigated if genes influenced by MEF2C during neurodevelopment are enriched for genes associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes and if this can be leveraged to identify biological mechanisms and individual brain cell types affected. We used a set of 1055 genes that were differentially expressed in the adult mouse brain following early embryonic deletion of Mef2c in excitatory cortical neurons. Using genome-wide association studies data, we found these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to be enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia, intelligence and educational attainment but not autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For this gene set, genes that overlap with target genes of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) are a major driver of these enrichments. Using trios data, we found these DEGs to be enriched for genes containing de novo mutations reported in ASD and ID, but not schizophrenia. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data, we identified that a number of different excitatory glutamatergic neurons in the cortex were enriched for these DEGs including deep layer pyramidal cells and cells in the retrosplenial cortex, entorhinal cortex and subiculum, and these cell types are also enriched for FMRP target genes. The involvement of MEF2C and FMRP in synapse elimination suggests that disruption of this process in these cell types during neurodevelopment contributes to cognitive function and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Cosgrove
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Laura Whitton
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Laura Fahey
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland.,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Pilib Ó Broin
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Derek W Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
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22
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Harrington AJ, Bridges CM, Berto S, Blankenship K, Cho JY, Assali A, Siemsen BM, Moore HW, Tsvetkov E, Thielking A, Konopka G, Everman DB, Scofield MD, Skinner SA, Cowan CW. MEF2C Hypofunction in Neuronal and Neuroimmune Populations Produces MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome-like Behaviors in Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:488-499. [PMID: 32418612 PMCID: PMC7483399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microdeletions of the MEF2C gene are linked to a syndromic form of autism termed MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MCHS). MEF2C hypofunction in neurons is presumed to underlie most of the symptoms of MCHS. However, it is unclear in which cell populations MEF2C functions to regulate neurotypical development. METHODS Multiple biochemical, molecular, electrophysiological, behavioral, and transgenic mouse approaches were used to characterize MCHS-relevant synaptic, behavioral, and gene expression changes in mouse models of MCHS. RESULTS We showed that MCHS-associated missense mutations cluster in the conserved DNA binding domain and disrupt MEF2C DNA binding. DNA binding-deficient global Mef2c heterozygous mice (Mef2c-Het) displayed numerous MCHS-related behaviors, including autism-related behaviors, changes in cortical gene expression, and deficits in cortical excitatory synaptic transmission. We detected hundreds of dysregulated genes in Mef2c-Het cortex, including significant enrichments of autism risk and excitatory neuron genes. In addition, we observed an enrichment of upregulated microglial genes, but this was not due to neuroinflammation in the Mef2c-Het cortex. Importantly, conditional Mef2c heterozygosity in forebrain excitatory neurons reproduced a subset of the Mef2c-Het phenotypes, while conditional Mef2c heterozygosity in microglia reproduced social deficits and repetitive behavior. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings show that mutations found in individuals with MCHS disrupt the DNA-binding function of MEF2C, and DNA binding-deficient Mef2c global heterozygous mice display numerous MCHS-related phenotypes, including excitatory neuron and microglia gene expression changes. Our findings suggest that MEF2C regulates typical brain development and function through multiple cell types, including excitatory neuronal and neuroimmune populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Harrington
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Catherine M. Bridges
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kayla Blankenship
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ahlem Assali
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Benjamin M. Siemsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Evgeny Tsvetkov
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Acadia Thielking
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Michael D. Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Christopher W. Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;,Correspondence:
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23
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Bjorness TE, Kulkarni A, Rybalchenko V, Suzuki A, Bridges C, Harrington AJ, Cowan CW, Takahashi JS, Konopka G, Greene RW. An essential role for MEF2C in the cortical response to loss of sleep in mice. eLife 2020; 9:e58331. [PMID: 32851972 PMCID: PMC7490011 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity and gene expression in response to the loss of sleep can provide a window into the enigma of sleep function. Sleep loss is associated with brain differential gene expression, an increase in pyramidal cell mEPSC frequency and amplitude, and a characteristic rebound and resolution of slow wave sleep-slow wave activity (SWS-SWA). However, the molecular mechanism(s) mediating the sleep-loss response are not well understood. We show that sleep-loss regulates MEF2C phosphorylation, a key mechanism regulating MEF2C transcriptional activity, and that MEF2C function in postnatal excitatory forebrain neurons is required for the biological events in response to sleep loss in C57BL/6J mice. These include altered gene expression, the increase and recovery of synaptic strength, and the rebound and resolution of SWS-SWA, which implicate MEF2C as an essential regulator of sleep function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Research Service, North Texas VA Health Care SystemDallasUnited States
| | - Ashwinikumar Kulkarni
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Volodymyr Rybalchenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Catherine Bridges
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Adam J Harrington
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Robert W Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- International Institute of Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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24
