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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Páez-Maldonado J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Boullosa D, León-Prados JA, Wernbom M, Pareja-Blanco F. Acute Responses to Traditional and Cluster-Set Squat Training With and Without Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1401-1412. [PMID: 38780903 PMCID: PMC11286160 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Páez-Maldonado, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Boullosa, D, León-Prados, JA, Wernbom, M, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Acute responses to traditional and cluster-set squat training with and without blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1401-1412, 2024-To compare the acute responses to different set configurations (cluster [CLU] vs. traditional [TRA]) under distinct blood flow conditions (free vs. restricted) in full-squat (SQ). Twenty resistance-trained males performed 4 protocols that differed in the set configuration (TRA: continuous repetitions; vs. CLU: 30 seconds of rest every 2 repetitions) and in the blood flow condition (FF: free-flow; vs. blood flow restriction [BFR]: 50% of arterial occlusion pressure). The relative intensity (60% 1RM), volume (3 sets of 8 repetitions), and resting time (2 minutes) were equated. Mean propulsive force (MPF), velocity (MPV) and power (MPP), and electromyography (EMG) parameters were recorded during each repetition. Tensiomyography (TMG), blood lactate, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, in SQ, and movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m·s -1 velocity at baseline (V1-load) in SQ were assessed at pre- and post-exercise. The CLU protocols allowed a better maintenance of MPF, MPV, MPP, and EMG median frequency during the exercise compared to TRA (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05). The TRA protocols experienced greater impairments post-exercise in TMG- and EMG-derived variables (clu-time interaction, p < 0.05) and SQ and CMJ performance (clu-time interaction, p = 0.08 and p < 0.05, respectively), as well as higher blood lactate concentrations (clu-time interaction, p < 0.001) than CLU. Moreover, BFR displayed decreases in TMG variables (bfr-time interaction, p < 0.01), but BFR-CLU resulted in the greatest reduction in twitch contraction time ( p < 0.001). Cluster sets reduced fatigue during and after the training session and BFR exacerbated impairments in muscle mechanical properties; however, the combination of both could improve contraction speed after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Cornejo-Daza
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Páez-Maldonado
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Human Motor and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Juan A. León-Prados
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science Based Training Research Group. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Páez-Maldonado JA, Cornejo-Daza P, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Sánchez-Moreno M, Yuzo-Nakamura F, Pareja-Blanco F, Ortega-Becerra M. Acute Metabolic Response, Neuromuscular Activity, and Mechanical Performance to Different Set. Int J Sports Med 2024. [PMID: 39074809 DOI: 10.1055/a-2179-3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute metabolic response, neuromuscular activity, and mechanical performance of different set configurations in bench-press (BP). Twenty-two resistance-trained men performed three resistance exercise protocols consisting of 3 x 12 BP repetitions at 60% 1RM, with 4 minutes of rest between sets, but with different set configurations: (a) traditional set (TS), without rest within the set; (b) cluster-6 (CS6), with 30-second intraset rest after the sixth repetition in each set; and (c) cluster-2 (CS2), with 30-second intraset rest every two repetitions. Mean propulsive force (MPF), velocity (MPV), power (MPP), and electromyography (EMG) values were recorded for each repetition. Blood lactate, maximal voluntary isometric BP contraction, and dynamic strength in BP were assessed pre- and post-exercise. The CS2 protocol resulted in greater mechanical performance (i. e. MPF, MPV, and MPP) and lower alterations of EMG parameters (i. e. root mean square and median frequency) during the exercise compared to CS6 and TS (TS
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Páez-Maldonado
- University of Osuna (Centre attached to the University of Seville), Osuna, Spain
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - PedroJesús Cornejo-Daza
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Moreno
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports. University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo-Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Ortega-Becerra
- Science Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences. Department of Sports and Computers Sciences. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Trowell DA, Carruthers Collins AG, Hendy AM, Drinkwater EJ, Kenneally-Dabrowski C. Validation of a commercially available mobile application for velocity-based resistance training. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17789. [PMID: 39071120 PMCID: PMC11283170 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Velocity-based training (VBT) is commonly used for programming and autoregulation of resistance training. Velocity may also be measured during resistance training to estimate one repetition maximum and monitor fatigue. This study quantifies the validity of Metric VBT, a mobile application that uses camera-vision for measuring barbell range of motion (RoM) and mean velocity during resistance exercises. Methods Twenty-four participants completed back squat and bench press repetitions across various loads. Five mobile devices were placed at varying angles (0, ±10, and ±20°) perpendicular to the participant. The validity of Metric VBT was assessed in comparison to Vicon motion analysis using precision and recall, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots. Proportional bias was assessed using linear regression. Results Metric VBT accurately detected over 95% of repetitions. It showed moderate to substantial agreement with the Vicon system for measuring RoM in both exercises. The average Limits of Agreement (LoA) for RoM across all camera positions were -5.45 to 4.94 cm for squats and -5.80 to 3.55 cm for bench presses. Metric VBT exhibited poor to moderate agreement with the Vicon system for measuring mean velocity. The average LoA for mean velocity were 0.03 to 0.25 m/s for squats and -5.80 to 3.55 m/s for bench presses. A proportional bias was observed, with bias increasing as repetition velocity increased. Conclusions Metric VBT's wide LoA for measuring RoM and mean velocity highlights significant accuracy concerns, exceeding acceptable levels for practical use. However, for users prioritizing repetition counts over precise RoM or mean velocity data, the application can still provide useful information for monitoring workout volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Anne Trowell
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus G. Carruthers Collins
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee M. Hendy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric James Drinkwater
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Kenneally-Dabrowski
- Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Franco-López F, Durkalec-Michalski K, Díaz-Morón J, Higueras-Liébana E, Hernández-Belmonte A, Courel-Ibáñez J. Using Resistance-Band Tests to Evaluate Trunk Muscle Strength in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Test-Retest Reliability Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4131. [PMID: 39000910 PMCID: PMC11244540 DOI: 10.3390/s24134131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Exercise is a front-line intervention to increase functional capacity and reduce pain and disability in people with low strength levels or disorders. However, there is a lack of validated field-based tests to check the initial status and, more importantly, to control the process and make tailored adjustments in load, intensity, and recovery. We aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of a submaximal, resistance-band test to evaluate the strength of the trunk stability muscles using a portable force sensor in middle-aged adults (48 ± 13 years) with medically diagnosed chronic low back pain and healthy peers (n = 35). Participants completed two submaximal progressive tests of two resistance-band exercises (unilateral row and Pallof press), consisting of 5 s maintained contraction, progressively increasing the load. The test stopped when deviation from the initial position by compensation movements occurred. Trunk muscle strength (CORE muscles) was monitored in real time using a portable force sensor (strain gauge). Results revealed that both tests were highly reliable (intra-class correlation [ICC] > 0.901) and presented low errors and coefficients of variation (CV) in both groups. In particular, people with low back pain had errors of 14-19 N (CV = 9-12%) in the unilateral row test and 13-19 N (CV = 8-12%) in the Pallof press. No discomfort or pain was reported during or after the tests. These two easy-to-use and technology-based tests result in a reliable and objective screening tool to evaluate the strength and trunk stability in middle-aged adults with chronic low back pain, considering an error of measurement < 20 N. This contribution may have an impact on improving the individualization and control of rehabilitation or physical training in people with lumbar injuries or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Franco-López
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Higueras-Liébana
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
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Petro JL, Ferrari G, Cardozo LA, Vargas-Molina S, Carbone L, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Validity of Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales in Relation to Movement Velocity and Exercise Intensity During Resistance-Exercise: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2024:19417381241260412. [PMID: 38910451 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241260412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Movement velocity (MV) may be a valid tool to evaluate and control the load in resistance training (RT). The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) also enables practical load management. The relationship between RPE and MV may be used to monitor RT intensity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity and practicality of RPE scales related to MV and training intensity in resistance exercise. We hypothesize a positive correlation among RPE, MV, and load intensity in RT. Therefore, RPE may serve as a supplementary indicator in monitoring RT load. DATA SOURCES Boolean algorithms were used to search several databases (SPORTDiscus, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar). STUDY SELECTION Studies published from 2009 to 2023 included clinical trials (randomized or not) in healthy female and male subjects that analyzed the relationship between different RPE scales and MV in basic RT exercises. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were selected using different RPE scales with reported MV training loads. Participants included RT and untrained male and female subjects (15-31 years old). Two RPE scales (OMNI-RES and repetitions in reserve) were used. The selected studies showed moderate positive correlations among these RPE scales, MV, and training load (eg, percentage of 1-repetition maximum [%1-RM]). In addition, equations have been developed to estimate %1-RM and MV loss based on the OMNI-RES scale. CONCLUSION Studies show that RPE scales and MV constitute a valid, economic, and practical tool for assessing RT load progression and complementing other training monitoring variables. Exercise professionals should consider familiarizing participants with RPE scales and factors that might influence the perception of exertion (eg, level of training, motivation, and environmental conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society - DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society - DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo LIFT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Cardozo
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training (IMED), Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society - DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
- Physical Education and Sports Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - Leandro Carbone
