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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Damiani D, Baggiani M, Della Vecchia S, Naef V, Santorelli FM. Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Preclinical Cellular Model for Studying Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2615. [PMID: 38473862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a family of degenerative diseases mostly hitting descending axons of corticospinal neurons. Depending on the gene and mutation involved, the disease could present as a pure form with limb spasticity, or a complex form associated with cerebellar and/or cortical signs such as ataxia, dysarthria, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. The progressive nature of HSPs invariably leads patients to require walking canes or wheelchairs over time. Despite several attempts to ameliorate the life quality of patients that have been tested, current therapeutical approaches are just symptomatic, as no cure is available. Progress in research in the last two decades has identified a vast number of genes involved in HSP etiology, using cellular and animal models generated on purpose. Although unanimously considered invaluable tools for basic research, those systems are rarely predictive for the establishment of a therapeutic approach. The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells allowed instead the direct study of morphological and molecular properties of the patient's affected neurons generated upon in vitro differentiation. In this review, we revisited all the present literature recently published regarding the use of iPS cells to differentiate HSP patient-specific neurons. Most studies have defined patient-derived neurons as a reliable model to faithfully mimic HSP in vitro, discovering original findings through immunological and -omics approaches, and providing a platform to screen novel or repurposed drugs. Thereby, one of the biggest hopes of current HSP research regards the use of patient-derived iPS cells to expand basic knowledge on the disease, while simultaneously establishing new therapeutic treatments for both generalized and personalized approaches in daily medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devid Damiani
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Baggiani
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Della Vecchia
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Naef
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy
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Zheng N, Wang H, Zhu W, Li Y, Li H. Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through THDCA in high-fat diet-fed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117401. [PMID: 37967775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) extracted from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge was proven to be effective in preventing high-fat diet (HFD) induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the exact mechanisms were not completely elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to reveal the mechanisms of APS on preventing NAFLD from the aspects of regulating bile acids (BAs) homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum and liver BAs in HFD fed mice with or without APS intervention were quantified with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) system. The effect of APS on hepatic proteins involved in BAs synthesis were analyzed with Western blot. Finally, the effect of identified taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) that was significantly increased by APS on hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation was explored in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS APS regulated serum and liver BA profiles in HFD fed mice, especially increased serum THDCA. The levels of hepatic cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and sterol 12a-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) which catalyzed the classical BAs synthesis pathway were significantly decreased by APS, while oxysterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) which catalyzed the alternative BAs synthesis pathway was significantly increased by APS. THDCA reduced HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and improved glucose homeostasis in mice, and decreased TG level in palmitic acid/oleic acid treated alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells. THDCA significantly downregulated the protein level of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) involved in fatty acid transport into the liver. Importantly, THDCA showed similar effect with APS in upregulating hepatic CYP7B1 and downregulating CYP7A1. CONCLUSION This study revealed the protective effect of APS on NAFLD was associated with the regulation on BA profiles, and proved the potential anti-NAFLD effect of THDCA, highlighting the involvement of BA metabolism in efficacy of herb-derived polysaccharides on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Weize Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Houkai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Kimura A, Mori J, Pham AHN, Thi KOB, Takei H, Murai T, Hayashi H, Nittono H. Healthy Patients With AKR1D1 Mutation Not Requiring Primary Bile Acid Therapy: A Case Series. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e372. [PMID: 38034430 PMCID: PMC10684241 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Δ4-3-Oxosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) deficiency typically causes severe cholestasis occurs in newborns, leading to death unless patients are treated with primary bile acids. However, we encountered an AKR1D1 deficiency patient treated with only ursodeoxycholic acid who had cholestasis until about 1 year of age but then grew up healthy without further treatment. We also have been following other healthy patients with AKR1D1 mutation who have never developed cholestasis and have not been treated. However, reports are few, involving 3 patients. To better understand and clinically manage a diverse group of patients with AKR1D1 mutation who do not develop potentially fatal cholestasis in the neonatal period, ongoing accumulation and study of informative cases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto-Ashikita Medical Center for the Severely Disabled, Kumamoto, Japan
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kim-Oanh Bui Thi
- Hepatology Department, National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lakhssassi K, Meneses C, Sarto MP, Serrano M, Calvo JH. Genome-wide analysis reveals that the cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 gene is implicated in growth traits in Rasa Aragonesa ewes. Animal 2023; 17:100975. [PMID: 37734362 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep are very well adapted to changing environments and are able to produce and reproduce with low inputs in feed and water better than other domestic ruminants. Indeed, the ewe body condition score (BCS) and live weight (LW) play a significant role in productive and reproductive performance. This work conducts a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect genetic variants associated with growth traits in 225 adult ewes of the Rasa Aragonesa breed by using the genotypes from 50 k and HD Illumina Ovine BeadChip. These ewes were measured for LW, BCS and growth rate (GR) for 2 years, from January to September. Corrected phenotypes for BCS, LW and GR were estimated and used as input for the GWAS. Only one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs425509273 in chromosome 9 (OAR9), associated with the GR, overcame the genome-wise significance level. One, three and nine SNPs were associated at the chromosome-wise level (FDR 10%) for traits BCS, LW and GR, respectively. The cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 (CYP7B1) candidate gene, located 83 kb upstream from SNP rs425509273 in OAR9, was partially isolated and Sanger-sequenced. Fifteen polymorphisms comprising 12 SNPs, two indels and one polyC, were detected in promoter, exon 1, 3, 5, and intron 1-3 region. The SNP association analysis of the polymorphisms located close to the transcription start site (TSS) showed that a 22 bp insertion located at -58 nucleotides from the TSS (indel (-58)), a polyC (-25), and two A/G SNPs (SNP3 (-114) and SNP5 (-63)) were associated with the GR trait, whereas only the indel (-58) was associated with the BCS trait. The haplotype analysis confirmed these results. The functional characterisation of the polymorphisms at CYP7B1 gene in liver by real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that the mutations in the promoter region affected CYP7B1 gene expression. Our results demonstrated the involvement of the CYP7B1 gene promoter on GR and BCS traits in Rasa Aragonesa. These findings suggest that variations in ovine CYP7B1 may serve as potential genetic markers to be used in breeding programmes to improve growth characteristics that could influence reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lakhssassi
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA-IA2), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Research Unit of Animal Production, National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA), BP 6356, Institutes 10101, Rabat, Morocco