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Velíšek L, Velíšková J. Modeling epileptic spasms during infancy: Are we heading for the treatment yet? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107578. [PMID: 32417271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS or epileptic spasms during infancy) were first described by Dr. William James West (aka West syndrome) in his own son in 1841. While rare by definition (occurring in 1 per 3200-3400 live births), IS represent a major social and treatment burden. The etiology of IS varies - there are many (>200) different known pathologies resulting in IS and still in about one third of cases there is no obvious reason. With the advancement of genetic analysis, role of certain genes (such as ARX or CDKL5 and others) in IS appears to be important. Current treatment strategies with incomplete efficacy and serious potential adverse effects include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone) and vigabatrin, more recently also a combination of hormones and vigabatrin. Second line treatments include pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and ketogenic diet. Additional treatment approaches use rapamycin, cannabidiol, valproic acid and other anti-seizure medications. Efficacy of these second line medications is variable but usually inferior to hormonal treatments and vigabatrin. Thus, new and effective models of this devastating condition are required for the search of additional treatment options as well as for better understanding the mechanisms of IS. Currently, eight models of IS are reviewed along with the ideas and mechanisms behind these models, drugs tested using the models and their efficacy and usefulness. Etiological variety of IS is somewhat reflected in the variety of the models. However, it seems that for finding precise personalized approaches, this variety is necessary as there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach possible for both IS in particular and epilepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Velíšek
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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25
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Papandreou A, Danti FR, Spaull R, Leuzzi V, Mctague A, Kurian MA. The expanding spectrum of movement disorders in genetic epilepsies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:178-191. [PMID: 31784983 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of neurogenetic conditions presenting with both epilepsy and atypical movements are now recognized. These disorders within the 'genetic epilepsy-dyskinesia' spectrum are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Increased clinical awareness is therefore necessary for a rational diagnostic approach. Furthermore, careful interpretation of genetic results is key to establishing the correct diagnosis and initiating disease-specific management strategies in a timely fashion. In this review we describe the spectrum of movement disorders associated with genetically determined epilepsies. We also propose diagnostic strategies and putative pathogenic mechanisms causing these complex syndromes associated with both seizures and atypical motor control. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Implicated genes encode proteins with very diverse functions. Pathophysiological mechanisms by which epilepsy and movement disorder phenotypes manifest are often not clear. Early diagnosis of treatable disorders is essential and next generation sequencing may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papandreou
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Federica Rachele Danti
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Spaull
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amy Mctague
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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26
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Li H, Russo A, DiAntonio A. SIK3 suppresses neuronal hyperexcitability by regulating the glial capacity to buffer K + and water. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4017-4029. [PMID: 31645458 PMCID: PMC6891094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial regulation of extracellular potassium (K+) helps to maintain appropriate levels of neuronal excitability. While channels and transporters mediating K+ and water transport are known, little is understood about upstream regulatory mechanisms controlling the glial capacity to buffer K+ and osmotically obliged water. Here we identify salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) as the central node in a signal transduction pathway controlling glial K+ and water homeostasis in Drosophila Loss of SIK3 leads to dramatic extracellular fluid accumulation in nerves, neuronal hyperexcitability, and seizures. SIK3-dependent phenotypes are exacerbated by K+ stress. SIK3 promotes the cytosolic localization of HDAC4, thereby relieving inhibition of Mef2-dependent transcription of K+ and water transport molecules. This transcriptional program controls the glial capacity to regulate K+ and water homeostasis and modulate neuronal excitability. We identify HDAC4 as a candidate therapeutic target in this pathway, whose inhibition can enhance the K+ buffering capacity of glia, which may be useful in diseases of dysregulated K+ homeostasis and hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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27
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Emerging roles for MEF2 in brain development and mental disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 59:49-58. [PMID: 31129473 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The MEF2 family of transcription factors regulate large programs of gene expression important for the development and maintenance of many tissues, including the brain. MEF2 proteins are regulated by neuronal synaptic activity, and they recruit several epigenetic enzymes to influence chromatin structure and gene expression during development and throughout adulthood. Here, we provide a brief review of the recent literature reporting important roles for MEF2 during early brain development and function, and we highlight emerging roles for MEF2 as a risk factor for multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and mental illnesses, such as autism, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia.
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28
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MEF-2 isoforms' (A-D) roles in development and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2755-2787. [PMID: 31105874 PMCID: PMC6505634 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays a critical role in proliferation, differentiation, and development of various cell types in a tissue specific manner. Four isoforms of MEF-2 (A-D) differentially participate in controlling the cell fate during the developmental phases of cardiac, muscle, vascular, immune and skeletal systems. Through their associations with various cellular factors MEF-2 isoforms can trigger alterations in complex protein networks and modulate various stages of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. The role of the MEF-2 family of transcription factors in the development has been investigated in various cell types, and the evolving alterations in this family of transcription factors have resulted in a diverse and wide spectrum of disease phenotypes, ranging from cancer to infection. This review provides a comprehensive account on MEF-2 isoforms (A-D) from their respective localization, signaling, role in development and tumorigenesis as well as their association with histone deacetylases (HDACs), which can be exploited for therapeutic intervention.
