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Correas AG, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Roca M, Blanco-Gandía MC, Nascimento C, Lahoz A, Rodriguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression rescues the loss of cognition in the double transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103242. [PMID: 38908073 PMCID: PMC11253689 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mice models of Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1) typically experience cognitive decline with age. G6PD overexpressing mice (G6PD-Tg) exhibit better protection from age-associated functional decline including improvements in metabolic and muscle functions as well as reduced frailty compared to their wild-type counterparts. Importantly G6PD-Tg mice show diminished accumulation of DNA oxidation in the brain at different ages in both males and females. To further explore the potential benefits of modulating the G6PD activity in neurodegenerative diseases, triple transgenic mice (3xTg G6PD) were generated, overexpressing APP, PSEN1, and G6PD genes. The cognitive decline characteristic of APP/PS1 mice was prevented in 3xTg G6PD mice, despite similar amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus. This challenges the dominant hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology and the majority of therapeutic efforts in the field, based on the notion that Aβ is pivotal in cognitive preservation. Notably, the antioxidant properties of G6PD led to a decrease in oxidative stress parameters, such as improved GSH/GSSG and GSH/CysSSG ratios, without major changes in oxidative damage markers. Additionally, metabolic changes in 3xTg G6PD mice increased brain energy status, countering the hypometabolism observed in Alzheimer's models. Remarkably, a higher respiratory exchange ratio suggested increased carbohydrate utilization. The relative failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have raised significant skepticism on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drugs has followed the correct path. Our findings highlight the significance of targeting glucose-metabolizing enzymes rather than solely focusing on Aβ in Alzheimer's research, advocating for a deeper exploration of glucose metabolism's role in cognitive preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela G Correas
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marta Roca
- Analytical Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Carla Nascimento
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustin Lahoz
- Analytical Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Arias
- Unidad de Investigacion Psicobiologia de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Unidad de Investigacion Psicobiologia de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Gondáš E, Baranovičová E, Bystrický P, Šofranko J, Evinová A, Dohál M, Hatoková Z, Murín R. Both Enantiomers of 2-Hydroxyglutarate Modulate the Metabolism of Cultured Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2480-2490. [PMID: 38862727 PMCID: PMC11310259 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG) in the brain are associated with various pathological conditions, potentially contributing to neurological symptoms and neurodegeneration. Previous studies on animal models have revealed their capability to interfere with several cellular processes, including mitochondrial metabolism. Both enantiomers competitively inhibit the enzymatic activity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. These enzymes also execute several signaling cascades and regulate the level of covalent modifications on nucleic acids or proteins, e.g., methylation, hydroxylation, or ubiquitination, with an effect on epigenetic regulation of gene expression, protein stability, and intracellular signaling. To investigate the potential impact of 2HG enantiomers on human neuronal cells, we utilized the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line as a model. We employed proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy of culture media that provided high-resolution insights into the changes in the content of metabolites. Concurrently, we performed biochemical assays to complement the 1H-NMR findings and to estimate the activities of lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases. Our results reveal that both 2HG enantiomers can influence the cellular metabolism of human neuroblastoma cells on multiple levels. Specifically, both enantiomers of 2HG comparably stimulate anaerobic metabolism of glucose and inhibit the uptake of several essential amino acids from the culture media. In this respect, both 2HG enantiomers decreased the catabolism capability of cells to incorporate the leucine-derived carbon atoms into their metabolism and to generate the ketone bodies. These results provide evidence that both enantiomers of 2HG have the potential to influence the metabolic and molecular aspects of human cells. Furthermore, we may propose that increased levels of 2HG enantiomers in the brain parenchyma may alter brain metabolism features, potentially contributing to the etiology of neurological symptoms in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Gondáš
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Baranovičová
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Bystrický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Šofranko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Evinová
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Dohál
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hatoková
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Murín
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
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Mahmoudzadeh NH, Heidarian Y, Tourigny JP, Fitt AJ, Beebe K, Li H, Luhur A, Buddika K, Mungcal L, Kundu A, Policastro RA, Brinkley GJ, Zentner GE, Nemkov T, Pepin R, Chawla G, Sudarshan S, Rodan AR, D'Alessandro A, Tennessen JM. Renal L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity promotes hypoxia tolerance and mitochondrial metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Metab 2024; 89:102013. [PMID: 39182840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mitochondrial enzyme L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) regulates the abundance of L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG), a potent signaling metabolite capable of influencing chromatin architecture, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell fate decisions. Loss of L2hgdh activity in humans induces ectopic L-2HG accumulation, resulting in neurodevelopmental defects, altered immune cell function, and enhanced growth of clear cell renal cell carcinomas. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disease pathologies, we used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the endogenous functions of L2hgdh. METHODS L2hgdh mutant adult male flies were analyzed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions using a combination of semi-targeted metabolomics and RNA-seq. These multi-omic analyses were complemented by tissue-specific genetic studies that examined the effects of L2hgdh mutations on the Drosophila renal system (Malpighian tubules; MTs). RESULTS Our studies revealed that while L2hgdh is not essential for growth or viability under standard culture conditions, L2hgdh mutants are hypersensitive to hypoxia and expire during the reoxygenation phase with severe disruptions of mitochondrial metabolism. Moreover, we find that the fly renal system is a key site of L2hgdh activity, as L2hgdh mutants that express a rescuing transgene within the MTs survive hypoxia treatment and exhibit normal levels of mitochondrial metabolites. We also demonstrate that even under normoxic conditions, L2hgdh mutant MTs experience significant metabolic stress and are sensitized to aberrant growth upon Egfr activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings present a model in which renal L2hgdh activity limits systemic L-2HG accumulation, thus indirectly regulating the balance between glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, enabling successful recovery from hypoxia exposure, and ensuring renal tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Heidarian
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jason P Tourigny
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Alexander J Fitt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Katherine Beebe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Arthur Luhur
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kasun Buddika
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Liam Mungcal
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona in Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Garrett J Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gabriel E Zentner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert Pepin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Member, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Álvarez-González E, Sierra LM. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Relationships with Non-Metabolic Processes: A Short Story with DNA Repair and Its Consequences on Cancer Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9054. [PMID: 39201738 PMCID: PMC11355010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes involving the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle have been linked to different non-metabolic cell processes. Among them, apart from cancer and immunity, emerges the DNA damage response (DDR) and specifically DNA damage repair. The oncometabolites succinate, fumarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) increase reactive oxygen species levels and create pseudohypoxia conditions that induce DNA damage and/or inhibit DNA repair. Additionally, by influencing DDR modulation, they establish direct relationships with DNA repair on at least four different pathways. The AlkB pathway deals with the removal of N-alkylation DNA and RNA damage that is inhibited by fumarate and 2HG. The MGMT pathway acts in the removal of O-alkylation DNA damage, and it is inhibited by the silencing of the MGMT gene promoter by 2HG and succinate. The other two pathways deal with the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) but with opposite effects: the FH pathway, which uses fumarate to help with the repair of this damage, and the chromatin remodeling pathway, in which oncometabolites inhibit its repair by impairing the homologous recombination repair (HRR) system. Since oncometabolites inhibit DNA repair, their removal from tumor cells will not always generate a positive response in cancer therapy. In fact, their presence contributes to longer survival and/or sensitization against tumor therapy in some cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enol Álvarez-González
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Genética, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Avda. HUCA s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luisa María Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Genética, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Avda. HUCA s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Lane AN, Higashi RM, Fan TWM. Challenges of Spatially Resolved Metabolism in Cancer Research. Metabolites 2024; 14:383. [PMID: 39057706 PMCID: PMC11278851 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics comprises a critical set of technologies that can be applied to a wide variety of systems, from isolated cells to whole organisms, to define metabolic pathway usage and responses to perturbations such as drugs or mutations, as well as providing the basis for flux analysis. As the diversity of stable isotope-enriched compounds is very high, and with newer approaches to multiplexing, the coverage of metabolism is now very extensive. However, as the complexity of the model increases, including more kinds of interacting cell types and interorgan communication, the analytical complexity also increases. Further, as studies move further into spatially resolved biology, new technical problems have to be overcome owing to the small number of analytes present in the confines of a single cell or cell compartment. Here, we review the overall goals and solutions made possible by stable isotope tracing and their applications to models of increasing complexity. Finally, we discuss progress and outstanding difficulties in high-resolution spatially resolved tracer-based metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Lane
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.H.); (T.W.-M.F.)