| | - C Meneses
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Sarto
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA-IA2), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J H Calvo
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA-IA2), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragonese Foundation for Research and Development (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Muto Y, Suzuki M, Takei H, Saito N, Mori J, Sugimoto S, Imagawa K, Nambu R, Oguri S, Itonaga T, Ihara K, Hayashi H, Murayama K, Kakiyama G, Nittono H, Shimizu T. Dried blood spot-based newborn screening for bile acid synthesis disorders, Zellweger spectrum disorder, and Niemann-Pick type C1 by detection of bile acid metabolites. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107703. [PMID: 37802748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether it is possible to screen for bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) including peroxisome biogenesis disorder 1a (PBD1A) and Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) at the time of newborn mass screening by measuring the intermediary metabolites of bile acid (BA) synthesis. METHODS Patients with 3β-hydroxy-ΔSuchy et al. (2021)5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B7) deficiency (n = 2), 3-oxo-ΔPandak and Kakiyama (n.d.)4-steroid 5β-reductase (SRD5B1) deficiency (n = 1), oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) deficiency (n = 1), PBD1A (n = 1), and NPC1 (n = 2) with available dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected in the neonatal period were included. DBSs from healthy neonates at 4 days of age (n = 1055) were also collected for the control. Disease specific BAs were measured by newly optimized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with short run cycle (5-min/run). The results were validated by comparing with those obtained by the conventional condition with longer run cycle (76-min/run). RESULTS In healthy specimens, taurocholic acid and cholic acid were the two major BAs which constituted approximately 80% in the measured BAs. The disease marker BAs presented <10%. In BASDs, the following BAs were determined for the disease specific markers: Glyco/tauro 3β,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid 3-sulfate for HSD3B7 deficiency (>70%); glyco/tauro 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic acid for SRD5B1 deficiency (54%); tauro 3β-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid 3-sulfate for CYP7B1 deficiency (94%); 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoic acid for PBD1A (78%); and tauro 3β,7β-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid 3-sulfate for NPC1 (26%). *The % in the parenthesis indicates the portion found in the patient's specimen. CONCLUSIONS Early postnatal screening for BASDs, PBD1A and NPC1 is feasible with the described DBS-based method by measuring disease specific BAs. The present method is a quick and affordable test for screening for these inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, 2-1-24 Haramachi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutomo Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Children's Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Satoru Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nambu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-city 330-8777, Japan
| | - Saori Oguri
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Oji-shinmachi, Oita 870-0819, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Itonaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Oji-shinmachi, Oita 870-0819, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Oji-shinmachi, Oita 870-0819, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Central Virginia VA Healthcare System, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd., Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, 2-1-24 Haramachi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolites in a Bile Acid Synthetic Pathway Drive Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Revised "Two-Hit" Hypothesis. Cells 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37408268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis highlights the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for driving the transition of hepatic steatosis (fatty liver; NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Obesity-related insulin resistance (IR) is a well-known hallmark of early NAFLD progression, yet the mechanism linking aberrant insulin signaling to hepatocyte inflammation has remained unclear. Recently, as a function of more distinctly defining the regulation of mechanistic pathways, hepatocyte toxicity as mediated by hepatic free cholesterol and its metabolites has emerged as fundamental to the subsequent necroinflammation/fibrosis characteristics of NASH. More specifically, aberrant hepatocyte insulin signaling, as found with IR, leads to dysregulation in bile acid biosynthetic pathways with the subsequent intracellular accumulation of mitochondrial CYP27A1-derived cholesterol metabolites, (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol and 3β-Hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid, which appear to be responsible for driving hepatocyte toxicity. These findings bring forth a "two-hit" interpretation as to how NAFL progresses to NAFLD: abnormal hepatocyte insulin signaling, as occurs with IR, develops as a "first hit" that sequentially drives the accumulation of toxic CYP27A1-driven cholesterol metabolites as the "second hit". In the following review, we examine the mechanistic pathway by which mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites drive the development of NASH. Insights into mechanistic approaches for effective NASH intervention are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Research Services, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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Mou Y, Nandi G, Mukte S, Chai E, Chen Z, Nielsen JE, Nielsen TT, Criscuolo C, Blackstone C, Fraidakis MJ, Li XJ. Chenodeoxycholic acid rescues axonal degeneration in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from spastic paraplegia type 5 and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:72. [PMID: 37024986 PMCID: PMC10080795 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in CYP27A1 and CYP7B1, two critical genes regulating cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, cause cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5), respectively. These rare diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal motor neuron axons, yet the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and strategies to mitigate axonal degeneration remain elusive. METHODS To generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models for CTX and SPG5, we reprogrammed patient skin fibroblasts into iPSCs by transducing fibroblast cells with episomal vectors containing pluripotency factors. These patient-specific iPSCs, as well as control iPSCs, were differentiated into cortical projection neurons (PNs) and examined for biochemical alterations and disease-related phenotypes. RESULTS CTX and SPG5 patient iPSC-derived cortical PNs recapitulated several disease-specific biochemical changes and axonal defects of both diseases. Notably, the bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) effectively mitigated the biochemical alterations and rescued axonal degeneration in patient iPSC-derived neurons. To further examine underlying disease mechanisms, we developed CYP7B1 knockout human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using CRISPR-cas9-mediated gene editing and, following differentiation, examined hESC-derived cortical PNs. Knockout of CYP7B1 resulted in similar axonal vesiculation and degeneration in human cortical PN axons, confirming a cause-effect relationship between gene deficiency and axonal degeneration. Interestingly, CYP7B1 deficiency led to impaired neurofilament expression and organization as well as axonal degeneration, which could be rescued with CDCA, establishing a new disease mechanism and therapeutic target to mitigate axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate disease-specific lipid disturbances and axonopathy mechanisms in human pluripotent stem cell-based neuronal models of CTX and SPG5 and identify CDCA, an established treatment of CTX, as a potential pharmacotherapy for SPG5. We propose this novel treatment strategy to rescue axonal degeneration in SPG5, a currently incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Sukhada Mukte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Eric Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jorgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels T Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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9