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society - DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo LIFT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business and Science Society - DBSS International SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
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Gomes M, Fitas A, Santos P, Pezarat-Correia P, Mendonca GV. Validation of a Single-Session Protocol to Determine the Load-Velocity Profile and One-Repetition Maximum for the Back Squat Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1013-1018. [PMID: 38373076 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gomes, M, Fitas, A, Santos, P, Pezarat-Correia, P, and Mendonca, GV. Validation of a single session protocol to determine the load-velocity profile and one-repetition maximum for the back squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1013-1018, 2024-We investigated whether a single session of absolute incremental loading is valid to obtain the individual load-velocity profile (LVP) and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the free-weight parallel back squat. Twenty strength-trained male subjects completed 3 testing sessions, including a baseline 1RM session and 2 LVP sessions (LVP rel based on incremental relative loads and LVP abs based on absolute load increments until 1RM). The 1RM load was compared between the baseline and LVP abs . The load at zero velocity (load-axis intercept [L 0 ]), maximal velocity capacity (velocity-axis intercept [V 0 ]), slope, and area under the load-velocity relationship line (A line ) were compared between the LVP rel and LVP abs using equivalence testing through 2 one-sided t -tests. Measurement accuracy was calculated using the absolute percent error. The 1RM measured at baseline and LVP abs was equivalent and presented a low absolute percent error (1.2%). The following LVP parameters were equivalent between LVP rel and LVP abs : 1RM, L 0 , and A line because the mean difference between sessions was close to zero and the Bland-Altman limits of agreement (1RM:5.3 kg; L 0 :6.8 kg; A line : 9.5 kg·m -1 ·s -1 ) were contained within the a priori defined ± equivalent margins (5% for 1RM and L 0 and 10% for A line ). The aforementioned variables presented a low absolute percent error. However, slope and V 0 were not equivalent between sessions. In conclusion, a single session of absolute incremental loading is a valid approach to obtain the L 0 and A line of the individual LVP and 1RM, and can be used to efficiently track the magnitude of neuromuscular adaptations throughout the training cycles for the free-weight back squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Afonso Fitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Paulo Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Lisbon, Portugal; and
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
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Medeiros AIA, da Silva GM, Neto FO, Simim M, Banja T, Coswig VS, Afonso J, Ramos A, Mesquita I. Validity and reliability of My Jump 2 ® app to measure the vertical jump on elite women beach volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17387. [PMID: 38770095 PMCID: PMC11104343 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2® app in measuring jump height, flight time, and peak power among elite women beach volleyball players on sand surfaces. Methods Eleven elite female beach volleyball players (aged 23.6 ± 6.2 years; weight 66.3 ± 5.8 kg; height 174.4 ± 5.8 cm; with 8.4 ± 4.8 years of professional experience) participated in this study. Each player performed six countermovement jumps in a wooden box filled with sand on a force platform while simultaneously recording a video for subsequent analysis using the My Jump 2® app. Results We found excellent agreement for flight time, jump height and peak power between observers (ICC = 0.92, 0.91 and 0.97, respectively). No significant differences between force platform and My Jump 2® app were detected in the values obtained for the three variables (P > 0.05). For the force platform and the My Jump 2® app, we found a good agreement measuring jump height and flight time (ICC = 0.85 and 0.85, respectively). However, we only found a moderate agreement for peak power (ICC = 0.64). The difference in jump height showed a limit of agreement between -4.10 and 4.74 cm in Bland-Altman, indicating a high level of agreement between the two measurement tools. Conclusion Based on our findings, the My Jump 2® app reveals a valid tool for measuring jump height and flight time of CMJ on sand surfaces. However, more caution is needed when measuring peak power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Igor Araripe Medeiros
- Master Program in Physiotherapy and Functioning, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Geovani Messias da Silva
- Master Program in Physiotherapy and Functioning, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Oliveira Neto
- Master Program in Physiotherapy and Functioning, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Praia Clube, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário Simim
- Master Program in Physiotherapy and Functioning, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Túlio Banja
- Master Program in Physiotherapy and Functioning, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Victor S. Coswig
- Research Group in Biodynamic Human Movement, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Ramos
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Mesquita
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ramos AG. Resistance Training Intensity Prescription Methods Based on Lifting Velocity Monitoring. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:257-266. [PMID: 37607576 DOI: 10.1055/a-2158-3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance training intensity is commonly quantified as the load lifted relative to an individual's maximal dynamic strength. This approach, known as percent-based training, necessitates evaluating the one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the core exercises incorporated in a resistance training program. However, a major limitation of rigid percent-based training lies in the demanding nature of directly testing the 1RM from technical, physical, and psychological perspectives. A potential solution that has gained popularity in the last two decades to facilitate the implementation of percent-based training involves the estimation of the 1RM by recording the lifting velocity against submaximal loads. This review examines the three main methods for prescribing relative loads (%1RM) based on lifting velocity monitoring: (i) velocity zones, (ii) generalized load-velocity relationships, and (iii) individualized load-velocity relationships. The article concludes by discussing a number of factors that should be considered for simplifying the testing procedures while maintaining the accuracy of individualized L-V relationships to predict the 1RM and establish the resultant individualized %1RM-velocity relationship: (i) exercise selection, (ii) type of velocity variable, (iii) regression model, (iv) number of loads, (v) location of experimental points on the load-velocity relationship, (vi) minimal velocity threshold, (vii) provision of velocity feedback, and (viii) velocity monitoring device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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LeMense AT, Malone GT, Kinderman MA, Fedewa MV, Winchester LJ. Validity of Using the Load-Velocity Relationship to Estimate 1 Repetition Maximum in the Back Squat Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:612-619. [PMID: 38416447 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT LeMense, AT, Malone, GT, Kinderman, MA, Fedewa, MV, and Winchester, LJ. Validity of using the load-velocity relationship to estimate 1 repetition maximum in the back squat exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 612-619, 2024-The one repetition maximum (1RM) test is commonly used to assess muscular strength. However, 1RM testing can be time consuming, physically taxing, and may be difficult to perform in athletics team settings with practice and competition schedules. Alternatively, 1RM can be estimated from bar or movement velocity at submaximal loads using the minimum velocity threshold (MVT) method based on the load-velocity relationship. Despite its potential utility, this method's validity has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the validity of estimated 1RM from bar velocity in the back squat exercise. A systematic search of 3 electronic databases was conducted using combinations of the following keywords: "velocity-based training," "load-velocity profiling," "mean velocity," "mean propulsive velocity," "peak velocity," "maximal strength," "1RM," "estimation," "prediction," "back squat," and "regression." The search identified 372 unique articles, with 4 studies included in the final analysis. Significance was defined as a p level less than 0.05. A total of 27 effects from 71 subjects between the ages of 17-25 years were analyzed; 85.2% of effects were obtained from male subjects. Measured 1RMs ranged from 86.5 to 153.1 kg, whereas estimated 1RMs ranged from 88.6 to 171.6 kg. Using a 3-level random effects model, 1RM back squat was overestimated when derived from bar velocity using the MVT method (effect sizes [ES] = 0.5304, 95% CI: 0.1878-0.8730, p = 0.0038). The MVT method is not a viable option for estimating 1RM in the free weight back squat. Strength and conditioning professionals should exercise caution when estimating 1RM from the load-velocity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T LeMense
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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Riscart-López J, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Mora-Vela R, Caro-Ávalos J, Sánchez-González L, Sánchez-Moreno M, León-Prados JA, Pareja-Blanco F. Effects of 4 Different Velocity-Based Resistance-Training Programming Models on Physical Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:271-279. [PMID: 38167650 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of 4 programming models (linear [LP], undulating [UP], reverse [RP], and constant [CP]) on physical performance. METHODS Forty-eight moderately strength-trained men were randomly assigned to LP, UP, RP, and CP groups according to their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the full-squat exercise (SQ) and followed an 8-week training intervention using the SQ and monitoring movement velocity for every repetition. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM), number of repetitions (240), sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) throughout the training program. Pretraining and posttraining measurements included, in the SQ, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pretests and posttests (AV), and the average velocity for loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s-1 at pretraining tests. Moreover, countermovement jump height and 20-m running sprint time were measured. RESULTS A significant time effect was found for all variables analyzed (P < .05), except for 20-m running sprint time. Significant group × time interactions were observed for 1RM, AV > 1, and AV (P < .05). After training, all groups attained significant strength gains on 1RM, AV, AV > 1, and AV < 1 (P < .001-.01). LP and RP groups improved their countermovement jump height (P < .01), but no significant changes were observed for UP and CP. No significant improvements were achieved in 20-m running sprint time for any groups. CONCLUSIONS These different programming models are all suitable for improving physical performance. LP and RP induce similar or greater gains in physical performance than UP and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riscart-López
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Raúl Mora-Vela
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Caro-Ávalos
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-González
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Moreno
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio León-Prados
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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11