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Garcia I, Cornely K, Peterson CN, Berkmen MB. Roles of the oncometabolite enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate and their metabolism by diverse dehydrogenases. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230077. [PMID: 38919140 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is an oncometabolite that can contribute to tumor progression. Two enantiomer forms, L-2HG and D-2HG, arise from independent pathways starting from the precursor α-ketoglutarate (αKG). L-2HG production occurs through the promiscuous activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) under acidic and/or hypoxic conditions. D-2HG frequently accumulates by gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding two isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2). Cognate metabolite repair enzymes, L- and D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases, oxidize the enantiomers and cause abnormally high 2HG accumulation and disease when mutated. Elevated levels of either oncometabolite affect redox homeostasis, metabolism, and immune system functioning. Moreover, the oncometabolites inhibit several α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases resulting in epigenetic changes such as DNA and histone hypermethylation as well as deficiencies in DNA repair. L-2HG, and D-2HG in some cases, inhibit degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1α), a transcription factor that alters gene expression to adapt to hypoxic conditions, favoring tumorigenesis. Patients with the rare disease 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (2HGA) have exceedingly high levels of 2HG, which is neurotoxic, causing developmental delays and brain abnormalities. D-2HG also has specific effects on collagen production and NADPH pools. Recently, D-2HG has been targeted in new chemotherapies aimed at disrupting the gain-of-function IDH1 and IDH2 mutants, resulting in successful clinical trials for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelitza Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen Cornely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College, Providence, RI, U.S.A
| | | | - Melanie B Berkmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Environment, and Physics, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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Taunk K, Jajula S, Bhavsar PP, Choudhari M, Bhanuse S, Tamhankar A, Naiya T, Kalita B, Rapole S. The prowess of metabolomics in cancer research: current trends, challenges and future perspectives. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05041-w. [PMID: 38814423 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cancer due to its heterogeneous nature and large prevalence has tremendous socioeconomic impacts on populations across the world. Therefore, it is crucial to discover effective panels of biomarkers for diagnosing cancer at an early stage. Cancer leads to alterations in cell growth and differentiation at the molecular level, some of which are very unique. Therefore, comprehending these alterations can aid in a better understanding of the disease pathology and identification of the biomolecules that can serve as effective biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Metabolites, among other biomolecules of interest, play a key role in the pathophysiology of cancer whose levels are significantly altered while 'reprogramming the energy metabolism', a cellular condition favored in cancer cells which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Metabolomics, an emerging omics technology has tremendous potential to contribute towards the goal of investigating cancer metabolites or the metabolic alterations during the development of cancer. Diverse metabolites can be screened in a variety of biofluids, and tumor tissues sampled from cancer patients against healthy controls to capture the altered metabolism. In this review, we provide an overview of different metabolomics approaches employed in cancer research and the potential of metabolites as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. In addition, we discuss the challenges associated with metabolomics-driven cancer research and gaze upon the prospects of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, NH12 Simhat, Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal, 741249, India
| | - Saikiran Jajula
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Praneeta Pradip Bhavsar
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Mahima Choudhari
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Sadanand Bhanuse
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Anup Tamhankar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Erandawne, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
| | - Tufan Naiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, NH12 Simhat, Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal, 741249, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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Fayed AGI, Mohamed MET, Abed E, Meshref M, Ali Mahmoud A. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a report of clinical, radiological, and genetic characteristics of two siblings from Egypt. Neurocase 2024; 30:77-82. [PMID: 38795053 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2346978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by elevated levels of hydroxyglutaric acid in the body fluids and brain with abnormal white matter. We present two siblings with psychomotor retardation and quadriparesis. Their brain imaging showed diffuse bilateral symmetrical involvement of the cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia and cerebellum. The whole exome sequence studies revealed a homozygous likely pathogenic variant on chromosome 14q22.1 (NM_024884.2: c.178G > A; pGly60Arg) in the gene encoding for L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) (OMIM #236792). Therefore, using the L2HGDH gene study is beneficial for L2HGA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsayed Abed
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Mahmoud
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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9
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Fayed AGI, Mohamed MET, Abed E, Meshref M, Ali Mahmoud A. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a report of clinical, radiological, and genetic characteristics of two siblings from Egypt. Neurocase 2024; 30:77-82. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2024.2346978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsayed Abed
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Mahmoud
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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10
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Zmuda AJ, Kang X, Wissbroecker KB, Freund Saxhaug K, Costa KC, Hegeman AD, Niehaus TD. A universal metabolite repair enzyme removes a strong inhibitor of the TCA cycle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:846. [PMID: 38287013 PMCID: PMC10825186 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A prevalent side-reaction of succinate dehydrogenase oxidizes malate to enol-oxaloacetate (OAA), a metabolically inactive form of OAA that is a strong inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. We purified from cow heart mitochondria an enzyme (OAT1) with OAA tautomerase (OAT) activity that converts enol-OAA to the physiological keto-OAA form, and determined that it belongs to the highly conserved and previously uncharacterized Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase_domain-containing protein family. From all three domains of life, heterologously expressed proteins were shown to have strong OAT activity, and ablating the OAT1 homolog caused significant growth defects. In Escherichia coli, expression of succinate dehydrogenase was necessary for OAT1-associated growth defects to occur, and ablating OAT1 caused a significant increase in acetate and other metabolites associated with anaerobic respiration. OAT1 increased the succinate dehydrogenase reaction rate by 35% in in vitro assays with physiological concentrations of both succinate and malate. Our results suggest that OAT1 is a universal metabolite repair enzyme that is required to maximize aerobic respiration efficiency by preventing succinate dehydrogenase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Zmuda
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Xiaojun Kang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katie B Wissbroecker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katrina Freund Saxhaug
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kyle C Costa
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Thomas D Niehaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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11
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Zara V, Assalve G, Ferramosca A. Insights into the malfunctioning of the mitochondrial citrate carrier: Implications for cell pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166758. [PMID: 37209873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial citrate carrier (CIC) is a member of the mitochondrial carrier family and is responsible for the transit of tricarboxylates and dicarboxylates across the inner membrane. By modulating the flux of these molecules, it represents the molecular link between catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in distinct cellular sub-compartments. Therefore, this transport protein represents an important element of investigation both in physiology and in pathology. In this review we critically analyze the involvement of the mitochondrial CIC in several human pathologies, which can be divided into two subgroups, one characterized by a decrease and the other by an increase in the flux of citrate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. In particular, a decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial CIC is responsible for several congenital diseases of different severity, which are also characterized by the increase in urinary levels of L-2- and D-2-hydroxyglutaric acids. On the other hand, an increase in the activity of the mitochondrial CIC is involved, in various ways, in the onset of inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Then, understanding the role of CIC and the mechanisms driving the flux of metabolic intermediates between mitochondria and cytosol would potentially allow for manipulation and control of metabolism in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Graziana Assalve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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12
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Wang W, Han H, Wang Y, Wang T. A novel homozygous missense mutation in L-2-HGA gene: A case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 225:107529. [PMID: 36610237 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulted from the mutated gene L-2- hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). We presented a female case who inherited the disease from her consanguineous relatives and suffered from cognitive impairment, seizure, and ataxia. Using cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), urine organic acid test, and high-throughput DNA sequencing, a novel homozygous missense mutation was found in the L2HGDH gene, namely c 0.847 G>A/p. G283R in exon 7. Summarizing the clinical information of the patient with L-2-HGA exhibited to be beneficial for the diagnosis of this rare disease. In summary, the pathogenic missense mutation in the case was reliably confirmed using the bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Hongmei Han
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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13