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Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Suzuki M, Muto Y, Hirai S, Wang Y, Su L, Zhou H, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Takei H, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. Insulin dysregulation drives mitochondrial cholesterol metabolite accumulation: Initiating hepatic toxicity in NAFLD. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100363. [PMID: 36966904 PMCID: PMC10182330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP7B1 catalyzes mitochondria-derived cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholesten-(25R)26-oic acid (3βHCA) and facilitates their conversion to bile acids. Disruption of 26HC/3βHCA metabolism in the absence of CYP7B1 leads to neonatal liver failure. Disrupted 26HC/3βHCA metabolism with reduced hepatic CYP7B1 expression is also found in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The current study aimed to understand the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial cholesterol metabolites and their contribution to onset of NASH. We used Cyp7b1-/- mice fed a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), or high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Serum and liver cholesterol metabolites as well as hepatic gene expressions were comprehensively analyzed. Interestingly, 26HC/3βHCA levels were maintained at basal levels in ND-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice livers by the reduced cholesterol transport to mitochondria, and the upregulated glucuronidation and sulfation. However, WD-fed Cyp7b1-/- mice developed insulin resistance (IR) with subsequent 26HC/3βHCA accumulation due to overwhelmed glucuronidation/sulfation with facilitated mitochondrial cholesterol transport. Meanwhile, Cyp7b1-/- mice fed an HCD did not develop IR or subsequent evidence of liver toxicity. HCD-fed mice livers revealed marked cholesterol accumulation but no 26HC/3βHCA accumulation. The results suggest 26HC/3βHCA-induced cytotoxicity occurs when increased cholesterol transport into mitochondria is coupled to decreased 26HC/3βHCA metabolism driven with IR. Supportive evidence for cholesterol metabolite-driven hepatotoxicity is provided in a diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver mouse model and by human specimen analyses. This study uncovers an insulin-mediated regulatory pathway that drives the formation and accumulation of toxic cholesterol metabolites within the hepatocyte mitochondria, mechanistically connecting IR to cholesterol metabolite-induced hepatocyte toxicity which drives nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Kakiyama G, Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Martin R, Takei H, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Suzuki M, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Heuman DM, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Coffee modulates insulin-hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-Cyp7b1 pathway and reduces oxysterol-driven liver toxicity in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G488-G500. [PMID: 36193897 PMCID: PMC9639758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic pathway" of cholesterol metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1 in the setting of insulin resistance leads to the accumulation of cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) that initiate and promote hepatocyte injury; followed by an inflammatory response. The current study demonstrates that dietary coffee improves insulin resistance and restores Cyp7b1 levels in a well-characterized Western diet (WD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Ingestion of a WD containing caffeinated (regular) coffee or decaffeinated coffee markedly reduced the serum ALT level and improved insulin resistance. Cyp7b1 mRNA and protein levels were preserved at normal levels in mice fed the coffee containing WD. Additionally, coffee led to upregulated steroid sulfotransferase 2b1 (Sult2b1) mRNA expression. In accordance with the response in these oxysterol metabolic genes, hepatocellular 26HC levels were maintained at physiologically low levels. Moreover, the current study provided evidence that hepatic Cyp7b1 and Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α. We conclude coffee achieves its beneficial effects through the modulation of insulin resistance. Both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee had beneficial effects, demonstrating caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. The effects of coffee feeding on the insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1 signaling pathway, whose dysregulation initiates and contributes to the onset and progression of NASH as triggered by insulin resistance, offer mechanistic insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated dietary coffee prevented the accumulation of hepatic oxysterols by maintaining Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 expression in a diet-induced NAFLD mice model. Lowering liver oxysterols markedly reduced inflammation in the coffee-ingested mice. Caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. In addition, this study showed Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, HNF4α. The insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 signaling pathway, which directly correlates to the onset of NASH triggered by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kei Minowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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11
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Vij M, Shah VS. Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type 3 With Severe Neonatal Cholestasis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2022; 25:553-557. [PMID: 35580280 DOI: 10.1177/10935266221103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Congenital bile acid synthesis defect type 3 is a rare metabolic liver disease with only eight patients reported in literature. We describe clinical, pathological and molecular features for a ninth patient. A 4-month-old infant presented to us with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. His liver biopsy revealed giant cell change, steatosis, and activity with diffuse fibrosis. Immunostaining with bile salt export pump showed preserved canalicular pattern and γ-glutamyl transferase 1 staining showed unusual complete membranous pattern. Genetic workup revealed homozygous single base pair duplication in exon 3 of the CYP7B1 gene. He succumbed to liver disease at 7 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Vij
- Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai, India
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12
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Evangelakos I, Kuhl A, Baguhl M, Schlein C, John C, Rohde JK, Heine M, Heeren J, Worthmann A. Cold-Induced Lipoprotein Clearance in Cyp7b1-Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836741. [PMID: 35478959 PMCID: PMC9038073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as an appealing therapeutic target for cardio metabolic diseases. BAT is a heat-producing organ and upon activation substantially lowers hyperlipidemia. In response to cold exposure, not only the uptake of lipids into BAT is increased but also the Cyp7b1-mediated synthesis of bile acids (BA) from cholesterol in the liver is triggered. In addition to their role for intestinal lipid digestion, BA act as endocrine signals that can activate thermogenesis in BAT. When exposed to cold temperatures, Cyp7b1−/− mice have compromised BAT function along with reduced fecal bile acid levels. Here, we aim to evaluate the role of Cyp7b1 for BAT-dependent lipid clearance. Using metabolic studies with radioactive tracers, we show that in response to a cold stimulus, BAT-mediated clearance of fatty acids derived from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), and their remnants are reduced in Cyp7b1−/− mice. The impaired lipid uptake can be explained by reduced BAT lipoprotein lipase (LPL) levels and compromised organ activity in Cyp7b1−/− mice, which may be linked to impaired insulin signaling. Overall, our findings reveal that alterations of systemic lipoprotein metabolism mediated by cold-activated BAT are dependent, at least in part, on CYP7Β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Evangelakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kuhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Baguhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia K. Rohde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anna Worthmann,
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13
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Mo W, Wang F, Zhou C, Ma T, Pan Z, Xie M, Ren H, Xie Y. Successful treatment of an infant with congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 by ursodeoxycholic acid: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:139. [PMID: 35387662 PMCID: PMC8988363 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 caused by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency is an extremely rare genetic liver disease. As it may cause rapid progression to end-stage liver disease, a high cautiousness in diagnosis and early treatment are required. Here we describe the first case of congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 in China that was confirmed by genetic analysis. CASE PRESENTATION A 5-month-old Chinese male infant suffered skin yellowing since birth. The patient showed significantly increased alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and total and direct bilirubin levels, and enlarged liver at admission. Whole-exome sequencing confirmed homozygous mutation in the CYB7B1 gene that encodes oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment significantly mitigated the condition of the patient and lowered biochemical indicators. Unfortunately, the patient developed septicemia and gave up treatment. CONCLUSIONS The patient was successfully treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, which has not been reported previously. Ursodeoxycholic acid replacement therapy is an effective and affordable treatment for congenital bile acid synthesis disorder type 3 caused by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Mo
