1
|
Caddy HT, Fujino M, Vahabli E, Voigt V, Kelsey LJ, Dilley RJ, Carvalho LS, Takahashi S, Green DJ, Doyle BJ. Simulation of murine retinal hemodynamics in response to tail suspension. Comput Biol Med 2024; 182:109148. [PMID: 39298883 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) remains unclear. Recent murine studies indicate there may be a link between the space environment and retinal endothelial dysfunction. Post-fixed control (N = 4) and 14-day tail-suspended (TS) (N = 4) mice eye samples were stained and imaged for the vessel plexus and co-located regions of endothelial cell death. A custom workflow combined whole-mounted and tear reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) spherical retinal plexus models with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation that accounted for the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect and boundary conditions that accommodated TS fluid pressure measurements and deeper capillary layer blood flow distribution. TS samples exhibited reduced surface area (4.6 ± 0.5 mm2 vs. 3.5 ± 0.3 mm2, P = 0.010) and shorter lengths between branches in small vessels (<10 μm, 69.5 ± 0.6 μm vs. 60.4 ± 1.1 μm, P < 0.001). Wall shear stress (WSS) and pressure were higher in TS mice compared to controls, particularly in smaller vessels (<10 μm, WSS: 6.57 ± 1.08 Pa vs. 4.72 ± 0.67 Pa, P = 0.034, Pressure: 72.04 ± 3.14 mmHg vs. 50.64 ± 6.74 mmHg, P = 0.004). Rates of retinal endothelial cell death were variable in TS mice compared to controls. WSS and pressure were generally higher in cell death regions, both within and between cohorts, but significance was variable and limited to small to medium-sized vessels (<20 μm). These findings suggest a link may exist between emulated microgravity and retinal endothelial dysfunction that may have implications for SANS development. Future work with increased sample sizes of larger species or spaceflight cohorts should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison T Caddy
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia and the UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Mitsunori Fujino
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ebrahim Vahabli
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia and the UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Valentina Voigt
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Lachlan J Kelsey
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia and the UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rodney J Dilley
- T3mPLATE, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre and UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Livia S Carvalho
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Group, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Barry J Doyle
- Vascular Engineering Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia and the UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hariom SK, Nelson EJR. Cardiovascular adaptations in microgravity conditions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 42:64-71. [PMID: 39067992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Gravity has had a significant impact on the evolution of life on Earth with organisms developing necessary biological adaptations over billions of years to counter this ever-existing force. There has been an exponential increase in experiments using real and simulated gravity environments in the recent years. Although an understanding followed by discovery of counter measures to negate diminished gravity in space had been the driving force of research initially, there has since been a phenomenal leap wherein a force unearthly as microgravity is beginning to show promising potential. The current review summarizes pathophysiological changes that occur in multiple aspects of the cardiovascular system when exposed to an altered gravity environment leading to cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic intolerance. Gravity influences not just the complex multicellular systems but even the survival of organisms at the molecular level by intervening fundamental cellular processes, directly affecting those linked to actin and microtubule organization via mechano-transduction pathways. The reach of gravity ranges from cytoskeletal rearrangement that regulates cell adhesion and migration to intracellular dynamics that dictate cell fate commitment and differentiation. An understanding that microgravity itself is not present on Earth propels the scope of simulated gravity conditions to be a unique and useful environment that could be explored for enhancing the potential of stem cells for a wide range of applications as has been highlighted here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumar Hariom
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, TN, India
| | - Everette Jacob Remington Nelson
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, TN, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fava M, De Dominicis N, Forte G, Bari M, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Microgravity on the Immune System: A Focus on Bioactive Lipids. Biomolecules 2024; 14:446. [PMID: 38672462 PMCID: PMC11048039 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microgravity is one of the main stressors that astronauts are exposed to during space missions. This condition has been linked to many disorders, including those that feature dysfunctional immune homeostasis and inflammatory damage. Over the past 30 years, a significant body of work has been gathered connecting weightlessness-either authentic or simulated-to an inefficient reaction to pathogens, dysfunctional production of cytokines and impaired survival of immune cells. These processes are also orchestrated by a plethora of bioactive lipids, produced by virtually all cells involved in immune events, which control the induction, magnitude, outcome, compartmentalization and trafficking of immunocytes during the response to injury. Despite their crucial importance in inflammation and its modulation, however, data concerning the role of bioactive lipids in microgravity-induced immune dysfunctions are surprisingly scarce, both in quantity and in variety, and the vast majority of it focuses on two lipid classes, namely eicosanoids and endocannabinoids. The present review aims to outline the accumulated knowledge addressing the effects elicited by microgravity-both simulated and authentic-on the metabolism and signaling of these two prominent lipid groups in the context of immune and inflammatory homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fava
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.F.)
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi De Dominicis
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Forte
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Monica Bari
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (G.F.)
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nishimura Y. Technology using simulated microgravity. Regen Ther 2023; 24:318-323. [PMID: 37662695 PMCID: PMC10470365 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body experiences constant stimulation from Earth's gravity, and the absence of gravity leads to various impacts at the cellular and tissue levels. Simulated microgravity (s-μg) has been employed on Earth to investigate these effects, circumventing the challenges of conducting experiments in space and providing an opportunity to understand the influence of microgravity on living organisms. Research focusing on stem cells and utilizing s-μg has enhanced our understanding of how microgravity affects stem cell morphology, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Studies have used systems such as rotating wall vessels, random positioning machines, and clinostats. By uncovering the mechanisms underlying the observed changes in these studies, there is potential to identify therapeutic targets that regulate stem cell function and explore a range of applications, including stem cell-based regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the features of each device designed to simulate microgravity on Earth, as well as the stem cell experiments performed with those devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Gunma Paz University, 3-3-4 Tonyamachi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dobney W, Mols L, Mistry D, Tabury K, Baselet B, Baatout S. Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity. FRONTIERS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1225034. [PMID: 39355042 PMCID: PMC11440958 DOI: 10.3389/fnume.2023.1225034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation and microgravity are two considerable health risks encountered during deep space exploration. Both have deleterious effects on the human body. On one hand, weightlessness is known to induce a weakening of the immune system, delayed wound healing and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor deconditioning. On the other hand, radiation exposure can lead to long-term health effects such as cancer and cataracts as well as have an adverse effect on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Ionizing radiation originates from three main sources in space: galactic cosmic radiation, solar particle events and solar winds. Furthermore, inside the spacecraft and inside certain space habitats on Lunar and Martian surfaces, the crew is exposed to intravehicular radiation, which arises from nuclear reactions between space radiation and matter. Besides the approaches already in use, such as radiation shielding materials (such as aluminium, water or polyethylene), alternative shielding materials (including boron nanotubes, complex hybrids, composite hybrid materials, and regolith) and active shielding (using fields to deflect radiation particles) are being investigated for their abilities to mitigate the effects of ionizing radiation. From a biological point of view, it can be predicted that exposure to ionizing radiation during missions beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) will affect the human body in undesirable ways, e.g., increasing the risks of cataracts, cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases, carcinogenesis, as well as accelerated ageing. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the risks related to deep space exploration and to develop mitigation strategies to reduce these risks to a tolerable level. By using biomarkers for radiation sensitivity, space agencies are developing extensive personalised medical examination programmes to determine an astronaut's vulnerability to radiation. Moreover, researchers are developing pharmacological solutions (e.g., radioprotectors and radiomitigators) to proactively or reactively protect astronauts during deep space exploration. Finally, research is necessary to develop more effective countermeasures for use in future human space missions, which can also lead to improvements to medical care on Earth. This review will discuss the risks space travel beyond LEO poses to astronauts, methods to monitor astronauts' health, and possible approaches to mitigate these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Dobney
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- School of Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Mols
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dhruti Mistry