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29
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Borlot F, Whitney R, Cohn RD, Weiss SK. MEF2C-related epilepsy: Delineating the phenotypic spectrum from a novel mutation and literature review. Seizure 2019; 67:86-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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Guang S, Pang N, Deng X, Yang L, He F, Wu L, Chen C, Yin F, Peng J. Synaptopathology Involved in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:470. [PMID: 30627085 PMCID: PMC6309163 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social communication, social interaction and repetitive behaviors. ASD affects 1 in 59 children, and is about 4 times more common among boys than among girls. Strong genetic components, together with environmental factors in the early stage of development, contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD. Multiple studies have revealed that mutations in genes like NRXN, NLGN, SHANK, TSC1/2, FMR1, and MECP2 converge on common cellular pathways that intersect at synapses. These genes encode cell adhesion molecules, scaffolding proteins and proteins involved in synaptic transcription, protein synthesis and degradation, affecting various aspects of synapses including synapse formation and elimination, synaptic transmission and plasticity. This suggests that the pathogenesis of ASD may, at least in part, be attributed to synaptic dysfunction. In this article, we will review major genes and signaling pathways implicated in synaptic abnormalities underlying ASD, and discuss molecular, cellular and functional studies of ASD experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Guang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolu Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
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31
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Neurodevelopmental disease genes implicated by de novo mutation and copy number variation morbidity. Nat Genet 2018; 51:106-116. [PMID: 30559488 PMCID: PMC6309590 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We combined de novo mutation (DNM) data from 10,927 individuals with developmental delay and autism to identify 253 candidate neurodevelopmental disease genes with an excess of missense and/or likely gene-disruptive (LGD) mutations. Of these genes, 124 reach exome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-7) for DNM. Intersecting these results with copy number variation (CNV) morbidity data shows an enrichment for genomic disorder regions (30/253, likelihood ratio (LR) +1.85, P = 0.0017). We identify genes with an excess of missense DNMs overlapping deletion syndromes (for example, KIF1A and the 2q37 deletion) as well as duplication syndromes, such as recurrent MAPK3 missense mutations within the chromosome 16p11.2 duplication, recurrent CHD4 missense DNMs in the 12p13 duplication region, and recurrent WDFY4 missense DNMs in the 10q11.23 duplication region. Network analyses of genes showing an excess of DNMs highlights functional networks, including cell-specific enrichments in the D1+ and D2+ spiny neurons of the striatum.
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yu S, Wu X, Bao X, Wen Y. Novel MEF2C point mutations in Chinese patients with Rett (-like) syndrome or non-syndromic intellectual disability: insights into genotype-phenotype correlation. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:191. [PMID: 30376817 PMCID: PMC6208086 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MEF2C (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C) has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aimed at delineating the clinical profiles of MEF2C gene mutations. METHODS In total, 112 Chinese patients with intellectual disability (ID) were recruited, including 44 patients presented with Rett syndrome (RTT) or RTT-like syndrome, and 68 patients with non-syndromic ID. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. Detailed clinical information was collected. RESULTS Five heterozygous MEF2C gene mutations were identified, of which three were novel. The MEF2C mutant rate was 4.5% (5/112) in total, and 6.8% (3/44) in the RTT (-like) cohort. All patients with MEF2C gene mutation presented with cognitive impairment, gross motor delay, speech disorder and autistic features. Four patients had epilepsy, which responded well to antiepileptic drugs. One female was diagnosed with classical RTT, two females with RTT-like syndrome, and two males with non-syndromic ID. Generally, the phenotype of two males with relatively downstream mutations (c.565C > T, p.Arg 189*; c.766C > T, p.Arg 256*) was milder than that of three females with upstream mutations (c.48C > G, p.Asn16Lys; c.334G > T, p.Glu112* and c.403-1G > T). CONCLUSIONS Our findings expanded the current understanding of the consequences of MEF2C dysfunctions, especially MEF2C point mutations. MEF2C mutations are associated with a broad clinical spectrum, ranged from classical RTT to non-syndromic ID. Through our study, it can be inferred that there is correlation between the phenotype and MEF2C-genotype, the mutation site. Overall, the MEF2C gene mutational analysis should be performed in ID cohort, especially in patients with features overlapped with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Qingping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Shujie Yu
- Department of neurology, Harbin children's hospital, Harbin, 150010, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiru Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xinhua Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Yongxin Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No 1, Xi'anmen Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
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Muench C, Schwandt M, Jung J, Cortes CR, Momenan R, Lohoff FW. The major depressive disorder GWAS-supported variant rs10514299 in TMEM161B-MEF2C predicts putamen activation during reward processing in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:131. [PMID: 30006604 PMCID: PMC6045574 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) frequently co-occurs with major depressive disorder (MDD). While this comorbidity is associated with an increase in disease burden, worse treatment outcomes, and greater economic costs, the underlying neurobiology remains poorly understood. A recent large-scale GWAS of MDD has identified a locus in the TMEM161B-MEF2C region (rs10514299) as a novel risk variant; however, the biological relevance of this variant has not yet been studied. Given previous reports of disrupted reward processing in both AD and MDD, we hypothesized that rs10514299 would be associated with differences in striatal BOLD responses during reward/loss anticipation in AD. DNA samples from 45 recently detoxified