1
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Zhang J, Mohd Said F, Daud NFS, Jing Z. Present status and application prospects of green chitin nanowhiskers: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134235. [PMID: 39079565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Petrochemical resources are non-renewable, which has impeded the development of synthetic polymers. The poor degradability of synthetic polymers poses substantial environmental pressure. Additionally, the high cost of synthetic biopolymers with excellent degradation performance limits their widespread application. Thus, it is crucial to seek green, sustainable, low-cost polymers as alternatives to petrochemical-based synthetic polymers and synthetic biopolymers. Chitin is a natural and renewable biopolymer discovered in crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls. Chitin chains consist of crystalline and amorphous regions. Note that various treatments can be employed to remove the amorphous region, enhancing the crystallinity of chitin. Chitin nanowhiskers are a high crystallinity nanoscale chitin product with a high aspect ratio, a large surface area, adjustable surface morphology, and biocompatibility. They discover widespread applications in biomedicine, environmental treatment, food packaging, and biomaterials. Various methods can be utilized for preparing chitin nanowhiskers, including chemical, ionic liquids, deacetylation, and mechanical methods. However, developing an environmentally friendly preparation process remains a big challenge for expanding their applications in different materials and large-scale production. This article comprehensively analyzes chitin nanowhiskers' preparation strategies and their drawbacks. It also highlights the extensive application in different materials and various fields, besides the potential for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farhan Mohd Said
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fathin Shamirah Daud
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088 Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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2
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Hristozov D, Badetti E, Bigini P, Brunelli A, Dekkers S, Diomede L, Doak SH, Fransman W, Gajewicz-Skretna A, Giubilato E, Gómez-Cuadrado L, Grafström R, Gutleb AC, Halappanavar S, Hischier R, Hunt N, Katsumiti A, Kermanizadeh A, Marcomini A, Moschini E, Oomen A, Pizzol L, Rumbo C, Schmid O, Shandilya N, Stone V, Stoycheva S, Stoeger T, Merino BS, Tran L, Tsiliki G, Vogel UB, Wohlleben W, Zabeo A. Next Generation Risk Assessment approaches for advanced nanomaterials: Current status and future perspectives. NANOIMPACT 2024; 35:100523. [PMID: 39059749 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript discusses the challenges of applying New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for safe by design and regulatory risk assessment of advanced nanomaterials (AdNMs). The authors propose a framework for Next Generation Risk Assessment of AdNMs involving NAMs that is aligned to the conventional risk assessment paradigm. This framework is exposure-driven, endpoint-specific, makes best use of pre-existing information, and can be implemented in tiers of increasing specificity and complexity of the adopted NAMs. The tiered structure of the approach, which effectively combines the use of existing data with targeted testing will allow safety to be assessed cost-effectively and as far as possible with even more limited use of vertebrates. The regulatory readiness of state-of-the-art emerging NAMs is assessed in terms of Transparency, Reliability, Accessibility, Applicability, Relevance and Completeness, and their appropriateness for AdNMs is discussed in relation to each step of the risk assessment paradigm along with providing perspectives for future developments in the respective scientific and regulatory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danail Hristozov
- East European Research and Innovation Enterprise (EMERGE), Otets Paisiy Str. 46, 1303 Sofa, Bulgaria.
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Wouter Fransman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- GreenDecision Srl, Cannaregio 5904, 30121 Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Roland Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxemburg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Building, Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Roland Hischier
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Neil Hunt
- Yordas Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- University of Derby, College of Science and Engineering, Kedleston Road, Derby DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Luxemburg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), David Brewster Building, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Pizzol
- GreenDecision Srl, Cannaregio 5904, 30121 Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neeraj Shandilya
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), David Brewster Building, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Stoycheva
- Yordas Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Tsiliki
- Purposeful IKE, Tritis Septembriou 144, Athens 11251, Greece
| | - Ulla Birgitte Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, RGA/AP - B7, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alex Zabeo
- GreenDecision Srl, Cannaregio 5904, 30121 Venezia, VE, Italy
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3
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Muñoz-Juan A, Assié A, Esteve-Codina A, Gut M, Benseny-Cases N, Samuel BS, Dalfó E, Laromaine A. Caenorhabditis elegans endorse bacterial nanocellulose fibers as functional dietary Fiber reducing lipid markers. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121815. [PMID: 38388067 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a promising dietary fiber with potential as a functional food additive. We evaluated BNC fibers (BNCf) in the Caenorhabditis elegans model to obtain insight into the BNCf's biointeraction with its gastrointestinal tract while reducing the variables of higher complex animals. BNCf were uptaken and excreted by worms without crossing the intestinal barrier, confirming its biosafety regarding survival rate, reproduction, and aging for concentrations up to 34 μg/ml BNCf. However, a slight decrease in the worms' length was detected. A possible nutrient shortage or stress produced by BNCf was discarded by measuring stress and chemotactic response pathways. Besides, we detected a lipid-lowering effect of BNCf in N2 C. elegans in normal and high-caloric diets. Oxidative damage was computed in N2 worms and Rac1/ced-10 mutants. The GTPase Rac1 is involved in neurological diseases, where its dysregulation enhances ROS production and neuronal damage. BNCf reduced the lipid oxidative markers produced by ROS species in this worm strain. Finally, we detected that BNCf activated the genetic expression of the immunological response and lipid catabolic process. These results strengthen the use of BNCf as a functional dietary fiber and encourage the potential treatment of neurological disease by modulating diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muñoz-Juan
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Adrien Assié
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), C/Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Benseny-Cases
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Avinguda de Can Domènech, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Buck S Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther Dalfó
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain; Institute for Research and Innovation in Life Sciences and Health in Central Catalonia (IRIS-CC), Can Baumann, 08500, Vic, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
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4
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Fan Y, Keerthisinghe TP, Nian M, Cao X, Chen X, Yang Q, Sampathkumar K, Loo JSC, Ng KW, Demokritou P, Fang M. Comparative secretome metabolic dysregulation by six engineered dietary nanoparticles (EDNs) on the simulated gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133003. [PMID: 38029586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of engineered dietary nanoparticles (EDNs) in diet has been increasing and poses a risk of exposure. The effect of EDNs on gut bacterial metabolism remains largely unknown. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomics was used to reveal significantly altered metabolites and metabolic pathways in the secretome of simulated gut microbiome exposed to six different types of EDNs (Chitosan, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA); two inorganic EDNs including TiO2 and SiO2) at two dietary doses. We demonstrated that all six EDNs can alter the composition in the secretome with distinct patterns. Chitosan, followed by PLGA and SiO2, has shown the highest potency in inducing the secretome change with major pathways in tryptophan and indole metabolism, bile acid metabolism, tyrosine and phenol metabolism. Metabolomic alterations with clear dose response were observed in most EDNs. Overall, phenylalanine has been shown as the most sensitive metabolites, followed by bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid. Those metabolites might be served as the representative metabolites for the EDNs-gut bacteria interaction. Collectively, our studies have demonstrated the sensitivity and feasibility of using metabolomic signatures to understand and predict EDNs-gut microbiome interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | | | - Min Nian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Joachim Say Chye Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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5