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tinghe Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaojun Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyan Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yongwu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, 543 Ningxi Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2021; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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15
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Kimura A, Mizuochi T, Takei H, Ohtake A, Mori J, Shinoda K, Hashimoto T, Kasahara M, Togawa T, Murai T, Iida T, Nittono H. Bile Acid Synthesis Disorders in Japan: Long-Term Outcome and Chenodeoxycholic Acid Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3885-3892. [PMID: 33385262 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We encountered 7 Japanese patients with bile acid synthesis disorders (BASD) including 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) deficiency (n = 3), Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase (5β-reductase) deficiency (n = 3), and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency (n = 1) over 21 years between 1996 and 2017. AIM We aimed to clarify long-term outcome in the 7 patients with BASD as well as long-term efficacy of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment in the 5 patients with 3β-HSD deficiency or 5β-reductase deficiency. METHODS Diagnoses were made from bile acid and genetic analyses. Bile acid analysis in serum and urine was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clinical and laboratory findings and bile acid profiles at diagnosis and most recent visit were retrospectively obtained from medical records. Long-term outcome included follow-up duration, treatments, growth, education/employment, complications of treatment, and other problems. RESULTS Medians with ranges of current patient ages and duration of CDCA treatment are 10 years (8 to 43) and 10 years (8 to 21), respectively. All 7 patients, who had homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the HSD3B7, SRD5B1, or CYP7B1 gene, are currently in good health without liver dysfunction. In the 5 patients with CDCA treatment, hepatic function gradually improved following initiation. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that CDCA treatment is effective in 3β-HSD deficiency and 5β-reductase deficiency, as cholic acid has been in other countries. BASD carry a good prognosis following early diagnosis and initiation of long-term CDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
- Kumamoto-Ashikita Medical Center for the Severely Disabled, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takuji Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Science, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Li W, Sun Z, Wu M, Deng Z, Zheng M, Kuang Z, Liu Y, He G. Deficiency of coiled-coil domain containing 80 increases plasma cholesterol by decreasing fecal sterols excretion in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108868. [PMID: 34563664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disorders in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism have been acknowledged as critical in pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Coiled-coil domain containing 80 (CCDC80) has been closely linked to lipid homeostasis in mice, with its role in cholesterol metabolism yet to be fully elucidated. This study aims to uncover the regulatory mechanisms of CCDC80 in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. We generated a CCDC80 knockout (CCDC80-/-) model in C57BL/6 mouse. The initial transcriptional and metabolic consequences of removing CCDC80 were accessed at baseline by gene expression microarrays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry / ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The hepatic cholesterol was investigated in both CCDC80+/+ and CCDC80-/- male mice at baseline and after feeding a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The regulatory effects of CCDC80 on gene expressions and protein masses were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. At baseline, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis combining metabolomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics, revealed a down-regulation of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis by CCDC80-knockout, especially for primary bile acids. In the hypercholesterolemic models, our results showed that deficiency of CCDC80 increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels, but decreased fecal neutral and acidic sterols excretion in mice. Mechanistically, we found that such effects were partly mediated by attenuating the alternative pathway of bile acid synthesis catalyzed by oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1). In conclusion, our results suggest CCDC80 as a novel modulator of cholesterol homeostasis in male mice. Deficiency of CCDC80 could further impair fecal sterols excretion in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zequn Deng
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengman Zheng
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Kuang
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Tang YP, Gong JY, Setchell KDR, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang JS. Successful treatment of infantile oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency with oral chenodeoxycholic acid. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:163. [PMID: 33849447 PMCID: PMC8045390 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP7B1, is associated with fatal infantile progressive intrahepatic cholestasis and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5. Most reported patients with CYP7B1 mutations presenting with liver disease in infancy have died of liver failure. However, it was recently reported that two patients treated with chenodeoxycholic acid survived. Correlations between the phenotype and genotype of CYP7B1 deficiency have not been clearly established. CASE PRESENTATION A 5-month-7-day-old Chinese baby from non-consanguineous parents was referred for progressive cholestasis and prolonged prothrombin time from one month of age. Genetic testing revealed compound heterozygous mutations c.187C > T(p.R63X)/c.334C > T(p.R112X) in CYP7B1, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis of the urinary bile acid confirmed the presence of atypical hepatotoxic 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acids. While awaiting liver transplantation she was orally administered chenodeoxycholic acid. Her liver function rapidly improved, urine atypical bile acids normalized, and she thrived well until the last follow-up at 23 months of age. Her 15-year-old brother, with no history of infantile cholestasis but harboring the same mutations in CYP7B1, had gait abnormality from 13 years of age. Neurological examination revealed hyper-reflexia and spasticity of the lower limbs. Brain MRI revealed enlarged perivascular space in the bilateral basal ganglia and white matter of frontal parietal. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings highlight that the phenotype of CYP7B1 deficiency varies widely, even in siblings and that early administration of chenodeoxycholic acid may improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Yu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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18
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Lefort C, Cani PD. The Liver under the Spotlight: Bile Acids and Oxysterols as Pivotal Actors Controlling Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020400. [PMID: 33669184 PMCID: PMC7919658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the myriad of molecules produced by the liver, both bile acids and their precursors, the oxysterols are becoming pivotal bioactive lipids which have been underestimated for a long time. Their actions are ranging from regulation of energy homeostasis (i.e., glucose and lipid metabolism) to inflammation and immunity, thereby opening the avenue to new treatments to tackle metabolic disorders associated with obesity (e.g., type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis) and inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the biosynthesis of these endocrine factors including their interconnection with the gut microbiota and their impact on host homeostasis as well as their attractive potential for the development of therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders.