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Faisal SM, Comba A, Varela ML, Argento AE, Brumley E, Abel C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. The complex interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the brain tumor microenvironmental landscape and their therapeutic implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1005069. [PMID: 36276147 PMCID: PMC9583158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive high-grade glial tumor, is resistant to therapy and has a poor prognosis due to its universal recurrence rate. GBM cells interact with the non-cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), facilitating their rapid growth, evolution, and invasion into the normal brain. Herein we discuss the complexity of the interactions between the cellular and non-cellular components of the TME and advances in the field as a whole. While the stroma of non-central nervous system (CNS) tissues is abundant in fibrillary collagens, laminins, and fibronectin, the normal brain extracellular matrix (ECM) predominantly includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, with fibrillary components typically found only in association with the vasculature. However, recent studies have found that in GBMs, the microenvironment evolves into a more complex array of components, with upregulated collagen gene expression and aligned fibrillary ECM networks. The interactions of glioma cells with the ECM and the degradation of matrix barriers are crucial for both single-cell and collective invasion into neighboring brain tissue. ECM-regulated mechanisms also contribute to immune exclusion, resulting in a major challenge to immunotherapy delivery and efficacy. Glioma cells chemically and physically control the function of their environment, co-opting complex signaling networks for their own benefit, resulting in radio- and chemo-resistance, tumor recurrence, and cancer progression. Targeting these interactions is an attractive strategy for overcoming therapy resistance, and we will discuss recent advances in preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and potential future clinical applications. In this review, we also provide a comprehensive discussion of the complexities of the interconnected cellular and non-cellular components of the microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors to guide the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies against brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Faisal
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria L. Varela
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna E. Argento
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily Brumley
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Clifford Abel
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Pedro R. Lowenstein,
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14
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Nowacki JC, Fields AM, Fu MM. Emerging cellular themes in leukodystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902261. [PMID: 36003149 PMCID: PMC9393611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a broad spectrum of neurological disorders that are characterized primarily by deficiencies in myelin formation. Clinical manifestations of leukodystrophies usually appear during childhood and common symptoms include lack of motor coordination, difficulty with or loss of ambulation, issues with vision and/or hearing, cognitive decline, regression in speech skills, and even seizures. Many cases of leukodystrophy can be attributed to genetic mutations, but they have diverse inheritance patterns (e.g., autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked) and some arise from de novo mutations. In this review, we provide an updated overview of 35 types of leukodystrophies and focus on cellular mechanisms that may underlie these disorders. We find common themes in specialized functions in oligodendrocytes, which are specialized producers of membranes and myelin lipids. These mechanisms include myelin protein defects, lipid processing and peroxisome dysfunction, transcriptional and translational dysregulation, disruptions in cytoskeletal organization, and cell junction defects. In addition, non-cell-autonomous factors in astrocytes and microglia, such as autoimmune reactivity, and intercellular communication, may also play a role in leukodystrophy onset. We hope that highlighting these themes in cellular dysfunction in leukodystrophies may yield conceptual insights on future therapeutic approaches.
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15
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Wu MJ, Shi L, Merritt J, Zhu AX, Bardeesy N. Biology of IDH mutant cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2022; 75:1322-1337. [PMID: 35226770 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are the most frequently mutated metabolic genes across human cancers. These hotspot gain-of-function mutations cause the IDH enzyme to aberrantly generate high levels of the oncometabolite, R-2-hydroxyglutarate, which competitively inhibits enzymes that regulate epigenetics, DNA repair, metabolism, and other processes. Among epithelial malignancies, IDH mutations are particularly common in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of mutant IDH (mIDH) 1 delays progression of mIDH1 iCCA, indicating a role for this oncogene in tumor maintenance. However, not all patients receive clinical benefit, and those who do typically show stable disease rather than significant tumor regressions. The elucidation of the oncogenic functions of mIDH is needed to inform strategies that can more effectively harness mIDH as a therapeutic target. This review will discuss the biology of mIDH iCCA, including roles of mIDH in blocking cell differentiation programs and suppressing antitumor immunity, and the potential relevance of these effects to mIDH1-targeted therapy. We also cover opportunities for synthetic lethal therapeutic interactions that harness the altered cell state provoked by mIDH1 rather than inhibiting the mutant enzyme. Finally, we highlight key outstanding questions in the biology of this fascinating and incompletely understood oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Wu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lei Shi
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua Merritt
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Jiahui International Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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16
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Peng S, Chen H, Chen L, Yang G, Liu J, Cheng X, Tang Y. Beyond Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations: Emerging Mechanisms for the Accumulation of the Oncometabolite 2-Hydroxyglutarate. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:115-124. [PMID: 35018778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) is an unconventional oncometabolite of α-ketoglutarate. Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation is generally acknowledged to be the main cause of 2-HG accumulation. In isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant tumors, 2-HG accumulation inhibits α-ketoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases, resulting in epigenetic alterations. Recently, the increase of 2-HG has also been observed in the cases of mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia. In these cases, 2-HG not only inhibits α-ketoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases to regulate epigenetics but also affects other cellular pathways, such as regulating hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and glycolysis. These provide a new perspective for the study of 2-HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xueer Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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17
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Hvinden IC, Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Metabolic adaptations in cancers expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100469. [PMID: 35028610 PMCID: PMC8714851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated metabolic genes in human cancer are those encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2; these mutations have so far been identified in more than 20 tumor types. Since IDH mutations were first reported in glioma over a decade ago, extensive research has revealed their association with altered cellular processes. Mutations in IDH lead to a change in enzyme function, enabling efficient conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). It is proposed that elevated cellular R-2-HG inhibits enzymes that regulate transcription and metabolism, subsequently affecting nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial biochemistry. The significance of these biochemical changes for tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic exploitation remains unclear. Here we comprehensively review reported direct and indirect metabolic changes linked to IDH mutations and discuss their clinical significance. We also review the metabolic effects of first-generation mutant IDH inhibitors and highlight the potential for combination treatment strategies and new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Comfort Hvinden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tom Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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18
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Artemov AV, Zhenilo S, Kaplun D, Starshin A, Sokolov A, Mazur AM, Szpotan J, Gawronski M, Modrzejewska M, Gackowski D, Prokhortchouk EB. An IDH-independent mechanism of DNA hypermethylation upon VHL inactivation in cancer. Epigenetics 2021; 17:894-905. [PMID: 34494499 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1971372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of tumour suppressors and other aberrations of DNA methylation in tumours play a significant role in cancer progression. DNA methylation can be affected by various environmental conditions, including hypoxia. The response to hypoxia is mainly achieved through activation of the transcriptional program associated with HIF1A transcription factor. Inactivation of Von Hippel-Lindau Tumour Suppressor gene (VHL) by genetic or epigenetic events, which also induces aberrant activation of HIF1A, is the most common driver event for renal cancer. With whole-genome bisulphite sequencing and LC-MS, we demonstrated that VHL inactivation induced global genome hypermethylation in human kidney cancer cells under normoxic conditions. This effect was reverted by exogenous expression of wild-type VHL. We showed that global genome hypermethylation in VHL mutants can be explained by transcriptional changes in MDH and L2HGDH genes that cause the accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate - a metabolite that inhibits DNA demethylation by TET enzymes. Unlike the known cases of DNA hypermethylation in cancer, 2-hydroxyglutarate was accumulated in the cells with the wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Artemov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svetlana Zhenilo
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kaplun
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Starshin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Mazur
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Gawronski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Egor B Prokhortchouk
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Xu F, Hua Q, Zhang A, Di Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Yang H, Liu J, Huang G. LncRNA AC020978 facilitates non-small cell lung cancer progression by interacting with malate dehydrogenase 2 and activating the AKT pathway. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4501-4514. [PMID: 34424600 PMCID: PMC8586664 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non–coding RNA AC020978 (lncRNA AC020978) is an oncogenic regulator of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the function of AC020978 in regulating NSCLC metastasis and the potential molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the expression levels of AC020978 in a series of NSCLC tissues using FISH assays and found that higher AC020978 expression levels were closely associated with metastasis and unfavorable prognosis. Functional studies showed that AC020978 promoted NSCLC migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation demonstrated that AC020978 interacted with malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) and maintained MDH2 stability. Knockdown of MDH2 weakened the facilitating effect on cell metastasis and 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG) metabolism in AC020978‐overexpressed NSCLC cells. RNA sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, and western blotting revealed that AC020978 was associated with the AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings revealed that AC020978 might serve as a prognostic biomarker and activate the AKT pathway by stabilizing MDH2, leading to metastasis and progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aimi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Di