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, UGhent, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure & Repair, UGhent, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dickerson BL, Sowinski R, Kreider RB, Wu G. Impacts of microgravity on amino acid metabolism during spaceflight. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:380-393. [PMID: 36775855 PMCID: PMC10281620 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221139189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight exerts an extreme and unique influence on human physiology as astronauts are subjected to long-term or short-term exposure to microgravity. During spaceflight, a multitude of physiological changes, including the loss of skeletal muscle mass, bone resorption, oxidative stress, and impaired blood flow, occur, which can affect astronaut health and the likelihood of mission success. In vivo and in vitro metabolite studies suggest that amino acids are among the most affected nutrients and metabolites by microgravity (a weightless condition due to very weak gravitational forces). Moreover, exposure to microgravity alters gut microbial composition, immune function, musculoskeletal health, and consequently amino acid metabolism. Appropriate knowledge of daily protein consumption, with a focus on specific functional amino acids, may offer insight into potential combative and/or therapeutic effects of amino acid consumption in astronauts and space travelers. This will further aid in the successful development of long-term manned space mission and permanent space habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Broderick L Dickerson
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and
Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of High Glucose on Human Endothelial Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020189. [PMID: 36830559 PMCID: PMC9952903 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A diabetogenic state induced by spaceflight provokes stress and health problems in astronauts. Microgravity (µg) is one of the main stressors in space causing hyperglycaemia. However, the underlying molecular pathways and synergistic effects of µg and hyperglycaemia are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of high glucose on EA.hy926 endothelial cells in simulated µg (s-µg) using a 3D clinostat and static normogravity (1g) conditions. After 14 days of cell culture under s-µg and 1g conditions, we compared the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammation, glucose metabolism, and apoptosis-related genes and proteins through qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analyses, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated via TUNEL staining. Gene interactions were examined via STRING analysis. Our results show that glucose concentrations had a weaker effect than altered gravity. µg downregulated the ECM gene and protein expression and had a stronger influence on glucose metabolism than hyperglycaemia. Moreover, hyperglycaemia caused more pronounced changes in 3D cultures than in 2D cultures, including bigger and a greater number of spheroids, upregulation of NOX4 and the apoptotic proteins NF-κB and CASP3, and downregulation of fibronectin and transglutaminase-2. Our findings bring new insights into the possible molecular pathways involved in the diabetogenic vascular effects in µg.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma C, Duan X, Lei X. 3D cell culture model: From ground experiment to microgravity study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1136583. [PMID: 37034251 PMCID: PMC10080128 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1136583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity has been shown to induce many changes in cell growth and differentiation due to offloading the gravitational strain normally exerted on cells. Although many studies have used two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems to investigate the effects of microgravity on cell growth, three-dimensional (3D) culture scaffolds can offer more direct indications of the modified cell response to microgravity-related dysregulations compared to 2D culture methods. Thus, knowledge of 3D cell culture is essential for better understanding the in vivo tissue function and physiological response under microgravity conditions. This review discusses the advances in 2D and 3D cell culture studies, particularly emphasizing the role of hydrogels, which can provide cells with a mimic in vivo environment to collect a more natural response. We also summarized recent studies about cell growth and differentiation under real microgravity or simulated microgravity conditions using ground-based equipment. Finally, we anticipate that hydrogel-based 3D culture models will play an essential role in constructing organoids, discovering the causes of microgravity-dependent molecular and cellular changes, improving space tissue regeneration, and developing innovative therapeutic strategies. Future research into the 3D culture in microgravity conditions could lead to valuable therapeutic applications in health and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyuan Ma
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xianglong Duan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Second Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xianglong Duan, ; Xiaohua Lei,
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xianglong Duan, ; Xiaohua Lei,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernareggi A, Bosutti A, Massaria G, Giniatullin R, Malm T, Sciancalepore M, Lorenzon P. The State of the Art of Piezo1 Channels in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126616. [PMID: 35743058 PMCID: PMC9224226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezo1 channels are highly mechanically-activated cation channels that can sense and transduce the mechanical stimuli into physiological signals in different tissues including skeletal muscle. In this focused review, we summarize the emerging evidence of Piezo1 channel-mediated effects in the physiology of skeletal muscle, with a particular focus on the role of Piezo1 in controlling myogenic precursor activity and skeletal muscle regeneration and vascularization. The disclosed effects reported by pharmacological activation of Piezo1 channels with the selective agonist Yoda1 indicate a potential impact of Piezo1 channel activity in skeletal muscle regeneration, which is disrupted in various muscular pathological states. All findings reported so far agree with the idea that Piezo1 channels represent a novel, powerful molecular target to develop new therapeutic strategies for preventing or ameliorating skeletal muscle disorders characterized by an impairment of tissue regenerative potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bernareggi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandra Bosutti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Gabriele Massaria
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (R.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Paola Lorenzon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (G.M.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baran R, Marchal S, Garcia Campos S, Rehnberg E, Tabury K, Baselet B, Wehland M, Grimm D, Baatout S. The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 10:59. [PMID: 35052739 PMCID: PMC8773383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to several hazards including a prolonged state of microgravity that induces a myriad of physiological adaptations leading to orthostatic intolerance. This review summarises all known cardiovascular diseases related to human spaceflight and focusses on the cardiovascular changes related to human spaceflight (in vivo) as well as cellular and molecular changes (in vitro). Upon entering microgravity, cephalad fluid shift occurs and increases the stroke volume (35-46%) and cardiac output (18-41%). Despite this increase, astronauts enter a state of hypovolemia (10-15% decrease in blood volume). The absence of orthostatic pressure and a decrease in arterial pressures reduces the workload of the heart and is believed to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac atrophy in space. Cellular and molecular changes include altered cell shape and endothelial dysfunction through suppressed cellular proliferation as well as increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Human spaceflight is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. Through the use of microgravity platforms, multiple physiological changes can be studied and stimulate the development of appropriate tools and countermeasures for future human spaceflight missions in low Earth orbit and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Shannon Marchal
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Sebastian Garcia Campos
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barravecchia I, De Cesari C, Forcato M, Scebba F, Pyankova OV, Bridger JM, Foster HA, Signore G, Borghini A, Andreassi M, Andreazzoli M, Bicciato S, Pè ME, Angeloni D. Microgravity and space radiation inhibit autophagy in human capillary endothelial cells, through either opposite or synergistic effects on specific molecular pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:28. [PMID: 34936031 PMCID: PMC11072227 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity and space radiation (SR) are two highly influential factors affecting humans in space flight (SF). Many health problems reported by astronauts derive from endothelial dysfunction and impaired homeostasis. Here, we describe the adaptive response of human, capillary endothelial cells to SF. Reference samples on the ground and at 1g onboard permitted discrimination between the contribution of microgravity and SR within the combined responses to SF. Cell softening and reduced motility occurred in SF cells, with a loss of actin stress fibers and a broader distribution of microtubules and intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm than in control cells. Furthermore, in space the number of primary cilia per cell increased and DNA repair mechanisms were found to be activated. Transcriptomics revealed the opposing effects of microgravity from SR for specific molecular pathways: SR, unlike microgravity, stimulated pathways for endothelial activation, such as hypoxia and inflammation, DNA repair and apoptosis, inhibiting autophagic flux and promoting an aged-like phenotype. Conversely, microgravity, unlike SR, activated pathways for metabolism and a pro-proliferative phenotype. Therefore, we suggest microgravity and SR should be considered separately to tailor effective countermeasures to protect astronauts' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Barravecchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Cesari
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Scebba
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Olga V Pyankova
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Joanna M Bridger
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Genomic Health, Centre of Genome Engineering and Maintenance, Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Helen A Foster
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Andrea Borghini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvio Bicciato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Enrico Pè