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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Villalba-Fernández A, González-Badillo JJ, Pareja-Blanco F. Time Course of Recovery From Different Velocity Loss Thresholds and Set Configurations During Full-Squat Training. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:221-227. [PMID: 37972985 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Villalba-Fernández, A, González-Badillo, JJ, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Time course of recovery from different velocity loss thresholds and set configurations during full-squat training. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 221-227, 2024-The aims of the research were to examine the effects of (a) velocity loss (VL) thresholds and (b) set configuration, traditional or cluster, on time-course recovery. A randomized cross-over research design was conducted, in which 15 resistance-trained men performed 4 protocols consisting of 3 sets of 70% 1RM in full squat (SQ), differing in the VL incurred during the set assessed with a linear velocity transducer: (a) 20% (70-20), (b) 30% (70-30), (c) 40% (70-40), and in the set configuration (d) 20% of VL using a cluster methodology (70-CLU). Movement velocity against the load that elicited a 1 m·s -1 velocity at baseline measurements (V1-load) in SQ, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and sprint time in 20 m (T20) were assessed at baseline (Pre) and postintervention (Post, 6 hour-Post, 24 hour-Post, and 48 hour-Post). The 70-20 protocol resulted in fewer total repetitions than the other protocols ( p = 0.001), whereas 70-CLU, 70-30, and 70-40 completed similar total repetitions. The 70-30 protocol significantly worsened T20 at 6 hours-Post, CMJ at 48 hours-Post, and V1-load at 6 hours-Post ( p < 0.05). The 70-40 protocol significantly impaired T20 at 6 hours-Post, and CMJ and V1-load at 24 hours-Post ( p < 0.05). No significant performance reductions were observed for 70-20 and 70-CLU at 6 hours-Post, 24 hours-Post, and 48 hours-Post. Protocols with higher VL resulted in more pronounced fatigue and a slower rate of recovery. Cluster sets (70-CLU) resulted in higher volume than protocols with a similar level of fatigue (70-20) and a quicker recovery than protocols with a similar volume (70-30 and 70-40).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jesús Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba-Fernández
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Juan José González-Badillo
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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12
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Qu HR, Qian DX, Xu SS, Shen YF. Validity and test-retest reliability of a resistance training device for Smith machine back squat exercise. iScience 2024; 27:108582. [PMID: 38161425 PMCID: PMC10755361 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the validity and test-retest reliability of a resistance training device Jueying (Beijing, China) for Smith machine back squat exercise. Twelve male participants completed two test sessions with an interval of one week. In each test session, participants completed 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% of 1RM back squats on a Smith machine equipped with Jueying and a linear position transducer GymAware (Canberra, Australia), which measured the velocity and power during the movement simultaneously. Results showed that Jueying was both valid (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] = 0.896-0.999, effect size [ES] = 0.004-0.192) when compared with GymAware and consistent between two tests in terms of reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.79-0.95) to assess speed and power within all exercises. The device could be applied to provide athletes and coaches with effective and reliable data in actual application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Qu
- Beijing Sport University, School of Sport Science, Beijing 100084, China
| | - De-xing Qian
- Beijing Sport University, School of Sport Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shou-sheng Xu
- Beijing Sport University, School of Sport Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-fei Shen
- Beijing Sport University, School of Sport Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Morenas-Aguilar MD, Chirosa Rios LJ, Rodriguez-Perea A, Vázquez Diz JA, Chirosa Rios IJ, Vera Vera JF, Ruiz-Orellana L, Jerez-Mayorga D. Test-Retest Reliability of 3 Specific Strength Tests in Professional Handball Players. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:53-62. [PMID: 37917982 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current devices to assess strength performance in handball may not be sufficiently sports-specific and reliable methods. Functional electromechanical dynamometry is a new technology that allows the development of accurate strength tests in athletes. PURPOSE To determine the absolute and relative reliability and to compare the reliability of the right and left side, and mean and peak force of 3 specific strength tests in handball players with a functional electromechanical dynamometer: unilateral pullover, standing lift, and step forward. METHODS Fourteen male handball players of the first Spanish division (28.79 [4.81] y; 10.38 [4.63] y of professional experience) performed a repeated-measurement design. Three testing sessions were performed (one per week). The first measurement consisted of 4 isometric tests (right and left unilateral pullover, and right and left standing lift) to obtain isometric peak force, and in the second and third sessions, 6 incremental tests until failure (right and left unilateral pullover, and right and left standing lift, right and left step forward) were performed. RESULTS The tests provided high reliability or acceptable reliability for mean and peak strength of unilateral pullover, standing lift and step forward (intraclass correlation coefficient = .83-.97; coefficient of variation = 3.90-11.57). Effect side was negligible in any of the parameters, except for a small effect side in the left peak force for unilateral pullover and a small effect side on the left side for a step forward. Significant differences in reliability (coefficient of variation ratio > 1.15) were found between the right and left sides and peak and mean force in all exercises except peak force in unilateral pullover and step forward. CONCLUSION These results confirm that the tests could be applied to assess physical performance in handball at the same time as regular gym training. Moreover, this is an excellent opportunity to individualize the player's weekly load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis J Chirosa Rios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angela Rodriguez-Perea
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio J Chirosa Rios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Ruiz-Orellana
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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14
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de-Oliveira LA, Aragão-Santos JC, Heredia-Elvar JR, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Movement Velocity as an Indicator of Mechanical Fatigue and Resistance Exercise Intensity in Cross Modalities. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1028-1034. [PMID: 36006785 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study analyzed the acute mechanical response to three workouts of the day (WOD) protocols in as many repetitions as possible (AMRAP), every minute on the minute (EMOM), and for time (FT) models by quantifying the degree of mechanical fatigue induced by popular resistance exercises in the Cross modalities, front squat (FS), and shoulder press (SP). We also analyzed whether the exercises' fastest velocity (Vfastest) could be an objective indicator of relative intensity (%1RM). Methods: Nine trained men performed three FS and SP exercises protocols. The degree of fatigue was quantified by the velocity loss (VL) achieved in both exercises and the velocity loss achieved in the WOD (VLWOD). Results: The VLWOD in the AMRAP, EMOM, and FT protocols was 73.2 ± 10.9%, 61.6 ± 15.1%, and 76.1 ± 8.8%, respectively. In the AMRAP and FT protocol, the Vfastest showed very strong relationships with the %1RM for FS and SP (r = -0.83, -0.75, respectively, p < .01); while in the EMOM protocol, there was a strong relationship between these variables, only for the SP (r = -0.61, p < .05). In the FT protocol, we observed an extremely strong relationship for FS (r = -0.91, p < .001) and very strong (r = -0.71, p < .05) for SP between these variables. Conclusion: Therefore, the AMRAP and FT training models induce the highest degrees of mechanical fatigue in the FS and SP exercises, and the Vfastest is a reliable tool for estimating relative intensity in resistance exercises of Cross modalities.
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15
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Miras-Moreno S, Pérez-Castilla A, Rojas-Ruiz FJ, García-Ramos A. Lifting velocity predicts the maximum number of repetitions to failure with comparable accuracy during the Smith machine and free-weight prone bench pull exercises. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19628. [PMID: 37809849 PMCID: PMC10558867 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the accuracy of the fastest mean velocity from set (MVfastest) to predict the maximum number of repetitions to failure (RTF) between 2 variants of prone bench pull (PBP) exercise (Smith machine and free-weight) and 3 methods (generalized, individualized multiple-point, and individualized 2-point). Twenty-three resistance-trained males randomly performed 2 sessions during Smith machine PBP and 2 sessions during free-weight PBP in different weeks. The first weekly session determined the RTF-MVfastest relationships and subjects completed single sets of repetitions to failure against 60-70-80-90%1RM. The second weekly session explored the accuracy of RTFs prediction under fatigue conditions and subjects completed 2 sets of 65%1RM and 2 sets of 85%1RM with 2 min of rest. The MVfastest associated with RTFs from 1 to 15 were greater for Smith machine compared to free-weight PBP (F ≥ 42.9; P < 0.001) and for multiple-point compared to 2-point method (F ≥ 4.6; P ≤ 0.043). The errors when predicting RTFs did not differ between methods and PBP variants, whereas all RTF-MVfastest relationships overestimated the RTF under fatigue conditions. These results suggest that RTF-MVfastest relationships present similar accuracy during Smith machine and free-weight PBP exercises and it should be constructed under similar training conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Rojas-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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16
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Hernández-Belmonte A, Buendía-Romero Á, Pallares JG, Martínez-Cava A. Velocity-Based Method in Free-Weight and Machine-Based Training Modalities: The Degree of Freedom Matters. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e500-e509. [PMID: 37015023 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hernández-Belmonte, A, Buendía-Romero, Á, Pallares, JG, and Martínez-Cava, A. Velocity-based method in free-weight and machine-based training modalities: the degree of freedom matters. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e500-e509, 2023-This study aimed to analyze and compare the load-velocity relationships of free-weight and machine-based modalities of 4 resistance exercises. Moreover, we examined the influence of the subject's strength level on these load-velocity relationships. Fifty men completed a loading test in the free-weight and machine-based modalities of the bench press, full squat, shoulder press, and prone bench pull exercises. General and individual relationships between relative intensity (%1RM) and velocity variables were studied through the coefficient of determination ( R2 ) and standard error of the estimate ( SEE ). Moreover, the velocity attained to each %1RM was compared between both modalities. Subjects were divided into stronger and weaker to study whether the subject's strength level influences the mean test (mean propulsive velocity [MPV Test ]) and 1RM (MPV 1RM ) velocities. For both modalities, very close relationships ( R2 ≥ 0.95) and reduced estimation errors were found when velocity was analyzed as a dependent ( SEE ≤ 0.086 m·s -1 ) and independent ( SEE ≤ 5.7% 1RM) variable concerning the %1RM. Fits were found to be higher ( R2 ≥ 0.995) for individual load-velocity relationships. Concerning the between-modality comparison, the velocity attained at each intensity (from 30 to 100% 1RM) was significantly faster for the free-weight variant. Finally, nonsignificant differences were found when comparing MPV Test (differences ≤ 0.02 m·s -1 ) and MPV 1RM (differences ≤ 0.01 m·s -1 ) between stronger and weaker subjects. These findings prove the accuracy and stability of the velocity-based method in the free-weight and machine-based variants but highlight the need to use the load-velocity relationship (preferably the individual one) specific to each training modality.