patients with AD and 45 healthy controls (HC) were genotyped for rs10514299. Participants performed the Monetary Incentive Delay task in a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. Effects of rs10514299 on striatal activation during anticipation of high/low reward/loss were investigated. Furthermore, we examined associations between rs10514299 and lifetime AD diagnosis in two independent clinical samples [NIAAA: n = 1858 (1123 cases, 735 controls); SAGE: n = 3838 (1848 cases, 1990 controls)], as well as its association with depression severity in a subsample of individuals with a lifetime AD diagnosis (n = 953). Patients carrying the T allele showed significantly greater putamen activation during anticipation of high reward (p = 0.014), low reward (at trend-level; p = 0.081), high loss (p = 0.024), and low loss (p = 0.046) compared to HCs. Association analyses in the NIAAA sample showed a trend-level relationship between rs10514299 and a lifetime AD diagnosis in the European American subgroup (odds ratio = 0.82, p = 0.09). This finding was not replicated in the SAGE sample. In the NIAAA sample, the T allele was significantly associated with greater depression symptom severity in individuals with a lifetime AD diagnosis (β = 1.25, p = 0.02); this association was driven by the African American ancestry subgroup (β = 2.11, p = 0.008). We show for the first time that the previously identified MDD risk variant rs10514299 in TMEM161B-MEF2C predicts neuronal correlates of reward processing in an AD phenotype, possibly explaining part of the shared pathophysiology and comorbidity between the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Muench
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeesun Jung
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos R Cortes
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Anisimova IV, Dadali EL, Konovalov FA, Akimova IA. [New allelic variants of non-syndromic mental retardation of type 20 caused by mutations in the MEF2C gene]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:70-75. [PMID: 29863696 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181184170-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with non-syndromic mental retardation (NMR), type 20 with autosomal dominant type of inheritance (OMIM: 613443). MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients were studied including four patients with mutations in the MEF2C gene revealed by exome sequencing. Three of the four mutations in the gene were found for the first time. RESULTS Based on a comparative analysis of the clinical manifestations of 4 observed patients and 9 patients with type 20 NMR described in the literature, the authors determined common clinical characteristics of this syndrome. In most cases with delayed psycho-speech development and convulsive syndrome, the patients were expected to have various variants of early epileptic encephalopathies, in which presence of convulsive paroxysms leads to intellectual deficit, while in the case of NMR, the delay in development can be noted long before the onset of seizures. CONCLUSION Exome sequencing is the most effective method of NMR diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Anisimova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Dadali
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - F A Konovalov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Akimova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Myers KA, Nasioulas S, Boys A, McMahon JM, Slater H, Lockhart P, Sart DD, Scheffer IE. ADGRV1 is implicated in myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2017; 59:381-388. [PMID: 29266188 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the significance of variation in ADGRV1 (also known as GPR98, MASS1, and VLGR1), MEF2C, and other genes at the 5q14.3 chromosomal locus in myoclonic epilepsy. METHODS We studied the epilepsy phenotypes of 4 individuals with 5q14.3 deletion and found that all had myoclonic seizures. We then screened 6 contiguous genes at 5q14.3, MEF2C, CETN3, MBLAC2, POLR3G, LYSMD3, and ADGRV1, in a 95-patient cohort with epilepsy and myoclonic seizures. Of these genes, point mutations in MEF2C cause a phenotype involving seizures and intellectual disability. A role for ADGRV1 in epilepsy has been proposed previously, based on a recessive mutation in the Frings mouse model of audiogenic seizures, as well as a shared homologous region with another epilepsy gene, LGI1. RESULTS Six patients from the myoclonic epilepsy cohort had likely pathogenic ultra-rare ADGRV1 variants, and statistical analysis showed that ultra-rare variants were significantly overrepresented when compared to healthy population data from the Genome Aggregation Database. Of the remaining genes, no definite pathogenic variants were identified. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that the ADGRV1 variation contributes to epilepsy with myoclonic seizures, although the inheritance pattern may be complex in many cases. In patients with 5q14.3 deletion and epilepsy, ADGRV1 haploinsufficiency likely contributes to seizure development. The latter is a shift from current thinking, as MEF2C haploinsufficiency has been considered the main cause of epilepsy in 5q14.3 deletion syndrome. In cases of 5q14.3 deletion and epilepsy, seizures likely occur due to haploinsufficiency of one or both of ADGRV1 and MEF2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Steven Nasioulas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Amber Boys
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jacinta M McMahon
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Howard Slater
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Paul Lockhart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Desirée du Sart
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Tu S, Akhtar MW, Escorihuela RM, Amador-Arjona A, Swarup V, Parker J, Zaremba JD, Holland T, Bansal N, Holohan DR, Lopez K, Ryan SD, Chan SF, Yan L, Zhang X, Huang X, Sultan A, McKercher SR, Ambasudhan R, Xu H, Wang Y, Geschwind DH, Roberts AJ, Terskikh AV, Rissman RA, Masliah E, Lipton SA, Nakanishi N. NitroSynapsin therapy for a mouse MEF2C haploinsufficiency model of human autism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1488. [PMID: 29133852 PMCID: PMC5684358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor MEF2C regulates multiple genes linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and human MEF2C haploinsufficiency results in ASD, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. However, molecular mechanisms underlying MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome remain poorly understood. Here we report that Mef2c +/-(Mef2c-het) mice exhibit behavioral deficits resembling those of human patients. Gene expression analyses on brains from these mice show changes in genes associated with neurogenesis, synapse formation, and neuronal cell death. Accordingly, Mef2c-het mice exhibit decreased neurogenesis, enhanced neuronal apoptosis, and an increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory (E/I) neurotransmission. Importantly, neurobehavioral deficits, E/I imbalance, and histological damage are all ameliorated by treatment with NitroSynapsin, a new dual-action compound related to the FDA-approved drug memantine, representing an uncompetitive/fast off-rate antagonist of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. These results suggest that MEF2C haploinsufficiency leads to abnormal brain development, E/I imbalance, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, which may be mitigated by pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Tu