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Debora Angeloni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Basirun C, Ferlazzo ML, Howell NR, Liu GJ, Middleton RJ, Martinac B, Narayanan SA, Poole K, Gentile C, Chou J. Microgravity × Radiation: A Space Mechanobiology Approach Toward Cardiovascular Function and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:750775. [PMID: 34778261 PMCID: PMC8586646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.750775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in space exploration, supported by the accelerated technological advancements in the field. This has led to a new potential environment that humans could be exposed to in the very near future, and therefore an increasing request to evaluate the impact this may have on our body, including health risks associated with this endeavor. A critical component in regulating the human pathophysiology is represented by the cardiovascular system, which may be heavily affected in these extreme environments of microgravity and radiation. This mini review aims to identify the impact of microgravity and radiation on the cardiovascular system. Being able to understand the effect that comes with deep space explorations, including that of microgravity and space radiation, may also allow us to get a deeper understanding of the heart and ultimately our own basic physiological processes. This information may unlock new factors to consider with space exploration whilst simultaneously increasing our knowledge of the cardiovascular system and potentially associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carin Basirun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Ferlazzo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicholas R. Howell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Anand Narayanan
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Chou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morbidelli L, Genah S, Cialdai F. Effect of Microgravity on Endothelial Cell Function, Angiogenesis, and Vessel Remodeling During Wound Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:720091. [PMID: 34631676 PMCID: PMC8493071 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.720091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex phenomenon that involves different cell types with various functions, i.e., keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, all influenced by the action of soluble mediators and rearrangement of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Physiological angiogenesis occurs in the granulation tissue during wound healing to allow oxygen and nutrient supply and waste product removal. Angiogenesis output comes from a balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors, which is finely regulated in a spatial and time-dependent manner, in order to avoid insufficient or excessive nonreparative neovascularization. The understanding of the factors and mechanisms that control angiogenesis and their change following unloading conditions (in a real or simulated space environment) will allow to optimize the tissue response in case of traumatic injury or medical intervention. The potential countermeasures under development to optimize the reparative angiogenesis that contributes to tissue healing on Earth will be discussed in relation to their exploitability in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirley Genah
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Cialdai
- ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division & Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of Microgravity Environment on Gut Microbiome and Angiogenesis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101008. [PMID: 34685381 PMCID: PMC8541308 DOI: 10.3390/life11101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity environments are known to cause a plethora of stressors to astronauts. Recently, it has become apparent that gut microbiome composition of astronauts is altered following space travel, and this is of significance given the important role of the gut microbiome in human health. Other changes observed in astronauts comprise reduced muscle strength and bone fragility, visual impairment, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic changes, behavior changes due to fatigue or stress and effects on mental well-being. However, the effects of microgravity on angiogenesis, as well as the connection with the gut microbiome are incompletely understood. Here, the potential association of angiogenesis with visual impairment, skeletal muscle and gut microbiome is proposed and explored. Furthermore, metabolites that are effectors of angiogenesis are deliberated upon along with their connection with gut bacterial metabolites. Targeting and modulating the gut microbiome may potentially have a profound influence on astronaut health, given its impact on overall human health, which is thus warranted given the likelihood of increased human activity in the solar system, and the determination to travel to Mars in future missions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Silvani G, Basirun C, Wu H, Mehner C, Poole K, Bradbury P, Chou J. A 3D‐Bioprinted Vascularized Glioblastoma‐on‐a‐Chip for Studying the Impact of Simulated Microgravity as a Novel Pre‐Clinical Approach in Brain Tumor Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Silvani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Carin Basirun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Hanjie Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Christine Mehner
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Mayo Clinic Jacksonville FL USA
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Peta Bradbury
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development Group Paris France
| | - Joshua Chou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Pantalone D, Sahana J, Wise P, Wehland M, Krüger M, Melnik D, Kopp S, Infanger M, Grimm D. Role of Apoptosis in Wound Healing and Apoptosis Alterations in Microgravity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:679650. [PMID: 34222218 PMCID: PMC8248797 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Functioning as the outermost self-renewing protective layer of the human organism, skin protects against a multitude of harmful biological and physical stimuli. Consisting of ectodermal, mesenchymal, and neural crest-derived cell lineages, tissue homeostasis, and signal transduction are finely tuned through the interplay of various pathways. A health problem of astronauts in space is skin deterioration. Until today, wound healing has not been considered as a severe health concern for crew members. This can change with deep space exploration missions and commercial spaceflights together with space tourism. Albeit the molecular process of wound healing is not fully elucidated yet, there have been established significant conceptual gains and new scientific methods. Apoptosis, e.g., programmed cell death, enables orchestrated development and cell removal in wounded or infected tissue. Experimental designs utilizing microgravity allow new insights into the role of apoptosis in wound healing. Furthermore, impaired wound healing in unloading conditions would depict a significant challenge in human-crewed exploration space missions. In this review, we provide an overview of alterations in the behavior of cutaneous cell lineages under microgravity in regard to the impact of apoptosis in wound healing. We discuss the current knowledge about wound healing in space and simulated microgravity with respect to apoptosis and available therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riwaldt
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Desiré Pantalone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Petra Wise
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Microgravity, Stem Cells, and Cancer: A New Hope for Cancer Treatment. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5566872. [PMID: 34007284 PMCID: PMC8102114 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5566872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are integrated with the environment where they live. Gravitational force plays an important role in shaping the universe, lives, and even cellular biological processes. Research in the last 40 years has shown how exposure to microgravity changes biological processes. Microgravity has been shown to have significant effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, migration, and gene expression, specifically in tumor cells, and these effects may also exist in stem and cancer stem cells. It has also been shown that microgravity changes the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Although studies have been carried out in a simulated microgravity environment in cell culture lines, there are few animal experiments or true microgravity studies. Cancer remains one of the most significant problems worldwide. Despite advances in medical science, no definitive strategies have been found for the prevention of cancer formation or to inform treatment. Thus, the microgravity environment is a potential new therapeutic strategy for future cancer treatment. This review will focus on current knowledge on the impact of the microgravity environment on cancer cells, stem cells, and the biological behavior of cancer stem cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao H, Shi Y, Qiu C, Zhao J, Gong Y, Nie C, Wu B, Yang Y, Wang F, Luo L. Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Ultrastructure and Apoptosis of Choroidal Vascular Endothelial Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 11:577325. [PMID: 33536932 PMCID: PMC7848211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was confirmed that simulated microgravity (SMG) led to ultrastructural alterations and apoptosis in many types of microvascular endothelial cells. However, whether SMG would also affect choroidal vascular endothelial cells (CVECs) remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effects of SMG on ultrastructure and apoptosis of CVECs. Methods The rotary cell culture system (RCCS) was utilized to simulate microgravity condition. Human CVECs were cultured under normal gravity (NG) or SMG condition for 3 days. The ultrastructure was viewed under transmission electron microscopy, and the organization of F-actin was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, the apoptosis percentage was calculated using flow cytometry. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of BAX, Bcl-2, Caspase3, Cytochrome C, p-AKT, and p-PI3K were detected with quantitative PCR and Western blot at different exposure time. Results In the SMG group, CVECs presented with a shrunk cell body, chromatin condensation and margination, mitochondria vacuolization, and apoptotic bodies. The amount of F-actin decreased, and the filaments of F-actin were sparse or even partly discontinuous after cultivation under SMG for 72 h. The proportions of apoptotic CVECs in SMG groups at 24 and 72 h were significantly higher than those in the NG group (P < 0.001). The mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Caspase3, and Cytochrome C of CVECs in SMG groups at 24 and 72 h significantly increased than those of the NG group, respectively (P < 0.001). The alterations of p-AKT and p-PI3K protein expression possessed similar trends. On the contrary, the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 in CVECs under SMG at 24 and 72 h were significantly less than that of the NG group, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion Simulated microgravity conditions can lead the alterations of the F-actin structure and apoptosis of CVECs. The Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway may participate in the damage of CVECs caused by SMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changyu Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Monti N, Masiello MG, Proietti S, Catizone A, Ricci G, Harrath AH, Alwasel SH, Cucina A, Bizzarri M. Survival Pathways Are Differently Affected by Microgravity in Normal and Cancerous Breast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020862. [PMID: 33467082 PMCID: PMC7829699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan living cells exposed to microgravity undergo dramatic changes in morphological and biological properties, which ultimately lead to apoptosis and phenotype reprogramming. However, apoptosis can occur at very different rates depending on the experimental model, and in some cases, cells seem to be paradoxically protected from programmed cell death during weightlessness. These controversial results can be explained by considering the notion that the behavior of adherent cells dramatically diverges in respect to that of detached cells, organized into organoids-like, floating structures. We investigated both normal (MCF10A) and cancerous (MCF-7) breast cells and found that appreciable apoptosis occurs only after 72 h in MCF-7 cells growing in organoid-like structures, in which major modifications of cytoskeleton components were observed. Indeed, preserving cell attachment to the substrate allows cells to upregulate distinct Akt- and ERK-dependent pathways in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells, respectively. These findings show that survival strategies may differ between cell types but cannot provide sufficient protection against weightlessness-induced apoptosis alone if adhesion to the substrate is perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Monti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Masiello