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17
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Ruiz-Cárdenas JD, Montemurro A, Del Mar Martínez-García M, Rodríguez-Juan JJ. Concurrent and discriminant validity and reliability of an Android App to assess time, velocity and power during sit-to-stand test in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023:10.1007/s40520-023-02451-6. [PMID: 37306926 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, smartphones are equipped with the most sophisticated hardware which provides the opportunity to develop specific smartphone apps to analyze kinetic and kinematic parameters during sit-to-stand test in a clinical setting. The aims were to ascertain whether a new Android video-analysis based-App is comparable to the previously validated Apple-App for measuring time, velocity and power during sit-to-stand test, to determine its reliability and discriminant validity. METHODS One-hundred sixty-one older adults (61-86 years) were recruited from an elderly social center. Sit-to-stand variables were simultaneously recorded through the Android and Apple-App. Their validity and inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability was tested using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2-1). Low gait speed (< 1.0 m/s), low physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery < 10 points), and sarcopenia (EWGSOP2 guideline) were used to determine discriminant validity which was reported as the area under the curves (AUC) and their effect sizes (Hedges' g) for independent sample t-test. RESULTS Excellent reproducibility (ICC2-1 > 0.85) and strong agreement (ICC2-1 > 0.90) between operating systems for sit-to-stand variables derived from the App was found. Older adults classified as sarcopenic (11.2%), low physical performance (15.5%), or reduced gait speed (14.3%) showed worse sit-to-stand time, velocity and power with large effect sizes (Hedges' g: > 0.8) compared to their respective counterpart. These variables showed the acceptable-to-excellent ability to identify low gait speed, low physical performance, and sarcopenic older adults (AUC-range: 0.73-0.82). CONCLUSION The new Sit-to-Stand App running on the Android operating system is comparable to the previously validated Apple App. Excellent reproducibility and acceptable-to-excellent discriminant validity were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Ruiz-Cárdenas
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Occupational Therapy, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, Guadalupe de Maciascoque, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alessio Montemurro
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Occupational Therapy, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, Guadalupe de Maciascoque, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Martínez-García
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Occupational Therapy, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, Guadalupe de Maciascoque, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Cystic Fibrosis Association of Murcia, Av. de Las Palmeras, 37, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan J Rodríguez-Juan
- Physiotherapy Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Ciencias de La Salud, 30120, Murcia, Spain
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18
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Jukic I, King A, Sousa CA, Prnjak K, McGuigan MR. Implementing a velocity-based approach to resistance training: the reproducibility and sensitivity of different velocity monitoring technologies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7152. [PMID: 37130910 PMCID: PMC10154341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the reproducibility of GymAware, PUSH2 and Vmaxpro velocity monitoring devices during resistance training (RT). The sensitivity of these devices to detect the smallest changes in velocity that correspond to true changes in RT performance was also investigated. Fifty-one resistance-trained men and women performed an incremental loading (1RM) test, and two repetitions to failure tests with different loads, 72 h apart. During all repetitions, mean velocity (MV) and peak velocity (PV) were simultaneously recorded by two devices of each brand. Overall, GymAware was the most reliable and sensitive device for detecting the smallest changes in RT performance, regardless of the velocity metric used. Vmaxpro can be considered as an equivalent, cheaper alternative to GymAware for RT monitoring and prescription, but only if the MV metric is used. Caution should be exercised when using PUSH2 in practice due to their comparatively higher, unacceptable measurement error and generally low sensitivity to detect changes in RT performance. Collectively, these findings support the use of MV and PV from GymAware and MV from Vmaxpro devices for RT monitoring and prescription due to their low magnitudes of error; thus, allowing for the detection of meaningful changes in neuromuscular status and functional performance during RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew King
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colby A Sousa
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katarina Prnjak
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Lu C, Zhang K, Cui Y, Tian Y, Wang S, Cao J, Shen Y. Development and Evaluation of a Full-Waveform Resistance Training Monitoring System Based on a Linear Position Transducer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2435. [PMID: 36904637 PMCID: PMC10007005 DOI: 10.3390/s23052435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in training monitoring are centered on the statistical indicators of the concentric phase of the movement. However, those studies lack consideration of the integrity of the movement. Moreover, training performance evaluation needs valid data on the movement. Thus, this study presents a full-waveform resistance training monitoring system (FRTMS) as a whole-movement-process monitoring solution to acquire and analyze the full-waveform data of resistance training. The FRTMS includes a portable data acquisition device and a data processing and visualization software platform. The data acquisition device monitors the barbell's movement data. The software platform guides users through the acquisition of training parameters and provides feedback on the training result variables. To validate the FRTMS, we compared the simultaneous measurements of 30-90% 1RM of Smith squat lifts performed by 21 subjects with the FRTMS to similar measurements obtained with a previously validated three-dimensional motion capture system. Results showed that the FRTMS produced practically identical velocity outcomes, with a high Pearson's correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and coefficient of multiple correlations and a low root mean square error. We also studied the applications of the FRTMS in practical training by comparing the training results of a six-week experimental intervention with velocity-based training (VBT) and percentage-based training (PBT). The current findings suggest that the proposed monitoring system can provide reliable data for refining future training monitoring and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changda Lu
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinsheng Tian
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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García-Orea GP, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Ballester-Sánchez Á, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Belando-Pedreño N. Upper-lower body super-sets vs. traditional sets for inducing chronic athletic performance improvements. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14636. [PMID: 36846453 PMCID: PMC9951798 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To promote chronic adaptations, resistance training needs the manipulation of different variables, among them, the order of the exercises and sets. Specifically, for velocity-based training, paired exercises alternating upper and/or lower-body muscle groups appear to be a good choice to promote neuromuscular adaptations. Objective This study aimed to compare the effect of two velocity-based training programs only differing in the set configuration on muscle strength, muscular endurance and jump performance. Methods Moderately strength-trained men were allocated into a traditional (TS, n= 8) or alternating sets (AS, n= 9) configuration group to perform a 6-week velocity-based training program using the full squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) exercises. The TS group completed all sets of the full squat (SQ) exercise before performing the bench press (BP) sets, whereas the AS group completed the first set of each exercise in an alternating manner. Training frequency, relative load, number of sets, percentage of velocity loss (%VL) within the set and inter-set rest were matched for both groups. Countermovement jump height (CMJ), load (kg)-velocity relationship, predicted 1RM, and muscular endurance for each exercise were evaluated at pre- and post-training. Results The TS and AS groups obtained similar and non-significant improvements in CMJ (3.01 ± 4.84% and 3.77 ± 6.12%, respectively). Both groups exhibited significant and similar increases in muscle strength variables in SQ (6.19-11.55% vs. 6.90-011.76%; p = 0.033-0.044, for TS and AS, respectively), BP (6.19-13.87% and 3.99-9.58%; p = 0.036-0.049, for TS and AS group, respectively), and muscular endurance in BP (7.29 ± 7.76% and 7.72 ± 9.73%; p = 0.033, for the TS and AS group, respectively). However, the AS group showed a greater improvement in muscular endurance in SQ than the TS group (10.19 ± 15.23% vs. 2.76 ± 7.39%; p = 0.047, respectively). Total training time per session was significantly shorter (p = 0.000) for AS compared to TS group. Conclusions Training programs performing AS between SQ and BP exercises with moderate loads and %VL induce similar jump and strength improvements, but in a more time-efficient manner, than the traditional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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21
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Nosaka K, Alarcón-Gómez J, Martín-Rivera F. Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement System for Linear Movement Velocity in Flywheel Squat Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2193. [PMID: 36850788 PMCID: PMC9958668 DOI: 10.3390/s23042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of an Inertial Measurement System integrated into a secondary pulley (IMS) for determining linear velocity during flywheel squat exercises. Thirty-one male participants who were highly experienced in a flywheel resistance exercise training performed flywheel squat exercises with three incremental loads, and mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and max velocity (Vmax) of the exercises were simultaneously recorded with a validated linear encoder and the IMS, in two different sessions. Validity was analyzed using ordinary least products regression (OLP), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Hedge's g for the values from the linear encoder and the IMS. Test-retest reliability was determined by coefficient of variation (CV), Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results showed a high degree of validity (OLP intercept = -0.09-0.00, OLP slope = 0.95-1.04, CCC = 0.96-0.99, Hedge's g < 0.192, SEM = 0.04-0.08) and reliability (CV < 0.21%, ICC > 0.88, SEM < 0.08). These results confirm that the IMS provides valid and reliable measures of movement velocity during flywheel squat exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jesús Alarcón-Gómez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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22
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Villalon-Gasch L, Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Olaya-Cuartero J, Pueo B. Test-Retest and Between-Device Reliability of Vmaxpro IMU at Hip and Ankle for Vertical Jump Measurement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2068. [PMID: 36850666 PMCID: PMC9960825 DOI: 10.3390/s23042068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate force in the lower body can be considered a performance factor in sports. This study aims to analyze the test-retest and between-device reliability related to the location on the body of the inertial measurement unit Vmaxpro for the estimation of vertical jump. Eleven highly trained female athletes performed 220 countermovement jumps (CMJ). Data were simultaneously captured by two Vmaxpro units located between L4 and L5 vertebrae (hip method) and on top of the tibial malleolus (ankle method). Intrasession reliability was higher for ankle (ICC = 0.96; CCC = 0.93; SEM = 1.0 cm; CV = 4.64%) than hip (ICC = 0.91; CCC = 0.92; SEM = 3.4 cm; CV = 5.13%). In addition, sensitivity was higher for ankle (SWC = 0.28) than for the hip method (SWC = 0.40). The noise of the measurement (SEM) was higher than the worthwhile change (SWC), indicating lack of ability to detect meaningful changes. The agreement between methods was moderate (rs = 0.84; ICC = 0.77; CCC = 0.25; SEM = 1.47 cm). Significant differences were detected between methods (-8.5 cm, p < 0.05, ES = 2.2). In conclusion, the location of the device affects the measurement by underestimating CMJ on ankle. Despite the acceptable consistency of the instrument, the results of the reliability analysis reveal a significant magnitude of both random and systematic error. As such, the Vmaxpro should not be considered a reliable instrument for measuring CMJ.