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Ding J, Ding X, Liao W, Lu Z. Red blood cell-derived materials for cancer therapy: Construction, distribution, and applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100913. [PMID: 38188647 PMCID: PMC10767221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become an increasingly important public health issue owing to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Although traditional treatment methods are relatively effective, they have limitations such as highly toxic side effects, easy drug resistance, and high individual variability. Meanwhile, emerging therapies remain limited, and their actual anti-tumor effects need to be improved. Nanotechnology has received considerable attention for its development and application. In particular, artificial nanocarriers have emerged as a crucial approach for tumor therapy. However, certain deficiencies persist, including immunogenicity, permeability, targeting, and biocompatibility. The application of erythrocyte-derived materials will help overcome the above problems and enhance therapeutic effects. Erythrocyte-derived materials can be acquired via the application of physical and chemical techniques from natural erythrocyte membranes, or through the integration of these membranes with synthetic inner core materials using cell membrane biomimetic technology. Their natural properties such as biocompatibility and long circulation time make them an ideal choice for drug delivery or nanoparticle biocoating. Thus, red blood cell-derived materials are widely used in the field of biomedicine. However, further studies are required to evaluate their efficacy, in vivo metabolism, preparation, design, and clinical translation. Based on the latest research reports, this review summarizes the biology, synthesis, characteristics, and distribution of red blood cell-derived materials. Furthermore, we provide a reference for further research and clinical transformation by comprehensively discussing the applications and technical challenges faced by red blood cell-derived materials in the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Ding
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Clinical Medical College/Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
| | - Xinjing Ding
- Oncology of Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Weifang Liao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College/Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- Oncology of Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
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6
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Rashid AB, Hoque ME, Kabir N, Rifat FF, Ishrak H, Alqahtani A, Chowdhury MEH. Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospective of Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4070. [PMID: 37896314 PMCID: PMC10609962 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of nanocellulose has been aided by rapid nanotechnology and material science breakthroughs, resulting in their emergence as desired biomaterials. Nanocellulose has been thoroughly studied in various disciplines, including renewable energy, electronics, environment, food production, biomedicine, healthcare, and so on. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a part of the organic crystallization of macromolecular compounds found in bacteria's capsular polysaccharides and plant fibers. Owing to numerous reactive chemical groups on its surface, physical adsorption, surface grating, and chemical vapor deposition can all be used to increase its performance, which is the key reason for its wide range of applications. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have much potential as suitable matrices and advanced materials, and they have been utilized so far, both in terms of modifying and inventing uses for them. This work reviews CNC's synthesis, properties and various industrial applications. This review has also discussed the widespread applications of CNC as sensor, acoustic insulator, and fire retardant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Bin Rashid
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Md Enamul Hoque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nahiyan Kabir
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Ferdin Rifat
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Hasin Ishrak
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Abdulrahman Alqahtani
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City 11952, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Harun MY, Looi CY, Wong WF. Current advances of nanocellulose application in biomedical field. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108899. [PMID: 37478689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y L Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - M Y Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - C Y Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - W F Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Ho CG, Setyawati MI, DeLoid GM, Li K, Adav SS, Li S, Joachim Loo SC, Demokritou P, Ng KW. Cellulose Nanofiber Platform for Pesticide Sequestration in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16106-16118. [PMID: 37179650 PMCID: PMC10173348 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of nature-derived materials is an important approach to promote environmental sustainability. Among these materials, cellulose is of particular interest due to its abundance and relative ease of access. As a food ingredient, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have found interesting applications as emulsifiers and modulators of lipid digestion and absorption. In this report, we show that CNFs can also be modified to modulate the bioavailability of toxins, such as pesticides, in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by forming inclusion complexes and promoting interaction with surface hydroxyl groups. CNFs were successfully functionalized with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) using citric acid as a crosslinker via esterification. Functionally, the potential for pristine and functionalized CNFs (FCNFs) to interact with a model pesticide, boscalid, was tested. Based on direct interaction studies, adsorption of boscalid saturated at around 3.09% on CNFs and at 12.62% on FCNFs. Using an in vitro GIT simulation platform, the adsorption of boscalid on CNFs/FCNFs was also studied. The presence of a high-fat food model was found to have a positive effect in binding boscalid in a simulated intestinal fluid environment. In addition, FCNFs were found to have a greater effect in retarding triglyceride digestion than CNFs (61% vs 30.6%). Overall, FCNFs were demonstrated to evoke synergistic effects of reducing fat absorption and pesticide bioavailability through inclusion complex formation and the additional binding of the pesticide onto surface hydroxyl groups on HPBCD. By adopting food-compatible materials and processes for production, FCNFs have the potential to be developed into a functional food ingredient for modulating food digestion and the uptake of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Guan Ho
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Magdiel I. Setyawati
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR
(Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sunil S. Adav
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
- Center
for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental
Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public
Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798 Singapore
- Nanyang
Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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9