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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20
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Huang S, Wang Z, Zhao L. The Crucial Roles of Intermediate Metabolites in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6291-6307. [PMID: 34408491 PMCID: PMC8364365 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s321433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alteration, one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, is important for cancer initiation and development. To support their rapid growth, cancer cells alter their metabolism so as to obtain the necessary energy and building blocks for biosynthetic pathways, as well as to adjust their redox balance. Once thought to be merely byproducts of metabolic pathways, intermediate metabolites are now known to mediate epigenetic modifications and protein post-transcriptional modifications (PTM), as well as connect cellular metabolism with signal transduction. Consequently, they can affect a myriad of processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and immunity. In this review, we summarize multiple representative metabolites involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid synthesis, ketogenesis, methionine metabolism, glutamine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism, focusing on their roles in chromatin and protein modifications and as signal-transducing messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
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21
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Mohan AA, Tomaszewski WH, Haskell-Mendoza AP, Hotchkiss KM, Singh K, Reedy JL, Fecci PE, Sampson JH, Khasraw M. Targeting Immunometabolism in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:696402. [PMID: 34222022 PMCID: PMC8242259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.696402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have only recently begun to understand how cancer metabolism affects antitumor responses and immunotherapy outcomes. Certain immunometabolic targets have been actively pursued in other tumor types, however, glioblastoma research has been slow to exploit the therapeutic vulnerabilities of immunometabolism. In this review, we highlight the pathways that are most relevant to glioblastoma and focus on how these immunometabolic pathways influence tumor growth and immune suppression. We discuss hypoxia, glycolysis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine metabolism, 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) metabolism, adenosine metabolism, and altered phospholipid metabolism, in order to provide an analysis and overview of the field of glioblastoma immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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22
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Metabolic Rewiring and the Characterization of Oncometabolites. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122900. [PMID: 34200553 PMCID: PMC8229816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncometabolites are produced by cancer cells and assist the cancer to proliferate and progress. Oncometabolites occur as a result of mutated enzymes in the tumor tissue or due to hypoxia. These processes result in either the abnormal buildup of a normal metabolite or the accumulation of an unusual metabolite. Definition of the metabolic changes that occur due to these processes has been accomplished using metabolomics, which mainly uses mass spectrometry platforms to define the content of small metabolites that occur in cells, tissues, organs and organisms. The four classical oncometabolites are fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate, which operate by inhibiting 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme reactions that principally regulate gene expression and response to hypoxia. Metabolomics has also revealed several putative oncometabolites that include lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, sarcosine, glycine, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate. Metabolomics will continue to be critical for understanding the metabolic rewiring involving oncometabolite production that underpins many cancer phenotypes. Abstract The study of low-molecular-weight metabolites that exist in cells and organisms is known as metabolomics and is often conducted using mass spectrometry laboratory platforms. Definition of oncometabolites in the context of the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells has been accomplished through metabolomics. Oncometabolites result from mutations in cancer cell genes or from hypoxia-driven enzyme promiscuity. As a result, normal metabolites accumulate in cancer cells to unusually high concentrations or, alternatively, unusual metabolites are produced. The typical oncometabolites fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate inhibit 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, such as histone demethylases and HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases, together with DNA cytosine demethylases. As a result of the cancer cell acquiring this new metabolic phenotype, major changes in gene transcription occur and the modification of the epigenetic landscape of the cell promotes proliferation and progression of cancers. Stabilization of HIF1α through inhibition of HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases by oncometabolites such as fumarate and succinate leads to a pseudohypoxic state that promotes inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Metabolomics has additionally been employed to define the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and patient biofluids in the search for cancer biomarkers. These efforts have led to the uncovering of the putative oncometabolites sarcosine, glycine, lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate, for which further research is required.
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Sun L, Zhang H, Gao P. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell 2021; 13:877-919. [PMID: 34050894 PMCID: PMC9243210 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) is structurally similar to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), which is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; it can be generated by reducing the ketone group of α-KG to a hydroxyl group. The significant role that 2-HG plays has been certified in the pathophysiology of 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (2HGA), tumors harboring mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2mt), and in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). It is taken as an oncometabolite, raising much attention on its oncogenic mechanism. In recent years, 2-HG has been verified to accumulate in the context of hypoxia or acidic pH, and there are also researches confirming the vital role that 2-HG plays in the fate decision of immune cells. Therefore, 2-HG not only participates in tumorigenesis. This text will also summarize 2-HG’s identities besides being an oncometabolite and will discuss their enlightenment for future research and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Villafraz O, Biran M, Pineda E, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Ornitz Oliveira Souza R, Thonnus M, Allmann S, Tetaud E, Rivière L, Silber AM, Barrett MP, Zíková A, Boshart M, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009204. [PMID: 33647053 PMCID: PMC7951978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1–2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate), with the exception of acetate, which is the ultimate end-product excreted by the parasite. Among the tested metabolites, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate) stimulated growth of the parasite in the presence of 2 mM proline. The pathways used for their metabolism were mapped by proton-NMR metabolic profiling and phenotypic analyses of thirteen RNAi and/or null mutants affecting central carbon metabolism. We showed that (i) malate is converted to succinate by both the reducing and oxidative branches of the TCA cycle, which demonstrates that procyclic trypanosomes can use the full TCA cycle, (ii) the enormous rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption (15-times higher than glucose) is possible thanks to the balanced production and consumption of NADH at the substrate level and (iii) α-ketoglutarate is toxic for trypanosomes if not appropriately metabolized as observed for an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase null mutant. In addition, epimastigotes produced from procyclics upon overexpression of RBP6 showed a growth defect in the presence of 2 mM proline, which is rescued by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that physiological amounts of proline are not sufficient per se for the development of trypanosomes in the fly. In conclusion, these data show that trypanosomes can metabolize multiple metabolites, in addition to proline, which allows them to confront challenging environments in the fly. In the midgut of its insect vector, trypanosomes rely on proline to feed their energy metabolism. However, the availability of other potential carbon sources that can be used by the parasite is currently unknown. Here we show that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, i.e. succinate, malate and α-ketoglutarate, stimulate growth of procyclic trypanosomes incubated in a medium containing 2 mM proline, which is in the range of the amounts measured in the midgut of the fly. Some of these additional carbon sources are needed for the development of epimastigotes, which differentiate from procyclics in the midgut of the fly, since their growth defect observed in the presence of 2 mM proline is rescued by addition of α-ketoglutarate. In addition, we have implemented new approaches to study a poorly explored branch of the TCA cycle converting malate to α-ketoglutarate, which was previously described as non-functional in the parasite, regardless of the glucose levels available. The discovery of this branch reveals that a full TCA cycle can operate in procyclic trypanosomes. Our data broaden the metabolic potential of trypanosomes and pave the way for a better understanding of the parasite’s metabolism in various organ systems of the tsetse fly, where it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Villafraz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Rodolpho Ornitz Oliveira Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ariel M Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Boshart
- Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France.,MetaToul-MetaboHub, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France.,RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1031, CNRS 5070, UPS, EFS, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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Cheng N, Wang MY, Wu YB, Cui HM, Wei SX, Liu B, Wang R. Circular RNA POSTN Promotes Myocardial Infarction-Induced Myocardial Injury and Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating miR-96-5p/BNIP3 Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618574. [PMID: 33681183 PMCID: PMC7930329 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most prevalent cardiac disease with high mortality, leading to severe heart injury. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of regulatory RNAs and participate in multiple pathological cardiac progressions. However, the role of circRNAs Postn (circPostn) in MI modulation remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of circPostn on MI-induced myocardial injury and cardiac remodeling. We identified that the expression of circPostn was elevated in the plasma of MI patients, MI mouse model, and hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R)-treated human cardiomyocytes. The depletion of circPostn significantly attenuated MI-related myocardium injury and reduced the infarct size in MI mouse model. The circPostn knockdown obviously enhanced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS) and inhibited left ventricular anterior wall thickness at diastole (LVAWd) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole (LVPWd). The depletion of circPostn was able to decrease MI-induced expression of collagen 1α1 and collagen 3α1 in the ventricular tissues of mice. The protein expression of collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) was up-regulated in MI mice and was inhibited by circPostn knockdown. Meanwhile, the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was repressed by circPostn depletion in the ventricular tissues of MI mice. Besides, the circPostn depletion attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice. Mechanically, circPostn served as a miR-96-5p sponge and miR-96-5p-targeted BNIP3 in human cardiomyocytes, in which circPostn up-regulated BNIP3 expression by targeting miR-96-5p. circPostn promoted H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury by modulating miR-96-5p/BNIP3 axis. Thus, we conclude that circPostn contributes to MI-induced myocardial injury and cardiac remodeling by regulating miR-96-5p/BNIP3 axis. Our finding provides new insight into the mechanism by which circPostn regulates MI-related cardiac dysfunction. circPostn, miR-96-5p, and BNIP3 are potential targets for the treatment of MI-caused heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Min Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Xiong Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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27
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The Mitochondrial Citrate Carrier SLC25A1/CIC and the Fundamental Role of Citrate in Cancer, Inflammation and Beyond. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020141. [PMID: 33499062 PMCID: PMC7912299 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier, CIC, has been shown to play an important role in a growing list of human diseases. CIC belongs to a large family of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transporters that serve the fundamental function of allowing the transit of ions and metabolites through the impermeable mitochondrial membrane. Citrate is central to mitochondrial metabolism and respiration and plays fundamental activities in the cytosol, serving as a metabolic substrate, an allosteric enzymatic regulator and, as the source of Acetyl-Coenzyme A, also as an epigenetic modifier. In this review, we highlight the complexity of the mechanisms of action of this transporter, describing its involvement in human diseases and the therapeutic opportunities for targeting its activity in several pathological conditions.
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Structure, substrate specificity, and catalytic mechanism of human D-2-HGDH and insights into pathogenicity of disease-associated mutations. Cell Discov 2021; 7:3. [PMID: 33431826 PMCID: PMC7801405 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D-2-HGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) into 2-oxoglutarate, and genetic D-2-HGDH deficiency leads to abnormal accumulation of D-2-HG which causes type I D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and is associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This work reports the crystal structures of human D-2-HGDH in apo form and in complexes with D-2-HG, D-malate, D-lactate, L-2-HG, and 2-oxoglutarate, respectively. D-2-HGDH comprises a FAD-binding domain, a substrate-binding domain, and a small C-terminal domain. The active site is located at the interface of the FAD-binding domain and the substrate-binding domain. The functional roles of the key residues involved in the substrate binding and catalytic reaction and the mutations identified in D-2-HGDH-deficient diseases are analyzed by biochemical studies. The structural and biochemical data together reveal the molecular mechanism of the substrate specificity and catalytic reaction of D-2-HGDH and provide insights into the pathogenicity of the disease-associated mutations.
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29
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play diverse roles in many biological processes, including regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated adaptation to hypoxia, extracellular matrix formation, epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. 2OGDDs all require oxygen, reduced iron and 2-oxoglutarate (also known as α-ketoglutarate) to function, although their affinities for each of these co-substrates, and hence their sensitivity to depletion of specific co-substrates, varies widely. Numerous 2OGDDs are recurrently dysregulated in cancer. Moreover, cancer-specific metabolic changes, such as those that occur subsequent to mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, can dysregulate specific 2OGDDs. This latter observation suggests that the role of 2OGDDs in cancer extends beyond cancers that harbour mutations in the genes encoding members of the 2OGDD superfamily. Herein, we review the regulation of 2OGDDs in normal cells and how that regulation is corrupted in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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30
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Brinkley G, Nam H, Shim E, Kirkman R, Kundu A, Karki S, Heidarian Y, Tennessen JM, Liu J, Locasale JW, Guo T, Wei S, Gordetsky J, Johnson-Pais TL, Absher D, Rakheja D, Challa AK, Sudarshan S. Teleological role of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase in the kidney. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045898. [PMID: 32928875 PMCID: PMC7710027 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG) is an oncometabolite found elevated in renal tumors. However, this molecule might have physiological roles that extend beyond its association with cancer, as L-2HG levels are elevated in response to hypoxia and during Drosophila larval development. L-2HG is known to be metabolized by L-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH), and loss of L2HGDH leads to elevated L-2HG levels. Despite L2HGDH being highly expressed in the kidney, its role in renal metabolism has not been explored. Here, we report our findings utilizing a novel CRISPR/Cas9 murine knockout model, with a specific focus on the role of L2HGDH in the kidney. Histologically, L2hgdh knockout kidneys have no demonstrable histologic abnormalities. However, GC-MS metabolomics demonstrates significantly reduced levels of the TCA cycle intermediate succinate in multiple tissues. Isotope labeling studies with [U-13C] glucose demonstrate that restoration of L2HGDH in renal cancer cells (which lowers L-2HG) leads to enhanced incorporation of label into TCA cycle intermediates. Subsequent biochemical studies demonstrate that L-2HG can inhibit the TCA cycle enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Bioinformatic analysis of mRNA expression data from renal tumors demonstrates that L2HGDH is co-expressed with genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes as well as the gene encoding the transcription factor PGC-1α, which is known to regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Restoration of PGC-1α in renal tumor cells results in increased L2HGDH expression with a concomitant reduction in L-2HG levels. Collectively, our analyses provide new insight into the physiological role of L2HGDH as well as mechanisms that promote L-2HG accumulation in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Nam
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Eunhee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Suman Karki
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yasaman Heidarian
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordetsky
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anil K Challa
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Abstract
Significance: Cancer cells are stabilized in an undifferentiated state similar to stem cells. This leads to profound modifications of their metabolism, which further modifies their genetics and epigenetics as malignancy progresses. Specific metabolites and enzymes may serve as clinical markers of cancer progression. Recent Advances: Both 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) enantiomers are associated with reprogrammed metabolism, in grade III/IV glioma, glioblastoma, and acute myeloid leukemia cells, and numerous other cancer types, while acting also in the cross talk of tumors with immune cells. 2HG contributes to specific alternations in cancer metabolism and developed oxidative stress, while also inducing decisions on the differentiation of naive T lymphocytes, and serves as a signal messenger in immune cells. Moreover, 2HG inhibits chromatin-modifying enzymes, namely 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, and interferes with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptome reprogramming and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thus dysregulating gene expression and further promoting cancerogenesis. Critical Issues: Typically, heterozygous mutations within the active sites of isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 1 (IDH1)R132H and mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 2 (IDH2)R140Q provide cells with millimolar r-2-hydroxyglutarate (r-2HG) concentrations, whereas side activities of lactate and malate dehydrogenase form submillimolar s-2-hydroxyglutarate (s-2HG). However, even wild-type IDH1 and IDH2, notably under shifts toward reductive carboxylation glutaminolysis or changes in other enzymes, lead to "intermediate" 0.01-0.1 mM 2HG levels, for example, in breast carcinoma compared with 10-8M in noncancer cells. Future Directions: Uncovering further molecular metabolism details specific for given cancer cell types and sequence-specific epigenetic alternations will lead to the design of diagnostic approaches, not only for predicting patients' prognosis or uncovering metastases and tumor remissions but also for early diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Niehaus TD, Hillmann KB. Enzyme promiscuity, metabolite damage, and metabolite damage control systems of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FEBS J 2020; 287:1343-1358. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Niehaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Katie B. Hillmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
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Dysregulation of the TET family of epigenetic regulators in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. Blood 2020; 134:1487-1497. [PMID: 31467060 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019791475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has pivotal regulatory roles in mammalian development, retrotransposon silencing, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and cancer. Cancer cells display highly dysregulated DNA methylation profiles, characterized by global hypomethylation in conjunction with hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands; these changes are often correlated with promoter hypermethylation, leading to decreased expression of tumor suppressor genes, as well as with genome instability, leading to amplification and aberrant expression of oncogenes. Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins are α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenases that oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and the additional oxidation products 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC); together, these oxidized methylcytosines are intermediates in DNA demethylation. TET2 is frequently mutated in diverse lymphoid and myeloid cancers, and TET loss of function is often observed in the absence of coding region mutations in TET genes. Despite our understanding of the biochemical activities of TET proteins, how TET loss of function promotes the onset and progression of hematopoietic malignancies is largely unknown. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of TET enzymes in lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms and highlight the importance of metabolic alterations that decrease TET activity in cancer initiation and progression.