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.M.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Sara Proietti
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.M.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, Section of Histology and Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.H.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Saleh H. Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.H.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery “Pietro Valdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.M.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
- Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-4976-6606
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prasad B, Grimm D, Strauch SM, Erzinger GS, Corydon TJ, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Richter P, Krüger M. Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9373. [PMID: 33317046 PMCID: PMC7764784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Gilmar Sidnei Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
- Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l’Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107572. [PMID: 32540473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing environments using their amazing flexibility to remodel themselves by a process called evolution. Environmental stress causes selective pressure and is associated with genetic and phenotypic shifts for better modifications, maintenance, and functioning of organismal systems. The natural evolution process can be used in complement to rational strain engineering for the development of desired traits or phenotypes as well as for the production of novel biomaterials through the imposition of one or more selective pressures. Space provides a unique environment of stressors (e.g., weightlessness and high radiation) that organisms have never experienced on Earth. Cells in the outer space reorganize and develop or activate a range of molecular responses that lead to changes in cellular properties. Exposure of cells to the outer space will lead to the development of novel variants more efficiently than on Earth. For instance, natural crop varieties can be generated with higher nutrition value, yield, and improved features, such as resistance against high and low temperatures, salt stress, and microbial and pest attacks. The review summarizes the literature on the parameters of outer space that affect the growth and behavior of cells and organisms as well as complex colloidal systems. We illustrate an understanding of gravity-related basic biological mechanisms and enlighten the possibility to explore the outer space environment for application-oriented aspects. This will stimulate biological research in the pursuit of innovative approaches for the future of agriculture and health on Earth.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bradbury P, Wu H, Choi JU, Rowan AE, Zhang H, Poole K, Lauko J, Chou J. Modeling the Impact of Microgravity at the Cellular Level: Implications for Human Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:96. [PMID: 32154251 PMCID: PMC7047162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of gravity experienced during space flight has been shown to have profound effects on human physiology including muscle atrophy, reductions in bone density and immune function, and endocrine disorders. At present, these physiological changes present major obstacles to long-term space missions. What is not clear is which pathophysiological disruptions reflect changes at the cellular level versus changes that occur due to the impact of weightlessness on the entire body. This review focuses on current research investigating the impact of microgravity at the cellular level including cellular morphology, proliferation, and adhesion. As direct research in space is currently cost prohibitive, we describe here the use of microgravity simulators for studies at the cellular level. Such instruments provide valuable tools for cost-effective research to better discern the impact of weightlessness on cellular function. Despite recent advances in understanding the relationship between extracellular forces and cell behavior, very little is understood about cellular biology and mechanotransduction under microgravity conditions. This review will examine recent insights into the impact of simulated microgravity on cell biology and how this technology may provide new insight into advancing our understanding of mechanically driven biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peta Bradbury
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hanjie Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jung Un Choi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Lauko
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Chou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sokolovskaya A, Korneeva E, Zaichenko D, Virus E, Kolesov D, Moskovtsev A, Kubatiev A. Changes in the Surface Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3, the Induction of Apoptosis, and the Inhibition of Cell-Cycle Progression of Human Multidrug-Resistant Jurkat/A4 Cells Exposed to a Random Positioning Machine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E855. [PMID: 32013031 PMCID: PMC7037860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments from flight- and ground-based model systems suggest that unexpected alterations of the human lymphoblastoid cell line Jurkat, as well as effects on cell growth, metabolism, and apoptosis, can occur in altered gravity conditions. Using a desktop random positioning machine (RPM), we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity on Jurkat cells and their multidrug-resistant subline, Jurkat/A4 cells. The viability of Jurkat/A4 cells decreased after simulated microgravity in contrast with the Jurkat cells. At the same time, the viability between the experimental Jurkat cells and control Jurkat cells was not significantly different. Of note, Jurkat cells appeared as less susceptible to apoptosis than their multidrug-resistant clone Jurkat/A4 cells, whereas cell-cycle analysis showed that the percentage of Jurkat/A4 cells in the S-phase was increased after 72 and 96 h of RPM-simulated microgravity relative to their static counterparts. The differences in Jurkat cells at all phases between static and simulated microgravity were not significant. The surface expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-also known as cluster of differentiation (CD)50-protein was changed for Jurkat/A4 cells following exposure to the RPM. Changes in cell morphology were observed in the Jurkat/A4 cells after 96 h of RPM-simulated microgravity. Thus, we concluded that Jurkat/A4 cells are more sensitive to RPM-simulated microgravity as compared with the parental Jurkat cell line. We also suggest that intercellular adhesion molecule 3 may be an important adhesion molecule involved in the induction of leukocyte apoptosis. The Jurkat/A4 cells with an acquired multidrug resistance phenotype could be a useful model for studying the effects of simulated microgravity and testing anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Sokolovskaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (D.Z.); (E.V.); (D.K.); (A.M.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morphological and Molecular Changes in Juvenile Normal Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11882. [PMID: 31417174 PMCID: PMC6695420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature suggests morphological alterations and molecular biological changes within the cellular milieu of human cells, exposed to microgravity (µg), as many cell types assemble to multicellular spheroids (MCS). In this study we investigated juvenile normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) grown in simulated µg (s-µg) on a random positioning machine (RPM), aiming to study changes in cell morphology, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM), focal adhesion and growth factors. On the RPM, NHDF formed an adherent monolayer and compact MCS. For the two cell populations we found a differential regulation of fibronectin, laminin, collagen-IV, aggrecan, osteopontin, TIMP-1, integrin-β1, caveolin-1, E-cadherin, talin-1, vimentin, α-SM actin, TGF-β1, IL-8, MCP-1, MMP-1, and MMP-14 both on the transcriptional and/or translational level. Immunofluorescence staining revealed only slight structural changes in cytoskeletal components. Flow cytometry showed various membrane-bound proteins with considerable variations. In silico analyses of the regulated proteins revealed an interaction network, contributing to MCS growth via signals mediated by integrin-β1, E-cadherin, caveolin-1 and talin-1. In conclusion, s-µg-conditions induced changes in the cytoskeleton, ECM, focal adhesion and growth behavior of NHDF and we identified for the first time factors involved in fibroblast 3D-assembly. This new knowledge might be of importance in tissue engineering, wound healing and cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bonfiglio T, Biggi F, Bassi AM, Ferrando S, Gallus L, Loiacono F, Ravera S, Rottigni M, Scarfì S, Strollo F, Vernazza S, Sabbatini M, Masini MA. Simulated microgravity induces nuclear translocation of Bax and BCL-2 in glial cultured C6 cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01798. [PMID: 31338440 PMCID: PMC6580195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the control of apoptotic processes were observed in cells during space flight or under simulated microgravity, the latter obtained with the 3D-Random Positioning Machine (3D-RPM). Usually the proteins Bax and Bcl-2, act as pro- or anti-apoptotic regulators. Here we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity obtained by the 3D-RPM on cell viability, localization and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in cultures of glial cancerous cells. We observed for the first time a transient cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation of Bax and Bcl-2 triggered by changing gravity vector. Bax translocates into the nucleus after 1 h, is present simultaneously in the cytoplasm after 6 h and comes back to the cytoplasm after 24 h. Bcl-2 translocate into the nucleus only after 6 h and comes back to the cytoplasm after 24 h. Physiological meaning, on the regulation of apoptotic event and possible applicative outcomes of such finding are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Bassi