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23
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Muriel X, Hernández-Belmonte A, Mateo-March M, Valenzuela PL, Zabala M, Barranco-Gil D, Lucia A, Pallares JG. Is the Record Power Profile Repeatable? A Practical Analysis and Interpretation in Professional Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1131-1134. [PMID: 36607237 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Muriel, X, Hernández-Belmonte, A, Mateo-March, M, Valenzuela, PL, Zabala, M, Barranco-Gil, D, Lucia, A, and Pallares, JG. Is the record power profile repeatable? A practical analysis and interpretation in professional cyclists. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study assessed the repeatability of the Record Power Profile (RPP, i.e., the highest power output that a cyclist can attain for different effort durations under field-based conditions). We registered the RPP of 12 professional cyclists (age 32 ± 5 years) for efforts lasting between 30 seconds and 60 minutes during 3 periods of a season, each of 23-day duration: preparation (including training data only), specific (training and competition data), and competition (competition data only) periods. Repeatability was assessed using the highest 2 (RPP 2 ), 3 (RPP 3 ), and 5 (RPP 5 ) values of mean maximum power obtained by the cyclists for each effort duration in each of the 3 periods. Smaller standard errors of measurement ( SEM ) were found as the competitive period approached, especially for short-duration efforts (i.e., 30 seconds, 1 minute, and 5 minutes, where SEM ranged from 4.3 to 12.5%, 4.1-8.5%, and 2.6-7.0% in the preparation, specific, and competition periods, respectively). However, similar SEM values were found in the 3 periods for RPP 2 , RPP 3 , or RPP 5. In conclusion, the RPP appears as a repeatable parameter for monitoring field-based performance within the different phases of the season in professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Muriel
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Sport Science Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education & Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - David Barranco-Gil
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Grupo de Investigación en Actividad física y Salud (PaHerg), Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Jesús G Pallares
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Marques DL, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Pires IM, Nunes C, Marques MC. Estimating the relative load from movement velocity in the seated chest press exercise in older adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285386. [PMID: 37141287 PMCID: PMC10159201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to i) determine the load-velocity relationship in the seated chest press in older adults, ii) compare the magnitude of the relationship between peak and mean velocity with the relative load, and iii) analyze the differences between sexes in movement velocity for each relative load in the chest press. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-two older adults (17 women and 15 men; 79.6±7.7 years) performed a chest press progressive loading test up to the one-repetition maximum (1RM). The fastest peak and mean velocity reached with each weight were analyzed. Quadratic equations were developed for both sexes and the effectiveness of the regression model was analyzed through a residual analysis. The equations were cross-validated, considering the holdout method. The independent samples t-test analyzed i) the differences in the magnitude of the relationship between peak and mean velocity with the relative load and ii) the differences between sexes in the peak and mean velocity for each relative load. RESULTS It was possible to observe very strong quadratic load-velocity relationships in the seated chest press in women (peak velocity: r2 = 0.97, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 4.5% 1RM; mean velocity: r2 = 0.96, SEE = 5.3% 1RM) and men (peak velocity: r2 = 0.98, SEE = 3.8% 1RM; mean velocity: r2 = 0.98, SEE = 3.8% 1RM) without differences (p>0.05) in the magnitude of the relationship between peak and mean velocity with the relative load. Furthermore, there was no overfitting in the regression models due to the high and positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.98-0.99). Finally, men presented higher (p<0.001) lifting velocities than women in almost all relative loads, except for 95-100% 1RM (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Measuring repetition velocity during the seated chest press is an objective approach to estimating the relative load in older adults. Furthermore, given the velocity differences between older women and men at submaximal loads, it is recommended to use sex-specific equations to estimate and prescribe the relative loads in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Luís Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ivan Miguel Pires
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Célia Nunes
- Department of Mathematics, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Centre of Mathematics and Applications, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Cardoso Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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25
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Jimeno-Almazán A, Buendía-Romero Á, Martínez-Cava A, Franco-López F, Sánchez-Alcaraz BJ, Courel-Ibáñez J, Pallarés JG. Effects of a concurrent training, respiratory muscle exercise, and self-management recommendations on recovery from post-COVID-19 conditions: the RECOVE trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:95-104. [PMID: 36476156 PMCID: PMC9829459 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of physical exercise, respiratory muscle training, and the self-management World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations leaflet on the recovery of physical fitness, quality of life, and symptom status in people with post-COVID-19 conditions. Eighty nonhospitalized adults with a post-COVID-19 condition were randomly assigned to one of four 8-wk parallel intervention groups: 1) multicomponent exercise program based on concurrent training (CT, number of subjects (n) = 20; 3 resistance and endurance supervised sessions per week at low-moderate intensity); 2) inspiratory muscle training (RM, n = 17; 2 standardized daily sessions); 3) a combination of both of the above (CTRM, n = 23); and 4) control group (CON, n = 20; following the WHO guidelines for post-COVID-19-related illness rehabilitation). No significant differences between groups were detected at baseline. Although no significant differences between interventions were detected in the V̇o2max, significant individual improvements were identified in the CT (7.5%; effect size, ES = 0.28) and CTRM (7.8%; ES = 0.36) groups. Lower body muscle strength significantly improved in the CT and CTRM (14.5%-32.6%; ES = 0.27-1.13) groups compared with RM and CON (-0.3% to 11.3%; ES = 0.10-0.19). The CT and CTRM groups improved significantly for dyspnea and fatigue, as did the health status. In addition, significant differences between interventions were described in fatigue and depression scales favoring CT and CTRM interventions. An individualized and supervised concurrent training with or without inspiratory muscle training was safe and more effective than self-care recommendations and inspiratory muscle training alone, to regain cardiovascular and muscular fitness, improve symptom severity, and health status in outpatients with post-COVID-19 conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eight weeks of concurrent training, with or without inspiratory muscle exercise, was better than WHO "Support for Rehabilitation: Self-Management after COVID-19-Related Illness" recommendations or inspiratory muscle training alone to improve cardiopulmonary fitness, strength, and symptom severity, in a safe and effective manner. The RECOVE trial proved the benefits and utility of a supervised exercise program in people with post-COVID-19 conditions after mild COVID-19 in an ambulatory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Jimeno-Almazán
- 1Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain,2General Subdirectorate for Healthcare Quality, Safety and Evaluation, Murcia Health Service, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Buendía-Romero
- 1Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- 1Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- 1Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- 3Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain
| | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- 1Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Acute Mechanical and Metabolic Responses to Different Resistance Training Protocols With Equated Volume Load. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:402-413. [PMID: 36812922 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of different resistance training protocols with equated volume load on acute mechanical and metabolic responses. METHODS In a randomized order, 18 men performed 8 different training protocols in the bench press exercise consisting of (sets, repetitions, intensity, and interset recoveries) 3 × 16, 40% 1-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 and 5 minutes; 6 × 8, 40% 1RM, 2 and 5 minutes; 3 × 8, 80% 1RM, 2 and 5 minutes; and 6 × 4, 80% 1RM, 2 and 5 minutes. Volume load was equalized between protocols (1920 arbitrary units). Velocity loss and effort index were calculated during the session. Movement velocity against the 60% 1RM and blood lactate concentration pre-post exercise were used to assess the mechanical and metabolic responses, respectively. RESULTS Resistance training protocols performed with heavy load (80% 1RM) resulted in a lower (P < .05) total number of repetitions (effect size = -2.44) and volume load (effect size = -1.79) than the scheduled ones when longer set configurations and shorter rest periods were used in the same protocol (ie, higher-training-density protocols). Protocols including a higher number of repetitions per set and shorter rest times induced higher velocity loss, effort index, and lactate concentrations than the rest of the protocols. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that resistance training protocols with similar volume load but different training variables (ie, intensity, number of sets and repetitions, rest between sets) produce different responses. Implementing a lower number of repetitions per set and longer rest intervals is recommended to reduce the intrasession and postsession fatigue.
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27
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Rum L, Sciarra T, Balletti N, Lazich A, Bergamini E. Validation of an Automatic Inertial Sensor-Based Methodology for Detailed Barbell Velocity Monitoring during Maximal Paralympic Bench Press. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9904. [PMID: 36560273 PMCID: PMC9784026 DOI: 10.3390/s22249904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Current technologies based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) are considered valid and reliable tools for monitoring barbell velocity in strength training. However, the extracted outcomes are often limited to a few velocity metrics, such as mean or maximal velocity. This study aimed at validating a single IMU-based methodology to automatically obtain the barbell velocity full profile as well as key performance metrics during maximal Paralympic bench press. Seven Paralympic powerlifters (age: 30.5 ± 4.3 years, sitting height: 71.6 ± 6.8 cm, body mass: 72.5 ± 16.4 kg, one-repetition maximum: 148.4 ± 38.6 kg) performed four attempts of maximal Paralympic bench press. The barbell velocity profile and relevant metrics were automatically obtained from IMU linear acceleration through a custom-made algorithm and validated against a video-based reference system. The mean difference between devices was 0.00 ± 0.04 m·s−1 with low limits of agreement (<0.09 m·s−1) and moderate-to-good reliability (ICC: 0.55−0.90). Linear regression analysis showed large-to-very large associations between paired measurements (r: 0.57−0.91, p < 0.003; SEE: 0.02−0.06 m·s−1). The analysis of velocity curves showed a high spatial similarity and small differences between devices. The proposed methodology provided a good level of agreement, making it suitable for different applications in barbell velocity monitoring during maximal Paralympic bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rum
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciarra
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Balletti
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Aldo Lazich
- Defense Veterans Center, Celio Army Medical Center, 00184 Rome, Italy
- DIAG, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. De Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Acute Effects of Heavy Strength Training on Mechanical, Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Psychophysiological Parameters in Young Adult Males. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120195. [PMID: 36548492 PMCID: PMC9781862 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the acute effects of heavy strength training on mechanical, hemodynamic, metabolic, and psychophysiological responses in adult males. Thirteen recreational level males (23.3 ± 1.5 years) randomly performed two heavy strength training sessions (3 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% of one repetition maximum [1RM]) using the bench press (HST-BP) or full squat (HST-FS)). The repetition velocity was recorded in both sessions. Moreover, before and after the sessions, the velocity attained against the ~1.00 m·s−1 load (V1Load) in the HST-BP, countermovement jump (CMJ) height in the HST-FS, blood pressure, heart rate, blood lactate, and psychophysiological responses (OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale for Resistance Exercise) were measured. There were differences between exercises in the number of repetitions performed in the first and third sets (both <8 repetitions). The velocity loss was higher in the HST-BP than in the HST-FS (50.8 ± 10.0% vs. 30.7 ± 9.5%; p < 0.001). However, the mechanical fatigue (V1Load vs. CMJ height) and the psychophysiological response did not differ between sessions (p > 0.05). The HST-FS caused higher blood pressure and heart rate responses than the HST-BP (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively) and greater blood lactate changes from pre-training to post-set 1 (p < 0.05). These results showed that the number of maximal repetitions performed in both sessions was lower than the target number and decreased across sets. Moreover, the HST-BP caused a higher velocity loss than the HST-FS. Finally, the HST-FS elicited higher hemodynamic and metabolic demand than the HST-BP.
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Jimeno-Almazán A, Martínez-Cava A, Buendía-Romero Á, Franco-López F, Sánchez-Agar JA, Sánchez-Alcaraz BJ, Tufano JJ, Pallarés JG, Courel-Ibáñez J. Relationship between the severity of persistent symptoms, physical fitness, and cardiopulmonary function in post-COVID-19 condition. A population-based analysis. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2199-2208. [PMID: 35904700 PMCID: PMC9335466 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical fitness, cardiopulmonary function and patient-reported severity of symptoms in people with post-COVID-19 condition. We examined ambulatory patients (n = 72) with post-COVID-19 condition who had a chronic symptomatic phase lasting > 12 weeks from the onset of symptoms, but had not been hospitalized for acute COVID-19. A comprehensive medical screening was conducted, including clinical history, symptomatology, comorbidities, body composition and physical activity levels. We then identified the relationship between physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength), cardiopulmonary function (echocardiographic and spirometry parameters) and patient-reported severity of symptoms (fatigue, dyspnea, health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression). Age, body mass index, sex, number of comorbidities and duration of symptoms were included as potential confounders. Results showed that greater physical fitness and cardiopulmonary function were associated with lower severity of symptoms in people with post-COVID-19 condition. Cardiorespiratory fitness, lower-limb muscle strength, maximal voluntary ventilation and left ventricular ejection fraction account for reducing fatigue and dyspnea. Greater physical activity levels were associated with fewer symptoms and less-severe fatigue and dyspnea. In conclusion, preserving better cardiopulmonary health and physical condition during the course of the disease-even in mild cases-was related to a lower intensity of symptoms in non-hospitalized people with post-COVID-19 condition. It is probable that exercise and physical conditioning are valuable pre- and post-COVID-19 countermeasures that could help decrease the severity, not only of acute infection, but of post-COVID-19 persistent symptoms and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Jimeno-Almazán
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, 30202, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Agar
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
- Family Medicine Residency, Hospital Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30730, San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 16252, Prague, Czech Republic.