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Mohd Waseem Akhtar
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Escorihuela
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Departament de PsiquiatriaiMedicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alejandro Amador-Arjona
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment (CART), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Parker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zaremba
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Holland
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Neha Bansal
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel R Holohan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Lopez
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Scott D Ryan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Shing Fai Chan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Li Yan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xiayu Huang
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Abdullah Sultan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment (CART), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience and Mouse Behavioral Assessment Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Nobuki Nakanishi
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Gordon C, Tessier A, Demir Z, Goldenberg A, Oufadem M, Voisin N, Pingault V, Bienvenu T, Lyonnet S, de Pontual L, Amiel J. The association of severe encephalopathy and question mark ear is highly suggestive of loss of MEF2C
function. Clin Genet 2017; 93:356-359. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.T. Gordon
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
| | - A. Tessier
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
| | - Z. Demir
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris France
| | - A. Goldenberg
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Rouen; Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée; Rouen France
| | - M. Oufadem
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
| | - N. Voisin
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
| | - V. Pingault
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris France
| | - T. Bienvenu
- Laboratoire de biochimie et génétique moléculaire; Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - S. Lyonnet
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris France
| | - L. de Pontual
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Service de pédiatrie; Hôpital Jean Verdier; Bondy France
| | - J. Amiel
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1163; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University; Institut Imagine; Paris France
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Paris France
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Jin W, Liu M, Peng J, Jiang S. Function analysis of Mef2c promoter in muscle differentiation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:647-656. [PMID: 27354201 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle following injury occurs through the activation of satellite cells that proliferates, differentiates, and fuses with injured myofibers. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins are reported to have the potential contributions to adult muscle regeneration. To further understand Mef2c gene, the promoter of pig Mef2c gene was analyzed in this paper. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed the expression pattern of Mef2c gene in muscle of eight tissues. The Mef2c promoter had the higher transcriptional activity in differentiated C2C12 cells than that in proliferating C2C12 cells, which was accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA expression of Mef2c gene. Function deletion and mutation analyses showed that MyoD and MEF2 binding sites within the Mef2c promoter were responsible for the regulation of Mef2c transcription. MEF2C could upregulate the transcriptional activities of Mef2c promoter constructs, which contained a 3'-end nucleotide sequence with p300 binding site. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays determined the MyoD binding site in Mef2c promoter. These results advanced our knowledge of the promoter of the pig Mef2c gene, and the study of Mef2c promoter regulator elements helped to elucidate the regulation mechanisms of Mef2c in muscle differentiation or muscle repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Key Projects in the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this explorative study was to examine the effect of education on obesity using Mendelian randomization. METHODS Participants (N=2011) were from the on-going nationally representative Young Finns Study (YFS) that began in 1980 when six cohorts (aged 30, 33, 36, 39, 42 and 45 in 2007) were recruited. The average value of BMI (kg/m2) measurements in 2007 and 2011 and genetic information were linked to comprehensive register-based information on the years of education in 2007. We first used a linear regression (Ordinary Least Squares, OLS) to estimate the relationship between education and BMI. To identify a causal relationship, we exploited Mendelian randomization and used a genetic score as an instrument for education. The genetic score was based on 74 genetic variants that genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have found to be associated with the years of education. Because the genotypes are randomly assigned at conception, the instrument causes exogenous variation in the years of education and thus enables identification of causal effects. RESULTS The years of education in 2007 were associated with lower BMI in 2007/2011 (regression coefficient (b)=-0.22; 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]=-0.29, -0.14) according to the linear regression results. The results based on Mendelian randomization suggests that there may be a negative causal effect of education on BMI (b=-0.84; 95% CI=-1.77, 0.09). CONCLUSION The findings indicate that education could be a protective factor against obesity in advanced countries.
