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Ku CC, Lin CY, Yang CR, Yang YC, Chen PL, Lin YT, Wang PR, Lee MS, Liang SM, Hsiao PW. Vaccine optimization for highly pathogenic avian influenza: Assessment of antibody responses and protection for virus-like particle vaccines in chickens. Vaccine X 2024; 20:100552. [PMID: 39309609 PMCID: PMC11415583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recent outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in regions previously less affected since 2020 have raised global concerns. Implementing mass immunization or ring vaccination in poultry should be a countermeasure ready to contain disease outbreaks. This study focuses on developing a recombinant H5N2 vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) against clade 2.3.4.4c, the predominant HPAI subclade in Taiwan since its emergence, leading to a large outbreak in 2015. Methods The study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N2 VLPs in protecting chickens and identify the best adjuvants for the VLP vaccine. We used Montanide 71VG-adjuvanted inactivated RG6 to establish the immunization protocol, followed by prime-boost H5N2-VLP immunizations. We compared adjuvants: 71VG, 71VG with VP3, and Alum with VP3. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against homologous vaccine antigens and cross-clade antigens by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Finally, we evaluated the protective efficacy by lethally challenging immunized chickens with H5 viruses from clade 1 or 2.3.4.4c. Results Poultry adjuvant 71VG significantly enhanced antibody responses in chickens with inactivated RG6 compared to unadjuvanted inactivated virus. While increasing antigen dosage enhanced 71VG adjuvanted RG6-induced antibody titers, the vaccine displayed minimal cross-reactivity against locally circulating HPAI H5N2. In contrast, H5N2-VLP containing the HA protein of clade 2.3.4.4c, adjuvanted with (FMDV) VP3 in 71VG, significantly promoted HI antibody responses. All H5N2-VLP immunized chickens survived lethal challenges with the local clade 2.3.4.4c H5 strain. Conclusion The study demonstrated the immunogenic potential of the VLP vaccine in chickens. Our findings offer insights for optimizing VLP vaccines, allowing the incorporation of the HA of currently circulating H5 viruses to effectively mitigate the impact of the rapidly evolving clade 2.3.4.4 H5 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Ku
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Rur Yang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ling Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Wang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Liang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Petersen E, Memish ZA, Hui DS, Scagliarini A, Simonsen L, Simulundu E, Bloodgood J, Blumberg L, Lee SS, Zumla A. Avian 'Bird' Flu - undue media panic or genuine concern for pandemic potential requiring global preparedness action? Int J Infect Dis 2024; 145:107062. [PMID: 38631509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark; International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA.
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory, University, Atlanta, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA; University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lone Simonsen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA; Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care; University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Africa
| | - Shui-Shan Lee
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Kim DH, Lee SH, Kim J, Lee J, Jeong JH, Kim JY, Song SU, Lee H, Cho AY, Hyeon JY, Youk S, Song CS. Efficacy of live and inactivated recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccines expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in SPF chickens, Broilers, and domestic ducks. Vaccine 2024; 42:3756-3767. [PMID: 38724417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 Hemagglutinin was developed and assessed for efficacy against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, broilers, and domestic ducks. In SPF chickens, the live recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine, rK148/22-H5, achieved complete survival against HPAI and NDV challenges and significantly reduced viral shedding. Notably, the live rK148/22-H5 vaccine conferred good clinical protection in broilers despite the presence of maternally derived antibodies. Good clinical protection was observed in domestic ducks, with decreased viral shedding. It demonstrated complete survival and reduced cloacal viral shedding when used as an inactivated vaccine from SPF chickens. The rK148/22-H5 vaccine is potentially a viable and supportive option for biosecurity measure, effectively protecting in chickens against the deadly clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI and NDV infections. Furthermore, it aligns with the strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chickens/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Ducks/virology
- Ducks/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Virus Shedding
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Newcastle Disease/prevention & control
- Newcastle Disease/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Un Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyukchae Lee
- KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; KHAV Co., Ltd., 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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4
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Petersen E, Memish ZA, Hui DS, Scagliarini A, Simonsen L, Simulundu E, Bloodgood J, Blumberg L, Lee SS, Zumla A. Avian 'Bird' Flu - undue media panic or genuine concern for pandemic potential requiring global preparedness action? IJID REGIONS 2024; 11:100367. [PMID: 38953056 PMCID: PMC11215089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eskild Petersen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory, University, Atlanta, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
- University of Bologna, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lone Simonsen
- PandemiX Center, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
- Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Right to Care; University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Africa
| | - Shui-Shan Lee
- International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
- S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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5
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Tseng IS, Pan BY, Feng YC, Fang CT. Re-evaluating efficacy of vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health 2024; 18:100714. [PMID: 38596323 PMCID: PMC11002887 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus since 2021 necessitates a re-evaluation of the role of vaccination in controlling HPAI outbreaks among poultry, which has been controversial because of the concern of silent spread with viral mutation and spillover to human. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed all existing data from experimental challenge trials to assess the efficacy of HPAI vaccines against mortality in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens, with evaluation of the certainty of evidence (CoE) using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Out of 223 screened publications, 46 trials met our eligibility criteria. Inactivated vaccines showed an efficacy of 95% (risk ratio [RR] = 5% [95% CI: 1% to 17%], I2 = 0%, CoE high) against homologous strains and an efficacy of 78% (RR = 22% [95% CI: 14% to 37%], I2 = 18%, CoE high) against heterologous strains (test for subgroup difference p = 0.02). Live recombinant vaccines exhibited the highest efficacy at 97% (RR = 3% [95% CI: 1% to 13%], I2 = 0%, CoE high). Inactivated recombinant vaccines had an overall efficacy of 90% (RR = 10% [95% CI: 6% to 16%], I2 = 47%, CoE high). Commercial vaccines showed an overall efficacy of 91% (RR = 9% [95% CI: 5% to 17%], I2 = 23%, CoE high), with 96% efficacy (RR = 4% [95% CI: 1% to 21%], I2 = 0%, CoE high) against homologous strains and 90% efficacy (RR = 10% [95% CI: 5% to 20%], I2 = 31%, CoE moderate) against heterologous strains. Our systematic review offers an updated and unbiased assessment of vaccine efficacy against HPAI-related mortality, providing timely and crucial information for re-evaluating the role of vaccination in poultry avian influenza control policy amist the global HPAI outbreak post-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- IShin Tseng
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yi Pan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Feng
- Institute of Health Data Analytics and Statistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Fang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Roberts LC, Abernethy D, Roberts DG, Ludynia K, O'Kennedy MM, Abolnik C. Vaccination of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) against high-pathogenicity avian influenza. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3616. [PMID: 38012027 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) has become a conservation threat to wild birds. Therefore, suitable vaccine technology and practical application methods require investigation. METHODS Twenty-four African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) were vaccinated with either a conventional inactivated clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAI whole virus or a tobacco leaf-produced H5 haemagglutinin-based virus-like particle (VLP). Six birds received a second dose of the inactivated vaccine. Antibody responses were assessed and compared by employing haemagglutination inhibition tests. RESULTS A second dose of inactivated vaccine was required to induce antibody titres above the level required to suppress virus shedding, while a single dose of VLP vaccine produced these levels by day 14, and one bird still had antibodies on day 430. LIMITATIONS Bacterial contamination of the VLP vaccine limited the monitoring period and sample size in that treatment group, and it was not possible to perform a challenge study with field virus. CONCLUSION VLP vaccines offer a more practical option than inactivated whole viruses, especially in logistically challenging situations involving wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Christl Roberts
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture, Western Cape Government, Elsenburg, Western Cape, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Darrell Abernethy
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth School of Veterinary Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - David Gordon Roberts
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Katrin Ludynia
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Martha Magaretha O'Kennedy
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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7
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Yehia N, Mohamed FH, Al-Zaban MI, Amer F, Baazaoui N, Khattab MS, Abd Elhalem Mohamed A, Salem HM, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Omar DM. The influence of Spirulina extract on pathogenicity, immune response, and vaccine efficacy against H9N2 avian influenza virus in specific pathogen free chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103194. [PMID: 38041892 PMCID: PMC10731387 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses pose a risk to the worldwide poultry industry. Ultimately, improving the efficiency of the H9N2 vaccine is necessary to better control low-pathogenic avian influenza-H9N2 by using natural immunostimulant. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine varying doses of the cyanobacterium Spirulina extract on the effectiveness of H9N2 vaccine. Thus, a total of 150 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were allocated into 6 groups, 25 birds each, as follow: G1, G2, and G6 were supplemented with 200, 400, and 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed, respectively, whilst the feed in G3, G4, and G5 were not supplemented with Spirulina extract. At 21-days-old, only the chickens in G1, G2, and G3 were vaccinated with the H9N2 AI vaccine. After 4 wk postvaccination, the chickens in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G6 were challenged with H9N2 AI Egyptian strain. The challenged virus was selected from a recent circulating Egyptian strain during 2022, and it was related to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus lineage and clustered with G1-B sub-lineage EGY-2 group. It had a high amino acids identity percentage of 92.6% with the A/chicken/Iran/av1221/1998 (Boehringer Ingelheim) vaccine. The results of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) revealed that no shedding of the virus was reported in G1, G2, G3, and G5. The supplementation of Spirulina extract in low (200 mg/kg of feed) and high (400 mg/kg of feed) concentration with the birds vaccinated with H9N2 AI vaccine (G1 and G2) induced prominent immuno-stimulatory effect in a dose dependent manner where it strongly enhanced the phagocytic activities of broilers' peripheral blood monocytes, and lysozyme at all days postvaccination (dpv) and days postchallenge (dpc) compared to other groups with significant differences at all day of experiment and 21st dpv, 28th dpv, 7th dpc, and 14th dpc, respectively. The supplementation with Spirulina extract in G1 and G2 induced the highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer in a dose-dependent manner at all-time intervals. The antibody titer postvaccination was significantly increased in G1 and G2 at 14th, and 21st dpv, in comparison with G3. Furthermore, G1 and G2 showed higher significant antibody titers at 7th and 14th dpc, compared to other groups. Furthermore, Spirulina extract (200 and 400 mg/kg feed) in G1 and G2 showed anti-inflammatory effect in a dose dependant manner by downregulating nitric oxide levels at all times postchallenge with a significant difference at 3 to 7 dpc compared to G3, G4, and G6, with improved histopathological alterations in the trachea, lung, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. G6 supplied with 400 mg/kg Spirulina extract feed only without vaccination had a similar effect as vaccinated groups on innate immunity. However, it delayed the production of antibodies and did not prevent viral shedding as in vaccinated groups. In conclusion, vaccination in conjunction with either dose of Spirulina extract (G1, and G2) prevents viral shedding, increases the immune response, and reduces inflammation and histopathological change caused by H9N2 AI infection in a dose dependent manner. We recommend the use of 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed as a natural immunostimulant in conjunction with the H9N2 vaccine to achieve the highest possible level of protection against H9N2 AI infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Farida H Mohamed