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30
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Jimeno‐Almazán A, Franco‐López F, Buendía‐Romero Á, Martínez‐Cava A, Sánchez‐Agar JA, Martínez BJS, Courel‐Ibáñez J, Pallarés JG. Rehabilitation for
post‐COVID
‐19 condition through a supervised exercise intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1791-1801. [PMID: 36111386 PMCID: PMC9538729 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Jimeno‐Almazán
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena Murcia Spain
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco Franco‐López
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Ángel Buendía‐Romero
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez‐Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez‐Agar
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia Murcia Spain
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Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Pueo B, Mossi JM, Villalon-Gasch L. Reliability of My Jump 2 Derived from Crouching and Standing Observation Heights. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19169854. [PMID: 36011491 PMCID: PMC9408288 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The crouching or prone-on-the-ground observation heights suggested by the My Jump app are not practical in some settings, so users usually hold smartphones in a standing posture. This study aimed to analyze the reliability of My Jump 2 from the standardized and standing positions. Two identical smartphones recorded 195 countermovement jump executions from 39 active adult athletes at heights 30 and 90 cm, which were randomly assessed by three experienced observers. The between-observer reliability was high for both observation heights separately (ICC~0.99; SEM~0.6 cm; CV~1.3%) with low systematic (0.1 cm) and random (±1.7 cm) errors. The within-observer reliability for the three observers comparing the standardized and standing positions was high (ICC~0.99; SEM~0.7 cm; CV~1.4%), showing errors of 0.3 ± 1.9 cm. Observer 2 was the least accurate out of the three, although reliability remained similar to the levels of agreement found in the literature. The reliability of the mean observations in each height also revealed high reliability (ICC = 0.993; SEM = 0.51 cm; CV = 1.05%, error 0.32 ± 1.4 cm). Therefore, the reliability in the standing position did not change with respect to the standardized position, so it can be regarded as an alternative method to using My Jump 2 with practical added benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basilio Pueo
- Physical Education and Sport, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose M. Mossi
- ITeam, Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Walker S, Häkkinen K, Virtanen R, Mane S, Bachero-Mena B, Pareja-Blanco F. Acute neuromuscular and hormonal responses to 20% vs 40% velocity-loss in males and females before and after 8 weeks of velocity-loss resistance training. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1046-1060. [PMID: 35930559 PMCID: PMC9542169 DOI: 10.1113/ep090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do males and females differ in fatiguability during dynamic loadings, and what are the acute neuromuscular and hormonal responses to 20% versus 40% velocity-loss resistance loadings? How does an 8-week velocity-loss resistance training period modify acute neuromuscular and hormonal responses in males and females? What is the main finding and its importance? Utilizing resistance training methods that regulate the within-set fatigue limit, males appeared to be more susceptible to fatigue than females before the training period. This between-sex difference was diminished after training. The predominant mechanisms of fatigue from 20% and 40% velocity-based resistance training appears to be within the musculature. ABSTRACT Scientific examination of velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) has increased recently, but how males and females respond to different VBRT protocols or how these acute responses are modified after a period of training is unknown. Habitually resistance-trained males and females followed either a 20% or 40% velocity-loss program for 8 weeks. Acute squat loading tests (5 sets, 70% 1-RM load, 3 minutes rest) were performed before and after the training period. Tests of maximum neuromuscular performance and blood sampling were conducted prior to, within 10 minutes of completion (POST) and 24 hours after each acute loading test. Testing included countermovement jump, resting femoral nerve electrical stimulation, and bilateral isometric leg press. Blood samples were analysed for whole-blood lactate, serum testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone and creatine kinase concentrations. Countermovement jump height, maximum isometric bilateral leg press force, and force from 10 Hz doublet decreased in all groups at POST after 20% and 40% velocity-loss. Only males showed reduced force from 100 Hz doublet and voluntary force over 100 ms at POST before training. 40% velocity-loss led to increased blood lactate and growth hormone responses before training in both males and females. After training, more systematic and equivalent responses in force over 100 ms, force from 100 Hz doublet and blood lactate were observed regardless of sex/VBRT protocol. Overall, acute responses were greater from 40% VBRT and males were more susceptible to acute loss in force production capacity before the training period. These VBRT protocol- and sex-related differences were diminished after training. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roosa Virtanen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shashank Mane
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Beatriz Bachero-Mena
- Department of Human Movement and Sports Performance, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Acute Effect of Upper-Lower Body Super-Set vs. Traditional-Set Configurations on Bar Execution Velocity and Volume. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070110. [PMID: 35878121 PMCID: PMC9323249 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect on bar execution velocity and number of repetitions between two velocity-based resistance training protocols only differing in the set configuration of the full-squat (SQ) and bench-press (BP) exercises. Moderately strength-trained men were assigned to a traditional (TS, n = 9)- or an alternating-set (AS, n = 10) configuration group to perform four testing sessions against different relative loads (55−60−65−70% 1RM). Relative load, magnitude of intra-set velocity loss (%VL), number of sets, inter-set recovery time, and exercise order were matched for both groups in each session. Mean propulsive velocity of the first repetition (MPVfirst), average number of repetitions per set (NRS), total number of repetitions (TNR), and total training time per session (TT) were measured. No significant differences between training conditions were observed for any relative load in MPVfirst, NRS, and TNR in both exercises. The TS group completed a significantly higher number of repetitions (p < 0.05) at faster velocities (MPV > 0.9−1.1 m·s−1) in the SQ. In conclusion, training sessions performing AS between SQ and BP exercises with moderate relative loads and %VL result in similar bar execution velocity and volume, but in a more time-efficient manner, than the traditional approach.
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Lifting Velocity as a Predictor of the Maximum Number of Repetitions That Can Be Performed to Failure During the Prone Bench Pull Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1213-1221. [PMID: 35700976 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore (1) the goodness of fit of generalized and individualized relationships between the maximum number of repetitions performed to failure (RTF) and the fastest mean velocity and peak velocity of the sets (RTF-velocity relationships), (2) the between-sessions reliability of mean velocity and peak velocity values associated with different RTFs, and (3) whether the errors in the prediction of the RTF under fatigued and nonfatigued conditions differ between generalized and individualized RTF-velocity relationships. METHODS Twenty-three sport-science students performed 4 testing sessions with the prone bench pull exercise in a Smith machine: a 1-repetition-maximum [1RM] session, 2 identical sessions consisting of singles sets of RTF against 4 randomized loads (60%-70%-80%-90%1RM), and 1 session consisting of 4 sets of RTF against the 75%1RM. RESULTS Individualized RTF-velocity relationships presented a higher goodness of fit (r2 = .96-.97 vs .67-.70) and accuracy (absolute errors = 2.1-2.9 repetitions vs 2.8-4.3 repetitions) in the prediction of the RTF than generalized RTF-velocity relationships. The reliability of the velocity values associated with different RTFs was generally high (average within-subject coefficient of variation = 4.01% for mean velocity and 3.98% for peak velocity). The error in the prediction of the RTF increased by ~1 repetition under fatigue (ie, set 1 vs sets 2-4). CONCLUSIONS Individualized RTF-velocity relationships can be used with acceptable precision and reliability to prescribe the loads associated with a given RTF during the match a specific XRM during the prone bench pull exercise, but a lower accuracy is expected in a fatigued state.
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Acute Effects of Concurrent High-Intensity Interval Cycling and Bench-Press Loading on Upper- and Lower-Body Explosive Strength Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1077-1084. [PMID: 35418511 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute effects of lower-body high-intensity interval loading (HIIT) on explosive upper- and lower-body strength, as well as the combined effect of HIIT and bench-press loading versus HIIT and squat loading on the explosive upper- and lower-body strength. METHODS Fifteen physically active men completed 2 sessions consisting of HIIT (4 × 4 min cycling at 80% of peak power output) immediately followed by lower- (HIIT + LBS) or upper-body (HIIT + UBS) strength loading (3 × 5 + 3 × 3 repetitions at 80% 1-repetition maximum [ie, 6 sets in total]) in a randomized order. Squat and bench-press mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was assessed before HIIT (T0), immediately after HIIT (T1), immediately after the strength loading (T2), and 24 hours after the experimental session (T3). RESULTS Squat MPV decreased to a similar magnitude at T1 in HIIT + LBS (-5.3% [7.6%], P = .117, g = .597) and HIIT + UBS (-5.7% [6.9%], P = .016, g = .484), while bench press remained unchanged (-1.4% [4.7%], P = 1.000, g = .152, and -1.0% [7.0%], P = 1.000, g = .113, respectively). Both squat and bench-press MPV were statistically reduced at T2 compared to T0 (HIIT + LBS: -7.5% [7.8%], P = .016, g = .847, and -6.8% [4.6%], P < .001, g = .724; HIIT + UBS: -3.9% [3.8%], P = .007, g = .359, and -15.5% [6.7%], P < .001, d = 1.879). Bench-press MPV at T2 was significantly lower in HIIT + UBS when compared to HIIT + LBS (P = .002, d = 1.219). CONCLUSION These findings indicate lower- but not upper-body explosive strength to be acutely reduced by preceding lower-body HIIT. However, lower-body HIIT combined with either upper- or lower-body strength loading resulted in a similar acute reduction of both squat and bench-press explosive strength.
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Strength and Athletic Adaptations Produced by 4 Programming Models: A Velocity-Based Intervention Using a Real-Context Routine. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1044-1053. [PMID: 35361734 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the strength and athletic adaptations induced by 4 programming models. METHODS Fifty-two men were allocated into 1 of the following models: linear programming (intensity increased while intraset volume decreased), undulating programming (intensity and intraset volume were varied in each session or set of sessions), reverse programming (intensity decreased while intraset volume increased), or constant programming (intensity and intraset volume kept constant throughout the training plan). All groups completed a 10-week resistance-training program made up of the free-weight bench press, squat, deadlift, prone bench pull, and shoulder press exercises. The 4 models used the same frequency (2 sessions per week), number of sets (3 per exercise), interset recoveries (4 min), and average intensity throughout the intervention (77.5%). The velocity-based method was used to accurately adjust the planned intensity for each model. RESULTS The 4 programming models exhibited significant pre-post changes in most strength variables analyzed. When considering the effect sizes for the 5 exercises trained, we observed that the undulating programming (mean effect size = 0.88-2.92) and constant programming (mean effect size = 0.61-1.65) models induced the highest and lowest strength enhancements, respectively. Moreover, the 4 programming models were found to be effective to improve performance during shorter (jump and sprint tests) and longer (upper- and lower-limb Wingate test) anaerobic tasks, with no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION The linear, undulating, reverse, and constant programming models are similarly effective to improve strength and athletic performance when they are implemented in a real-context routine.