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19
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Yutuc E, Dickson AL, Pacciarini M, Griffiths L, Baker PRS, Connell L, Öhman A, Forsgren L, Trupp M, Vilarinho S, Khalil Y, Clayton PT, Sari S, Dalgic B, Höflinger P, Schöls L, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Deep mining of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: Quantification using isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338259. [PMID: 33736801 PMCID: PMC7988461 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are rich in cholesterol and its metabolites. Here we describe in detail a methodology for the identification and quantification of multiple sterols including oxysterols and sterol-acids found in these fluids. The method is translatable to any laboratory with access to liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. The method exploits isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for absolute quantification of target metabolites. The method is applicable for semi-quantification of other sterols for which isotope labelled surrogates are not available and approximate quantification of partially identified sterols. Values are reported for non-esterified sterols in the absence of saponification and total sterols following saponification. In this way absolute quantification data is reported for 17 sterols in the NIST SRM 1950 plasma along with semi-quantitative data for 8 additional sterols and approximate quantification for one further sterol. In a pooled (CSF) sample used for internal quality control, absolute quantification was performed on 10 sterols, semi-quantification on 9 sterols and approximate quantification on a further three partially identified sterols. The value of the method is illustrated by confirming the sterol phenotype of a patient suffering from ACOX2 deficiency, a rare disorder of bile acid biosynthesis, and in a plasma sample from a patient suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, where cholesterol 27-hydroxylase is deficient. Absolute quantification of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids. Methodology applicable to plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Data generated for non-esterified and total sterols. Diastereoisomers at C-24 and C-25 separated and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Manuela Pacciarini
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | | | - Anders Öhman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sílvia Vilarinho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youssef Khalil
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sinan Sari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Dalgic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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20
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Melia T, Waxman DJ. Genetic factors contributing to extensive variability of sex-specific hepatic gene expression in Diversity Outbred mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242665. [PMID: 33264334 PMCID: PMC7710091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific transcription characterizes hundreds of genes in mouse liver, many implicated in sex-differential drug and lipid metabolism and disease susceptibility. While the regulation of liver sex differences by growth hormone-activated STAT5 is well established, little is known about autosomal genetic factors regulating the sex-specific liver transcriptome. Here we show, using genotyping and expression data from a large population of Diversity Outbred mice, that genetic factors work in tandem with growth hormone to control the individual variability of hundreds of sex-biased genes, including many long non-coding RNA genes. Significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and sex-specific gene expression were identified as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), many of which showed strong sex-dependent associations. Remarkably, autosomal genetic modifiers of sex-specific genes were found to account for more than 200 instances of gain or loss of sex-specificity across eight Diversity Outbred mouse founder strains. Sex-biased STAT5 binding sites and open chromatin regions with strain-specific variants were significantly enriched at eQTL regions regulating correspondingly sex-specific genes, supporting the proposed functional regulatory nature of the eQTL regions identified. Binding of the male-biased, growth hormone-regulated repressor BCL6 was most highly enriched at trans-eQTL regions controlling female-specific genes. Co-regulated gene clusters defined by overlapping eQTLs included sets of highly correlated genes from different chromosomes, further supporting trans-eQTL action. These findings elucidate how an unexpectedly large number of autosomal factors work in tandem with growth hormone signaling pathways to regulate the individual variability associated with sex differences in liver metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha Melia
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Martin R, Takei H, Rodriguez-Agudo D, LaSalle SA, Hashiguchi T, Liu X, Green R, Erickson S, Gil G, Fuchs M, Suzuki M, Murai T, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Insulin resistance dysregulates CYP7B1 leading to oxysterol accumulation: a pathway for NAFL to NASH transition. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1629-1644. [PMID: 33008924 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is an important public health issue closely associated with the pervasive epidemics of diabetes and obesity. Yet, despite NAFLD being among the most common of chronic liver diseases, the biological factors responsible for its transition from benign nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remain unclear. This lack of knowledge leads to a decreased ability to find relevant animal models, predict disease progression, or develop clinical treatments. In the current study, we used multiple mouse models of NAFLD, human correlation data, and selective gene overexpression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1) in mice to elucidate a plausible mechanistic pathway for promoting the transition from NAFL to NASH. We show that oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic/alternative" pathway of cholesterol metabolism. Specifically, we report data showing that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1, in the setting of insulin resistance, results in the accumulation of toxic intracellular cholesterol metabolites that promote inflammation and hepatocyte injury. This metabolic pathway, initiated and exacerbated by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sandra A LaSalle
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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22
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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23
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Chen JY, Wu JF, Kimura A, Nittono H, Liou BY, Lee CS, Chen HS, Chiu YC, Ni YH, Peng SSF, Lee WT, Tsai IJ, Chang MH, Chen HL. AKR1D1 and CYP7B1 mutations in patients with inborn errors of bile acid metabolism: Possibly underdiagnosed diseases. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:75-83. [PMID: 31337596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism (IEBAM) cause rare but treatable genetic disorders that can present as neonatal cholestasis or neurological diseases. Without timely primary bile acid treatment, patients may develop liver failure early in life. This study aimed to analyze the types and treatment outcomes of IEBAM in Taiwanese infants and document the allele frequency of CYP7B1 hot spot mutations in the population. METHODS Urine samples from patients with infantile intrahepatic cholestasis and suspected IEBAM were subjected to urinary bile acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Genetic diagnoses were made using direct sequencing or next-generation sequencing. We also tested healthy control subjects for a probable hot spot point mutation of CYP7B1. RESULTS Among the 75 patients with infantile intrahepatic cholestasis tested during 2000 -2016, three had ∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency with AKR1D1 mutations, and three had oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase deficiency with CYP7B1 mutation. Two patients with ∆4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency were successfully treated with cholic acid. The three unrelated infants with oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiencies had the same p.R112X homozygous CYP7B1 mutation. Two had mild renal or neurological involvement. Among 608 healthy control subjects, the allele frequency of the heterozygous mutation for p.R112X was 2/1216 (0.16%). The only surviving patient with oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency recovered from liver failure after chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment beginning at 3 months of age. CONCLUSION Distinct types of IEBAM disease were found in the Taiwanese population. Patients with early diagnosis and early treatment had a favorable outcome. IEBAM prevalence rates may be higher than expected due to the presence of heterozygous mutations in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Bang-Yu Liou
- Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Seng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Centre, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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24
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Ravindranath A, Sen Sarma M, Yachha SK. Bile acid synthetic defects: Simplified approach in a nutshell. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:80-84. [PMID: 31558365 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Ravindranath
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Moinak Sen Sarma
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Surender Kumar Yachha
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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25