- DIMES, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- DISTAV, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- DISTAV, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Ravera
- DIMES, Biochemistry Lab., University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Rottigni
- DISTAV, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- DISTAV, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Felice Strollo
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, St. Peter's FBF Hospital, Via Cassia 600, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- DISIT, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria A Masini
- DISIT, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krüger M, Melnik D, Kopp S, Buken C, Sahana J, Bauer J, Wehland M, Hemmersbach R, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm D. Fighting Thyroid Cancer with Microgravity Research. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102553. [PMID: 31137658 PMCID: PMC6566201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity in space or simulated by special ground-based devices provides an unusual but unique environment to study and influence tumour cell processes. By investigating thyroid cancer cells in microgravity for nearly 20 years, researchers got insights into tumour biology that had not been possible under normal laboratory conditions: adherently growing cancer cells detach from their surface and form three-dimensional structures. The cells included in these multicellular spheroids (MCS) were not only altered but behave also differently to those grown in flat sheets in normal gravity, more closely mimicking the conditions in the human body. Therefore, MCS became an invaluable model for studying metastasis and developing new cancer treatment strategies via drug targeting. Microgravity intervenes deeply in processes such as apoptosis and in structural changes involving the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix, which influence cell growth. Most interestingly, follicular thyroid cancer cells grown under microgravity conditions were shifted towards a less-malignant phenotype. Results from microgravity research can be used to rethink conventional cancer research and may help to pinpoint the cellular changes that cause cancer. This in turn could lead to novel therapies that will enhance the quality of life for patients or potentially develop new preventive countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Buken
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Gravitational Biology and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mann V, Grimm D, Corydon TJ, Krüger M, Wehland M, Riwaldt S, Sahana J, Kopp S, Bauer J, Reseland JE, Infanger M, Mari Lian A, Okoro E, Sundaresan A. Changes in Human Foetal Osteoblasts Exposed to the Random Positioning Machine and Bone Construct Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061357. [PMID: 30889841 PMCID: PMC6471706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells, when exposed to both real and simulated microgravity (s-µg), form 3D tissue constructs mirroring in vivo architectures (e.g., cartilage, intima constructs, cancer spheroids and others). In this study, we exposed human foetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) cells to a Random Positioning Machine (RPM) for 7 days and 14 days, with the purpose of investigating the effects of s-µg on biological processes and to engineer 3D bone constructs. RPM exposure of the hFOB 1.19 cells induces alterations in the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, extra cellular matrix (ECM) and the 3D multicellular spheroid (MCS) formation. In addition, after 7 days, it influences the morphological appearance of these cells, as it forces adherent cells to detach from the surface and assemble into 3D structures. The RPM-exposed hFOB 1.19 cells exhibited a differential gene expression of the following genes: transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), SRY-Box 9 (SOX9), actin beta (ACTB), beta tubulin (TUBB), vimentin (VIM), laminin subunit alpha 1 (LAMA1), collagen type 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1), phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and fibronectin 1 (FN1). RPM exposure also induced a significantly altered release of the cytokines and bone biomarkers sclerostin (SOST), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor 1 alpha (TNF-1α). After the two-week RPM exposure, the spheroids presented a bone-specific morphology. In conclusion, culturing cells in s-µg under gravitational unloading represents a novel technology for tissue-engineering of bone constructs and it can be used for investigating the mechanisms behind spaceflight-related bone loss as well as bone diseases such as osteonecrosis or bone injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mann
- Osteoimmunology and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Riwaldt
- Department for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Clinical Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, UiO, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71 0455 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Aina Mari Lian
- Clinical Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, UiO, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71 0455 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elvis Okoro
- Osteoimmunology and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Alamelu Sundaresan
- Osteoimmunology and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu D, Guo YB, Zhang M, Sun YQ. The subsequent biological effects of simulated microgravity on endothelial cell growth in HUVECs. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:229-237. [PMID: 30017544 PMCID: PMC6085276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microgravity is known to cause endothelium dysfunction in astronauts returning from spaceflight. We aimed to reveal the regulatory mechanism in alterations of human endothelial cells after simulated microgravity (SMG). METHODS We utilized the rotary cell culture system (RCCS-1) to explore the subsequent effects of SMG on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS SMG-treated HUVECs appeared obvious growth inhibition after return to normal gravity, which might be attributed to a set of responses including alteration of cytoskeleton, decreased cell adhesion capacity and increased apoptosis. Expression levels of mTOR and its downstream Apaf-1 were increased during subsequent culturing after SMG. miR-22 was up-regulated and its target genes SRF and LAMC1 were down-regulated at mRNA levels. LAMC1 siRNAs reduced cell adhesion rate and inhibited stress fiber formation while SRF siRNAs caused apoptosis. CONCLUSION SMG has the subsequent biological effects on HUVECs, resulting in growth inhibition through mTOR signaling and miR-22-mediated mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yu-Bing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China,Department of Molecular Physiology and Medical Bioregulation, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ye-Qing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li N, Wang C, Sun S, Zhang C, Lü D, Chen Q, Long M. Microgravity-Induced Alterations of Inflammation-Related Mechanotransduction in Endothelial Cells on Board SJ-10 Satellite. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1025. [PMID: 30108515 PMCID: PMC6079262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are mechanosensitive cells undergoing morphological and functional changes in space. Ground-based study has provided a body of evidences about how ECs can respond to the effect of simulated microgravity, however, these results need to be confirmed by spaceflight experiments in real microgravity. In this work, we cultured EA.hy926 ECs on board the SJ-10 Recoverable Scientific Satellite for 3 and 10 days, and analyzed the effects of space microgravity on the ECs. Space microgravity suppressed the glucose metabolism, modulated the expression of cellular adhesive molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD44, and depressed the pro-angiogenesis and pro-inflammation cytokine secretion. Meanwhile, it also induced the depolymerization of actin filaments and microtubules, promoted the vimentin accumulation, restrained the collagen I and fibronectin deposition, regulated the mechanotransduction through focal adhesion kinase and Rho GTPases, and enhanced the exosome-mediated mRNA transfer. Unlike the effect of simulated microgravity, neither three-dimensional growth nor enhanced nitric oxide production was observed in our experimental settings. This work furthers the understandings in the effects and mechanisms of space microgravity on ECs, and provides useful information for future spaceflight experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity - National Microgravity Laboratory, Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Grimm D, Egli M, Krüger M, Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Kopp S, Wehland M, Wise P, Infanger M, Mann V, Sundaresan A. Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions-Use of Stem Cells and Specialized Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:787-804. [PMID: 29596037 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental cell research studying three-dimensional (3D) tissues in space and on Earth using new techniques to simulate microgravity is currently a hot topic in Gravitational Biology and Biomedicine. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the use of stem cells and specialized cells for tissue engineering under simulated microgravity conditions. We will report on recent advancements in the ability to construct 3D aggregates from various cell types using devices originally created to prepare for spaceflights such as the random positioning machine (RPM), the clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, to engineer various tissues such as preliminary vessels, eye tissue, bone, cartilage, multicellular cancer spheroids, and others from different cells. In addition, stem cells had been investigated under microgravity for the purpose to engineer adipose tissue, cartilage, or bone. Recent publications have discussed different changes of stem cells when exposed to microgravity and the relevant pathways involved in these biological processes. Tissue engineering in microgravity is a new technique to produce organoids, spheroids, or tissues with and without scaffolds. These 3D aggregates can be used for drug testing studies or for coculture models. Multicellular tumor spheroids may be interesting for radiation experiments in the future and to reduce the need for in vivo experiments. Current achievements using cells from patients engineered on the RWV or on the RPM represent an important step in the advancement of techniques that may be applied in translational Regenerative Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark .,2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Egli
- 3 Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts , Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Krüger