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Yang J, Luo Z, Liu F, Han L, He C, Wang M. Nanocellulose Prepared from Buckwheat Bran: Physicochemical Characterization, Cytotoxicity Evaluation, and Inhibition Effect on Fat Digestion and Absorption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11603-11612. [PMID: 36083862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is a sustainable biomaterial that has been used in many aspects of the food industry, but its effect on fat digestion and absorption is still underexplored. In this study, three CNCs were prepared from buckwheat bran. Their physicochemical properties were characterized, based on which the acetic acid-hydrolyzed CNC (ACCNC) with high absorption capacity was selected for the cytotoxicity evaluation and as a possible inhibitor for fat digestion and absorption in vitro and in vivo. ACCNC was proved to be nontoxic in the MTT assay and animal feeding tests. Especially, with the addition of ACCNC, the hydrolysis of fat was significantly reduced during the simulated digestion in vitro. In vivo testing also confirmed that ACCNC intake significantly reduced the elevated triglyceride, body weight, and fat accumulation levels. This study highlights the potential role of ACCNC prepared from buckwheat bran as an inhibitor for fat digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
| | - Fuguo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
| | - Caian He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, P. R. China
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10
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He X, Sun C, Fang J, Wu C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Fang Y. In Vitro Colonic Fermentation Profiles and Microbial Responses of Cellulose Derivatives with Different Colloidal States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9509-9519. [PMID: 35881531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although cellulose derivatives are widely applied in the food industry, the effects of their structural properties on colonic health is unknown. Here, four types of cellulose derivatives, including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (TOCNF), TEMPO-oxidized nanocrystalline cellulose (TOCNC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were selected to investigate their in vitro fermentation profiles. TOCNF exhibited the highest production of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), followed by TOCNC. The results suggested that reduced particle size and increased aspect ratio improved the fermentability of insoluble cellulose derivatives. MCC and CMC were barely fermented with similar total SCFAs production as the blank. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the fermentation of cellulose derivatives resulted in divergent microbial community structures. Moreover, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus showed high specificity to utilize TOCNF and TOCNC. The findings demonstrated that the colloidal states of cellulose derivatives, such as size and solubility, were important factors governing microbial community composition and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cuixia Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Fang
- Department of Polymers Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Mortensen NP, Moreno Caffaro M, Davis K, Aravamudhan S, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Investigation of eight cellulose nanomaterials' impact on Differentiated Caco-2 monolayer integrity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113204. [PMID: 35679974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential applications of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) as food additives or in food packaging, present a possible source of human ingestion. While micron- and macro-scale cellulose products are classified as Generally Regarded As Safe, the safety of ingested nano-scale cellulose is largely unknown. Using fully differentiated Caco-2 cells, the perturbation of intestinal barrier function and cytotoxicity was investigated for four nanocellulose crystals (CNCs) and four nanocellulose fibrils (CNFs) following 24 h of exposure at 50 μg/mL. Scanning electron microscope showed some aggregation of both CNCs and CNFs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that carbon and oxygen were the main elements. The zeta-potential for CNMs formulated in cell culture medium showed a negative surface charge. Two CNMs increased cell membrane permeability and three CNMs decreased the cell metabolic activity. While three CNMs lead to cytotoxic responses, no changes in apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for dextran or tight junction integrity were found. Our results show that three CNMs induce cytotoxicity in differentiated Caco-2 cells, demonstrating the need to understand the role of size and shape. The interaction between CNMs and the intestinal epithelium needs to be evaluated to understand potential intestinal barrier dysfunction and resulting health implications following CNM ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Klinton Davis
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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12
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Brand W, van Kesteren PCE, Swart E, Oomen AG. Overview of potential adverse health effects of oral exposure to nanocellulose. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:217-246. [PMID: 35624082 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2069057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is an emerging material for which several food-related applications are foreseen, for example, novel food, functional food, food additive or in food contact materials. Nanocellulose materials can display a range of possible shapes (fibers, crystals), sizes and surface modifications. For food-related applications in the EU, information on the safety of substances must be assessed. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on (possible) adverse health effects of nanocellulose upon oral exposure, keeping EU regulatory aspects in mind. The overview indicates that toxicity data, especially from in vivo studies, are limited and outcomes are not unambiguous. The hazard assessment is further complicated by: the diversity in morphologies and surface modifications, lack of standard reference materials, limited knowledge about intestinal fate and absorption, analytical difficulties in biological matrices, dispersion issues, the possible presence of impurities and interferences within biological assays. Two subchronic in vivo toxicity studies show no indications of toxicity for two specific nanocellulose materials, even at high doses. However, these studies may have missed certain early or nano-specific toxic effects, such as inflammation potential, for which other, subacute studies provide some indications. Most in vitro studies show no cytotoxicity; however, several indicate that effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses depend on differences in size or surface treatments. Further, too few studies assessed genotoxicity of nanocelluloses. Therefore, immunotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity require further attention, as do absorption and effects on nutrient uptake. Recommendations for future research facilitating the safety assessment and safe-by-design of nanocellulose in food-related applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Brand
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra C E van Kesteren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elmer Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Meftahi A, Samyn P, Geravand SA, Khajavi R, Alibkhshi S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanocelluloses as skin biocompatible materials for skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare: Formulations, regulations, and emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118956. [PMID: 34973772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, skin biocompatible products are fast-growing markets for nanocelluloses with increasing number of patents published in last decade. This review highlights recent developments, market trends, safety assessments, and regulations for different nanocellulose types (i.e. nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanoyarns, bacterial nanocellulose) used in skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare. The specific properties of nanocelluloses for skincare include high viscosity and shear thinning properties, surface functionality, dispersion stability, water-holding capacity, purity, and biocompatibility. Depending on their morphology (e.g. size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanocelluloses can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. Nanocellulose composite particles were recently developed as carriers for bioactive compounds or UV-blockers and platforms for wound healing and skin sensors. As toxicological assessment depends on morphologies and intrinsic properties, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanocellulose dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough are related to optimization of production and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Meftahi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Applied and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sahar Abbasi Geravand
- Department of Technical & Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khajavi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland.