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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26
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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27
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Naritaka N, Suzuki M, Takei H, Chen HL, Oh SH, Kaewplang P, Zhang C, Murai T, Kurosawa T, Kimura A, Shimizu T, Nittono H. Use of dried urine spots for screening of inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:489-494. [PMID: 30921489 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric patients with cholestasis of unknown cause, inborn errors of bile acid (BA) synthesis (IEBAS) may be considered. For the initial screening for IEBAS, clarification of the urine BA profile is essential. The transportation of urine in a frozen state via air delivery, however, is laborious and costly. This study assessed the feasibility of using dried urine spots (DUS) to establish a more convenient and affordable method of IEBAS screening. METHODS We created DUS using urine samples from patients with 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase deficiency (3β-HSD) and Δ4-3-oxo-steroid 5β-reductase deficiency as standard preparations. We started accepting DUS specimens by regular mail. RESULTS The ratio of unusual to usual BA is essential for the initial detection of IEBAS, and the recovery rates of abnormal BA were acceptable. The recovery rate of Δ4-BA on day 28 decreased to 31.8% at 25°C, and to 19.6% at 37°C. Therefore, the sending of DUS should be avoided under conditions of high temperature. Of a total of 49 children with cholestasis, eight new patients were diagnosed with IEBAS using this screening method. CONCLUSION The mailing screening system is expected to facilitate the shipment, from regions outside of Japan, of samples for IEBAS screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakayuki Naritaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Junshin Clinic BA Institute, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic BA Institute, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huey-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seek-Hi Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, Songpa, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chunhua Zhang
- Matsumoto Institute of Life Science (MILS) International, Ishikawa, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Kurosawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Meljon A, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Mining for Oxysterols in Cyp7b1-/- Mouse Brain and Plasma: Relevance to Spastic Paraplegia Type 5. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040149. [PMID: 31013940 PMCID: PMC6523844 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7B1, also known as oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase, in humans leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) and in some cases in infants to liver disease. SPG5 is medically characterized by loss of motor neurons in the corticospinal tract. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of this disorder, we have extended our previous profiling of the oxysterol content of brain and plasma of Cyp7b1 knockout (-/-) mice to include, amongst other sterols, 25-hydroxylated cholesterol metabolites. Although brain cholesterol levels do not differ between wild-type (wt) and knockout mice, we find, using a charge-tagging methodology in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and multistage fragmentation (MSn), that there is a build-up of the CYP7B1 substrate 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in Cyp7b1-/- mouse brain and plasma. As reported earlier, levels of (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26-HC), 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and 24S,25-epoxycholesterol (24S,25-EC) are similarly elevated in brain and plasma. Side-chain oxysterols including 25-HC, 26-HC and 24S,25-EC are known to bind to INSIG (insulin-induced gene) and inhibit the processing of SREBP-2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2) to its active form as a master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis. We suggest the concentration of cholesterol in brain of the Cyp7b1-/- mouse is maintained by balancing reduced metabolism, as a consequence of a loss in CYP7B1, with reduced biosynthesis. The Cyp7b1-/- mouse does not show a motor defect; whether the defect in humans is a consequence of less efficient homeostasis of cholesterol in brain has yet to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Joyce L Yau
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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29
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Marelli C, Lamari F, Rainteau D, Lafourcade A, Banneau G, Humbert L, Monin ML, Petit E, Debs R, Castelnovo G, Ollagnon E, Lavie J, Pilliod J, Coupry I, Babin PJ, Guissart C, Benyounes I, Ullmann U, Lesca G, Thauvin-Robinet C, Labauge P, Odent S, Ewenczyk C, Wolf C, Stevanin G, Hajage D, Durr A, Goizet C, Mochel F. Plasma oxysterols: biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment in spastic paraplegia type 5. Brain 2019; 141:72-84. [PMID: 29228183 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are an expanding and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. Plasma biomarkers are needed to guide the genetic testing of spastic paraplegia. Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is an autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia due to mutations in CYP7B1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 7α-hydroxylase implicated in cholesterol and bile acids metabolism. We developed a method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to validate two plasma 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) as diagnostic biomarkers in a cohort of 21 patients with SPG5. For 14 patients, SPG5 was initially suspected on the basis of genetic analysis, and then confirmed by increased plasma 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol. For seven patients, the diagnosis was initially based on elevated plasma oxysterol levels and confirmed by the identification of two causal CYP7B1 mutations. The receiver operating characteristic curves analysis showed that 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol discriminated between SPG5 patients and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Taking advantage of the robustness of these plasma oxysterols, we then conducted a phase II therapeutic trial in 12 patients and tested whether candidate molecules (atorvastatin, chenodeoxycholic acid and resveratrol) can lower plasma oxysterols and improve bile acids profile. The trial consisted of a three-period, three-treatment crossover study and the six different sequences of three treatments were randomized. Using a linear mixed effect regression model with a random intercept, we observed that atorvastatin decreased moderately plasma 27-OHC (∼30%, P < 0.001) but did not change 27-OHC to total cholesterol ratio or 25-OHC levels. We also found an abnormal bile acids profile in SPG5 patients, with significantly decreased total serum bile acids associated with a relative decrease of ursodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids compared to deoxycholic acid. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid restored bile acids profile in SPG5 patients. Therefore, the combination of atorvastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid may be worth considering for the treatment of SPG5 patients but the neurological benefit of these metabolic interventions remains to be evaluated in phase III therapeutic trials using clinical, imaging and/or electrophysiological outcome measures with sufficient effect sizes. Overall, our study indicates that plasma 25-OHC and 27-OHC are robust diagnostic biomarkers of SPG5 and shall be used as first-line investigations in any patient with unexplained spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marelli
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Expert Center for Neurogenetic Diseases and Adult Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Neurometabolic Research Group, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Lafourcade
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Banneau
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Functional Unit of Molecular and Cellular Neurogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Monin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Rabab Debs
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Ollagnon
- La Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Pilliod
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Guissart
- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Imen Benyounes
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France
| | - Urielle Ullmann
- Institut de Pathologie et Génétique, Centre de Génétique Humaine, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Lyon University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Labauge
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Leukodystrophy, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Rennes University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Claude Wolf
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Neurogenetic lab, Paris, France
| | - David Hajage