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Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies represent a particularly severe form of epilepsy, associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits, including impaired social-communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors that are the hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With the advent of next-generation sequencing, the genetic landscape of epileptic encephalopathies is growing and demonstrates overlap with genes separately implicated in ASD. However, many questions remain about this connection, including whether epileptiform activity itself contributes to the development of ASD symptomatology. In this review, we compiled a database of genes associated with both epileptic encephalopathy and ASD, limiting our purview to Mendelian disorders not including inborn errors of metabolism, and we focused on the connection between ASD and epileptic encephalopathy rather than epilepsy broadly. Our review has four goals: to (1) discuss the overlapping presentations of ASD and monogenic epileptic encephalopathies; (2) examine the impact of the epilepsy itself on neurocognitive features, including ASD, in monogenic epileptic encephalopathies; (3) outline many of the genetic causes responsible for both ASD and epileptic encephalopathy; (4) provide an illustrative example of a final common pathway that may be implicated in both ASD and epileptic encephalopathy. We demonstrate that autistic features are a common association with monogenic epileptic encephalopathies. Certain epileptic encephalopathy syndromes, like infantile spasms, are especially linked to the development of ASD. The connection between seizures themselves and neurobehavioral deficits in these monogenic encephalopathies remains open to debate. Finally, advances in genetics have revealed many genes that overlap in ties to both ASD and epileptic encephalopathy and that play a role in diverse central nervous system processes. Increased attention to the autistic features of monogenic epileptic encephalopathies is warranted for both researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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41
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Chen LF, Zhou AS, West AE. Transcribing the connectome: roles for transcription factors and chromatin regulators in activity-dependent synapse development. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:755-770. [PMID: 28490640 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00067.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The wiring of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian brain is shaped by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. One point where these regulatory pathways converge is via the sensory experience-dependent regulation of new gene transcription. Recent studies have elucidated a number of molecular mechanisms that allow nuclear transcription factors and chromatin regulatory proteins to encode aspects of specificity in experience-dependent synapse development. Here we review the evidence for the transcriptional mechanisms that sculpt activity-dependent aspects of synaptic connectivity during postnatal development and discuss how disruption of these processes is associated with aberrant brain development in autism and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allen S Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anne E West
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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42
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MEF2D haploinsufficiency downregulates the NRF2 pathway and renders photoreceptors susceptible to light-induced oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4048-E4056. [PMID: 28461502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613067114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining mechanistic insight into interaction between causative factors of complex multifactorial diseases involving photoreceptor damage might aid in devising effective therapies. Oxidative stress is one of the potential unifying mechanisms for interplay between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to photoreceptor pathology. Interestingly, the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2d (MEF2D) is known to be important in photoreceptor survival, as knockout of this transcription factor results in loss of photoreceptors in mice. Here, using a mild light-induced retinal degeneration model, we show that the diminished MEF2D transcriptional activity in Mef2d+/- retina is further reduced under photostimulation-induced oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species cause an aberrant redox modification on MEF2D, consequently inhibiting transcription of its downstream target, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). NRF2 is a master regulator of phase II antiinflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. In the Mef2d heterozygous mouse retina, NRF2 is not up-regulated to a normal degree in the face of light-induced oxidative stress, contributing to accelerated photoreceptor cell death. Furthermore, to combat this injury, we found that activation of the endogenous NRF2 pathway using proelectrophilic drugs rescues photoreceptors from photo-induced oxidative stress and may therefore represent a viable treatment for oxidative stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration, which is thought to contribute to some forms of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
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43
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Vrečar I, Innes J, Jones EA, Kingston H, Reardon W, Kerr B, Clayton-Smith J, Douzgou S. Further Clinical Delineation of the MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome: Report on New Cases and Literature Review of Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorders Presenting with Seizures, Absent Speech, and Involuntary Movements. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:129-141. [PMID: 28794905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the MEF2C ( myocyte enhancer factor 2 ) gene have been established as a cause for an intellectual disability syndrome presenting with seizures, absence of speech, stereotypic movements, hypotonia, and limited ambulation. Phenotypic overlap with Rett's and Angelman's syndromes has been noted. Following the first reports of 5q14.3q15 microdeletions encompassing the MEF2C gene, further cases with point mutations and partial gene deletions of the MEF2C gene have been described. We present the clinical phenotype of our cohort of six patients with MEF2C mutations and compare our findings with previously reported patients as well as with a growing number of genetic conditions presenting with a severe neurodevelopmental, Rett-like, phenotype. We aim to add to the current knowledge of the natural history of the "MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome" as well as of the differential diagnosis, clinical management, and genetic counseling in this diagnostically challenging group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Vrečar
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josie Innes