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14
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Aytac Z, Xu J, Raman Pillai SK, Eitzer BD, Xu T, Vaze N, Ng KW, White JC, Chan-Park MB, Luo Y, Demokritou P. Enzyme- and Relative Humidity-Responsive Antimicrobial Fibers for Active Food Packaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50298-50308. [PMID: 34648257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Active food packaging materials that are sustainable, biodegradable, and capable of precise delivery of antimicrobial active ingredients (AIs) are in high demand. Here, we report the development of novel enzyme- and relative humidity (RH)-responsive antimicrobial fibers with an average diameter of 225 ± 50 nm, which can be deposited as a functional layer for packaging materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), zein (protein), and starch were electrospun to form multistimuli-responsive fibers that incorporated a cocktail of both free nature-derived antimicrobials such as thyme oil, citric acid, and nisin and cyclodextrin-inclusion complexes (CD-ICs) of thyme oil, sorbic acid, and nisin. The multistimuli-responsive fibers were designed to release the free AIs and CD-ICs of AIs in response to enzyme and RH triggers, respectively. Enzyme-responsive release of free AIs is achieved due to the degradation of selected polymers, forming the backbone of the fibers. For instance, protease enzyme can degrade zein polymer, further accelerating the release of AIs from the fibers. Similarly, RH-responsive release is obtained due to the unique chemical nature of CD-ICs, enabling the release of AIs from the cavity at high RH. The successful synthesis of CD-ICs of AIs and incorporation of antimicrobials in the structure of the multistimuli-responsive fibers were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Fibers were capable of releasing free AIs when triggered by microorganism-exudated enzymes in a dose-dependent manner and releasing CD-IC form of AIs in response to high relative humidity (95% RH). With 24 h of exposure, stimuli-responsive fibers significantly reduced the populations of foodborne pathogenic bacterial surrogates Escherichia coli (by ∼5 log unit) and Listeria innocua (by ∼5 log unit), as well as fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (by >1 log unit). More importantly, the fibers released more AIs at 95% RH than at 50% RH, which resulted in a higher population reduction of E. coli at 95% RH. Such biodegradable, nontoxic, and multistimuli-responsive antimicrobial fibers have great potential for broad applications as active and smart packaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Aytac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Brian D Eitzer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 637141 Singapore
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457 Singapore
| | - Yaguang Luo
- Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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15
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Guo Z, DeLoid GM, Cao X, Bitounis D, Sampathkumar K, Woei Ng K, Joachim Loo SC, Philip D. Effects of ingested nanocellulose and nanochitosan materials on carbohydrate digestion and absorption in an in vitro small intestinal epithelium model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:2554-2568. [PMID: 34840801 PMCID: PMC8622715 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials derived from natural biopolymers like cellulose and chitosan have many potentially useful agri-food and oral drug delivery applications. Because of their large and potentially bioactive surface areas and other unique physico-chemical properties, it is essential when evaluating their toxicological impact to assess potential effects on the digestion and absorption of co-ingested nutrients. Here, the effects of cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and chitosan nanoparticles (Chnp) on the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates were studied. Starch digestion was assessed by measuring maltose released during simulated digestion of starch solutions. Glucose absorption was assessed by measuring translocation from the resulting digestas across an in vitro transwell tri-culture model of the small intestinal epithelium and calculating the area under the curve increase in absorbed glucose, analogous to the glycemic index. At 1% w/w, CNF and Chnp had small but significant effects (11% decrease and 14% increase, respectively) and CNC had no effect on starch hydrolysis during simulated digestion of a 1% w/w rice starch solution. In addition, at 2% w/w CNC had no effect on amylolysis in 1% solutions of either rice, corn, or wheat starch. Similarly, absorption of glucose from digestas of starch solutions (i.e., from maltose), was unaffected by 1% w/w CNF or CNC, but was slightly increased (10%, p<0.05) by 1% Chnp, possibly due to the slightly higher maltose concentration in the Chnp-containing digestas. In contrast, all of the test materials caused sharp increases (~1.2, 1.5, and 1.6 fold for CNC, CNF, and Chnp, respectively) in absorption of glucose from starch-free digestas spiked with free glucose at a concentration corresponding to complete hydrolysis of 1% w/w starch. The potential for ingested cellulose and chitosan nanomaterials to increase glucose absorption could have important health implications. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed increases and to evaluate the potential glycemic effects in an intact in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Demokritou Philip
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Cao X, Pan X, Couvillion SP, Zhang T, Tamez C, Bramer LM, White JC, Qian WJ, Thrall BD, Ng KW, Hu X, Demokritou P. Fate, cytotoxicity and cellular metabolomic impact of ingested nanoscale carbon dots using simulated digestion and a triculture small intestinal epithelial model. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100349. [PMID: 34514184 PMCID: PMC8428805 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a promising material currently being explored in many industrial applications in the biomedical and agri-food areas; however, studies supporting the environmental health risk assessment of CDs are needed. This study focuses on various CD forms including iron (FeCD) and copper (CuCD) doped CDs synthesized using hydrothermal method, their fate in gastrointestinal tract, and their cytotoxicity and potential changes to cellular metabolome in a triculture small intestinal epithelial model. Physicochemical characterization revealed that 75% of Fe in FeCD and 95% of Cu in CuCD were dissolved during digestion. No significant toxic effects were observed for pristine CDs and FeCDs. However, CuCD induced significant dose-dependent toxic effects including decreases in TEER and cell viability, increases in cytotoxicity and ROS production, and alterations in important metabolites, including D-glucose, L-cysteine, uridine, citric acid and multiple fatty acids. These results support the current understanding that pristine CDs are relatively non-toxic and the cytotoxicity is dependent on the doping molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Sneha P. Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carlos Tamez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Lisa M. Bramer