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Amer
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Narjes Baazaoui
- Biology Department, College of Sciences and Arts Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Dalia M Omar
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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8
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Kapczynski DR, Chrzastek K, Shanmugasundaram R, Zsak A, Segovia K, Sellers H, Suarez DL. Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus. Virol J 2023; 20:298. [PMID: 38102683 PMCID: PMC10724940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza is a highly contagious, agriculturally relevant disease that can severely affect the poultry industry and food supply. Eurasian-origin H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) (clade 2.3.4.4) have been circulating globally in wild birds with spill over into commercial poultry operations. The negative impact to commercial poultry renewed interest in the development of vaccines against these viruses to control outbreaks in the U.S. METHODS The efficacy of three recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age were evaluated in commercial broilers challenged with the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c HPAIV. The recombinant vaccines included an alphavirus RNA particle vaccine (RP-H5), an inactivated reverse genetics-derived (RG-H5) and recombinant HVT vaccine (rHVT-AI) expressing H5 hemagglutinin (HA) genes. In the first experiment, in ovo vaccination with RP-H5 or rHVT-AI was tested against HPAI challenge at 3 or 6 weeks of age. In a second experiment, broilers were vaccinated at 1 day of age with a dose of either 107 or 108 RP-H5, or RG-H5 (512 HA units (HAU) per dose). RESULTS In experiment one, the RP-H5 provided no protection following in ovo application, and shedding titers were similar to sham vaccinated birds. However, when the RP-H5 was delivered in ovo with a boost at 3 weeks, 95% protection was demonstrated at 6 weeks of age. The rHVT-AI vaccine demonstrated 95 and 100% protection at 3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively, of challenged broilers with reduced virus shedding compared to sham vaccinated birds. Finally, when the RP-H5 and rHVT vaccines were co-administered at one day of age, 95% protection was demonstrated with challenge at either 3 or 6 weeks age. In the second experiment, the highest protection (92%) was observed in the 108 RP-H5 vaccinated group. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) in virus shedding were observed in groups of vaccinated birds that were protected from challenge. The RG-H5 provided 62% protection from challenge. In all groups of surviving birds, antibody titers increased following challenge. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results demonstrated several strategies that could be considered to protected broiler chickens during a H5 HPAI challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Aniko Zsak
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Karen Segovia
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Holly Sellers
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 956 College Station Road, 30602, Athens, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S..
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9
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Hegazy AM, Hassanin O, Hemele MAM, Momenah MA, Al-Saeed FA, Shakak AO, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saadony MT, Tolba HMN. Evaluation of the immuno-stimulatory effect of aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in experimental chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103043. [PMID: 37741118 PMCID: PMC10520533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently detected clade 2.3.4.4 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in poultry encouraged us to study the efficacy of the 6 most extensively used saleable H5 poultry vaccinations (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-5 H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) with or without aqueous 8% neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract as an immunostimulant. One hundred thirty birds were randomly divided into 7 groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were divided into 2 subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) and (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) with 10 birds each. Subgroups (G1a, G2a, G3a, G4a, G5a, G6a) received the (bivalent [AI + ND], Re-H5N1, H5N1, H5N3, monovalent AI, monovalent ND) vaccines, while subgroups (G1b, G2b, G3b, G4b, G5b, G6b) received the same previous vaccination but treated with neem leaf extract administrated 2 d before and after vaccination, and G7 with 10 birds was kept unvaccinated as positive control group. Clinical signs of the challenged group showed conjunctivitis, closed eyes, cyanosis in comb and wattle, ocular discharge, and greenish diarrhea, while postmortem lesions showed congested trachea and lung, hemorrhage on the shank, proventriculus, and pancreas; gelatinous fluid submandibular, congestion of all organs (septicemia), mottled spleen. The clinical signs and lesions were mild in neem leaf extract treated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 while moderate in monovalent vaccine and H5N3 with or without neem leaf extract treated and reached severe in the group immunized with H5N1 with or without neem leaf extract treatment. The protection levels in the bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1, and H5N3 treated with neem leaf extract, were 80%, 80%, and 60%, respectively, while bivalent vaccine (AI + ND), Re-5 H5N1 and H5N3 without treatment were 60%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. The virus shedding was prevented in groups vaccinated with bivalent vaccine and Re-H5N1 vaccine treated with neem leaf extract, while decreased in the group vaccinated with H5N3 with neem leaf extract and Re-H5N1 without neem leaf extract compared with H5N3, H5N1, and monovalent vaccine. The immunological response after vaccination was stronger in the bivalent vaccine group than in the other commercial vaccine groups treated with neem leaf extract, with geometric mean titer (GMTs) of 315.2 and 207.9 at the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The use of immunostimulant antiviral medicinal plants, such as neem, completely protected chicken flocks against HPAI (H5N8) and prevented AI virus shedding, leading us to the conclusion that the use of bivalent vaccines induces a higher immune response than other different commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hegazy
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ola Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mai A M Hemele
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Maha Abdullah Momenah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Osman Shakak
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Shendi, Shendi 142, Sudan; Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hala M N Tolba
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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10
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Lambert S, Bauzile B, Mugnier A, Durand B, Vergne T, Paul MC. A systematic review of mechanistic models used to study avian influenza virus transmission and control. Vet Res 2023; 54:96. [PMID: 37853425 PMCID: PMC10585835 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of avian influenza A viruses in domestic birds is causing increasing socioeconomic devastation. Various mechanistic models have been developed to better understand avian influenza transmission and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures in mitigating the socioeconomic losses caused by these viruses. However, the results of models of avian influenza transmission and control have not yet been subject to a comprehensive review. Such a review could help inform policy makers and guide future modeling work. To help fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the mechanistic models that have been applied to field outbreaks. Our three objectives were to: (1) describe the type of models and their epidemiological context, (2) list estimates of commonly used parameters of low pathogenicity and highly pathogenic avian influenza transmission, and (3) review the characteristics of avian influenza transmission and the efficacy of control strategies according to the mechanistic models. We reviewed a total of 46 articles. Of these, 26 articles estimated parameters by fitting the model to data, one evaluated the effectiveness of control strategies, and 19 did both. Values of the between-individual reproduction number ranged widely: from 2.18 to 86 for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, and from 4.7 to 45.9 for low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, depending on epidemiological settings, virus subtypes and host species. Other parameters, such as the durations of the latent and infectious periods, were often taken from the literature, limiting the models' potential insights. Concerning control strategies, many models evaluated culling (n = 15), while vaccination received less attention (n = 6). According to the articles reviewed, optimal control strategies varied between virus subtypes and local conditions, and depended on the overall objective of the intervention. For instance, vaccination was optimal when the objective was to limit the overall number of culled flocks. In contrast, pre-emptive culling was preferred for reducing the size and duration of an epidemic. Early implementation consistently improved the overall efficacy of interventions, highlighting the need for effective surveillance and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Billy Bauzile
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
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11
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Mo J, Spackman E, Swayne DE. Prediction of highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine efficacy in chickens by comparison of in vitro and in vivo data: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Vaccine 2023; 41:5507-5517. [PMID: 37537093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines for avian influenza (AI) can protect poultry against disease, mortality, and virus transmission. Numerous factors, including: vaccine platform, immunogenicity, and relatedness to the field strain, are known to be important to achieving optimal AI vaccine efficacy. To better understand how these factors contribute to vaccine protection, a systematic meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate efficacy data for vaccines in chickens challenged with highly pathogenic (HP) AI. Data from a total of 120 individual trials from 25 publications were selected and evaluated. Two vaccine criteria were evaluated for their effects on two metrics of protection. The vaccine criteria were: 1) the relatedness of the vaccine antigen and challenge strain in the hemagglutinin 1 domain (HA1) protein sequence; 2) vaccine-induced antibody titers to the challenge virus (VIAC). The metrics of protection were: A) survival of vaccinated chickens vs unvaccinated controls; and B) reduction in oral virus-shedding by vaccinated vs unvaccinated controls 2-4 days post challenge. Three vaccine platforms were evaluated: oil-adjuvanted inactivated whole AI virus, recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vectored, and a non-replicating alpha-virus vectored RNA particle (RP) vaccine. Higher VIAC correlated with greater reduction of virus-shed and vaccine efficacy by all vaccine platforms. Both higher HA1 relatedness and higher VIAC using challenge virus as antigen correlated with better survival by inactivated vaccines and rHVT-vectored vaccines. However, rHVT-vectored and RP based vaccines were more tolerant of variation in the HA1; the relatedness of the HA1 of the vaccine and challenge virus did not significantly correlate with survival with rHVT-vectored vaccines. Protection was achieved with the lowest aa similarity for which there was data, 90-93 % for rHVT vaccines and 88 % for the RP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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12
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Siomko SA, Greenspan SE, Barnett KM, Neely WJ, Chtarbanova S, Woodhams DC, McMahon TA, Becker CG. Selection of an anti-pathogen skin microbiome following prophylaxis treatment in an amphibian model system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220126. [PMID: 37305917 PMCID: PMC10258671 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With emerging diseases on the rise, there is an urgent need to identify and understand novel mechanisms of prophylactic protection in vertebrate hosts. Inducing resistance against emerging pathogens through prophylaxis is an ideal management strategy that may impact pathogens and their host-associated microbiome. The host microbiome is recognized as a critical component of immunity, but the effects of prophylactic inoculation on the microbiome are unknown. In this study, we investigate the effects of prophylaxis on host microbiome composition, focusing on the selection of anti-pathogenic microbes contributing to host acquired immunity in a model host-fungal disease system, amphibian chytridiomycosis. We inoculated larval Pseudacris regilla against the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) with a Bd metabolite-based prophylactic. Increased prophylactic concentration and exposure duration were associated with significant increases in proportions of putatively Bd-inhibitory host-associated bacterial taxa, indicating a protective prophylactic-induced shift towards microbiome members that are antagonistic to Bd. Our findings are in accordance with the adaptive microbiome hypothesis, where exposure to a pathogen alters the microbiome to better cope with subsequent pathogen encounters. Our study advances research on the temporal dynamics of microbiome memory and the role of prophylaxis-induced shifts in microbiomes contributing to prophylaxis effectiveness. This article is part of the theme issue 'Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Siomko
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sasha E. Greenspan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - K. M. Barnett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wesley J. Neely
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Douglas C. Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Taegan A. McMahon
- Department of Biology, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - C. Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, One Health Microbiome Center, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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13