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Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 31900386 PMCID: PMC6941980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 300.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling organelles that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and can dictate cell fate. Multiple mechanisms contribute to communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the cell. Recent evidence confers a new role for TCA cycle intermediates, generally thought to be important for biosynthetic purposes, as signaling molecules with functions controlling chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, the hypoxic response, and immunity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the abundance of different TCA cycle metabolites controls cellular function and fate in different contexts. We will focus on how these metabolites mediated signaling can affect physiology and disease. Mitochondrial metabolites contribute to more than biosynthesis, and it is clear that they influence multiple cellular functions in a variety of ways. Here, Martínez-Reyes and Chandel review key metabolites and describe their effects on processes involved in physiology and disease including chromatin dynamics, immunity, and hypoxia.
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35
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Measurement of 2-hydroxyglutarate enantiomers in serum by chiral gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application as a biomarker for IDH mutant gliomas. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Veiga‐da‐Cunha M, Van Schaftingen E, Bommer GT. Inborn errors of metabolite repair. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:14-24. [PMID: 31691304 PMCID: PMC7041631 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is traditionally assumed that enzymes of intermediary metabolism are extremely specific and that this is sufficient to prevent the production of useless and/or toxic side-products. Recent work indicates that this statement is not entirely correct. In reality, enzymes are not strictly specific, they often display weak side activities on intracellular metabolites (substrate promiscuity) that resemble their physiological substrate or slowly catalyse abnormal reactions on their physiological substrate (catalytic promiscuity). They thereby produce non-classical metabolites that are not efficiently metabolised by conventional enzymes. In an increasing number of cases, metabolite repair enzymes are being discovered that serve to eliminate these non-classical metabolites and prevent their accumulation. Metabolite repair enzymes also eliminate non-classical metabolites that are formed through spontaneous (ie, not enzyme-catalysed) reactions. Importantly, genetic deficiencies in several metabolite repair enzymes lead to 'inborn errors of metabolite repair', such as L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, 'ubiquitous glucose-6-phosphatase' (G6PC3) deficiency, the neutropenia present in Glycogen Storage Disease type Ib or defects in the enzymes that repair the hydrated forms of NADH or NADPH. Metabolite repair defects may be difficult to identify as such, because the mutated enzymes are non-classical enzymes that act on non-classical metabolites, which in some cases accumulate only inside the cells, and at rather low, yet toxic, concentrations. It is therefore likely that many additional metabolite repair enzymes remain to be discovered and that many diseases of metabolite repair still await elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- de Duve InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO)UCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Guido T. Bommer
- de Duve InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO)UCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
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37
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Jóhannsson F, Árnason NÁ, Landrö R, Guðmundsson S, Sigurjonsson ÓE, Rolfsson Ó. Metabolomics study of platelet concentrates photochemically treated with amotosalen and UVA light for pathogen inactivation. Transfusion 2019; 60:367-377. [PMID: 31802514 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of bacterial contamination and the deterioration of platelet (PLT) quality limit the shelf-life of platelet concentrates (PCs). The INTERCEPT pathogen inactivation system reduces the risk of pathogen transmission by inhibiting nucleic acid replication using a combination of a photo-reactive compound and UVA illumination. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects the INTERCEPT system has on the PLT metabolome and metabolic activity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Paired units of buffy coat-derived PCs were generated using a pool and split strategy (n = 8). The paired PCs were either treated with the INTERCEPT system or left untreated. Samples were collected on Days 1, 2, 4, and 7 of storage. Ultra-performance chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the extra- and intracellular metabolomes. Constraint-based metabolic modeling was then used to predict the metabolic activity of the stored PLTs. RESULTS A relatively large number of metabolites in the extracellular environment were depleted during the processing steps of the INTERCEPT system, in particular, metabolites with hydrophobic functional groups, including acylcarnitines and lysophosphatidylcholines. In the intracellular environment, alterations in glucose and glycerophospholipid metabolism and decreased levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate were observed following the INTERCEPT treatment. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed residual amotosalen dimers present in the treated PCs. Systems-level analysis of PLT metabolism indicated that the INTERCEPT system does not have a significant impact on the PLT energy metabolism and nutrient utilization. CONCLUSIONS The INTERCEPT system significantly alters the metabolome of the stored PCs without significantly influencing PLT energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyr Jóhannsson
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Medical Department, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Níels Á Árnason
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali-University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ragna Landrö
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali-University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sveinn Guðmundsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali-University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ólafur E Sigurjonsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali-University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Óttar Rolfsson
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Medical Department, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik, Iceland
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38
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Findings on serial MRI in a childhood case of L2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 15:59-64. [PMID: 31737148 PMCID: PMC6849436 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report of a 15-year-old patient who initially presented to the specialist children's hospital with neurologic problems including developmental delay, behavioral difficulty and poor cognition. Upon organic acid testing, the patient received a diagnosis of L2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA). Serial MRI scans were performed throughout the patients childhood, demonstrating an evolution of imaging features as the disease progressed. A radiologist's recognition of the key findings associated with L2HGA can help prompt the diagnosis in cases of a nonspecific clinical presentation. This case report highlights the key radiological features associated with L2HGA, whilst illustrating how these changes may evolve and appear over the time course of a patient's journey.