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Xiao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Cao X, Khare S, DeLoid GM, Gokulan K, Demokritou P. Co-exposure to boscalid and TiO 2 (E171) or SiO 2 (E551) downregulates cell junction gene expression in small intestinal epithelium cellular model and increases pesticide translocation. NANOIMPACT 2021; 22:100306. [PMID: 33869896 PMCID: PMC8045770 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A recent published study showed that TiO2 (E171) and SiO2 (E551), two widely used nano-enabled food additives, increased the translocation of the commonly used pesticide boscalid by 20% and 30% respectively. Such increased absorption of pesticides due to the presence of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in food raises health concerns for these food additives. In this companion study, mRNA expression of genes related to cell junctions in a small intestinal epithelial cellular model after exposure to simulated digestas of fasting food model (phosphate buffer) containing boscalid (150 ppm) with or without either TiO2 or SiO2 (1% w/w) were analyzed. Specific changes in cell barrier function underlying or contributing to the increased translocation of boscalid observed in the previous study were assessed. Results showed that exposure to boscalid alone has no significant effect on cell junction genes, however, co-exposure to boscalid and TiO2 significantly regulated expression of cell-matrix junction focal adhesion-related genes, e.g., downregulating Cav1 (- 1.39-fold, p<0.05), upregulating Cav3 (+ 3.30-fold, p<0.01) and Itga4 (+ 3.30-fold, p<0.05). Similarly, co-exposure to boscalid and SiO2 significantly downregulated multiple cell-cell junction genes, including tight junction genes (Cldn1, Cldn11, Cldn16, Cldn18, and Jam3), adherens junction genes (Notch1, Notch3, Pvrl1) and gap junction genes (Gja3 and Gjb2), as well as cell-matrix junction focal adhesion genes (Itga4, Itga6, Itga7). Together, these findings suggest that co-ingestion of boscalid with TiO2 (E171) or SiO2 (E551) could cause weakening of cell junctions and intercellular adhesion, which could result in dysregulation of paracellular transport, and presumably contributed to the previously observed increased translocation of boscalid at the presence of these ENMs. This novel finding raises health safety concerns for such popular food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding author: Philip Demokritou,
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18
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Toprani SM, Bitounis D, Qiansheng H, Oliveira N, Ng KW, Tay CY, Nagel ZD, Demokritou P. High-Throughput Screening Platform for Nanoparticle-Mediated Alterations of DNA Repair Capacity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4728-4746. [PMID: 33710878 PMCID: PMC8111687 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may occur through the induction of DNA damage or the disruption of DNA repair processes. Inefficient DNA repair may lead to the accumulation of DNA lesions and has been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Most studies so far have focused on understanding the nanogenotoxicity of ENM-induced damages to DNA, whereas the effects on DNA repair have been widely overlooked. The recently developed fluorescence multiplex-host-cell reactivation (FM-HCR) assay allows for the direct quantification of multiple DNA repair pathways in living cells and offers a great opportunity to address this methodological gap. Herein an FM-HCR-based method is developed to screen the impact of ENMs on six major DNA repair pathways using suspended or adherent cells. The sensitivity and efficiency of this DNA repair screening method were demonstrated in case studies using primary human small airway epithelial cells and TK6 cells exposed to various model ENMs (CuO, ZnO, and Ga2O3) at subcytotoxic doses. It was shown that ENMs may inhibit nucleotide-excision repair, base-excision repair, and the repair of oxidative damage by DNA glycosylases in TK6 cells, even in the absence of significant genomic DNA damage. It is of note that the DNA repair capacity was increased by some ENMs, whereas it was suppressed by others. Overall, this method can be part of a multitier, in vitro hazard assessment of ENMs as a functional, high-throughput platform that provides insights into the interplay of the properties of ENMs, the DNA repair efficiency, and the genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M Toprani
- John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huang Qiansheng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Nathalia Oliveira
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institution, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- John B Little Center of Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Gonçalves JP, Pipek LZ, Donaghey TC, DeLoid GM, Demokritou P, Brain JD, Molina RM. Effects of Ingested Nanomaterials on Tissue Distribution of Co-ingested Zinc and Iron in Normal and Zinc-Deficient Mice. NANOIMPACT 2021; 21:S2452-0748(20)30073-2. [PMID: 33521386 PMCID: PMC7839970 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) reduced serum triglyceride levels in rats when co-administered with heavy cream by gavage. Do CNF and other nanomaterials (NMs) alter the tissue distribution and retention of co-administered metal ions? We evaluated whether 5 different NMs affected tissue distribution of co-ingested 65Zn++ and 59Fe+++ in zinc-replete versus zinc-deficient mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either zinc-replete or zinc-deficient diets for 3 weeks, followed by gavage with NM suspensions in water containing both 65ZnCl2 and 59FeCl3. Urine and feces were measured for 48 h post-gavage. Mice were euthanized and samples of 22 tissues were collected and analyzed for 65Zn and 59Fe in a gamma counter. Our data show that zinc deficiency alters the tissue distribution of 65Zn but not of 59Fe, indicating that zinc and iron homeostasis are regulated by distinct mechanisms. Among the tested NMs, soluble starch-coated chitosan nanoparticles, cellulose nanocrystals, and TiO2 reduced Zn and Fe tissue retention in zinc-deficient but not in zinc-replete animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnatan P. Gonçalves
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo-SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Z. Pipek
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo-SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Thomas C. Donaghey
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph D. Brain
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon M. Molina
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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He X, Lu W, Sun C, Khalesi H, Mata A, Andaleeb R, Fang Y. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives: Different colloidal states and food-related applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 255:117334. [PMID: 33436177 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of new sources and isolation processes has recently enhanced the production of cellulose in many different colloidal states. Even though cellulose is widely used as a functional ingredient in the food industry, the relationship between the colloidal states of cellulose and its applications is mostly unknown. This review covers the recent progress on illustrating various colloidal states of cellulose and the influencing factors with special emphasis on the correlation between the colloidal states of cellulose and its applications in food industry. The associated unique colloidal states of cellulose like high aspect ratio, crystalline structure, surface charge, and wettability not only promote the stability of colloidal systems, but also help improve the nutritional aspects of cellulose by facilitating its interactions with digestive system. Further studies are required for the rational control and improvement of the colloidal states of cellulose and producing food systems with enhanced functional and nutritional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cuixia Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hoda Khalesi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Analucia Mata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rani Andaleeb
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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21
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Ma T, Hu X, Lu S, Liao X, Song Y, Hu X. Nanocellulose: a promising green treasure from food wastes to available food materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:989-1002. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1832440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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22