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Park J, Song CS, Chung DH, Choi S, Kwon J, Youk S, Lee DH. Chimeric H5 influenza virus-like particle vaccine elicits broader cross-clade antibody responses in chickens than in ducks. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158233. [PMID: 37396994 PMCID: PMC10310301 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurasian-lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and most recently, North and South America. These viruses are independently evolving into genetically and antigenically divergent clades, and broad-spectrum vaccines protecting against these divergent clades are needed. In this study, we developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine co-expressing hemagglutinins from two clades (clades 1 and 2.3.2.1) of HPAI H5 viruses and performed comparative cross-clade hemagglutination inhibition (HI) analysis in chickens and ducks. The chimeric VLP immunization induced a significantly broader spectrum of antibodies against various clades of HPAI H5 viruses than monovalent VLPs both in chickens and ducks. While the chimeric VLP led to broadened antibody responses in both species, significantly lower levels of HI antibodies were elicited in ducks than in chickens. Moreover, boost immunization failed to increase antibody responses in ducks regardless of the VLPs used, in contrast to chickens that showed significantly enhanced antibody responses upon boost immunization. These results suggest (1) the potential application of the chimeric VLP technology in poultry to help control HPAI H5 viruses by offering broader antibody responses against antigenically different strains and (2) possible obstacles in generating high levels of antibody responses against HPAI H5 viruses in ducks via vaccination, implying the need for advanced vaccination strategies for ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekeun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Sangyong Choi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Junghoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Zhang H, Li Z, Zhang H, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yang L, Li S, Li C, Cui D, Xie R, Li Y, Huang J. Recombinant hemagglutinin displaying on yeast reshapes congenital lymphocyte subsets to prompt optimized systemic immune protection against avian influenza infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1153922. [PMID: 37323887 PMCID: PMC10264594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1153922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prophylactic vaccination is regarded as the most effective means to control avian flu infection. Currently, there is a need for a universal vaccine that provides broad and long-lasting protection against influenza virus. Meanwhile, although yeast-based vaccines have been used in clinic, studies are still required to further understand the molecular mechanism of yeast-based vaccines under physiological conditions. Methods We generated a yeast-based vaccine against influenza hemagglutinin (HA) of H5, H7 and H9 using surface displaying technology and evaluated the protective efficacy of chickens after exposure to H9N2 influenza virus. Results Oral yeast vaccine provided less clinical syndrome, reduced viral loading and alleviated airway damage significantly. Compared to the commercial inactivated vaccine, yeast vaccine stimulated the activation of splenic NK and APCs cells and boosted TLR7-IRF7-IFN signaling in spleen. Meanwhile, γδ T cells in the bursa of Fabricius were activated and the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the bursa of Fabricius promoted the CILPs to differentiate to ILC3 cells in oral yeast birds. Moreover, the reshaped gut microbiota and a suppressed Th17-IL17-mediated inflammation in intestine was observed in oral yeast chickens, which might facilitate the recovery of intestinal mucosal immunity upon virus infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that oral yeast based multivalent bird flu vaccines provide an attractive strategy to update host defense function via reshapes of multi-systemic immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zexing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huixia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqing Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruyu Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Niqueux É, Flodrops M, Allée C, Lebras MO, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Guillemoto C, Le Prioux A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Keïta A, Amelot M, Martenot C, Massin P, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Briand FX, Schmitz A, Cazaban C, Dauphin G, Delquigny T, Lemière S, Watier JM, Mogler M, Tarpey I, Grasland B, Eterradossi N. Evaluation of three hemagglutinin-based vaccines for the experimental control of a panzootic clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8) high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mule ducks. Vaccine 2023; 41:145-158. [PMID: 36411134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In France during winter 2016-2017, 487 outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 subtype high pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza A virus (AIV) infections were detected in poultry and captive birds. During this epizootic, HPAIV A/decoy duck/France/161105a/2016 (H5N8) was isolated and characterized in an experimental infection transmission model in conventional mule ducks. To investigate options to possibly protect such ducks against this HPAIV, three vaccines were evaluated in controlled conditions. The first experimental vaccine was derived from the hemagglutinin gene of another clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8) HPAIV. It was injected at three weeks of age, either alone (Vac1) or after a primer injection at day-old (Vac1 + boost). The second vaccine (Vac2) was a commercial bivalent adjuvanted vaccine containing an expressed hemagglutinin modified from a clade 2.3.2 A(H5N1) HPAIV. Vac2 was administered as a single injection at two weeks of age. The third experimental vaccine (Vac3) also incorporated a homologous 2.3.4.4b H5 HA gene and was administered as a single injection at three weeks of age. Ducks were challenged with HPAIV A/decoy duck/France/161105a/2016 (H5N8) at six weeks of age. Post-challenge virus excretion was monitored in vaccinated and control birds every 2-3 days for two weeks using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and serological analyses (haemagglutination inhibition test against H5N8, H5 ELISA and AIV ELISA) were performed. Vac1 abolished oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding to almost undetectable levels, whereas Vac3 abolished cloacal shedding only (while partially reducing respiratory shedding) and Vac2 only partly reduced the respiratory and intestinal excretion of the challenge virus. These results provided relevant insights in the immunogenicity of recombinant H5 vaccines in mule ducks, a rarely investigated hybrid between Pekin and Muscovy duck species that has played a critical role in the recent H5 HPAI epizootics in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Niqueux
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marion Flodrops
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Odile Lebras
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Pierre
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Katell Louboutin
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Carole Guillemoto
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Prioux
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keïta
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian Experimentation and Breeding Service, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian Experimentation and Breeding Service, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire Martenot
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pascale Massin
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Martine Cherbonnel-Pansart
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - Thomas Delquigny
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Lemière
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Watier
- MSD Santé Animale, 7 rue Olivier de Serres, BP 17144, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Mark Mogler
- Merck Animal Health, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America
| | - Ian Tarpey
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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16
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Pohlmann A, King J, Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Byrne AMP, Beerens N, Liang Y, Heutink R, Harders F, James J, Reid SM, Hansen RDE, Lewis NS, Hjulsager C, Larsen LE, Zohari S, Anderson K, Bröjer C, Nagy A, Savič V, van Borm S, Steensels M, Briand FX, Swieton E, Smietanka K, Grund C, Beer M, Harder T. Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021. mBio 2022; 13:e0060922. [PMID: 35726917 PMCID: PMC9426456 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00609-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence. Viruses from these two principal sources can be distinguished by their hemagglutinin genes, which segregate into two distinct sublineages (termed B1 and B2) within clade 2.3.4.4b, as well as their different internal gene compositions. The evidence of enzootic HPAI virus circulation during the summer of 2021 indicates a possible paradigm shift in the epidemiology of HPAI in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alice Fusaro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rene Heutink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena D. E. Hansen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Hjulsager
- Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Savič
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Steven van Borm
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, Ploufragan, France
| | - Edyta Swieton
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Smietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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17
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Bortolami A, Mazzetto E, Kangethe RT, Wijewardana V, Barbato M, Porfiri L, Maniero S, Mazzacan E, Budai J, Marciano S, Panzarin V, Terregino C, Bonfante F, Cattoli G. Protective Efficacy of H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccines Inactivated by Ionizing Radiation Methods Administered by the Parenteral or Mucosal Routes. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:916108. [PMID: 35898545 PMCID: PMC9309530 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.916108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 viruses have become, over the last 20 years, one of the most diffused poultry pathogens and have reached a level of endemicity in several countries. Attempts to control the spread and reduce the circulation of H9N2 have relied mainly on vaccination in endemic countries. However, the high level of adaptation to poultry, testified by low minimum infectious doses, replication to high titers, and high transmissibility, has severely hampered the results of vaccination campaigns. Commercially available vaccines have demonstrated high efficacy in protecting against clinical disease, but variable results have also been observed in reducing the level of replication and viral shedding in domestic poultry species. Antigenic drift and increased chances of zoonotic infections are the results of incomplete protection offered by the currently available vaccines, of which the vast majority are based on formalin-inactivated whole virus antigens. In our work, we evaluated experimental vaccines based on an H9N2 virus, inactivated by irradiation treatment, in reducing viral shedding upon different challenge doses and compared their efficacy with formalin-inactivated vaccines. Moreover, we evaluated mucosal delivery of inactivated antigens as an alternative route to subcutaneous and intramuscular vaccination. The results showed complete protection and prevention of replication in subcutaneously vaccinated Specific Pathogen Free White Leghorn chickens at low-to-intermediate challenge doses but a limited reduction of shedding at a high challenge dose. Mucosally vaccinated chickens showed a more variable response to experimental infection at all tested challenge doses and the main effect of vaccination attained the reduction of infected birds in the early phase of infection. Concerning mucosal vaccination, the irradiated vaccine was the only one affording complete protection from infection at the lowest challenge dose. Vaccine formulations based on H9N2 inactivated by irradiation demonstrated a potential for better performances than vaccines based on the formalin-inactivated antigen in terms of reduction of shedding and prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Barbato
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition–DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luca Porfiri
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzacan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jane Budai
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
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18
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Isolation of Genetically Diverse H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in Egypt, 2019–2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071431. [PMID: 35891409 PMCID: PMC9320977 DOI: 10.3390/v14071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) of clade 2.3.4.4b since 2016 has caused severe losses in wild birds and poultry and has posed a risk for the infection of mammals including humans. The vaccination of poultry has been used to limit the spread of the virus and mitigate its socioeconomic impact. Here, we describe H5N8 epidemics in chickens, turkeys and ducks from different localities in Egypt from 2019 to 2021. About 41.7% (n = 88/211) flocks were tested positive by RT-qPCR for H5N8 viruses with prevalence rates of 45.1% (n = 65/144) and 34.3% (n = 23/67) in vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks, respectively. A sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes indicated not only the multiple introduction events of H5N8 viruses in Egypt but also the establishment of endemic viruses in commercial poultry in 2020/2021. The recent H5N8 viruses in poultry in Egypt are genetically distinct from the majority of licensed vaccines used in the field. Together, our findings indicate that poultry in Egypt is an endemic center for clade 2.3.4.4b in the Middle East. The efficiency of current vaccines should be regularly evaluated and updated to fully protect poultry flocks in Egypt against H5N8 viruses.