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39
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The synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids is limited by enzymatic decarboxylation of ethyl- and methylmalonyl-CoA. Biochem J 2019; 476:2427-2447. [PMID: 31416829 PMCID: PMC6717113 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most fatty acids (FAs) are straight chains and are synthesized by fatty acid synthase (FASN) using acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA units. Yet, FASN is known to be promiscuous as it may use methylmalonyl-CoA instead of malonyl-CoA and thereby introduce methyl-branches. We have recently found that the cytosolic enzyme ECHDC1 degrades ethylmalonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA, which presumably result from promiscuous reactions catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase on butyryl- and propionyl-CoA. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ECHDC1 is a metabolite repair enzyme that serves to prevent the formation of methyl- or ethyl-branched FAs by FASN. Using the purified enzyme, we found that FASN can incorporate not only methylmalonyl-CoA but also ethylmalonyl-CoA, producing methyl- or ethyl-branched FAs. Using a combination of gas-chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, we observed that inactivation of ECHDC1 in adipocytes led to an increase in several methyl-branched FAs (present in different lipid classes), while its overexpression reduced them below wild-type levels. In contrast, the formation of ethyl-branched FAs was observed almost exclusively in ECHDC1 knockout cells, indicating that ECHDC1 and the low activity of FASN toward ethylmalonyl-CoA efficiently prevent their formation. We conclude that ECHDC1 performs a typical metabolite repair function by destroying methyl- and ethylmalonyl-CoA. This reduces the formation of methyl-branched FAs and prevents the formation of ethyl-branched FAs by FASN. The identification of ECHDC1 as a key modulator of the abundance of methyl-branched FAs opens the way to investigate their function.
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40
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Metabolite Repair Enzymes Control Metabolic Damage in Glycolysis. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:228-243. [PMID: 31473074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of metabolic enzymes work together smoothly in a cell. These enzymes are highly specific. Nevertheless, under physiological conditions, many perform side-reactions at low rates, producing potentially toxic side-products. An increasing number of metabolite repair enzymes are being discovered that serve to eliminate these noncanonical metabolites. Some of these enzymes are extraordinarily conserved, and their deficiency can lead to diseases in humans or embryonic lethality in mice, indicating their central role in cellular metabolism. We discuss how metabolite repair enzymes eliminate glycolytic side-products and prevent negative interference within and beyond this core metabolic pathway. Extrapolating from the number of metabolite repair enzymes involved in glycolysis, hundreds more likely remain to be discovered that protect a wide range of metabolic pathways.
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41
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Abstract
There is a growing consensus that enzymes are capable of catalyzing not just one canonical reaction but entire families of related reactions. These capacities often go unnoticed in the enzyme's native context but can become apparent in engineered metabolism when the enzyme is exposed to novel substrates or high concentrations of pathway intermediates. This chapter describes how to use metabolic in silico network expansion (MINE) databases to predict novel biotransformations and their resulting metabolites. In particular, searching MINEs by structural similarity or with metabolomics data allows scientists to detect, exploit, or avoid these predicted transformations.
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42
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Oh S, Shin S, Janknecht R. The small members of the JMJD protein family: Enzymatic jewels or jinxes? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:406-418. [PMID: 31034925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) proteins are mostly epigenetic regulators that demethylate histones. However, a hitherto neglected subfamily of JMJD proteins, evolutionarily distant and characterized by their relatively small molecular weight, exerts different functions by hydroxylating proteins and RNA. Recently, unsuspected proteolytic and tyrosine kinase activities were also ascribed to some of these small JMJD proteins, further increasing their enzymatic versatility. Here, we discuss the ten human small JMJD proteins (HIF1AN, HSPBAP1, JMJD4, JMJD5, JMJD6, JMJD7, JMJD8, RIOX1, RIOX2, TYW5) and their diverse physiological functions. In particular, we focus on the roles of these small JMJD proteins in cancer and other maladies and how they are modulated in diseased cells by an altered metabolic milieu, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen species and oncometabolites. Because small JMJD proteins are enzymes, they are amenable to inhibition by small molecules and may represent novel targets in the therapy of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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43
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Kotredes KP, Razmpour R, Lutton E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Ramirez SH, Gamero AM. Characterization of cancer-associated IDH2 mutations that differ in tumorigenicity, chemosensitivity and 2-hydroxyglutarate production. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2675-2692. [PMID: 31105869 PMCID: PMC6505628 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes is vital for cellular metabolism, as IDH1 and IDH2 are required for the decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. Heterozygous somatic mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 genes have been detected in many cancers. They share the neomorphic production of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate [(R)-2-HG]. With respect to IDH2, it is unclear whether all IDH2 mutations display the same or differ in tumorigenic properties and degrees of chemosensitivity. Here, we evaluated the three most frequent IDH2 mutations occurring in cancer. The predicted changes to the enzyme structure introduced by these individual mutations are supported by the observed production of (R)-2-HG. However, their tumorigenic properties, response to chemotherapeutic agents, and baseline activation of STAT3 differed. Paradoxically, the varying levels of endogenous (R)-2-HG produced by each IDH2 mutant inversely correlated with their respective growth rates. Interestingly, while we found that (R)-2-HG stimulated the growth of non-transformed cells, (R)-2-HG also displayed antitumor activity by suppressing the growth of tumors harboring wild type IDH2. The mitogenic effect of (R)-2-HG in immortalized cells could be switched to antiproliferative by transformation with oncogenic RAS. Thus, our findings show that despite their shared (R)-2-HG production, IDH2 mutations are not alike and differ in shaping tumor cell behavior and response to chemotherapeutic agents. Our study also reveals that under certain conditions, (R)-2-HG has antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roshanak Razmpour
- Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evan Lutton
- Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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44
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Muthusamy K, Sudhakar SV, Christudass CS, Chandran M, Thomas M, Gibikote S. Clinicoradiological Spectrum of L-2-Hydroxy Glutaric Aciduria: Typical and Atypical Findings in an Indian Cohort. J Clin Imaging Sci 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 31448154 PMCID: PMC6702895 DOI: 10.25259/jcis-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Neurometabolic disorders form an important group of potentially treatable diseases. It is important to recognize the clinical phenotype and characteristic imaging patterns to make an early diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment. L-2-hydroxy glutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare organic aciduria with a consistent and highly characteristic imaging pattern, which clinches the diagnosis in most cases. Aims: The study aims to describe the clinical profile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns, and outcome in a cohort of children with L2HGA and to assess the clinicoradiological correlation. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study done at the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Neurological Sciences of our institution. Clinical and radiological findings of children diagnosed with L2HGA over an 8-year period (2010–2017) were collected and analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis of clinical and imaging data was performed. Results: There were six girls and four boys. A total of 14 MRI brain studies in 10 patients with the diagnosis were analyzed. MRI of all patients showed a similar pattern with extensive confluent subcortical white-matter signal changes with symmetrical involvement of dentate nuclei and basal ganglia. In two children who presented with acute decompensation, there was asymmetric cortical involvement and restricted diffusion, which are previously unreported. There was no significant correlation between the radiological pattern with the disease duration, clinical features, or course of the disease. Conclusion: MRI findings in L2HGA are highly consistent and diagnostic, which helps in early diagnosis, particularly in resource-constraint settings, where detailed metabolic workup is not possible. The article also describes novel clinical radiological profile of acute encephalopathic clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | | | - Mahalakshmi Chandran
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sridhar Gibikote
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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45
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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46
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Failure to eliminate a phosphorylated glucose analog leads to neutropenia in patients with G6PT and G6PC3 deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1241-1250. [PMID: 30626647 PMCID: PMC6347702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816143116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia presents an important clinical problem in patients with G6PC3 or G6PT deficiency, yet why neutropenia occurs is unclear. We discovered that G6PC3 and G6PT collaborate to dephosphorylate a noncanonical metabolite (1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate; 1,5AG6P) which is produced when glucose-phosphorylating enzymes erroneously act on 1,5-anhydroglucitol, a food-derived polyol present in blood. In patients or mice with G6PC3 or G6PT deficiency, 1,5AG6P accumulates and inhibits the first step of glycolysis. This is particularly detrimental in neutrophils, since their energy metabolism depends almost entirely on glycolysis. Consistent with our findings, we observed that treatment with a 1,5-anhydroglucitol-lowering drug treats neutropenia in G6PC3-deficient mice. Our findings highlight that the elimination of noncanonical side products by metabolite-repair enzymes makes an important contribution to mammalian physiology. Neutropenia represents an important problem in patients with genetic deficiency in either the glucose-6-phosphate transporter of the endoplasmic reticulum (G6PT/SLC37A4) or G6PC3, an endoplasmic reticulum phosphatase homologous to glucose-6-phosphatase. While affected granulocytes show reduced glucose utilization, the underlying mechanism is unknown and causal therapies are lacking. Using a combination of enzymological, cell-culture, and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that G6PT and G6PC3 collaborate to destroy 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate (1,5AG6P), a close structural analog of glucose-6-phosphate and an inhibitor of low-KM hexokinases, which catalyze the first step in glycolysis in most tissues. We show that 1,5AG6P is made by phosphorylation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, a compound normally present in human plasma, by side activities of ADP-glucokinase and low-KM hexokinases. Granulocytes from patients deficient in G6PC3 or G6PT accumulate 1,5AG6P to concentrations (∼3 mM) that strongly inhibit hexokinase activity. In a model of G6PC3-deficient mouse neutrophils, physiological concentrations of 1,5-anhydroglucitol caused massive accumulation of 1,5AG6P, a decrease in glucose utilization, and cell death. Treating G6PC3-deficient mice with an inhibitor of the kidney glucose transporter SGLT2 to lower their blood level of 1,5-anhydroglucitol restored a normal neutrophil count, while administration of 1,5-anhydroglucitol had the opposite effect. In conclusion, we show that the neutropenia in patients with G6PC3 or G6PT mutations is a metabolite-repair deficiency, caused by a failure to eliminate the nonclassical metabolite 1,5AG6P.