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Yang Q, Keerthisinghe TP, Tan TRJ, Cao X, Setyawati MI, DeLoid G, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Demokritou P, Fang M. A high-throughput method to characterize the gut bacteria growth upon engineered nanomaterial treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2020; 7:3155-3166. [PMID: 33101690 PMCID: PMC7577393 DOI: 10.1039/d0en00568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human are increasingly exposed to various types of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) via dietary ingestion of nano-enabled food products, but these ENMs' impact on the gut bacteria health is still poorly understood. Current efforts in understanding the impact of these ENMs are hampered by their optical interferences in conventional quantification and viability assays, such as optical density and whole cell fluorescence staining assays. Therefore, there is a need to develop a more reliable bacteria quantification method in the presence of ENMs to effectively screen the potential adverse effects arising from the exposure of increasing ENMs on human gut microbiome. In this study, we developed a DNA-based quantification (DBQ) method in a 96-well plate format. Post-spiking method was used to correct the interference from ENMs on the reading. We showed the applicability of this method for several types of ENMs, i.e., cellulose nanofiber (CNF), graphene oxide (GO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and chitosan, both in pure bacterial culture and in vitro human gut microbiome community. The detection limit for the highest dosing of CNF, GO, SiO2, and chitosan ENMs was approximately 0.18, 0.19, 0.05, and 0.24 as OD600, respectively. The method was also validated by a dose response experiment of E. coli with chitosan in the course of 8 hr. We believe that this method has great potential to be used in screening the effect of ENMs on the growth of gut bacteria or any other in vitro models and normalization for metabolites or proteins analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Tharushi Prabha Keerthisinghe
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Tiffany Rou Jie Tan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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23
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Schneider T, Westermann M, Glei M. Impact of ultrasonication on the delivered dose of metal oxide particle dispersions in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Khare S, DeLoid GM, Molina RM, Gokulan K, Couvillion SP, Bloodsworth KJ, Eder EK, Wong AR, Hoyt DW, Bramer LM, Metz TO, Thrall BD, Brain JD, Demokritou P. Effects of ingested nanocellulose on intestinal microbiota and homeostasis in Wistar Han rats. NANOIMPACT 2020; 18:100216. [PMID: 32190784 PMCID: PMC7080203 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Micron scale cellulose materials are "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) as binders and thickeners in food products. However, nanocellulose materials, which have unique properties that can improve food quality and safety, have not received US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as food ingredients. In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of ingested nanocellulose revealed minimal cytotoxicity, and no subacute in vivo toxicity. However, ingested materials may modulate gut microbial populations, or alter aspects of intestinal function not elucidated by toxicity testing, which could have important health implications. Here, we report the results of studies conducted in a rat gavage model to assess the effects of ingested cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) on the fecal microbiome and metabolome, intestinal epithelial expression of cell junction genes, and ileal cytokine production. Feces, plasma, and ilea were collected from Wistar Han rats before and after five weeks of biweekly gavages with water or cream, with or without 1% CNF. CNF altered microbial diversity, and diminished specific species that produce short chain fatty acids, and that are associated with increased serum insulin and IgA production. CNF had few effects on the fecal metabolome, with significant changes in only ten metabolites of 366 measured. Exposure to CNF also altered expression of epithelial cell junction genes, and increased production of cytokines that modulate proliferation of CD8 T cells. These perturbations likely represent initiation of an adaptive immune response, however, no associated pathology was seen within the duration of the study. Additional studies are needed to better understand the health implications of these changes in long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon M. Molina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Sneha P. Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kent J. Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Eder
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Allison R. Wong
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M. Bramer
- Computing & Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Joseph D. Brain
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding author: Philip Demokritou,
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25
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Production and technological characteristics of avocado oil emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils isolated from agroindustrial residues. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Dong J, Carpinone PL, Pyrgiotakis G, Demokritou P, Moudgil BM. Synthesis of Precision Gold Nanoparticles Using Turkevich Method. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2020; 37:224-232. [PMID: 32153313 PMCID: PMC7062369 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit unique size-dependent physiochemical properties that make them attractive for a wide range of applications. However, the large-scale availability of precision AuNPs has been minimal. Not only must the required nanoparticles be of precise size and morphology, but they must also be of exceedingly narrow size distribution to yield accurate and reliable performance. The present study aims to synthesize precision AuNPs and to assess the advantages and limitations of the Turkevich method-one of the common chemical synthesis technique. Colloidal AuNPs from 15 nm to 50 nm in diameter were synthesized using the Turkevich method. The effect of the molar ratio of the reagent mixture (trisodium citrate to gold chloride), the scaled-up batch size, the initial gold chloride concentration, and the reaction temperature was studied. The morphology, optical property, surface chemistry, and chemical composition of AuNPs were thoroughly characterized. It was determined that the as-synthesized AuNPs between 15 nm and 30 nm exhibit well-defined size and shape, and narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.20). However, the AuNPs became more polydispersed and less spherical in shape as the particle size increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Dong
- Center for Particulate and Surfactant Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | - Paul L. Carpinone
- Center for Particulate and Surfactant Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, USA
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, School of Public Health, Harvard University, USA
| | - Brij M. Moudgil
- Center for Particulate and Surfactant Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, USA
- Corresponding author: Brij M. Moudgil: , TEL: +1-352-846-1197
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27
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Guo Z, Cao X, DeLoid GM, Sampathkumar K, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and Morphological Transformations of Chitosan Nanoparticles across the Gastrointestinal Tract and Cellular Toxicity in an In Vitro Model of the Small Intestinal Epithelium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:358-368. [PMID: 31815446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale chitosan materials exhibit size-specific properties that make them useful in agri-food and biomedical applications. Chitosan nanoparticles (Chnps) are being explored as nanocarrier platforms to increase oral bioavailability of drugs and nutraceuticals, but little is known of their fate and transformations in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or of their potential toxicity. Here, the GIT fate and cytotoxicity of Chnps, soluble starch-coated Chnps (SS-Chnps), and bulk chitosan powder (Chp), were assessed using a 3-phase simulated digestion and an in vitro cellular small intestinal epithelium model. Physico-chemical characterization revealed dissolution of Chp, but not of Chnps or SS-Chnps, during the gastric phase of digestion, stability of the starch coating of SS-Chnps in the oral and gastric phases, and agglomeration of all materials during the small intestinal phase. A slight but significant (10%, p < 0.01) increase in cytotoxicity (LDH release) was observed with exposure to digested Chnps but not Chp or SS-Chnps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Kaarunya Sampathkumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore , 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos , Singapore 138648 , Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre , Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One , Singapore 637141 , Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