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Yang R, Hu Z, Zhang P, Wu S, Song Z, Shen X, Wei Z. Probucol ameliorates hepatic stellate cell activation and autophagy is associated with farnesoid X receptor. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Trummer B, Haubenberger D, Blackstone C. Clinical Trial Designs and Measures in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1017. [PMID: 30627115 PMCID: PMC6309810 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a large group of genetically-diverse neurologic disorders characterized clinically by a common feature of lower extremity spasticity and gait difficulties. Current therapies are predominantly symptomatic, and even then usually provide inadequate relief of symptoms. Going forward, HSP therapeutics development requires a systematic analysis of quantifiable measures and tools to assess treatment response. This review summarizes promising therapeutic targets, assessment measures, and previous clinical trials for the HSPs. Oxidative stress, signaling pathways, microtubule dynamics, and gene rescue/replacement have been proposed as potential treatment targets or modalities. Quantitative evaluation of pre-clinical rodent HSP models emphasize rotarod performance, foot base angle, grip strength, stride length, beam walking, critical speed, and body weight. Clinical measures of HSP in humans include 10-m gait velocity, the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS), Ashworth Spasticity Scale, Fugl-Meyer Scale, timed up-and-go, and the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire. We conducted a broad search for past clinical trials in HSPs and identified trials that investigated pharmacological agents including atorvastatin, gabapentin, L-threonine, botulinum toxin, dalfampridine, methylphenidate, and baclofen. We provide recommendations for future HSP treatment directions based on these prior research experiences as well as regulatory insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Trummer
- Neurogenetics Branch, Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dietrich Haubenberger
- Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Neurogenetics Branch, Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hong J, Oh SH, Yoo HW, Nittono H, Kimura A, Kim KM. Complete Recovery of Oxysterol 7α-Hydroxylase Deficiency by Living Donor Transplantation in a 4-Month-Old Infant: the First Korean Case Report and Literature Review. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e324. [PMID: 30546280 PMCID: PMC6291407 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency is a very rare liver disease categorized as inborn errors of bile acid synthesis, caused by CYP7B1 mutations. As it may cause rapid progression to end-stage liver disease even in early infancy, a high index of suspicion is required to prevent fatal outcomes. We describe the case of a 3-month-old boy with progressive cholestatic hepatitis and severe hepatic fibrosis. After excluding other etiologies for his early liver failure, we found that he had profuse urinary excretion of 3β-monohydroxy-Δ5-bile acid derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis with dried urine spots on filter paper. He was confirmed to have a compound heterozygous mutation (p.Arg388Ter and p.Tyr469IlefsX5) of the CYP7B1 gene. After undergoing liver transplantation (LT) from his mother at 4 months of age, his deteriorated liver function completely normalized, and he had normal growth and development until the current follow-up at 33 months of age. We report the first Korean case of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency in the youngest infant reported to undergo successful living donor LT to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeana Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seak Hee Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Pediatric cholestasis often results from mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract or dysfunction in the processes of forming and excreting bile. Various genetic defects with resulting molecular inaccuracies are increasingly being recognized, often with specific clinical characteristics. Identifying of the molecular abnormality can enable implementation of timely, appropriate treatment in some affected individuals and provide prognostic indicators for both families and care teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 6th Floor FP, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 6th Floor FP, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Abstract
Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism are rare causes of neonatal cholestasis and liver disease in older children and adults. The diagnosis should be considered in the context of hyperbilirubinemia with normal serum bile acids and made by urinary liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry or DNA testing. Cholic acid is an effective treatment of most single-enzyme defects and patients with Zellweger spectrum disorder with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Heubi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin E Bove
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 240 Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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35
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Chen HL, Wu SH, Hsu SH, Liou BY, Chen HL, Chang MH. Jaundice revisited: recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of inherited cholestatic liver diseases. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:75. [PMID: 30367658 PMCID: PMC6203212 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jaundice is a common symptom of inherited or acquired liver diseases or a manifestation of diseases involving red blood cell metabolism. Recent progress has elucidated the molecular mechanisms of bile metabolism, hepatocellular transport, bile ductular development, intestinal bile salt reabsorption, and the regulation of bile acids homeostasis. Main body The major genetic diseases causing jaundice involve disturbances of bile flow. The insufficiency of bile salts in the intestines leads to fat malabsorption and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Accumulation of excessive bile acids and aberrant metabolites results in hepatocellular injury and biliary cirrhosis. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is the prototype of genetic liver diseases manifesting jaundice in early childhood, progressive liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, and failure to thrive. The first three types of PFICs identified (PFIC1, PFIC2, and PFIC3) represent defects in FIC1 (ATP8B1), BSEP (ABCB11), or MDR3 (ABCB4). In the last 5 years, new genetic disorders, such as TJP2, FXR, and MYO5B defects, have been demonstrated to cause a similar PFIC phenotype. Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism also cause progressive cholestatic liver injuries. Prompt differential diagnosis is important because oral primary bile acid replacement may effectively reverse liver failure and restore liver functions. DCDC2 is a newly identified genetic disorder causing neonatal sclerosing cholangitis. Other cholestatic genetic disorders may have extra-hepatic manifestations, such as developmental disorders causing ductal plate malformation (Alagille syndrome, polycystic liver/kidney diseases), mitochondrial hepatopathy, and endocrine or chromosomal disorders. The diagnosis of genetic liver diseases has evolved from direct sequencing of a single gene to panel-based next generation sequencing. Whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing have been actively investigated in research and clinical studies. Current treatment modalities include medical treatment (ursodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid), surgery (partial biliary diversion and liver transplantation), symptomatic treatment for pruritus, and nutritional therapy. New drug development based on gene-specific treatments, such as apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor, for BSEP defects are underway. Short conclusion Understanding the complex pathways of jaundice and cholestasis not only enhance insights into liver pathophysiology but also elucidate many causes of genetic liver diseases and promote the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, 17F, No. 8, Chung Shan S. Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Rd Section 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Changde St. No.1, Zhongzhen Dist., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7 Chung Shan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nationatl Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Rd Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yu Liou
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, 17F, No. 8, Chung Shan S. Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Changde St. No.1, Zhongzhen Dist., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hwei Chang
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, 17F, No. 8, Chung Shan S. Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Changde St. No.1, Zhongzhen Dist., Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early diagnosis of bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) is important because, untreated, these conditions can be fatal. Our objectives were to screen children with cholestasis or unexplained liver disease for BASD and in those with confirmed BASD to evaluate the effectiveness of cholic acid therapy. METHODS A routine serum total bile acid measurement was performed on children with cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, and liver failure. Patients were screened for BASD by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) analysis of urine, and molecular analysis confirmed diagnosis. Treatment response to oral cholic acid (10-15 mg/kg bw/day) was assessed from liver function tests and fat-soluble vitamin levels. FAB-MS analysis of urine was used to monitor compliance and biochemical response. RESULTS Between 2007 and 2016, 626 patients were evaluated; 450 with infantile cholestasis. Fifteen cases of BASD were diagnosed: 12 presented with infantile cholestasis (2.7%, 7 boys), an 8-year-old boy presented with cirrhosis, and two 18-month-old boys presented with hepatomegaly and rickets. Eleven were caused by 3β-hydroxy-Δ-C27-steroid oxidoreductase dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 from Δ-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency, and 1 had Zellweger spectrum disorder. In all but 1, serum total bile acids were normal or low. With cholic acid therapy, 10 are alive and healthy with their native liver. Liver failure developed in 3 infants despite therapy; 2 died and 1 underwent liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS BASDs are rare but treatable causes of metabolic liver disease in Saudi Arabia. BASD should be considered in infants with cholestasis and low or normal serum total bile acid concentrations.