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19
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Ravikumar R, Chan J, Prabakaran M. Vaccines against Major Poultry Viral Diseases: Strategies to Improve the Breadth and Protective Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061195. [PMID: 35746665 PMCID: PMC9230070 DOI: 10.3390/v14061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, viral outbreaks in farmed stock are a common occurrence and a major source of concern for the industry. Mortality and morbidity resulting from an outbreak can cause significant economic losses with subsequent detrimental impacts on the global food supply chain. Mass vaccination is one of the main strategies for controlling and preventing viral infection in poultry. The development of broadly protective vaccines against avian viral diseases will alleviate selection pressure on field virus strains and simplify vaccination regimens for commercial farms with overall savings in husbandry costs. With the increasing number of emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases in the poultry industry, there is an urgent need to understand the strategies for broadening the protective efficacy of the vaccines against distinct viral strains. The current review provides an overview of viral vaccines and vaccination regimens available for common avian viral infections, and strategies for developing safer and more efficacious viral vaccines for poultry.
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20
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Sączyńska V, Romanik-Chruścielewska A, Florys-Jankowska K, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Kęsik-Brodacka M. Chitosan-based formulation of hemagglutinin antigens for oculo-nasal booster vaccination of chickens against influenza viruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 247:110406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Lee J, Kim DH, Noh J, Youk S, Jeong JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Live Recombinant NDV-Vectored H5 Vaccine Protects Chickens and Domestic Ducks From Lethal Infection of the Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:773715. [PMID: 35187138 PMCID: PMC8850738 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been introduced to South Korea every 2 or 3 years via wild migratory waterfowls, causing devastating damages to the poultry industry. Although most damages and economic losses by HPAIV are focused on chicken layers, domestic ducks are known to play a major role in the farm-to-farm transmission. However, most HPAIV vaccine studies on poultry have been performed with oil-emulsion inactivated vaccines. In this study, we developed a live recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored vaccine against H5 HPAIV (rK148/ES2-HA) using a previously established NDV vaccine strain (K148/08) isolated from a wild mallard duck. The efficacy of the vaccine when administered via the oculonasal route or as a spray was evaluated against lethal H5 HPAIV infection in domestic ducks and chickens. Oculonasal inoculation of the rK148/ES2-HA in chickens and ducks elicited antibody titers against HPAIV as early as 1 or 2 week after the single dose of vaccination, whereas spray vaccination in ducks elicited antibodies against HPAIV after the booster vaccination. The chickens and ducks vaccinated with rK148/ES2-HA showed high survival rates and low viral shedding after H5N6 HPAIV challenge. Collectively, vaccination with rK148/ES2-HA prevented lethal infection and decreased viral shedding in both chickens and ducks. The vaccine developed in this study could be useful in suppressing the viral shedding in H5 HPAIV outbreaks, with the ease of vaccine application and fast onset of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-hwan Kim
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sungsu Youk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jei-hyun Jeong
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joong-bok Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-soo Choi
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-seon Song
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-seon Song
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22
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Assen AM, Yegoraw AA, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Molecular-based monitoring of live vaccines in dust samples from experimental and commercial chicken flocks and its potential use as a screening test. Res Vet Sci 2021; 143:50-57. [PMID: 34973539 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high cost of vaccination programmes, conventional methods to evaluate vaccine uptake are often impractical and costly. More recently, molecular-based testing of poultry dust has been used to monitor the "take" of Marek's disease virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) live vaccines. This study aimed to provide proof-of-concept for detecting other poultry pathogens by using molecular detection of vaccine microorganisms in poultry dust of vaccinated flocks. Dust and choanal cleft and cloacal swabs were collected from chickens vaccinated against avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), fowlpox virus (FPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using live vaccines in an experimental flock. Dust samples were collected weekly from 5 commercial breeder or layer flocks from day-old up to 25 weeks of age. These flocks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), ILTV, fowl adenovirus (FAdV), MG and MS. Samples were tested for nucleic acids of these microorganisms by PCR or reverse transcriptase PCR. Genomes of all targeted vaccines were detected in dust samples from the experimental and commercial flocks except for FPV, which was detected only in the experimental flock. FAdV was detected in unvaccinated commercial flocks. These findings suggest that PCR detection of target organisms in dust samples has potential as a relatively simple and inexpensive population-level test to monitor vaccine take and/or pathogen status in chicken flocks. Further studies comparing the detection of each of these microorganisms in poultry dust with individual birds samples are required to validate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awol M Assen
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu A Yegoraw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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23
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Khantour AE, Houadfi ME, Nassik S, Tligui NS, Mellouli FE, Sikht FZ, Ducatez MF, Soulaymani A, Fellahi S. Protective Efficacy Evaluation of Four Inactivated Commercial Vaccines Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Under Experimental Conditions in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:351-357. [PMID: 34427407 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to compare, under experimental conditions, the protective efficacy of four imported commercial inactivated H9N2 vaccines (A, B, C, and D) in broiler chickens. A total of 150 one-day-old chicks were divided into six groups: four experimental groups, each containing 30 chicks, received one of the vaccines (A, B, C, or D) delivered in a 0.3-ml dose subcutaneously at 1 day of age, whereas the control, Group T, was not vaccinated but challenged and Group E was kept unvaccinated and unchallenged. At 21 days postvaccination, Groups A, B, C, D, and T were challenged with 107 embryo infective dose 50% of A/Chicken/Morocco/01/2016 (H9N2). All chicks were observed daily for clinical signs during the 12 days postchallenge (dpc). At 5 and 12 dpc, chicks were euthanatized for necropsy examination. Blood samples were collected weekly for serologic analysis and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for virus detection by real-time RT-PCR. Respiratory signs started at 48 hr pc and maximum severity was observed on 9 dpc. Chiefly, the birds vaccinated with vaccine B showed significantly more respiratory signs than did their counterparts. Serologic analysis revealed that the sera of Groups A and D birds showed a decrease in antibody (Ab) levels up to day 26; then a slight increase of Ab level was observed until day 31, while Group B and C birds showed a stabilization of the titers from day 21 until the end of the experiment. The viral shedding rate was significantly lower in Groups C and A (40%-50% of the birds shed virus for <7 days) compared with other challenged groups (60%-75% of the birds shed virus for ≥9 days). This experiment illustrated that vaccination applied on the first day in the hatchery with the four vaccines tested did not provide an acceptable protection against H9N2 in comparison with the controls that did not receive any vaccine. However, at first glance, we might favor vaccines A and C for their ability to reduce and shorten viral shedding as compared with vaccines B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazak El Khantour
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000).,Division de la pharmacie et des Intrants vétérinaires; Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires(ONSSA). Rue Ikhlas Cym BP 4509 Akkari. Rabat, Morocco (10050)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Saadia Nassik
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Nour Said Tligui
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Fatiha El Mellouli
- Laboratoire régional d'analyses et de recherches de Casablanca (lRARC); ONSSA, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zohra Sikht
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- Unité mixte de recherche, Institut National de Recherche Agricole/Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse 1225, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelmajid Soulaymani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000), ,
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24
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Lewis NS, Banyard AC, Essen S, Whittard E, Coggon A, Hansen R, Reid S, Brown IH. Antigenic evolution of contemporary clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5 influenza A viruses and impact on vaccine use for mitigation and control. Vaccine 2021; 39:3794-3798. [PMID: 34074548 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 subtype have been maintained in poultry, periodically spilling back into wild migratory birds and spread to other geographic regions, with re-introduction to domestic birds causing severe impacts for poultry health, production and food sustainability. Successive waves of infection have also resulted in substantial genetic evolution and reassortment, enabling the emergence of multiple clades and subtypes within the H5 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Control of AI is principally through either culling or through vaccination using conventional vaccines. Here, we antigenically and genetically characterise the emerging 2020/21 H5NX clade 2.3.4.4 strains and assess cross-reactivity to putative vaccine strains using chicken antisera. We demonstrate significant antigenic differences between commercially available poultry vaccines and currently circulating viruses suggesting that vaccination options might be suboptimal in the current outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Essen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Elliot Whittard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Coggon
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Department of Virology, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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Kwon JH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Brum E, Hasan MZ, Lee DH, Spackman E, Swayne DE. Efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2021; 39:2824-2832. [PMID: 33910774 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in Bangladesh since 2007. While clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two H5 vaccines licensed in Bangladesh, RE-6 inactivated vaccine, and a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys vaccine with an H5 insert (rHVT-H5), for protection against recent field viruses in chickens. We selected three viruses for efficacy tests (A/chicken/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-3237/2017, A/crow/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8471/2017 and A/chicken/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8323/2017) from 36 H5 viruses isolated from Bangladesh between 2016 and 2018 by comparing the amino acid sequences at five antigenic sites (A-E) and analyzing hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers with reference antisera. The RE-6 and rHVT-H5 vaccines both conferred 80-100% clinical protection (i.e. reduced morbidity and mortality) against the three challenge viruses with no significant differences in protection. In addition, both vaccines significantly decreased viral shedding from infected chickens as compared to challenge control chickens. Based on these metrics, the current licensed H5 vaccines protected chickens against the recent field viruses. However, the A/crow/Bangladesh/NRL-AI-8471/2017 virus exhibited antigenic divergence including: several unique amino acid changes in antigenic epitope sites A and B and was a serological outlier in cross HI tests as visualized on the antigenic map. The continuing emergence of such antigenic variants which could alter the dominant antigenicity of field viruses should be continuously monitored and vaccines should be updated if field efficacy declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Current address: Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakiul Hasan