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28
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Cao X, Zhang T, DeLoid GM, Gaffrey MJ, Weitz KK, Thrall BD, Qian WJ, Demokritou P. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and cellular proteome impacts of food-grade TiO 2 (E171) using simulated gastrointestinal digestions and a tri-culture small intestinal epithelial model. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100202. [PMID: 32133427 PMCID: PMC7055729 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are widely used in the food industry; however, regulations for ENMs in food are still in the early stages of development due to insufficient health data. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and changes to the proteomic profile in an in vitro small intestinal epithelium model after exposure to digested food models containing the ubiquitous engineered particulate food additive, TiO2 (E171) with an average size around 110 nm. TiO2 at 0.75% or 1.5% (w/w) concentrations in either a fasting food model (FFM) or a standardized food model (SFM) based on American diet were digested using an in vitro oral-gastric-small intestinal simulator, and the resulting digestas were applied to a small intestinal epithelium tri-culture cellular model. Effects on cell layer integrity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress were assessed. In order to explore the impact on cellular processes beyond basic cytotoxicity, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analyses of control and exposed tri-culture cells was performed. TiO2 in FFM, but not in SFM, produced significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity (24%, p<0.001), and at the higher dose caused significant oxidative stress (1.24-fold, p<0.01), indicative of a food matrix effect. No significant perturbations of the cellular proteome were observed with TiO2 in either FFM or SFM food models. However, proteins involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis were up-regulated by digestas from SFM compared to those from FFM, indicative of a food matrix effect on the cellular proteome. Interestingly, the differences in profiles between the two food models was more pronounced in the presence of TiO2. Together, these results indicate that TiO2 in a fasting diet may be slightly cytotoxic, and that ingested TiO2 does not significantly alter the epithelial proteome, whereas the food matrix alone can have a dramatic effect on the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Karl K. Weitz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- corresponding authors Philip Demokritou, , Wei-Jun Qian,
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding authors Philip Demokritou, , Wei-Jun Qian,
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29
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Duan Y, Coreas R, Liu Y, Bitounis D, Zhang Z, Parviz D, Strano M, Demokritou P, Zhong W. Prediction of protein corona on nanomaterials by machine learning using novel descriptors. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:10.1016/j.impact.2020.100207. [PMID: 32104746 PMCID: PMC7043407 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective in silico methods to predict protein corona compositions on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) could help elucidate the biological outcomes of ENMs in biosystems without the need for conducting lengthy experiments for corona characterization. However, the physicochemical properties of ENMs, used as the descriptors in current modeling methods, are insufficient to represent the complex interactions between ENMs and proteins. Herein, we utilized the fluorescence change (FC) from fluorescamine labeling on a protein, with or without the presence of the ENM, as a novel descriptor of the ENM to build machine learning models for corona formation. FCs were significantly correlated with the abundance of the corresponding proteins in the corona on diverse classes of ENMs, including metal and metal oxides, nanocellulose, and 2D ENMs. Prediction models established by the random forest algorithm using FCs as the ENM descriptors showed better performance than the conventional descriptors, such as ENM size and surface charge, in the prediction of corona formation. Moreover, they were able to predict protein corona formation on ENMs with very heterogeneous properties. We believe this novel descriptor can improve in silico studies of corona formation, leading to a better understanding on the protein adsorption behaviors of diverse ENMs in different biological matrices. Such information is essential for gaining a comprehensive view of how ENMs interact with biological systems in ENM safety and sustainability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
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30
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Eweje F, Ardoña HAM, Zimmerman JF, O'Connor BB, Ahn S, Grevesse T, Rivera KN, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Parker KK. Quantifying the effects of engineered nanomaterials on endothelial cell architecture and vascular barrier integrity using a cell pair model. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17878-17893. [PMID: 31553035 PMCID: PMC6779057 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly used in consumer products due to their unique physicochemical properties, but the specific hazards they pose to the structural and functional integrity of endothelial barriers remain elusive. When assessing the effects of ENMs on vascular barrier function, endothelial cell monolayers are commonly used as in vitro models. Monolayer models, however, do not offer a granular understanding of how the structure-function relationships between endothelial cells and tissues are disrupted due to ENM exposure. To address this issue, we developed a micropatterned endothelial cell pair model to quantitatively evaluate the effects of 10 ENMs (8 metal/metal oxides and 2 organic ENMs) on multiple cellular parameters and determine how these parameters correlate to changes in vascular barrier function. This minimalistic approach showed concerted changes in endothelial cell morphology, intercellular junction formation, and cytoskeletal organization due to ENM exposure, which were then quantified and compared to unexposed pairs using a "similarity scoring" method. Using the cell pair model, this study revealed dose-dependent changes in actin organization and adherens junction formation following exposure to representative ENMs (Ag, TiO2 and cellulose nanocrystals), which exhibited trends that correlate with changes in tissue permeability measured using an endothelial monolayer assay. Together, these results demonstrate that we can quantitatively evaluate changes in endothelial architecture emergent from nucleo-cytoskeletal network remodeling using micropatterned cell pairs. The endothelial pair model therefore presents potential applicability as a standardized assay for systematically screening ENMs and other test agents for their cellular-level structural effects on vascular barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyisayo Eweje
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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31