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Riwaldt
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- 1 Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus C, Denmark .,4 Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sascha Kopp
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Wise
- 5 Hematology/Oncology, University of Southern California , Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manfred Infanger
- 2 Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Mann
- 6 Department of Biology, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kraus A, Luetzenberg R, Abuagela N, Hollenberg S, Infanger M. Spheroid formation and modulation of tenocyte-specific gene expression under simulated microgravity. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2018; 7:411-417. [PMID: 29387633 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background For tendon tissue engineering, tenocyte-seeded scaffolds are a promising approach. Under conventional 2D culture however, tenocytes show rapid senescene and phenotype loss. We hypothesized that phenotype loss could be counteracted by simulated microgravity conditions. Methods Human tenocytes were exposed to microgravity for 9 days on a Random Positioning Machine (RPM). Formation of 3D-structures (spheroids) was observed under light microscopy, gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Cells under conventional 2D-culture served as control group. Results Simulated microgravity reached a value of as low as 0.003g. Spheroid formation was observed after 4 days, and spheroids showed stable existance to the end of the observation period. After 9 days, spheroids showed a significantly higher gene expression of collagen 1 (Col1A1) compared to adherent cells under microgravity (4.4x, p=0.04) and compared to the control group (5.6x, p=0.02). Gene expression of collagen 3 (COL3A1) was significantly increased in spheroids compared to the control group (2.3x, p=0.03). Gene expressions of the extracellular matrix genes Tenascin C und Fibronectin (TNC and FN) were increased in adherent cells under microgravity compared to the 1g-control group, not reaching statistical significance (p=0.1 and p=0.3). For the gene expression of vimentin, no significant alteration was observed both in the adherent cells and in the spheroids compared to the 1g control group. Gene expression of the tenocyte-specific transcription factor scleraxis (SCX) was significantly increased in spheroids compared to the control group (3.7x, p=0.03). Conclusion Simulated microgravity could counteract tenocyte senescence in vitro and serve as a promising model for scaffold-free 3D cell culturing and tissue engineering. Level of evidence V (laboratory study).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kraus
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Luetzenberg
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nauras Abuagela
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Siri Hollenberg
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ebnerasuly F, Hajebrahimi Z, Tabaie SM, Darbouy M. Effect of Simulated Microgravity Conditions on Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells towards Fibroblasts Using Connective Tissue Growth Factor. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:241-251. [PMID: 29845076 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells able to differentiating into a variety of mesenchymal tissues including osteoblasts, adipocytes and several other tissues. Objectives: Differentiation of MSCs into fibroblast cells in vitro is an attractive strategy to achieve fibroblast cell and use them for purposes such as regeneration medicine. The goal of this study was investigate the simulated microgravity effect on differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) to fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: To fibroblast differentiation 100 ng.mL-1 of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and for simulation microgravity, 2D clinostat was used. After isolation the human ADSCs from adipose, cells were passaged, and at passages 3 they were used for characterization and subsequent steps. After 7 days of CTGF and simulated microgravity treatment, proliferation, and differentiation were analyzed collectively by MTT assay, quantitative PCR analyses, and Immunocytochemistry staining. Results: MTT assay revealed that CTGF stimulate the proliferation but simulated microgravity didn't have statistically significant effect on cell proliferation. In RNA level the expression of these genes are investigated: collagen type I (COLI), elastin (ELA), collagen type III (ColIII), Matrix Metalloproteinases I(MMP1), Fibronectin 1 (FN1), CD44, Fibroblast Specific protein (FSP-1), Integrin Subunit Beta 1 (ITGB1), Vimentin (VIM) and Fibrillin (FBN). We found that expression of ELN, FN1, FSP1, COL1A1, ITGB1, MMP1 and COL3A1 in both condition, and VIM and FBN1 just in differentiation medium in normal gravity increased. In protein level the expression of COL III and ELN in simulated microgravity increased. Conclusions: These findings collectively demonstrate that the simulated microgravity condition alters the marker fibroblast gene expression in fibroblast differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ebnerasuly
- Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajebrahimi
- Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Tabaie
- Medical Laser Research Center, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Darbouy
- Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buravkova LB, Rudimov EG, Andreeva ER, Grigoriev AI. The ICAM-1 expression level determines the susceptibility of human endothelial cells to simulated microgravity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2875-2885. [PMID: 29080356 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity is a principal risk factor hampering human cardiovascular regulation during space flights. Endothelial dysfunction associated with the impaired integrity and uniformity of the monolayer represents a potential trigger for vascular damage. We characterized the expression profile of the multi-step cascade of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, VE-cadherin) in umbilical cord endothelial cells (ECs) after 24 h of exposure to simulated microgravity (SMG), pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and the combination of the two. Random Positioning Machine (RPM)-mediated SMG was used to mimic microgravity effects. SMG stimulated the expression of E-selectin, which is known to be involved in slowing leukocyte rolling. Primary ECs displayed heterogeneity with respect to the proportion of ICAM-1-positive cells. ECs were divided into two groups: pre-activated ECs displaying high proportion of ICAM-1+ -cells (ECs-1) (greater than 50%) and non-activated ECs with low proportion of ICAM-1+ -cells (ECs-2) (less than 25%). Only non-activated ECs-2 responded to SMG by elevating gene transcription and increasing ICAM-1 and VE-cadherin expression. This effect was enhanced after cumulative SMG-TNF-α exposure. ECs-1 displayed an unexpected decrease in number of E-selectin- and ICAM-1-positive ECs and pronounced up-regulation of VCAM1 upon activation of inflammation, which was partially abolished by SMG. Thus, non-activated ECs-2 are quite resistant to the impacts of microgravity and even exhibited an elevation of the VE-cadherin gene and protein expression, thus improving the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Pre-activation of ECs with inflammatory stimuli may disturb the EC adhesion profile, attenuating its barrier function. These alterations may be among the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular dysregulation in real microgravity conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila B Buravkova
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene G Rudimov
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R Andreeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly I Grigoriev
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang S, Yin Z, Zhao B, Qi Y, Liu J, Rahimi SA, Lee LY, Li S. Microgravity simulation activates Cdc42 via Rap1GDS1 to promote vascular branch morphogenesis during vasculogenesis. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:157-165. [PMID: 29145128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity plays an important role in normal tissue maintenance. The ability of stem cells to repair tissue loss in space through regeneration and differentiation remains largely unknown. To investigate the impact of microgravity on blood vessel formation from pluripotent stem cells, we employed the embryoid body (EB) model for vasculogenesis and simulated microgravity by clinorotation. We first differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells into cystic EBs containing two germ layers and then analyzed vessel formation under clinorotation. We observed that endothelial cell differentiation was slightly reduced under clinorotation, whereas vascular branch morphogenesis was markedly enhanced. EB-derived endothelial cells migrated faster, displayed multiple cellular processes, and had higher Cdc42 and Rac1 activity when subjected to clinorotation. Genetic analysis and rescue experiments demonstrated that Cdc42 but not Rac1 is required for microgravity-induced vascular branch morphogenesis. Furthermore, affinity pull-down assay and mass spectrometry identified Rap1GDS1 to be a Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which was upregulated by clinorotation. shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rap1GDS1 selectively suppressed Cdc42 activation and inhibited both baseline and microgravity-induced vasculogenesis. This was rescued by ectopic expression of constitutively active Cdc42. Taken together, these results support the notion that simulated microgravity activates Cdc42 via Rap1GDS1 to promote vascular branch morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanmei Qi
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Saum A Rahimi
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Leonard Y Lee
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Häder DP, Braun M, Grimm D, Hemmersbach R. Gravireceptors in eukaryotes-a comparison of case studies on the cellular level. NPJ Microgravity 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28649635 PMCID: PMC5460273 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have selected five evolutionary very different biological systems ranging from unicellular protists via algae and higher plants to human cells showing responses to the gravity vector of the Earth in order to compare their graviperception mechanisms. All these systems use a mass, which may either by a heavy statolith or the whole content of the cell heavier than the surrounding medium to operate on a gravireceptor either by exerting pressure or by pulling on a cytoskeletal element. In many cases the receptor seems to be a mechanosensitive ion channel activated by the gravitational force which allows a gated ion flux across the membrane when activated. This has been identified in many systems to be a calcium current, which in turn activates subsequent elements of the sensory transduction chain, such as calmodulin, which in turn results in the activation of ubiquitous enzymes, gene expression activation or silencing. Naturally, the subsequent responses to the gravity stimulus differ widely between the systems ranging from orientational movement and directed growth to physiological reactions and adaptation to the environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donat-P. Häder
- Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. Biol. Neue Str. 9, Emeritus from Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Möhrendorf, 91096 Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Gravitational Biology, Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115 Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK 8000 Denmark
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, DLR (German Aerospace Center), Cologne, Linder Höhe 51147 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ancker OV, Wehland M, Bauer J, Infanger M, Grimm D. The Adverse Effect of Hypertension in the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer with Multi-Kinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E625. [PMID: 28335429 PMCID: PMC5372639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of thyroid cancer has promising prospects, mostly through the use of surgical or radioactive iodine therapy. However, some thyroid cancers, such as progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma, are not remediable with conventional types of treatment. In these cases, a treatment regimen with multi-kinase inhibitors is advisable. Unfortunately, clinical trials have shown a large number of patients, treated with multi-kinase inhibitors, being adversely affected by hypertension. This means that treatment of thyroid cancer with multi-kinase inhibitors prolongs progression-free and overall survival of patients, but a large number of patients experience hypertension as an adverse effect of the treatment. Whether the prolonged lifetime is sufficient to develop sequelae from hypertension is unclear, but late-stage cancer patients often have additional diseases, which can be complicated by the presence of hypertension. Since the exact mechanisms of the rise of hypertension in these patients are still unknown, the only available strategy is treating the symptoms. More studies determining the pathogenesis of hypertension as a side effect to cancer treatment as well as outcomes of dose management of cancer drugs are necessary to improve future therapy options for hypertension as an adverse effect to cancer therapy with multi-kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Vincent Ancker
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rudimov EG, Buravkova LB. Gravisensitivity of endothelial cells: the role of cytoskeleton and adhesion molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119716060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
38
|
Pietsch J, Gass S, Nebuloni S, Echegoyen D, Riwaldt S, Baake C, Bauer J, Corydon TJ, Egli M, Infanger M, Grimm D. Three-dimensional growth of human endothelial cells in an automated cell culture experiment container during the SpaceX CRS-8 ISS space mission - The SPHEROIDS project. Biomaterials 2017; 124:126-156. [PMID: 28199884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (ECs) were sent to the International Space Station (ISS) to determine the impact of microgravity on the formation of three-dimensional structures. For this project, an automatic experiment unit (EU) was designed allowing cell culture in space. In order to enable a safe cell culture, cell nourishment and fixation after a pre-programmed timeframe, the materials used for construction of the EUs were tested in regard to their biocompatibility. These tests revealed a high biocompatibility for all parts of the EUs, which were in contact with the cells or the medium used. Most importantly, we found polyether ether ketones for surrounding the incubation chamber, which kept cellular viability above 80% and allowed the cells to adhere as long as they were exposed to normal gravity. After assembling the EU the ECs were cultured therein, where they showed good cell viability at least for 14 days. In addition, the functionality of the automatic medium exchange, and fixation procedures were confirmed. Two days before launch, the ECs were cultured in the EUs, which were afterwards mounted on the SpaceX CRS-8 rocket. 5 and 12 days after launch the cells were fixed. Subsequent analyses revealed a scaffold-free formation of spheroids in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pietsch
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Gass
- RUAG Space, RUAG Schweiz AG, Nyon, Switzerland
| | | | - David Echegoyen
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Riwaldt
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christin Baake
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Egli
- Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts - School of Engineering & Architecture, Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Janmaleki M, Pachenari M, Seyedpour SM, Shahghadami R, Sanati-Nezhad A. Impact of Simulated Microgravity on Cytoskeleton and Viscoelastic Properties of Endothelial Cell. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32418. [PMID: 27581365 PMCID: PMC5007526 DOI: 10.1038/srep32418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the effects of simulated microgravity (s-μg) on mechanical properties, major cytoskeleton biopolymers, and morphology of endothelial cells (ECs). The structural and functional integrity of ECs are vital to regulate vascular homeostasis and prevent atherosclerosis. Furthermore, these highly gravity sensitive cells play a key role in pathogenesis of many diseases. In this research, impacts of s-μg on mechanical behavior of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated by utilizing a three-dimensional random positioning machine (3D-RPM). Results revealed a considerable drop in cell stiffness and viscosity after 24 hrs of being subjected to weightlessness. Cortical rigidity experienced relatively immediate and significant decline comparing to the stiffness of whole cell body. The cells became rounded in morphology while western blot analysis showed reduction of the main cytoskeletal components. Moreover, fluorescence staining confirmed disorganization of both actin filaments and microtubules (MTs). The results were compared statistically among test and control groups and it was concluded that s-μg led to a significant alteration in mechanical behavior of ECs due to remodeling of cell cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Center for
BioEngineering Research and Education, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - M. Pachenari
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - S. M. Seyedpour
- Chair of Mechanics - Structural Analysis - Dynamics, Faculty of
Architecture and Civil Engineering, TU
Dortmund, Germany
| | - R. Shahghadami
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - A. Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Center for
BioEngineering Research and Education, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bauer J, Bussen M, Wise P, Wehland M, Schneider S, Grimm D. Searching the literature for proteins facilitates the identification of biological processes, if advanced methods of analysis are linked: a case study on microgravity-caused changes in cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:697-705. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1197775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bauer
- Informationsvermittlung, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Bussen
- Lifescience, Elsevier Information System GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petra Wise
- Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Informationsvermittlung, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Riwaldt S, Bauer J, Wehland M, Slumstrup L, Kopp S, Warnke E, Dittrich A, Magnusson NE, Pietsch J, Corydon TJ, Infanger M, Grimm D. Pathways Regulating Spheroid Formation of Human Follicular Thyroid Cancer Cells under Simulated Microgravity Conditions: A Genetic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:528. [PMID: 27070589 PMCID: PMC4848984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity induces three-dimensional (3D) growth in numerous cell types. Despite substantial efforts to clarify the underlying mechanisms for spheroid formation, the precise molecular pathways are still not known. The principal aim of this paper is to compare static 1g-control cells with spheroid forming (MCS) and spheroid non-forming (AD) thyroid cancer cells cultured in the same flask under simulated microgravity conditions. We investigated the morphology and gene expression patterns in human follicular thyroid cancer cells (UCLA RO82-W-1 cell line) after a 24 h-exposure on the Random Positioning Machine (RPM) and focused on 3D growth signaling processes. After 24 h, spheroid formation was observed in RPM-cultures together with alterations in the F-actin cytoskeleton. qPCR indicated more changes in gene expression in MCS than in AD cells. Of the 24 genes analyzed VEGFA, VEGFD, MSN, and MMP3 were upregulated in MCS compared to 1g-controls, whereas ACTB, ACTA2, KRT8, TUBB, EZR, RDX, PRKCA, CAV1, MMP9, PAI1, CTGF, MCP1 were downregulated. A pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated genes code for proteins, which promote 3D growth (angiogenesis) and prevent excessive accumulation of extracellular proteins, while genes coding for structural proteins are downregulated. Pathways regulating the strength/rigidity of cytoskeletal proteins, the amount of extracellular proteins, and 3D growth may be involved in MCS formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riwaldt
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Markus Wehland
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lasse Slumstrup
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Warnke
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Anita Dittrich
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Nils E Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Pietsch
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Clinic, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhao T, Tang X, Umeshappa CS, Ma H, Gao H, Deng Y, Freywald A, Xiang J. Simulated Microgravity Promotes Cell Apoptosis Through Suppressing Uev1A/TICAM/TRAF/NF-κB-Regulated Anti-Apoptosis and p53/PCNA- and ATM/ATR-Chk1/2-Controlled DNA-Damage Response Pathways. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2138-48. [PMID: 26887372 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity has been known to induce cell death. However, its underlying mechanism is less studied. In this study, BL6-10 melanoma cells were cultured in flasks under simulated microgravity (SMG). We examined cell apoptosis, and assessed expression of genes associated with apoptosis and genes regulating apoptosis in cells under SMG. We demonstrate that SMG induces cell morphological changes and microtubule alterations by confocal microscopy, and enhances apoptosis by flow cytometry, which was associated with up- and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, respectively. Moreover, up- and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic (Caspases 3, 7, 8) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl2 and Bnip3) molecules was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Western blot analysis also indicates that SMG causes inhibition of an apoptosis suppressor, pNF-κB-p65, which is complemented by the predominant localization of NF-κB-p65 in the cytoplasm. SMG also reduces expression of molecules regulating the NF-κB pathway including Uev1A, TICAM, TRAF2, and TRAF6. Interestingly, 10 DNA repair genes are down-regulated in cells exposed to SMG, among which down-regulation of Parp, Ercc8, Rad23, Rad51, and Ku70 was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. In addition, we demonstrate a significant inhibition of molecules involved in the DNA-damage response, such as p53, PCNA, ATM/ATR, and Chk1/2. Taken together, our work reveals that SMG promotes the apoptotic response through a combined modulation of the Uev1A/TICAM/TRAF/NF-κB-regulated apoptosis and the p53/PCNA- and ATM/ATR-Chk1/2-controlled DNA-damage response pathways. Thus, our investigation provides novel information, which may help us to determine the cause of negative alterations in human physiology occurring at spaceflight environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2138-2148, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhao