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Reemers S, Verstegen I, Basten S, Hubers W, van de Zande S. A broad spectrum HVT-H5 avian influenza vector vaccine which induces a rapid onset of immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:1072-1079. [PMID: 33483211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current methods to combat highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry rely on stamping out and preventive culling, which can lead to high economic losses and invoke ethical resistance. Emergency vaccination could be an alternative as vaccination is one of the most efficient and cost-effective measures to protect poultry from HPAI infection, preventing spreading to other poultry and greatly reducing the potential transmission to humans. Current conventional inactivated AI vaccines may be useful for combating AI outbreaks, but do not fulfil all targets of an ideal AI vaccine, including mass applicability and rapid onset of immunity. We aimed to further investigate the potential of Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT) as a vector containing a recombinant H5 hemagglutinin of HPAI H5N1. This HVT-H5 vector was analysed in vitro, tested for onset of immunity against AI challenge, breadth of protection, reduction of virus shedding, and induction of both antibody and cellular responses in SPF layers or broiler chicks containing maternal derived antibodies (MDA+). In SPF layers HVT-H5 provided full protection to lethal challenges with 4 antigenically diverse HPAI H5N1 strains from 2 weeks post vaccination (w.p.v.), while in MDA+ birds full protection was provided from 3 w.p.v. to homologous challenge. Also shedding of challenge virus was reduced in both SPF and MDA+ birds. HVT-H5 induced a protective HI titre (≥4) to 11 HPAI H5N1 strains at 3 w.p.v. in 3-week-old SPF layers and to HPAI H5N8 A/ch/Neth/14015531/2014. Besides inducing a protective antibody response HVT-H5 also induced an influenza-specific T cell response. This data demonstrates that HVT-H5 vaccine appears to fulfil many of the criteria for an ideal AI vaccine including early onset of immunity, a broad protection, reduced virus shedding, protection in presence of AI-MDA and could be a useful tool in the combat of AI outbreaks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Reemers
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, the Netherlands.
| | - Iwan Verstegen
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Basten
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Hubers
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, the Netherlands
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Hautefeuille C, Azzouguen B, Mouchel S, Dauphin G, Peyre M. Evaluation of vaccination strategies to control an avian influenza outbreak in French poultry production networks using EVACS tool. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105129. [PMID: 33002655 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
France recently faced two epizootic waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry (H5N6 in 2015-2016 and H5N8 in 2016-2017), mainly in the fattening duck production sector. Vaccination against avian influenza (AI) is currently not authorised in France even though its potential benefits were discussed during these epizootic events. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential efficiency of different vaccination strategies that could be applied against AI in France. The EVACS tool, which is a decision support tool developed to evaluate vaccination strategies, was applied in several French poultry production sectors: broiler, layer, turkey, duck and guinea fowl. EVACS was used to simulate the performance of vaccination strategies in terms of vaccination coverage, immunity levels and spatial distribution of the immunity level. A cost-benefit analysis was then applied based on EVACS results to identify the most efficient strategy. For each sector, vaccination protocols were tested according to the production type (breeders/production, indoor/outdoor), the integration level (integrated/independent) and the type of vaccine (hatchery vaccination using a recombinant vaccine/farm vaccination using an inactivated vaccine). The most efficient protocols for each sector were then combined to test different overall vaccination strategies at the national level. Even if it was not possible to compare vaccination protocols with the two vaccines types in "foie gras" duck, meat duck and guinea fowl production sectors as no hatchery vaccine currently exist for these species, these production sectors were also described and included in this simulation. Both types of vaccination (at hatchery and farm level) enabled protective immunity levels for the control of AI, but higher poultry population immunity level was reached (including independent farms) using hatchery vaccination. We also showed that hatchery vaccination was more efficient (higher benefit-cost ratio) than farm vaccination. Sufficient and homogeneously spatially distributed protective levels were reached in the overall poultry population with vaccination strategies targeting breeders, chicken layers and broilers and turkeys, without the need to include ducks and guinea fowls. However, vaccination strategies involving the highest number of species and production types were the most efficient in terms of cost-benefit. This study provides critical information on the efficiency of different vaccination strategies to support future decision making in case vaccination was applied to prevent and control HPAI in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hautefeuille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France; CEVA Santé animale, 33500, Libourne, France.
| | - Billal Azzouguen
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Marisa Peyre
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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28
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Guyonnet V, Peters AR. Are current avian influenza vaccines a solution for smallholder poultry farmers? Gates Open Res 2020; 4:122. [PMID: 33145481 PMCID: PMC7578560 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, along with other measures, was successful in eradicating AI in very few countries where the competence of national veterinary services or the geography and bird density have contributed favorably to the outcome. The main constraints to an effective AI vaccination are vaccine composition matching field strains, reliable cold chain and logistics to target all poultry smallholders, constraints related to the availability of sufficient financial and human resources. When not conducted properly, vaccination can also contribute to the emergence of new field viral strains, through genetic drifts of HPAI viruses. While new technologies have improved the possibility to produce high quality vaccines matching field strains, recurrent issues like post-vaccination field surveillance and vaccination coverage continue to limit the relevance of AI vaccination in smallholder settings. A "game-changer" vaccine targeting smallholders should be universal to protect against all field viral strains and reduce significantly, if not totally eliminate, the need for costly post-vaccination surveillance. The ease of administration of this vaccine (eye drop or one single injection) would further contribute to its relevance in the field. These characteristics are considered essential for the product profile of an AI vaccine that can contribute in a meaningful way to the livelihoods of poultry smallholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andew R. Peters
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions (SEBI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Hasan M, Brum E, Nasrin T, Swayne DE. Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa046. [PMID: 34127940 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1-B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzinah Nasrin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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30
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Smith T, O'Kennedy MM, Wandrag DB, Adeyemi M, Abolnik C. Efficacy of a plant-produced virus-like particle vaccine in chickens challenged with Influenza A H6N2 virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:502-512. [PMID: 31350931 PMCID: PMC6953208 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin-based virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines in plants are well-established for human influenza, but untested for the massive poultry influenza vaccine market that remains dominated by traditional egg-grown oil-emulsion whole inactivated virus vaccines. For optimal efficacy, a vaccine should be closely antigenically matched to the field strain, requiring that influenza A vaccines be updated regularly. In this study, an H6 subtype VLP transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana was formulated into a vaccine and evaluated for efficacy in chickens against challenge with a heterologous H6N2 virus. A single dose of the plant-produced H6 VLP vaccine elicited an immune response comparable to two doses of a commercial inactivated H6N2 vaccine, with mean hemagglutination inhibition titres of 9.3 log2 and 8.8 log2 , respectively. Compared to the non-vaccinated control, the H6 VLP vaccine significantly reduced the proportion of shedders and the magnitude of viral shedding by >100-fold in the oropharynx and >6-fold in the cloaca, and shortened oropharyngeal viral shedding by at least a week. Despite its potency, the cost of the antigenic mismatch between the inactivated H6N2 vaccine and challenge strain was evident not only in this vaccine's failure to reduce viral shedding compared to the non-vaccinated group, but its apparent exacerbation of oropharyngeal viral shedding until 21 days post-challenge. We estimate that a kilogram of plant leaf material can produce H6 VLP vaccines sufficient for between 5000 and 30 000 chickens, depending on the effective dose and whether one or two immunizations are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Smith
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- BiosciencesCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Martha M. O'Kennedy
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- BiosciencesCouncil for Scientific and Industrial ResearchPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Daniel B.R. Wandrag
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Modupeore Adeyemi
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal StudiesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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31
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Kang YM, Cho HK, Kim HM, Lee MH, To TL, Kang HM. Protective efficacy of vaccines of the Korea national antigen bank against the homologous H5Nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2019; 38:663-672. [PMID: 31669062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. Here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1C, clade 2.3.4.4A, B, C, and D) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. After vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted in 100% survival, with no clinical symptoms, or lack of detectable virus shedding, and high levels of pre-challenge protective immunity (8.4-10.2 log2). After vaccination with one-tenth of the full dose, protection was similar to that with the full dose. After vaccination with one-hundredth of the initial dose, survival was 20-80%, and all vaccines showed virus shedding. Four vaccines (excluding clade 2.3.2.1C) had satisfactory potency. In antibody-persistence tests, all vaccines maintained long-lasting protective immunity. Our results suggest that inactivated reverse-genetics vaccines genetically matched to outbreak viruses provide adequate protection after a single vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Myung Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Long To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, No. 11, 78th Lane, GiaiPhong Road, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Elaish M, Xia M, Ngunjiri JM, Ghorbani A, Jang H, Kc M, Abundo MC, Dhakal S, Gourapura R, Jiang X, Lee CW. Protective immunity against influenza virus challenge by norovirus P particle-M2e and HA2-AtCYN vaccines in chickens. Vaccine 2019; 37:6454-6462. [PMID: 31506195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of a broadly reactive influenza vaccine that can provide protection against emerging type A influenza viruses is a big challenge. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine displaying the extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) on the surface loops of norovirus P-particle (M2eP) can partially protect chickens against several subtypes of avian influenza viruses. In the current study, a chimeric vaccine containing a conserved peptide from the subunit 2 of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein (HA2) and Arabidopsis thaliana cyanase protein (AtCYN) (HA2-AtCYN vaccine) was evaluated in 2-weeks-old chickens. Depending on the route of administration, the HA2-AtCYN vaccine was shown to induce various levels of HA2-specific IgA in tears as well as serum IgG, which were associated with partial protection of chickens against tracheal shedding of a low pathogenicity H5N2 challenge virus. Furthermore, intranasal administration with a combination of HA2-AtCYN and M2eP vaccines resulted in enhanced protection compared to each vaccine alone. Simultaneous intranasal administration of the vaccines did not interfere with secretory IgA induction by each vaccine. Additionally, significantly higher M2eP-specific proliferative responses were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all M2eP-vaccinated groups when compared with the mock-vaccinated group. Although tripling the number of M2e copies did not enhance the protective efficacy of the chimeric vaccine, it significantly reduced immunodominance of P-particle epitopes without affecting the robustness of M2e-specific immune responses. Taken together, our data suggests that mucosal immunization of chickens with combinations of mechanistically different cross-subtype-conserved vaccines has the potential to enhance the protective efficacy against influenza virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Renukaradhya Gourapura