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38
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Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S. Bile acid analysis in human disorders of bile acid biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:10-24. [PMID: 28322867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids facilitate the absorption of lipids in the gut, but are also needed to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, induce bile flow, excrete toxic substances and regulate energy metabolism by acting as signaling molecules. Bile acid biosynthesis is a complex process distributed across many cellular organelles and requires at least 17 enzymes in addition to different metabolite transport proteins to synthesize the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Disorders of bile acid synthesis can present from the neonatal period to adulthood and have very diverse clinical symptoms ranging from cholestatic liver disease to neuropsychiatric symptoms and spastic paraplegias. This review describes the different bile acid synthesis pathways followed by a summary of the current knowledge on hereditary disorders of human bile acid biosynthesis with a special focus on diagnostic bile acid profiling using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Wang Y. New methods for analysis of oxysterols and related compounds by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:4-26. [PMID: 26639636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol or its precursors. They are formed enzymatically and via reactive oxygen species. Oxysterols are intermediates in bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways and are also bioactive molecules in their own right, being ligands to nuclear receptors and also regulators of the processing of steroid regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) to their active forms as transcription factors regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. Oxysterols are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states ranging from atherosclerosis and cancer to multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Analysis of oxysterols is challenging on account of their low abundance in biological systems in comparison to cholesterol, and due to the propensity of cholesterol to undergo oxidation in air to generate oxysterols with the same structures as those present endogenously. In this article we review the mass spectrometry-based methods for oxysterol analysis paying particular attention to analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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40
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Di Fabio R, Storti E, Tessa A, Pierelli F, Morani F, Santorelli FM. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: pathology, genetics and therapeutic prospects. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1153964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Mignarri A, Malandrini A, Del Puppo M, Magni A, Monti L, Ginanneschi F, Tessa A, Santorelli FM, Federico A, Dotti MT. Treatment of SPG5 with cholesterol-lowering drugs. J Neurol 2015; 262:2783-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a dreadful, devastating and incurable motor neuron disease. Aetiologically, it is a multigenic, multifactorial and multiorgan disease. Despite intense research, ALS pathology remains unexplained. Following extensive literature review, this paper posits a new integrative explanation. This framework proposes that ammonia neurotoxicity is a main player in ALS pathogenesis. According to this explanation, a combination of impaired ammonia removal- mainly because of impaired hepatic urea cycle dysfunction-and increased ammoniagenesis- mainly because of impaired glycolytic metabolism in fast twitch skeletal muscle-causes chronic hyperammonia in ALS. In the absence of neuroprotective calcium binding proteins (calbindin, calreticulin and parvalbumin), elevated ammonia-a neurotoxin-damages motor neurons. Ammonia-induced motor neuron damage occurs through multiple mechanisms such as macroautophagy-endolysosomal impairment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, CDK5 activation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the regional pattern of calcium binding proteins' loss, owing to either ER stress and/or impaired oxidative metabolism, determines clinical variability of ALS. Most importantly, this new framework can be generalised to explain other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease and Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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43
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Crick PJ, William Bentley T, Abdel-Khalik J, Matthews I, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Bigger BW, Zerbinati C, Tritapepe L, Iuliano L, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Quantitative Charge-Tags for Sterol and Oxysterol Analysis. Clin Chem 2015; 61:400-11. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.231332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Global sterol analysis is challenging owing to the extreme diversity of sterol natural products, the tendency of cholesterol to dominate in abundance over all other sterols, and the structural lack of a strong chromophore or readily ionized functional group. We developed a method to overcome these challenges by using different isotope-labeled versions of the Girard P reagent (GP) as quantitative charge-tags for the LC-MS analysis of sterols including oxysterols.
METHODS
Sterols/oxysterols in plasma were extracted in ethanol containing deuterated internal standards, separated by C18 solid-phase extraction, and derivatized with GP, with or without prior oxidation of 3β-hydroxy to 3-oxo groups.
RESULTS
By use of different isotope-labeled GPs, it was possible to analyze in a single LC-MS analysis both sterols/oxysterols that naturally possess a 3-oxo group and those with a 3β-hydroxy group. Intra- and interassay CVs were <15%, and recoveries for representative oxysterols and cholestenoic acids were 85%–108%. By adopting a multiplex approach to isotope labeling, we analyzed up to 4 different samples in a single run. Using plasma samples, we could demonstrate the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism and also the export of oxysterols from brain via the jugular vein.
CONCLUSIONS
This method allows the profiling of the widest range of sterols/oxysterols in a single analytical run and can be used to identify inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Matthews
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, U.K
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Tritapepe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Hu G, Yuan X, Zhang S, Wang R, Yang M, Wu C, Wu Z, Ke X. Research on choleretic effect of menthol, menthone, pluegone, isomenthone, and limonene in DanShu capsule. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:191-197. [PMID: 25499726 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Danshu capsule (DSC) is a medicinal compound in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is commonly used for the treatment of acute & chronic cholecystitis as well as choleithiasis. To study its choleretic effect, healthy rats were randomly divided into DSC high (DSCH, 900mg/kg), medium (DSCM, 450mg/kg), and low (DSCL, 225mg/kg) group, Xiaoyan Lidan tablet (XYLDT, 750mg/kg), and saline group. The bile was collected for 1h after 20-minute stabilization as the base level, and at 1h, 2h, 3h, and 4h after drug administration, respectively. Bile volume, total cholesterol, and total bile acid were measured at each time point. The results revealed that DSC significantly stimulated bile secretion, decreased total cholesterol level and increased total bile acid level. Therefore, it had choleretic effects. To identify the active components contributing to its choleretic effects, five major constituents which are menthol (39.33mg/kg), menthone (18.02mg/kg), isomenthone (8.18mg/kg), pluegone (3.31mg/kg), and limonene (4.39mg/kg) were tested on our rat model. The results showed that menthol and limonene could promote bile secretion when compared to DSC treatment (p > 0.05); Menthol, menthol and limonene could significantly decrease total cholesterol level (p<0.05 or p<0.01) as well as increase total bile acid level (p<0.05 or p<0.01); Isomenthone, as a isomer of menthone, existed slightly choleretic effects; Pluegone had no obvious role in bile acid efflux. These findings indicated that the choleretic effects of DSC may be attributed mainly to its three major constituents: menthol, menthone and limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China
| | - Xing Yuan
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China
| | - Ruru Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Sichuan Jishengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Sichuan Jishengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, P.R. China
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Theofilopoulos S, Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Yang S, Meljon A, Ogundare M, Kitambi SS, Lockhart A, Tuschl K, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Martinez A, Reddy MA, Martinuzzi A, Bassi MT, Honda A, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, De Michele G, Carbone R, Criscuolo C, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Schüle R, Schöls L, Sailer AW, Kuhle J, Fraidakis MJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Björkhem I, Ernfors P, Sjövall J, Arenas E, Wang Y. Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4829-42. [PMID: 25271621 DOI: 10.1172/jci68506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestenoic acids are formed as intermediates in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate cholestenoic acids are expressed in the mammalian CNS. Here, we evaluated the cholestenoic acid profile of mammalian cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and determined that specific cholestenoic acids activate the liver X receptors (LXRs), enhance islet-1 expression in zebrafish, and increase the number of oculomotor neurons in the developing mouse in vitro and in vivo. While 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β,7α-diHCA) promoted motor neuron survival in an LXR-dependent manner, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3βH,7O-CA) promoted maturation of precursors into islet-1+ cells. Unlike 3β,7α-diHCA and 3βH,7O-CA, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β-HCA) caused motor neuron cell loss in mice. Mutations in CYP7B1 or CYP27A1, which encode enzymes involved in cholestenoic acid metabolism, result in different neurological diseases, hereditary spastic paresis type 5 (SPG5) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), respectively. SPG5 is characterized by spastic paresis, and similar symptoms may occur in CTX. Analysis of CSF and plasma from patients with SPG5 revealed an excess of the toxic LXR ligand, 3β-HCA, while patients with CTX and SPG5 exhibited low levels of the survival-promoting LXR ligand 3β,7α-diHCA. Moreover, 3β,7α-diHCA prevented the loss of motor neurons induced by 3β-HCA in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo.Our results indicate that specific cholestenoic acids selectively work on motor neurons, via LXR, to regulate the balance between survival and death.
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