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Ma
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Gao
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Aerospace Institute of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aleshcheva G, Bauer J, Hemmersbach R, Slumstrup L, Wehland M, Infanger M, Grimm D. Scaffold-free Tissue Formation Under Real and Simulated Microgravity Conditions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119 Suppl 3:26-33. [PMID: 26826674 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold-free tissue formation in microgravity is a new method in regenerative medicine and an important topic in Space Medicine. In this MiniReview, we focus on recent findings in the field of tissue engineering that were observed by exposing cells to real microgravity in space or to devices simulating to at least some extent microgravity conditions on Earth (ground-based facilities). Under both conditions - real and simulated microgravity - a part of the cultured cells of various populations detaches from the bottom of a culture flask. The cells form three-dimensional (3D) aggregates resembling the organs from which the cells have been derived. As spaceflights are rare and extremely expensive, cell culture under simulated microgravity allows more comprehensive and frequent studies on the scaffold-free 3D tissue formation in some aspects, as a number of publications have proven during the last two decades. In this MiniReview, we summarize data from our own studies and work from various researchers about tissue engineering of multi-cellular spheroids formed by cancer cells, tube formation by endothelial cells and cartilage formation by exposing the cells to ground-based facilities such as the 3D Random Positioning Machine (RPM), the 2D Fast-Rotating Clinostat (FRC) or the Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV). Subsequently, we investigated self-organization of 3D aggregates without scaffolds pursuing to enhance the frequency of 3D formation and to enlarge the size of the organ-like aggregates. The density of the monolayer exposed to real or simulated microgravity as well as the composition of the culture media revealed an impact on the results. Genomic and proteomic alterations were induced by simulated microgravity. Under microgravity conditions, adherent cells expressed other genes than cells grown in spheroids. In this MiniReview, the recent improvements in scaffold-free tissue formation are summarized and relationships between phenotypic and molecular appearance are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Gravitational Biology, DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lasse Slumstrup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Grimm
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Szulcek R, van Bezu J, Boonstra J, van Loon JJWA, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. Transient Intervals of Hyper-Gravity Enhance Endothelial Barrier Integrity: Impact of Mechanical and Gravitational Forces Measured Electrically. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144269. [PMID: 26637177 PMCID: PMC4670102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells (EC) guard vascular functions by forming a dynamic barrier throughout the vascular system that sensitively adapts to ‘classical’ biomechanical forces, such as fluid shear stress and hydrostatic pressure. Alterations in gravitational forces might similarly affect EC integrity, but remain insufficiently studied. Methods In an unique approach, we utilized Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) in the gravity-simulators at the European Space Agency (ESA) to study dynamic responses of human EC to simulated micro- and hyper-gravity as well as to classical forces. Results Short intervals of micro- or hyper-gravity evoked distinct endothelial responses. Stimulated micro-gravity led to decreased endothelial barrier integrity, whereas hyper-gravity caused sustained barrier enhancement by rapid improvement of cell-cell integrity, evidenced by a significant junctional accumulation of VE-cadherin (p = 0.011), significant enforcement of peripheral F-actin (p = 0.008) and accompanied by a slower enhancement of cell-matrix interactions. The hyper-gravity triggered EC responses were force dependent and nitric-oxide (NO) mediated showing a maximal resistance increase of 29.2±4.8 ohms at 2g and 60.9±6.2 ohms at 4g vs. baseline values that was significantly suppressed by NO blockage (p = 0.011). Conclusion In conclusion, short-term application of hyper-gravity caused a sustained improvement of endothelial barrier integrity, whereas simulated micro-gravity weakened the endothelium. In clear contrast, classical forces of shear stress and hydrostatic pressure induced either short-lived or no changes to the EC barrier. Here, ECIS has proven a powerful tool to characterize subtle and distinct EC gravity-responses due to its high temporal resolution, wherefore ECIS has a great potential for the study of gravity-responses such as in real space flights providing quantitative assessment of a variety of cell biological characteristics of any adherent growing cell type in an automated and continuous fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szulcek
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Boonstra
- Deptartment of Cellular Architecture and Dynamics, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J. W. A. van Loon
- Dutch Experiment Support Center (DESC), ESTEC, TEC-MMG-Lab, European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P. van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research (ICaR-VU), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for skeletal disorders. Bone 2015; 81:7-15. [PMID: 26123594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal and renal systems (the bone-renal-vascular axis regulates bone metabolism). The two cytokines contribute to bone remodeling, dental healing, kidney function, and the adjustment to microgravity. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. In bone remodeling, OPN and VEGF are regulated under the influence of growth factors and hormones, hypoxia and inflammation, the micro-environment, and various physical forces. Their abundance can be affected by drug treatment. OPN and VEGF are variably associated with kidney disease. Their balanced levels are critical for restoring endothelial cell function and ameliorating the adverse effects of microgravity. Here, we review the relevant 83 papers of 257 articles published, and listed in PubMed under the key words OPN and VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koch C, Kohn FPM, Bauer J. Preparing normal tissue cells for space flight experiments. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 46:208-13. [PMID: 25806650 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1015565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of health is a problem in modern space flight business. In order to develop countermeasures, research has been done on human bodies and also on single cells. Relevant experiments on human cells in vitro are feasible when microgravity is simulated by devices such as the Random Positioning Machine or generated for a short time during parabolic flights. However, they become difficult in regard to performance and interpretation when long-term experiments are designed that need a prolonged stay on the International Space Station (ISS). One huge problem is the transport of living cells from a laboratory on Earth to the ISS. For this reason, mainly rapidly growing, rather robust human cells such as cancer cells, embryonic cells, or progenitor cells have been investigated on the ISS up to now. Moreover, better knowledge on the behavior of normal mature cells, which mimic the in vivo situation, is strongly desirable. One solution to the problem could be the use of redifferentiable cells, which grow rapidly and behave like cancer cells in plain medium, but are reprogrammed to normal cells when substances like retinoic acid are added. A list of cells capable of redifferentiation is provided, together with names of suitable drugs, in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- a Institute of Physiology, Department of Membrane Physiology , University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Florian P M Kohn
- a Institute of Physiology, Department of Membrane Physiology , University of Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- b Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Martinsried , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xie Z, Wang L, Tan H. Preparation and properties of polyurethane-modified epoxy cured in different simulated gravity environments. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Youshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Zhimin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Huifeng Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
He L, Pan S, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Yi H, Song C, Niu Y. Increased proliferation and adhesion properties of human dental pulp stem cells in PLGA scaffolds via simulated microgravity. Int Endod J 2015; 49:161-73. [PMID: 25702704 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. He
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - S. Pan
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - W. Zhang
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - H. Yi
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - C. Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation of the Ministry of Health & Department of General Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - Y. Niu
- Department of Endodontics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:202-22. [PMID: 25732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For this comprehensive review, 257 publications with the keywords "osteopontin" or "OPN" and "vascular endothelial growth factor" or "VEGF" in PubMed were screened (time frame from year 1996 to year 2014). 37 articles were excluded because they were not focused on the interactions between these molecules, and papers relevant for transformation-related phenomena were selected. Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for regulating cell motility and angiogenesis, the response to hypoxia, and apoptosis. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. Their relationships affect the pathogenesis in cancer, where they contribute to progression and angiogenesis and serve as markers for poor prognosis. The inhibition of OPN may reduce VEGF levels and suppress tumor progression. In vascular pathologies, these two cytokines mediate remodeling, but may also perpetuate inflammation and narrowing of the arteries. OPN and VEGF are elevated and contribute to vascularization in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
| |
Collapse
|