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47
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Romanidou O, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G. Bridging Cancer Biology with the Clinic: Comprehending and Exploiting IDH Gene Mutations in Gliomas. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:421-436. [PMID: 30194083 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are enzymes that play a major role in the Krebs cycle. Mutations in these enzymes are found in the majority of lower gliomas and secondary glioblastomas, but also in myeloid malignancies and other cancers. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are restricted to specific arginine residues in the active site of the enzymes and are gain-of-function, i.e. they confer a neomorphic enzyme activity resulting in the accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). 2-HG is an oncometabolite causing profound metabolic dysregulation which, among others, results in methylator phenotypes and in defects in homologous recombination repair. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the function of normal and mutated IDH, explain the possible mechanisms through which these mutations might drive malignant transformation of progenitor cells in the central nervous system, and provide a comprehensive review of potential treatment strategies for IDH-mutated malignancies, focusing on gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania Romanidou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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48
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Wang RS, Oldham WM, Maron BA, Loscalzo J. Systems Biology Approaches to Redox Metabolism in Stress and Disease States. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:953-972. [PMID: 29121773 PMCID: PMC6104248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cellular metabolic processes are tied to the cellular redox environment. Therefore, maintaining redox homeostasis is critically important for normal cell function. Indeed, redox stress contributes to the pathobiology of many human diseases. The cellular redox response system is composed of numerous interconnected components, including free radicals, redox couples, protein thiols, enzymes, metabolites, and transcription factors. Moreover, interactions between and among these factors are regulated in time and space. Owing to their complexity, systems biology approaches to the characterization of the cellular redox response system may provide insights into novel homeostatic mechanisms and methods of therapeutic reprogramming. Recent Advances: The emergence and development of systems biology has brought forth a set of innovative technologies that provide new avenues for studying redox metabolism. This article will review these systems biology approaches and their potential application to the study of redox metabolism in stress and disease states. CRITICAL ISSUES Clarifying the scope of biological intermediaries affected by dysregulated redox metabolism requires methods that are suitable for analyzing big datasets as classical methods that do not account for multiple interactions are unlikely to portray the totality of perturbed metabolic systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given the diverse redox microenvironments within cells, it will be important to improve the spatial resolution of omic approaches. Futures studies on the integration of multiple systems-based methods and heterogeneous omics data for redox metabolism are required to accelerate the development of the field of redox systems biology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 953-972.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Sheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William M. Oldham
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley A. Maron
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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49
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Shelar S, Shim EH, Brinkley GJ, Kundu A, Carobbio F, Poston T, Tan J, Parekh V, Benson D, Crossman DK, Buckhaults PJ, Rakheja D, Kirkman R, Sato Y, Ogawa S, Dutta S, Velu SE, Emberley E, Pan A, Chen J, Huang T, Absher D, Becker A, Kunick C, Sudarshan S. Biochemical and Epigenetic Insights into L-2-Hydroxyglutarate, a Potential Therapeutic Target in Renal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6433-6446. [PMID: 30108105 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevation of L-2-hydroxylgutarate (L-2-HG) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is due in part to reduced expression of L-2-HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). However, the contribution of L-2-HG to renal carcinogenesis and insight into the biochemistry and targets of this small molecule remains to be elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Genetic and pharmacologic approaches to modulate L-2-HG levels were assessed for effects on in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Metabolomics was used to dissect the biochemical mechanisms that promote L-2-HG accumulation in RCC cells. Transcriptomic analysis was utilized to identify relevant targets of L-2-HG. Finally, bioinformatic and metabolomic analyses were used to assess the L-2-HG/L2HGDH axis as a function of patient outcome and cancer progression. RESULTS L2HGDH suppresses both in vitro cell migration and in vivo tumor growth and these effects are mediated by L2HGDH's catalytic activity. Biochemical studies indicate that glutamine is the predominant carbon source for L-2-HG via the activity of malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2). Inhibition of the glutamine-MDH2 axis suppresses in vitro phenotypes in an L-2-HG-dependent manner. Moreover, in vivo growth of RCC cells with basal elevation of L-2-HG is suppressed by glutaminase inhibition. Transcriptomic and functional analyses demonstrate that the histone demethylase KDM6A is a target of L-2-HG in RCC. Finally, increased L-2-HG levels, L2HGDH copy loss, and lower L2HGDH expression are associated with tumor progression and/or worsened prognosis in patients with RCC. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies provide biochemical and mechanistic insight into the biology of this small molecule and provide new opportunities for treating L-2-HG-driven kidney cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shelar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eun-Hee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Garrett J Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Francesca Carobbio
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tyler Poston
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jubilee Tan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vishwas Parekh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel Benson
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Phillip J Buckhaults
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Calorina
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shilpa Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Alison Pan
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tony Huang
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Anja Becker
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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50
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Buege MJ, DiPippo AJ, DiNardo CD. Evolving Treatment Strategies for Elderly Leukemia Patients with IDH Mutations. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E187. [PMID: 29882807 PMCID: PMC6025071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a debilitating and life-threatening condition, especially for elderly patients who account for over 50% of diagnoses. For over four decades, standard induction therapy with intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for AML had remained unchanged. However, for most patients, standard therapy continues to have its shortcomings, especially for elderly patients who may not be able to tolerate the complications from intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. New research into the development of targeted and alternative therapies has led to a new era in AML therapy. For the nearly 20% of diagnoses harboring a mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH1/2), potential treatment options have undergone a paradigm shift away from intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy and towards targeted therapy alone or in combination with lower intensity chemotherapy. The first FDA approved IDH2 inhibitor was enasidenib in 2017. In addition, IDH1 inhibitors are in ongoing clinical studies, and the oral BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax shows preliminary efficacy in this subset of patients. These new tools aim to improve outcomes and change the treatment paradigm for elderly patients with IDH mutant AML. However, the challenge of how to best incorporate these agents into standard practice remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Buege
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Adam J DiPippo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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