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Kingston
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William Reardon
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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44
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Liu X, Li Z, Fan C, Zhang D, Chen J. Genetics implicate common mechanisms in autism and schizophrenia: synaptic activity and immunity. J Med Genet 2017; 54:511-520. [PMID: 28314733 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of debilitating psychiatric disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCHZ) is on the rise. These are severe conditions that lead to social isolation and require lifelong professional care. Improved diagnosis of ASD and SCHZ provides early access to medication and therapy, but the reality is that the mechanisms and the cellular pathology underlying these conditions are mostly unknown at this time. Although both ASD and SCHZ have strong inherited components, genetic risk seems to be distributed in hundreds of variants, each conferring low risk. The poor understanding of the genetics of ASD and SCHZ is a significant hurdle to developing effective treatments for these costly conditions. The recent implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies and the creation of large consortia have started to reveal the genetic bases of ASD and SCHZ. Alterations in gene expression regulation, synaptic architecture and activity and immunity seem to be the main cellular mechanisms contributing to both ASD and SCHZ, a surprising overlap given the distinct phenotypes and onset of these conditions. These diverse pathways seem to converge in aberrant synaptic plasticity and remodelling, which leads to altered connectivity between relevant brain regions. Continuous efforts to understand the genetic basis of ASD and SCHZ will soon lead to significant progress in the mechanistic understanding of these prominent psychiatric disorders and enable the development of disease-modifying therapies for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Pediatric surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Conghai Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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45
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Epilepsy-causing sequence variations in SIK1 disrupt synaptic activity response gene expression and affect neuronal morphology. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:216-221. [PMID: 27966542 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SIK1 syndrome is a newly described developmental epilepsy disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the salt-inducible kinase SIK1. To better understand the pathophysiology of SIK1 syndrome, we studied the effects of SIK1 pathogenic sequence variations in human neurons. Primary human fetal cortical neurons were transfected with a lentiviral vector to overexpress wild-type and mutant SIK1 protein. We evaluated the transcriptional activity of known downstream gene targets in neurons expressing mutant SIK1 compared with wild type. We then assayed neuronal morphology by measuring neurite length, number and branching. Truncating SIK1 sequence variations were associated with abnormal MEF2C transcriptional activity and decreased MEF2C protein levels. Epilepsy-causing SIK1 sequence variations were associated with significantly decreased expression of ARC (activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated) and other synaptic activity response element genes. Assay of mRNA levels for other MEF2C target genes NR4A1 (Nur77) and NRG1, found significantly, decreased the expression of these genes as well. The missense p.(Pro287Thr) SIK1 sequence variation was associated with abnormal neuronal morphology, with significant decreases in mean neurite length, mean number of neurites and a significant increase in proximal branches compared with wild type. Epilepsy-causing SIK1 sequence variations resulted in abnormalities in the MEF2C-ARC pathway of neuronal development and synapse activity response. This work provides the first insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis in SIK1 syndrome, and extends the ARX-MEF2C pathway in the pathogenesis of developmental epilepsy.
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46
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Pon JR, Marra MA. MEF2 transcription factors: developmental regulators and emerging cancer genes. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2297-312. [PMID: 26506234 PMCID: PMC4823036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEF2 transcription factors have roles in muscle, cardiac, skeletal, vascular, neural, blood and immune system cell development through their effects on cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, shape and metabolism. Altered MEF2 activity plays a role in human diseases and has recently been implicated in the development of several cancer types. In particular, MEF2B, the most divergent and least studied protein of the MEF2 family, has a role unique from its paralogs in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The use of genome-scale technologies has enabled comprehensive MEF2 target gene sets to be identified, contributing to our understanding of MEF2 proteins as nodes in complex regulatory networks. This review surveys the molecular interactions of MEF2 proteins and their effects on cellular and organismal phenotypes. We include a discussion of the emerging roles of MEF2 proteins as oncogenes and tumor suppressors of cancer. Throughout this article we highlight similarities and differences between the MEF2 family proteins, including a focus on functions of MEF2B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Pon
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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47
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Harrington AJ, Raissi A, Rajkovich K, Berto S, Kumar J, Molinaro G, Raduazzo J, Guo Y, Loerwald K, Konopka G, Huber KM, Cowan CW. MEF2C regulates cortical inhibitory and excitatory synapses and behaviors relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27779093 PMCID: PMC5094851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous genetic variants associated with MEF2C are linked to autism, intellectual disability (ID) and schizophrenia (SCZ) – a heterogeneous collection of neurodevelopmental disorders with unclear pathophysiology. MEF2C is highly expressed in developing cortical excitatory neurons, but its role in their development remains unclear. We show here that conditional embryonic deletion of Mef2c in cortical and hippocampal excitatory neurons (Emx1-lineage) produces a dramatic reduction in cortical network activity in vivo, due in part to a dramatic increase in inhibitory and a decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission. In addition, we find that MEF2C regulates E/I synapse density predominantly as a cell-autonomous, transcriptional repressor. Analysis of differential gene expression in Mef2c mutant cortex identified a significant overlap with numerous synapse- and autism-linked genes, and the Mef2c mutant mice displayed numerous behaviors reminiscent of autism, ID and SCZ, suggesting that perturbing MEF2C function in neocortex can produce autistic- and ID-like behaviors in mice. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20059.001 Abnormal development of the brain contributes to intellectual disability, as well as to a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. As the brain develops, neurons establish connections with one another called synapses, which are either excitatory or inhibitory. At excitatory synapses, an electrical signal in the first cell increases the likelihood that the second cell will also produce an electrical signal. At inhibitory synapses, electrical activity in the first cell reduces the chances of the second cell producing an electrical signal. An imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory activity is one of the factors thought to give rise to neurodevelopmental disorders. Many individuals with schizophrenia, autism or intellectual disability possess mutations in, or near, a gene called MEF2C. This gene, which is active in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, encodes a protein that regulates the activity of many other genes during brain development. Harrington, Raissi et al. therefore hypothesized that alterations in MEF2C might predispose individuals to neurodevelopmental disorders by disrupting the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the developing brain. To test this idea, Harrington, Raissi et al. generated mice that lack the Mef2c gene in a large proportion of their neurons throughout development. As predicted, the animals showed an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the brain’s outer layer, the cortex. They also displayed changes in behavior like those seen in autism. These included a loss of interest in social interaction and a reduction in vocalizations, suggesting impaired communication. Other behavioral changes included hyperactivity, repetitive movements and severe learning impairments: all features commonly observed in human neurodevelopmental disorders. The next challenge is to understand when, where and how MEF2C acts in the cortex to shape the balance of excitatory and inhibitory connections. Once this is known, further studies can test whether disrupting these processes leads directly to behaviors characteristic of autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability. This may lead to the development of new drugs that can reverse or improve the symptoms of these conditions in affected individuals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20059.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Harrington
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States
| | - Aram Raissi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States
| | - Kacey Rajkovich
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jaswinder Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Gemma Molinaro
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jonathan Raduazzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States
| | - Kris Loerwald
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, United States
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48
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Cohen R, Halevy A, Aharoni S, Kraus D, Konen O, Basel-Vanagaite L, Goldberg-Stern H, Straussberg R. Polymicrogyria and myoclonic epilepsy in autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2A. Neurogenetics 2016; 17:251-257. [PMID: 27631729 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutis laxa syndromes are rare inherited disorders of skin and connective tissue metabolism associated with variable systemic involvement. The main clinical manifestation is loose, wrinkled, redundant, inelastic skin, hypotonia, typical facies including short nose and down-slanting palpebral fissures, and varying degrees of developmental delay. The aim of this report is to describe two siblings diagnosed with a moderate form of ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa with polymicrogyria (cobblestone-like brain dysgenesis). One of the patients has myoclonic epilepsy which may have contributed to his more severe clinical presentation. The literature on cutis laxa syndromes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Cohen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ayelet Halevy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Aharoni
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Kraus
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Konen
- Department of Radiology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lina Basel-Vanagaite
- Pediatric Genetic Service, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Hadassa Goldberg-Stern
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy Center, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, 4920235, Israel.,Pediatric Genetic Service, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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49
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Rocha H, Sampaio M, Rocha R, Fernandes S, Leão M. MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome: Report of a new MEF2C mutation and review. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:478-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Hollins SL, Zavitsanou K, Walker FR, Cairns MJ. Alteration of transcriptional networks in the entorhinal cortex after maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabinoid exposure. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:187-96. [PMID: 26923065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) and adolescent cannabinoid exposure (ACE) have both been identified as major environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. We examined the effects of these two risk factors alone, and in combination, on gene expression during late adolescence. Pregnant rats were exposed to the viral infection mimic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) on gestational day (GD) 15. Adolescent offspring received daily injections of the cannabinoid HU210 for 14days starting on postnatal day (PND) 35. Gene expression was examined in the left entorhinal cortex (EC) using mRNA microarrays. We found prenatal treatment with poly I:C alone, or HU210 alone, produced relatively minor changes in gene expression. However, following combined treatments, offspring displayed significant changes in transcription. This dramatic and persistent alteration of transcriptional networks enriched with genes involved in neurotransmission, cellular signalling and schizophrenia, was associated with a corresponding perturbation in the expression of small non-coding microRNA (miRNA). These results suggest that a combination of environmental exposures during development leads to significant genomic remodeling that disrupts maturation of the EC and its associated circuitry with important implications as the potential antecedents of memory and learning deficits in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Hollins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Katerina Zavitsanou
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederick Rohan Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
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