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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33
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Li J, Hou G, Wang Y, Wang S, Cheng S, Peng C, Jiang W. Protective efficacy of an inactivated chimeric H5 avian influenza vaccine against H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clades 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1600-1607. [PMID: 30358528 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses pose a serious challenge to public health and the poultry industry in China. In this study, we generated a chimeric QH/KJ recombinant virus expressing the entire haemagglutinin (HA)-1 region of the HPAI virus A/chicken/China/QH/2017(H5N6) (clade 2.3.4.4) and the HA2 region of the HPAI virus A/chicken/China/KJ/2017(H5N1) (clade 2.3.2.1). The resulting chimeric PR8-QH/KJ virus exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics as the parental PR8-QH and PR8-KJ viruses. The chimeric PR8-QH/KJ virus induced specific, cross-reactive haemagglutination-inhibition and serum-neutralizing antibodies against both QH and KJ viruses, although PR8-QH and PR8-KJ exhibited no cross-reactivity with each other. Furthermore, the chimeric PR8-QH/KJ vaccine significantly reduced virus shedding and completely protected chickens from challenge with HPAI H5N6 and H5N1 viruses. However, the Re-8 vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4 viruses provided specific-pathogen-free chickens only partial protection when challenged with QH virus. Our results suggest that the antigenic variation of these epidemic viruses occurred and they can escape the current vaccine immunization. The Re-8 vaccine needs an update. The chimeric PR8-QH/KJ vaccine is effective against H5 HPAI virus clades 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1 in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- 2Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Suchun Wang
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Shanju Cheng
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- 1China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, PR China
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34
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Bertran K, Lee DH, Criado MF, Balzli CL, Killmaster LF, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE. Maternal antibody inhibition of recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine in a primary or booster avian influenza vaccination program of broiler chickens. Vaccine 2018; 36:6361-6372. [PMID: 30241684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) provide early protection from disease, but may interfere with active immunity in young chicks. In highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)-enzootic countries, broiler chickens typically have MDA to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and H5 HPAIV, and their impact on active immunity from recombinant vectored vaccines is unclear. We assessed the effectiveness of a spray-applied recombinant NDV vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rNDV-H5) and a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine with H5 AIV insert (rHVT-H5) in commercial broilers with MDA to NDV alone (MDA:AIV-NDV+) or to NDV plus AIV (MDA:AIV+NDV+) to provide protection against homologous HPAIV challenge. In Experiment 1, chicks were spray-vaccinated with rNDV-H5 at 3 weeks (3w) and challenged at 5 weeks (5w). All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rNDV-H5 vaccine groups, AIV and NDV MDA had completely declined to non-detectable levels by vaccination, enabling rNDV-H5 spray vaccine to elicit a protective AIV antibody response by 5w, with 70-78% survival and significant reduction of virus shedding compared to shams. In Experiment 2, progeny were vaccinated with rHVT-H5 and rNDV-H5 at 1 day (1d) or 3w and challenged at 5w. All sham-vaccinated progeny lacked AIV antibodies and died following challenge. In rHVT-H5(1d) vaccine groups, irrespective of rNDV-H5(3w) boost, AIV antibodies reached protective levels pre-challenge, as all progeny survived and virus shedding significantly decreased compared to shams. In contrast, rNDV-H5-vaccinated progeny had AIV and/or NDV MDA at the time of vaccination (1d and/or 3w) and failed to develop a protective immune response by 5w, resulting in 100% mortality after challenge. Our results demonstrate that MDA to AIV had minimal impact on the effectiveness of rHVT-H5, but MDA to AIV and/or NDV at the time of vaccination can prevent development of protective immunity from a primary or booster rNDV-H5 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Charles L Balzli
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Lindsay F Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, 30605 Athens, GA, USA.
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Peng C, Hou G, Li J, Wang S, Wang Y, Cheng S, Yu X, Jin J, Jiang W. Protective efficacy of an inactivated chimeric H7/H5 avian influenza vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 and clade 2.3.4.4 H5 viruses. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:21-26. [PMID: 30173747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 and H7N9 viruses pose a serious challenge to public health and the poultry industry in China. In this study, we generated a chimeric H7/H5 recombinant virus that expressed the entire HA1 region of the HPAI A/chicken/Guangdong/RZ/2017(H7N9) virus and the HA2 region of the HPAI A/chicken/Fujian/5/2016(H5N6) viruses. The resulting chimeric PR8-H7/H5 virus exhibited similar growth kinetics as the parental PR8-H5 and PR8-H7 viruses in vitro. The inactivated chimeric PR8-H7/H5 vaccine induced specific, cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against the H7 virus only but induced serum-neutralizing antibodies against both H7 and H5 viruses. Furthermore, the inactivated chimeric PR8-H7/H5 vaccine significantly reduced virus shedding and protected chickens from challenge with the HPAI H5N6 and H7N9 viruses. Our results suggested that the inactivated chimeric PR8-H7/H5 vaccine was effective against HPAI H5 and H7N9 viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Suchun Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanju Cheng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihui Jin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
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Hou G, Li J, Wang Y, Wang S, Peng C, Yu X, Jin J, Jiang W. Influenza viral vectors expressing two kinds of HA proteins for bivalent vaccines against clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9327. [PMID: 29921911 PMCID: PMC6008415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in China pose a serious challenge to public health and the poultry industry. In this study, we constructed a replication-competent recombinant influenza A virus of clade 2.3.4.4 Н5N1 expressing the clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HA1 protein from a tricistronic NS segment. We used a truncated NS1 protein of 73 amino acids combined with a heterologous dimerization domain to increase protein stability. H5 HA1 and nuclear export information were fused in frame with a truncated NS1 open reading frame, separated by 2A self-processing sites. The resulting PR8-H5-NS1(73)H5 stably expressed clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HA and clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HA1 proteins and exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics as the parental PR8-2344H5 virus. PR8-H5-NS1(73)H5 induced specific hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody against clade 2.3.4.4 H5 that was comparable to that of the combination vaccine of PR8-2344H5 and PR8-2321H5. HI antibody titers were significantly lower against clade 2.3.2.1 H5 virus than with the combination vaccine. PR8-H5-NS1(73)H5 completely protected chickens from both clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs challenge. Our results suggested that PR8-H5-NS1(73)H5 was highly immunogenic and efficacious against both clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Suchun Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihui Jin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
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Li J, Hou G, Wang Y, Wang S, Peng C, Yu X, Jiang W. Influenza Viral Vectors Expressing Two Kinds of HA Proteins as Bivalent Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 and H7N9. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:604. [PMID: 29670587 PMCID: PMC5893818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5 and H7N9 subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in China pose a serious challenge to public health and the poultry industry. In this study, a replication competent recombinant influenza A virus of the Í5N1 subtype expressing the H7 HA1 protein from a tri-cistronic NS segment was constructed. A heterologous dimerization domain was used to combine with the truncated NS1 protein of 73 amino acids to increase protein stability. H7 HA1, nuclear export protein coding region, and the truncated NS1 were fused in-frame into a single open reading frame via 2A self-cleaving peptides. The resulting PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 stably expressed the H5 HA and H7 HA1 proteins, and exhibited similar growth kinetics as the parental PR8-H5 virus in vitro. PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 induced specific hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody against H5, which was comparable to that of the combination vaccine of PR8-H5 and PR8-H7. The HI antibody titers against H7 virus were significantly lower than that by the combination vaccine. PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 completely protected chickens from challenge with both H5 and H7 HPAIVs. These results suggest that PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 is highly immunogenic and efficacious against both H5 and H7N9 HPAIVs in chickens. Highlights: - PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 simultaneously expressed two HA proteins of different avian influenza virus subtypes. - PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 was highly immunogenic in chickens. - PR8-H5-NS1(73)H7 provided complete protection against challenge with both H5 and H7N9 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Suchun Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
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Gambaryan A, Gordeychuk I, Boravleva E, Lomakina N, Kropotkina E, Lunitsin A, Klenk HD, Matrosovich M. Immunization of Domestic Ducks with Live Nonpathogenic H5N3 Influenza Virus Prevents Shedding and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Virus to Chickens. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040164. [PMID: 29614716 PMCID: PMC5923458 DOI: 10.3390/v10040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild ducks are known to be able to carry avian influenza viruses over long distances and infect domestic ducks, which in their turn infect domestic chickens. Therefore, prevention of virus transmission between ducks and chickens is important to control the spread of avian influenza. Here we used a low pathogenic wild aquatic bird virus A/duck/Moscow/4182/2010 (H5N3) for prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) transmission between ducks and chickens. We first confirmed that the ducks orally infected with H5N1 HPAIV A/chicken/Kurgan/3/2005 excreted the virus in feces. All chickens that were in contact with the infected ducks became sick, excreted the virus, and died. However, the ducks orally inoculated with 104 50% tissue culture infective doses of A/duck/Moscow/4182/2010 and challenged 14 to 90 days later with H5N1 HPAIV did not excrete the challenge virus. All contact chickens survived and did not excrete the virus. Our results suggest that low pathogenic virus of wild aquatic birds can be used for prevention of transmission of H5N1 viruses between ducks and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gambaryan
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, premises 8, building 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement "Moskovskiy", 108819 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, premises 8, building 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement "Moskovskiy", 108819 Moscow, Russia.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta Boravleva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, premises 8, building 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement "Moskovskiy", 108819 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia Lomakina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, premises 8, building 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement "Moskovskiy", 108819 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Kropotkina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences, premises 8, building 1, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement "Moskovskiy", 108819 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Lunitsin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Bld. 1 Academic Baculov St., 601125 Settl. Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia.