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Buendía-Romero Á, Vetrovsky T, Estévez-López F, Courel-Ibáñez J. Effect of physical exercise cessation on strength, functional, metabolic and structural outcomes in older adults: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052913. [PMID: 34873006 PMCID: PMC8650478 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is not a doubt that tailored exercise is an effective non-pharmacological approach for preventing, mitigating and even reversing ageing-related alterations. However, older adults are likely to experience prolonged periods of inactivity and training cessation periods as a consequence of falls or hospitalisation. Although recent evidence supports that exercise could have a protective effect and help in recovering, there is to date a lack of consensus about what kind of physical exercise prescription and training duration would produce better outcomes after training cessation periods. The current study will determine the effects that available exercise prescriptions produced in older adults in preserving physical conditioning following inactivity periods. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic search of the literature will be conducted in three databases, namely PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, from inception to 1 February 2021. Only randomised controlled trials written in English or Spanish will be eligible. No year of publication restriction will be applied. Eligible studies will contain information on population (older adults over 60 years old), intervention (inactivity period, exercise programme their duration), comparator (treatment as usual or waiting list) and outcomes (strength, functional capacity, metabolic health and skeletal muscle structure). Two independent reviewers will (1) search, screen and select studies, (2) extract data about their main characteristics and (3) evaluate their methodological and reporting quality. When disagreements emerge, the reviewers will discuss to reach a consensus. We plan to conduct meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesise the effects under study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As systematic reviews use publicly available data, no formal ethical review and approval are needed. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal(s) and presented at conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021235092.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomas Vetrovsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
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Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Research into flywheel (FW) resistance training and force–velocity–power (F–v–P) profiling has recently gained attention. Ground reaction force (GRF) and velocity (v) during FW squats can be predicted from shaft rotational data. Our study aimed to compare the inter-set reliability of GRF, v, and F–v–P relationship output variables calculated from force plates and linear encoder (presumed gold-standard) and rotary encoder data. Fifty participants performed two sets of FW squats at four inertias. Peak and mean concentric and eccentric GRF, v, and F–v–P outcomes from mean variables during the concentric phase of the squat were calculated. Good to excellent reliability was found for GRF and v (ICC > 0.85), regardless of the measure and the variable type. The F–v–P outcomes showed moderate to good reliability (ICC > 0.74). Inter-measure bias (p < 0.05) was found in the majority of GRF and v variables, as well as for all the calculated F–v–P outcomes (trivial to large TEs) with very large to perfect correlations for v (r 0.797–0.948), GRF (r 0.712–0.959), and, finally, F–v–P outcomes (ICC 0.737–0.943). Rotary encoder overestimated the force plates and linear encoder variables, and the differences were dependent on the level of inertia. Despite high reliability, FW device users should be aware of the discrepancy between the measures.
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Moreno-Villanueva A, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of linear position transducers and linear velocity transducers: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2021:1-30. [PMID: 34726576 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1988136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to summarise and analyse the evidence on the reliability and validity of linear tranducers (LTs) in exercises of different nature and different modes of execution. This systematic review was carried out under PRISMA guidelines, and was carried out using three databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus). Of the 351 initially found, 21 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The results reflected that linear position transducers (LPTs) were valid and reliable in monitoring movement velocity in non-plyometric exercises. However, precision and reliability were lower in execution protocols without isometric phase and in the execution of exercises in multiple planes of movement, with greater measurement errors at higher sampling frequencies. On the other hand, linear velocity transducers (LVTs) proved to be valid and reliable in measuring velocity during plyometric and non-plyometric exercises performed on the Smith machine, with less variation in measurement in the latter. Finally, the use of peak values is recommended, since they are less dependent on the technological errors of LTs. Therefore, the performance of non-plyometric exercises, carried out in the Smith machine and with an isometric phase in the execution of the movement, will help to minimise the technological error of the LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Pérez-Castilla A, Fernandes JF, García-Ramos A. Validity of the bench press one-repetition maximum test predicted through individualized load-velocity relationship using different repetition criteria and minimal velocity thresholds. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-202247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: More practical and less fatiguing strategies have been developed to accurately predict the one-repetition maximum (1RM). OBJETIVE: To compare the accuracy of the estimation of the free-weight bench press 1RM between six velocity-based 1RM prediction methods. METHODS: Sixteen men performed an incremental loading test until 1RM on two separate occasions. The first session served to determine the minimal velocity threshold (MVT). The second session was used to determine the validity of the six 1RM prediction methods based on 2 repetition criteria (fastest or average velocity) and 3 MVTs (general MVT of 0.17 m⋅s-1, individual MVT of the preliminary session, and individual MVT of the validity session). Five loads (≈ 2540557085% of 1RM) were used to assess the individualized load-velocity relationships. RESULTS: The absolute difference between the actual and predicted 1RM were low (range = 2.7–3.7%) and did not reveal a significant main effect for repetition criterion (P= 0.402), MVT (P= 0.173) or their two-way interaction (P= 0.354). Furthermore, all 1RM prediction methods accurately estimated bench press 1RM (P⩾ 0.556; ES ⩽ 0.02; r⩾ 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The individualized load-velocity relationship provides an accurate prediction of the 1RM during the free-weight bench press exercise, while the repetition criteria and MVT do not appear to meaningfully affect the prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Buendía-Romero Á, Hernández-Belmonte A, Martínez-Cava A, García-Conesa S, Franco-López F, Conesa-Ros E, Courel-Ibáñez J. Isometric knee extension test: A practical, repeatable, and suitable tool for lower-limb screening among institutionalized older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111575. [PMID: 34582970 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the isometric knee extension test (IKE) test in terms of i) intra- and inter-session repeatability, and ii) relationship with functional and body composition factors of sarcopenia among institutionalized older adults. Thirteen institutionalized older adults (age = 87 ± 10 years, body mass [BM] = 73.1 ± 10.9 kg, body mass index [BMI] = 28.5 ± 3.8 kg·m2) were recruited from a nursing home. Variability of maximal isometric force registered in three IKE trials performed on the same day was used to examine intra-session repeatability, whereas inter-session repeatability was analyzed by comparing maximal isometric force from two different days. Furthermore, functional (Handgrip, 6-m Gait Speed, Time Up and Go [TUG], and Sit-to-stand tests) and body composition (appendicular lean mass adjusted by BMI, ALM/BMI) evaluations were conducted. Statistics included the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM), expressed in both absolute (N·kg-1) and relative terms (coefficient of variation, CV = 100 × SEM / mean). High to very high intra-session repeatability was found for both the dominant and non-dominant legs (CV ≤ 6.0%, ICC ≥ 0.989). Similarly, both legs showed high inter-session repeatability (SEM ≤ 0.26 N·kg-1, ICC ≥ 0.959). On the other hand, significant relationships were found between Dominant and Non-dominant IKE tests and 6-m Gait Speed (r = 0.77; r = 0.58), ALM/BMI (r = 0.62; r = 0.58), and Non-dominant Handgrip/BM (r = 0.60; r = 0.68). In addition, a significant association was found between Dominant IKE/BM and TUG (r = -0.74), as well as between Non-dominant IKE/BM and Dominant Handgrip/BM (r = 0.67). These findings suggest that the IKE test is a repeatable and suitable strategy for lower-limb screening in institutionalized older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Silverio García-Conesa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Elena Conesa-Ros
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain)
| | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, (Spain).
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Díez-Fernández DM, Baena-Raya A, Alcaraz-García C, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Soriano-Maldonado A. Improving resistance training prescription through the load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors: The case of the leg-press exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1765-1774. [PMID: 34353234 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1965220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (i) to analyse the load-velocity relationship in the bilateral leg-press exercise in female breast cancer survivors, (ii) to assess whether mean velocity (MV) or peak velocity (PV) show stronger relationship with the relative load, and (iii) to examine whether linear (LA) or polynomic (PA) adjustment predict the velocities associated with each %1RM with greater precision. Twenty-two female breast cancer survivors (age: 50.2 ± 10.8 years, weight: 69.6 ± 15.2 kg, height: 160.51 ± 5.25 cm) completed an incremental load test until 1RM in the bilateral leg-press exercise. The MV and the PV of the concentric phase were measured in each repetition using a linear velocity transducer, and were analysed by regression models using LA and PA. A very close relationship of MV (R2 = 0.924; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.08m.s-1 by LA, and R² = 0.952; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.063 m.s-1 by PA) and PV (R² = 0.928; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.119 m.s-1 by LA and R² = 0.941; p < 0.0001; SEE = 0.108 m.s-1 by PA) with %1RM were observed. The MV of 1RM was 0.24 ± 0.03 m·s-1, whereas the PV at 1RM was 0.60 ± 0.10 m.s-1. A comprehensive analysis of the bilateral leg-press load-velocity relationship in breast cancer survivors is presented. The results suggest that MV is the most recommendable velocity variable to prescribe the relative load during resistance training, and that the PA presents better accuracy to predict velocities associated with each %1RM, although LA is sufficiently valid to use this model as an alternative to the quadratic model. The implications for resistance training in breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Celia Alcaraz-García
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Informatics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Research, development and innovation (R&D+i) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport department, Sevilla Football Club, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Reproducibility of the Rotor 2INpower Crankset for Monitoring Cycling Power Output: A Comprehensive Analysis in Different Real-Context Situations. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:120-125. [PMID: 34186508 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reproducibility (intradevice and interdevice agreement) of the Rotor 2INpower device under a wide range of cycling conditions. METHODS Twelve highly trained male cyclists and triathletes completed 5 cycling tests, including graded exercise tests at different cadences (70-100 rpm), workloads (100-650 W), pedaling positions (seated and standing), and vibration conditions (20-40 Hz) and an 8-second maximal sprint (>1000 W). An intradevice analysis included a comparison between the power output registered by 3 units of Rotor 2INpower, whereas the power output provided by each one of these units and the gold-standard SRM crankset were compared for the interdevice analysis. Among others, statistical calculations included the standard error of measurement, expressed in absolute (in watts) and relative terms as the coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS Except for the graded exercise test seated at 100 rpm/100 W (CV = 10.2%), the intradevice analysis showed an acceptable magnitude of error (CV ≤ 6.9%, standard error of measurement ≤ 12.3 W) between the 3 Rotor 2INpower. Similarly, these 3 units showed an acceptable agreement with the gold standard in all graded exercise test situations (CV ≤ 4.0%, standard error of measurement ≤ 13.1 W). On the other hand, both the intradevice and interdevice agreements proved to be slightly reduced under high cadences (intradevice: CV ≤ 10.2%; interdevice: CV ≤ 4.0%) and vibration (intradevice: CV ≤ 4.0%; interdevice: CV ≤ 3.6%), as well as during standing pedaling (intradevice: CV ≤ 4.1%; interdevice: CV ≤ 2.5%). Although within the limits of an acceptable agreement, measurement errors increased during the sprint tests (CV ≤ 7.4%). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the Rotor 2INpower could be considered a reproducible tool to monitor power output in most cycling situations.