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Bhat S, Sood R, Shukla S, Khandia R, Pateriya AK, Kumar N, Singh VK, Kalaiyarasu S, Kumar M, Bhatia S. A two dose immunization with an inactivated reassortant H5N2 virus protects chickens against lethal challenge with homologous 2.3.2.1 clade and heterologous 2.2 clade highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:149-157. [PMID: 29615248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at generating a reassortant vaccine candidate virus with clade 2.3.2.1 Hemagglutinin (HA) and its evaluation in a challenge study for protection against homologous (2.3.2.1 clade) and heterologous (2.2 clade) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses. Plasmid-based reverse genetics technique was used to rescue a 5 + 3 reassortant H5N2 strain containing the modified HA of H5N1 (clade 2.3.2.1), the Neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2, the Matrix (M) of H5N1 and the internal genes of A/WSN/33 H1N1. In addition, another 6 + 2 reassortant virus containing modified HA from H5N1 (clade 2.3.2.1), the NA from H9N2 and the internal genes of A/WSN/33 H1N1 was also rescued. The 5 + 3 reassortant H5N2 virus could grow to a higher titer in both MDCK cells and chicken eggs compared to the 6 + 2 reassortant H5N2 virus. The vaccine containing the inactivated 5 + 3 reassortant H5N2 virus was used in a two-dose immunization regime which protected specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens against two repeated challenges with homologous 2.3.2.1 clade and heterologous 2.2 clade HPAI H5N1 viruses. The 5 + 3 reassortant H5N2 virus based on clade 2.3.2.1 generated in this study can be effective in protecting chickens in the case of an outbreak caused by antigenically different clade 2.2 HPAI H5N1 viruses and opens the way to explore its applicability as potential vaccine candidate especially in the Asian countries reporting these clades frequently. The study also indicates that sequential immunization can broaden protection level against antigenically diverse strains of H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bhat
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India; Immunology Section, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Shukla
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Kumar Pateriya
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are currently endemic in poultry in Egypt. Eradication of the viruses has been unsuccessful due to improper application of vaccine-based control strategies among other preventive measures. The viruses have evolved rapidly with increased bird-to-human transmission efficacy, thus affecting both animal and public health. Subsequent spread of potentially zoonotic low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 in poultry has also hindered efficient control of avian influenza. The H5N1 viruses acquired enhanced bird-to-human transmissibility by (1) altering amino acids in hemagglutinin (HA) that enable binding affinity to human-type receptors, (2) loss of the glycosylation site and 130 loop in the HA protein and (3) mutation of E627K in the PB2 protein to enhance viral replication in mammalian hosts. The receptor binding site of HA of Egyptian H9N2 viruses has been shown to contain the Q234L substitution along with a H191 mutation, which can increase human-like receptor specificity. Therefore, co-circulation of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in poultry farming and live bird markets has increased the risk of human exposure, resulting in complication of the epidemiological situation and raising a concern for potential emergence of a new influenza A virus pandemic. For efficient control of infection and transmission, the efficacy of vaccine and vaccination needs to be improved with a comprehensive control strategy, including enhanced biosecurity, education, surveillance, rapid diagnosis and culling of infected poultry.
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Suartha IN, Suartini GAA, Wirata IW, Dewi NMARK, Putra GNN, Kencana GAY, Mahardika GN. Intranasal administration of inactivated avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype vaccine-induced systemic immune response in chicken and mice. Vet World 2018; 11:221-226. [PMID: 29657407 PMCID: PMC5891878 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.221-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The need for non-parenteral administration of inactivated avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype (AIV-H5N1) vaccine is paramount. Here, we provide preliminary data on the immune response of chicken and mice after intranasal administration of AIV-H5N1-inactivated vaccine with ISCOMS, Inmunair (INM), and combined ISCOMS and INM as an adjuvant. Materials and Methods The AIV isolate of A/Chicken/Denpasar/01/2004 (H5N1) was cultivated in specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. The vaccine preparation was added with those adjuvants for intranasal administration and aluminum hydroxide for subcutaneous injection. The chicken and mouse were vaccinated at the age of 3 weeks or 1 month and repeated 2 weeks thereafter. In one experiment, chicken was injected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at the same time with AIV vaccine. The sera were collected at one (serum 1) and 2 w (serum 2) after booster vaccination. The anti-AIV-H5 and NDV antibodies in chicken sera were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Mouse IgG anti-AIV-H5N1 antibody was detected using ELISA. Results The result shows that the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of chicken sera of intranasal vaccinated with inactivated AIV-H5N1 vaccine with mixed ISCOM- INM as adjuvant were <20.0 and 22.7 unit HI-unit (HIU) in serum 1 and serum 2, respectively. The GMTs of the positive control group were 23.7 and 25.7 HIU in serum 1 and serum 2, respectively. The result of the second experiment shows that IgG anti-AIV-H5N1 was detected in mouse sera. In the third experiment, the GMTs of anti-NDV in chicken vaccinated subsequently with inactivated NDV vaccine and AIV-H5N1 with mixed ISCOMS-INM administrated intranasally and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant administrated through subcutaneous injection as well as positive control group receiving NDV vaccine only were 28.0, 28.0, and 27.4 HIU in serum 1 while were 29.6, 29.2, and 28.2 HIU in serum 2, respectively. Conclusion Intranasal administration of inactivated AIV-H5N1 vaccine-induced a systemic immune response in chicken and mice after adding ISCOMS and/or INM as adjuvants. The adjuvant and the intranasal administration caused no immunosuppressive effect on the chicken immune response to NDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Suartha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar 80226, Bali, Indonesia
| | - G A A Suartini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I W Wirata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar 80226, Bali, Indonesia
| | - N M A R K Dewi
- Department of Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar 80226, Bali, Indonesia
| | - G N N Putra
- Department of Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar 80226, Bali, Indonesia
| | - G A Y Kencana
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
| | - G N Mahardika
- Department of Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar 80226, Bali, Indonesia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Jl. Sudirman, Denpasar 80225, Bali, Indonesia
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Kapczynski DR, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Spackman E, Chrzastek K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Homologous and heterologous antigenic matched vaccines containing different H5 hemagglutinins provide variable protection of chickens from the 2014 U.S. H5N8 and H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2017; 35:6345-6353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Yuk SS, TO EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Gwon GB, Song CS. Optimization of inactivated H5N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine and inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine with antigen dose and prime-boost regimen in domestic ducks. Poult Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kapczynski DR, Sylte MJ, Killian ML, Torchetti MK, Chrzastek K, Suarez DL. Protection of commercial turkeys following inactivated or recombinant H5 vaccine application against the 2015U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:74-79. [PMID: 28895870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Between December 2014 and June 2015, North America experienced the largest recorded foreign animal disease outbreak with over 47 million poultry dead or euthanized from viral exposure to a clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epizootic. Soon after the epizootic began, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began testing the efficacy of different vaccines as a possible future control strategy. The aim of these studies were to evaluate the efficacy three H5 vaccines to aid in control of HPAI in commercial turkeys. Three different vaccine technologies were evaluated for efficacy: 1) inactivated reverse genetic laboratory-generated virus encoding a clade 2.3.4.4 H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene (rgH5), 2) recombinant turkey herpesvirus encoding a clade 2.2. H5 HA (rHVT-AI), and 3) recombinant replication-deficient alphavirus RNA particle vaccine encoding a clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HA (RP-H5). All vaccines tested significantly (P<0.01) increased survival rates between vaccinated and sham vaccinated groups of poults challenged with A/turkey/Minnesota/12582/2015 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 HPAI. The rgH5 vaccine had detectable serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody against the challenge virus, and significantly reduced the frequency and level of viral shedding from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs at days 2 and 4 post-challenge. Vaccination with only rHVT-AI or RP-H5 was not 100% protective, and failed to significantly reduce viral shedding post-challenge. A combined prime and boost strategy with the rHVT-AI and RP-H5, or rHVT-AI and rgH5, was 100% protective against lethal H5N2 HPAI challenge. Results of these studies led to USDA conditional approval of commercially available recombinant vaccines for use in turkeys as a control measure for clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAI epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, United States.
| | - Matthew J Sylte
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, 50010, United States
| | - Mary L Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Mia K Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
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45
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Steensels M, Rauw F, van den Berg T, Marché S, Gardin Y, Palya V, Lambrecht B. Protection Afforded by a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus-H5 Vaccine Against the 2014 European Highly Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Strain. Avian Dis 2017; 60:202-9. [PMID: 27309056 DOI: 10.1637/11126-050615-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) virus, circulating in Asia (South Korea, Japan, and southern China) since the beginning of 2014, reached the European continent in November 2014. Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Hungary confirmed H5N8 infection of poultry farms of different species and of several wild bird species. Unlike the Asian highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, this HP H5N8 also went transatlantic and reached the American West Coast by the end of 2014, affecting wild birds as well as backyard and commercial poultry. This strain induces high mortality and morbidity in Galliformes, whereas wild birds seem only moderately affected. A recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rHVT) vector vaccine expressing the H5 gene of a clade 2.2 H5N1 strain (rHVT-H5) previously demonstrated a highly efficient clinical protection and reduced viral excretion against challenge with Asian HP H5N1 strains of various clades (2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.1.1, 2.1.3, 2.1.3.2, and 2.3.2.1) and was made commercially available in various countries where the disease is endemic. To evaluate the protective efficacy of the rHVT-H5 vaccine against the first German H5N8 turkey isolate (H5N8 GE), a challenge experiment was set up in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and the clinical and excretional protection was evaluated. SPF chickens were vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day old and challenged oculonasally at 4 wk of age with two viral dosages, 10(5) and 10(6) 50% egg infective doses. Morbidity and mortality were monitored daily in unvaccinated and vaccinated groups, whereas viral shedding by oropharyngeal and cloacal routes was evaluated at 2, 5, 9, and 14 days postinoculation (dpi). Serologic monitoring after vaccination and challenge was also carried out. Despite its high antigenic divergence of the challenge H5N8 strain, a single rHVT-H5 vaccine administration at 1 day old resulted in a full clinical protection against challenge and a significant reduction of viral shedding in the vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steensels
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Rauw
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Th van den Berg
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Marché
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Gardin
- B Ceva Animal Health, Libourne, France
| | - V Palya
- C Ceva Animal Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Lambrecht
- A Avian Virology & Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg, 99 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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46
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Zeng X, Deng G, Liu L, Li Y, Shi J, Chen P, Feng H, Liu J, Guo X, Mao S, Yang F, Chen Z, Tian G, Chen H. Protective Efficacy of the Inactivated H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Re-6 Against Different Clades of H5N1 Viruses Isolated in China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Avian Dis 2017; 60:238-40. [PMID: 27309061 DOI: 10.1637/11178-051915-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An inactivated H5N1 avian influenza (AI) vaccine (Re-6) that bears the HA and NA genes from a clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 virus, A/duck/Guangdong/S1322/10 (DK/GD/S1322/10), has been used in domestic poultry in China and other Southeast Asian countries to control clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1viruses since 2012. The efficacy of this vaccine against H5N1 viruses isolated in recent years has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the protection efficacy of the Re-6 vaccine in chickens against challenge with four clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses, one clade 2.3.4.4 H5N1 virus, and one clade 7.2 H5N1 virus; these viruses were isolated in mainland China, Hong Kong, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea between 2011 and 2015. The vaccinated chickens were completely protected (no disease signs, virus shedding, or death) from the challenge with the four clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 viruses. In the clade 7.2 virus-challenged group, all of the vaccinated chickens remained healthy and survived for the entire 2-wk observation period; virus shedding was only detected from 1 of 10 chickens on day 3 postchallenge. In the clade 2.3.4.4 virus-challenged group, 8 of the 10 vaccinated chickens remained healthy and survived the 2-wk observation period; however, virus shedding was detected from 8 of 10 chickens on day 5 postchallenge. These results indicate that the Re-6 vaccine provides solid protection against clade 2.3.2.1, good protection against clade 7.2, and poor protection against clade 2.3.4.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Zeng
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Pucheng Chen
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Huapeng Feng
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jingli Liu
- B Harbin Weike Biotechnology Development Company, 680 Haping Road Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfu Guo
- B Harbin Weike Biotechnology Development Company, 680 Haping Road Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shenggang Mao
- B Harbin Weike Biotechnology Development Company, 680 Haping Road Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- B Harbin Weike Biotechnology Development Company, 680 Haping Road Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- B Harbin Weike Biotechnology Development Company, 680 Haping Road Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- A Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
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47
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Choi KS. Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccines as bivalent or antigen delivery vaccines. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:72-82. [PMID: 28775971 PMCID: PMC5540967 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in reverse genetics techniques make it possible to manipulate the genome of RNA viruses such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Several NDV vaccine strains have been used as vaccine vectors in poultry, mammals, and humans to express antigens of different pathogens. The safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of these NDV-vectored vaccines have been evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The vaccines are safe in mammals, humans, and poultry. Bivalent NDV-vectored vaccines against pathogens of economic importance to the poultry industry have been developed. These bivalent vaccines confer solid protective immunity against NDV and other foreign antigens. In most cases, NDV-vectored vaccines induce strong local and systemic immune responses against the target foreign antigen. This review summarizes the development of NDV-vectored vaccines and their potential use as a base for designing other effective vaccines for veterinary and human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Seuk Choi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease, Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
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48
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Bertran K, Balzli C, Lee DH, Suarez DL, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE. Protection of White Leghorn chickens by U.S. emergency H5 vaccination against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:6336-6344. [PMID: 28554502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During December 2014-June 2015, the U.S. experienced a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx Goose/Guangdong lineage viruses with devastating consequences for the poultry industry. Three vaccines, developed based on updating existing registered vaccines or currently licensed technologies, were evaluated for possible use: an inactivated reverse genetics H5N1 vaccine (rgH5N1) and an RNA particle vaccine (RP-H5), both containing the hemagglutinin gene of clade 2.3.4.4 strain, and a recombinant herpesvirus turkey vectored vaccine (rHVT-H5) containing the hemagglutinin gene of clade 2.2 strain. The efficacy of the three vaccines, alone or in combination, was assessed in White Leghorn chickens against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N2 HPAI virus challenge. In Study 1, single (rHVT-H5) and prime-boost (rHVT-H5+rgH5N1 or rHVT-H5+RP-H5) vaccination strategies protected chickens with high levels of protective immunity and significantly reduced virus shedding. In Study 2, single vaccination with either rgH5N1 or RP-H5 vaccines provided clinical protection in adult chickens and significantly reduced virus shedding. In Study 3, double rgH5N1 vaccination protected adult chickens from clinical signs and mortality when challenged 20weeks post-boost, with high levels of long-lasting protective immunity and significantly reduced virus shedding. These studies support the use of genetically related vaccines, possibly in combination with a broad protective priming vaccine, for emergency vaccination programs against clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx HPAI virus in young and adult layer chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
| | - Charles Balzli
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934, College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
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49
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Swine and Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Recent Times. EMERGING ZOONOSES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7119929 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50890-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A is a zoonotic virus and wild waterfowls are the main reservoir of avian influenza viruses, which are precursors of human influenza A viruses. Through mutations and gene reassortment, some strains of avian influenza viruses establish stable lineages in poultry species, pigs, horses, and humans. The first zoonotic influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, the swine H1N1 pandemic of 2009, originated from Mexico, and fortunately the virus was only of modest virulence. However, lessons have been learned on the shortcomings of the global preparedness for influenza pandemic, and this should be considered as a valuable experience for the preparation of the next major outbreak. Of more concern is the emergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A [H5N1], ongoing since 1996, and the low pathogenic avian influenza A [H7N9], since 2013, which have crossed the species barrier to humans in China. Risks of a H5N1 pandemic appear to be receding with declining human cases, and the H7N9 influenza virus is now the leading candidate as the next pandemic influenza virus. However, influenza pandemics are unpredictable in their timing, specific strain of virus, and origin. Most experts predict that the next influenza pandemic will arise from Asia, especially China, and will be directly of avian origin. Continued influenza surveillance in animals and humans globally with prompt reporting to the WHO and the World Animal Health Organization with sharing of data promptly between countries is essential. Long-term solutions to prevent cross-species transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses to humans and development of more effective, longer-lasting vaccines against emerging avian influenza viruses are needed. Currently there is no evidence of an impending zoonotic or avian influenza pandemic, and the viruses of interest, H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza A viruses, have not mutated to allow for easy transmission to humans nor human to human.
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50
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Rauff D, Strydom C, Abolnik C. Evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype H6N2 influenza. Virology 2016; 498:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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