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Gleason BH, Hornsby WG, Suarez DG, Nein MA, Stone MH. Troubleshooting a Nonresponder: Guidance for the Strength and Conditioning Coach. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060083. [PMID: 34198730 PMCID: PMC8227041 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally an athlete would continue to improve performance indefinitely over time, however improvement slows as the athlete approaches their genetic limits. Measuring performance is complex—performance may be temporarily depressed following aggressive training for multiple reasons, physiological and psychosocial. This reality may be vexing to the strength and conditioning coach, who, as a service provider, must answer to sport coaches about an athlete’s progress. Recently an evaluation mechanism for strength and conditioning coaches was proposed, in part to help coaches establish their effectiveness within the organization. Without formal guidance and realistic expectations, if an athlete is not bigger, leaner, stronger, etc. as a result of training within a specified timeframe, blame is often placed upon the strength and conditioning coach. The purpose of this article is to explore possible causes of what may be perceived as athlete non-responses to training and to provide guidance for the coach on how to handle those issues within their domain. A process of investigation is recommended, along with resources to assist coaches as they consider a broad range of issues, including enhancing existing testing methods, improving athlete behaviors, and adjusting processes designed to bring about performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Gleason
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - William G. Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Dylan G. Suarez
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, & Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Matthew A. Nein
- Department of Athletics, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA;
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, & Kinesiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (D.G.S.); (M.H.S.)
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45
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Jimeno-Almazán A, Pallarés JG, Buendía-Romero Á, Martínez-Cava A, Franco-López F, Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez BJ, Bernal-Morel E, Courel-Ibáñez J. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and the Potential Benefits of Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5329. [PMID: 34067776 PMCID: PMC8156194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is leading to unknown and unusual health conditions that are challenging to manage. Post-COVID-19 syndrome is one of those challenges, having become increasingly common as the pandemic evolves. The latest estimates suggest that 10 to 20% of the SARS-CoV-2 patients who undergo an acute symptomatic phase are experiencing effects of the disease beyond 12 weeks after diagnosis. Although research is beginning to examine this new condition, there are still serious concerns about the diagnostic identification, which limits the best therapeutic approach. Exercise programs and physical activity levels are well-known modulators of the clinical manifestations and prognosis in many chronic diseases. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date evidence on post-COVID-19 syndrome to contribute to a better knowledge of the disease and explains how regular exercise may improve many of these symptoms and could reduce the long-term effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Jimeno-Almazán
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain;
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
| | - Jesús G. Pallarés
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
| | - Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
| | | | - Enrique Bernal-Morel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, University of Murcia, IMIB, 30003 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Human Performance & Sport Sciences Laboratory, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (J.G.P.); (Á.B.-R.); (A.M.-C.); (F.F.-L.)
- Department of Physical Training, Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation Unit, Hospital QuirónSalud, 30011 Murcia, Spain
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46
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Mora-Custodio R, Sánchez-Medina L, Ribas-Serna J, González-Badillo JJ. Effect of velocity loss during squat training on neuromuscular performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1621-1635. [PMID: 33829679 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of three resistance training (RT) programs differing in the magnitude of velocity loss (VL) allowed in each exercise set: 10%, 30%, or 45% on changes in strength, vertical jump, sprint performance, and EMG variables. Thirty-three young men were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (VL10%, VL30%, and VL45%; n = 11 each) that performed a velocity-based RT program for 8 weeks using only the full squat exercise (SQ). Training load (55-70% 1RM), frequency (2 sessions/week), number of sets (3), and inter-set recovery (4 min) were identical for all groups. Running sprint (20 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), 1RM, muscle endurance, and EMG during SQ were assessed pre- and post-training. All groups showed significant (VL10%: 6.4-58.6%; VL30%: 4.5-66.2%; VL45%: 1.8-52.1%; p < 0.05-0.001) improvements in muscle strength and muscle endurance. However, a significant group × time interaction (p < 0.05) was observed in CMJ, with VL10% showing greater increments (11.9%) than VL30% and VL45%. In addition, VL10% resulted in greater percent change in sprint performance than the other two groups (VL10%: -2.4%; VL30%: -1.8%; and VL45%: -0.5%). No significant changes in EMG variables were observed for any group. RT with loads of 55-70% 1RM characterized by a low-velocity loss (VL10%) provides a very effective and efficient training stimulus since it yields similar strength gains and greater improvements in sports-related neuromuscular performance (jump and sprint) compared to training with higher velocity losses (VL30%, VL45%). These findings indicate that the magnitude of VL reached in each exercise set considerably influences the observed training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Yáñez-García
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Custodio
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez-Medina
- Center for Studies, Research and Sports Medicine, Instituto Navarro del Deporte (IND), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Ribas-Serna
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Marques DL, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Nunes C, Marques MC. Load-velocity relationship in the horizontal leg-press exercise in older women and men. Exp Gerontol 2021; 151:111391. [PMID: 33984450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the predictive ability of movement velocity to estimate the relative load (i.e., % of one-repetition maximum [1RM]) during the horizontal leg-press exercise in older women and men. Twenty-four women and fourteen men living in community-dwelling centers volunteered to participate in this study. All participants performed a progressive loading test up to 1RM in the horizontal leg-press. The fastest peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) attained with each weight were collected for analysis. Linear regression equations were modeled for women and men. We observed very strong linear relationships between both velocity variables and the relative load in the horizontal leg-press in women (PV: r2 = 0.93 and standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 5.96% 1RM; MV: r2 = 0.94 and SEE = 5.59% 1RM) and men (PV: r2 = 0.93 and SEE = 5.96% 1RM; MV: r2 = 0.94 and SEE = 5.97% 1RM). The actual 1RM and the estimated 1RM using both the PV and MV presented trivial differences and very strong relationships (r = 0.98-0.99) in both sexes. Men presented significantly higher (p < 0.001-0.05) estimated PV and MV against all relative loads compared to women (average PV = 0.81 vs. 0.69 m·s-1 and average MV = 0.44 vs. 0.38 m·s-1). Our data suggest that movement velocity accurately estimates the relative load during the horizontal leg-press in older women and men. Coaches and researchers can use the proposed sex-specific regression equations in the horizontal leg-press to implement velocity-monitored resistance training with older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Luís Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Célia Nunes
- Department of Mathematics, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Centre of Mathematics and Applications, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Cardoso Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082623. [PMID: 33918020 PMCID: PMC8070051 DOI: 10.3390/s21082623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.
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49
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Clemente FM, Akyildiz Z, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and Reliability of the Inertial Measurement Unit for Barbell Velocity Assessments: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072511. [PMID: 33916801 PMCID: PMC8038306 DOI: 10.3390/s21072511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) has become popular in sports assessment. In the case of velocity-based training (VBT), there is a need to measure barbell velocity in each repetition. The use of IMUs may make the monitoring process easier; however, its validity and reliability should be established. Thus, this systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of wearable wireless IMUs for measuring barbell velocity and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of IMUs for measuring barbell velocity. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 161 studies initially identified, 22 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Among the eight different IMU models, seven can be considered valid and reliable for measuring barbell velocity. The great majority of IMUs used for measuring barbell velocity in linear trajectories are valid and reliable, and thus can be used by coaches for external load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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50
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Jiménez-Reyes P, Castaño-Zambudio A, Cuadrado-Peñafiel V, González-Hernández JM, Capelo-Ramírez F, Martínez-Aranda LM, González-Badillo JJ. Differences between adjusted vs. non-adjusted loads in velocity-based training: consequences for strength training control and programming. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10942. [PMID: 33828909 PMCID: PMC7996068 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength and conditioning specialists commonly deal with the quantification and selection the setting of protocols regarding resistance training intensities. Although the one repetition maximum (1RM) method has been widely used to prescribe exercise intensity, the velocity-based training (VBT) method may enable a more optimal tool for better monitoring and planning of resistance training (RT) programs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two RT programs only differing in the training load prescription strategy (adjusting or not daily via VBT) with loads from 50 to 80% 1RM on 1RM, countermovement (CMJ) and sprint. Twenty-four male students with previous experience in RT were randomly assigned to two groups: adjusted loads (AL) (n = 13) and non-adjusted loads (NAL) (n = 11) and carried out an 8-week (16 sessions) RT program. The performance assessment pre- and post-training program included estimated 1RM and full load-velocity profile in the squat exercise; countermovement jump (CMJ); and 20-m sprint (T20). Relative intensity (RI) and mean propulsive velocity attained during each training session (Vsession) was monitored. Subjects in the NAL group trained at a significantly faster Vsession than those in AL (p < 0.001) (0.88-0.91 vs. 0.67-0.68 m/s, with a ∼15% RM gap between groups for the last sessions), and did not achieve the maximum programmed intensity (80% RM). Significant differences were detected in sessions 3-4, showing differences between programmed and performed Vsession and lower RI and velocity loss (VL) for the NAL compared to the AL group (p < 0.05). Although both groups improved 1RM, CMJ and T20, NAL experienced greater and significant changes than AL (28.90 vs.12.70%, 16.10 vs. 7.90% and -1.99 vs. -0.95%, respectively). Load adjustment based on movement velocity is a useful way to control for highly individualised responses to training and improve the implementation of RT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Cuadrado-Peñafiel
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Motricity, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Capelo-Ramírez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Luis M Martínez-Aranda
- Faculty of Sport.Neuromove Research Group, Catholic University of San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan J González-Badillo
- Physical Performance & Athletic Research Center, Faculty of Sports Science, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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