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DeLoid GM, Cao X, Molina RM, Silva DI, Bhattacharya K, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Brain JD, Demokritou P. Toxicological effects of ingested nanocellulose in in vitro intestinal epithelium and in vivo rat models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:2105-2115. [PMID: 32133146 PMCID: PMC7055654 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is widely used as a thickener and filler in foods and drugs. It has been designated "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS). Nanocellulose (NC) has many additional potential applications designed to improve food quality and safety, but has not yet been designated as GRAS. Here we present results of toxicological studies of ingested NC in physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo systems. In vitro studies employed a gastrointestinal tract simulator to digest two widely-used forms of NC, nanocellulose fibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), at 0.75 and 1.5% w/w, in a fasting diet as well as in a standardized food model based on the average American diet. A triculture model of small intestinal epithelium was used to assess effects of a 24-hour incubation with the digested products (digesta) on cell layer integrity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Other than a 10% increase over controls in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with 1.5% w/w CNC, no significant changes in cytotoxicity, ROS or monolayer integrity were observed. In vivo toxicity was evaluated in rats gavaged twice weekly for five weeks with 1% w/w suspensions of CNF in either water or cream. Blood, serum, lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine were collected for analysis. No significant differences in hematology, serum markers or histology were observed between controls and rats given CNF suspensions. These findings suggest that ingested NC has little acute toxicity, and is likely non-hazardous when ingested in small quantities. Additional chronic feeding studies are required to assess long term effects, and potential detrimental effects on the gut microbiome and absorbance of essential micronutrients. These studies are underway, and their outcome will be reported in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding authors: Philip Demokritou, , Glen M. DeLoid,
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon M. Molina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Imbassahy Silva
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kunal Bhattacharya
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Joseph D. Brain
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding authors: Philip Demokritou, , Glen M. DeLoid,
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32
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Salari M, Bitounis D, Bhattacharya K, Pyrgiotakis G, Zhang Z, Purington E, Gramlich W, Grondin Y, Rogers R, Bousfield D, Demokritou P. Development & Characterization of Fluorescently Tagged Nanocellulose for Nanotoxicological Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2019; 6:1516-1526. [PMID: 31844523 PMCID: PMC6914317 DOI: 10.1039/c8en01381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid adoption of nanocellulose-based engineered nanomaterials (CNM) by many industries generates environmental health and safety (EHS) concerns. This work presents the development of fluorescently tagged CNM which can be used to study their interactions with biological systems. Specifically, cellulose nano-fibrils and cellulose nano-crystals with covalently attached fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) molecules on their surface were synthesized. The fluorescence of the FITC-tagged materials was assessed along with potential FITC detachment under pH conditions encountered in the human gastrointestinal tract, in intracellular compartments, and in cell culture media. Finally, the potential cytotoxicity due to the presence of FITC molecules on the surface of CNM was assessed using a cellular gut epithelium model. The results showed that neither FITC-CNF nor FITC-CNC were cytotoxic and that they have a comparable bioactivity to their untagged counterparts, rendering them suitable for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salari
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Kunal Bhattacharya
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Emilia Purington
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - William Gramlich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Yohann Grondin
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Rick Rogers
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 07016, USA
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33
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Bitounis D, Pyrgiotakis G, Bousfield D, Demokritou P. Dispersion preparation, characterization, and dosimetric analysis of cellulose nano-fibrils and nano-crystals: Implications for cellular toxicological studies. NANOIMPACT 2019; 15:10.1016/j.impact.2019.100171. [PMID: 32133424 PMCID: PMC7055660 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of cellulose-based nanomaterial (CNM) suspensions in environmental and biological media is impaired because of their high carbon content and anisotropic shape, thus making it difficult to derive structure activity relationships (SAR) in toxicological studies. Here, a standardized method for the dispersion preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) in biological and environmental media was developed. Specifically, electron microscopy was utilized and allowed to specify optimum practices for efficiently suspending CNF and CNC in water and cell culture medium. Furthermore, a technique for measuring the in vitro particle kinetics of CNF and CNC suspended in cell culture medium utilizing fluorescently tagged materials was developed to assess the delivery rate of such CNM at the bottom of the well. Interestingly, CNF were shown to settle and create a loosely packed layer at the bottom of cell culture wells within a few hours. On the contrary, CNC settled gradually at a significantly slower rate, highlighting the discordance between administered and delivered mass dose. This work is both novel and urgent in the field of environmental health and safety as it introduces well-defined techniques for the dispersion and characterization of emerging, cellulose-based engineered nanomaterials. It also provides useful insights to the in vitro behavior of suspended anisotropic nanomaterials in general, which should enable dosimetry and comparison of toxicological data across laboratories as well as promote the safe and sustainable use of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author:
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34
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Lee JY, Wang H, Pyrgiotakis G, DeLoid GM, Zhang Z, Beltran-Huarac J, Demokritou P, Zhong W. Analysis of lipid adsorption on nanoparticles by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6155-6164. [PMID: 29845324 PMCID: PMC6119100 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) tend to adsorb matrix molecules like proteins and lipids incubated with biological fluids, forming a biological corona. While the formation and functions of protein corona have been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to lipid adsorption on NPs. However, lipids are also abundantly present in biological fluids and play important roles in processes like cell signaling and angiogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we established the analytical procedure for study of lipid adsorption on three different types of NPs in two matrices: human serum and heavy cream, using nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoflowLC-MS). Serum was chosen to represent the common environment the NPs would be present once entering human body, and heavy cream was the representative food matrix NPs may be added to improve the color or taste. Steps of liquid-liquid extraction were established and optimized to achieve maximum recovery of the adsorbed, standard lipids from the NPs. Then, the LC-MS/MS method was developed to attain base-line separation of the standard lipids that represent the major lipid classes. At last, the lipid adsorption profiles of the three NPs were compared. We found that the lipid adsorption profile on the same type of NP was significantly different between the two matrices. The established method will help us investigate lipid adsorption on additional NPs and reveal how it could be affected by the physiochemical properties of NPs and the presence of proteins and other components in the biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Yancheng Normal University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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35
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DeLoid GM, Sohal IS, Lorente LR, Molina RM, Pyrgiotakis G, Stevanovic A, Zhang R, McClements DJ, Geitner NK, Bousfield DW, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Bell DC, Brain J, Demokritou P. Reducing Intestinal Digestion and Absorption of Fat Using a Nature-Derived Biopolymer: Interference of Triglyceride Hydrolysis by Nanocellulose. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6469-6479. [PMID: 29874029 PMCID: PMC6535802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly added to foods to improve quality, safety, or nutrition. Here we report the ability of ingested nanocellulose (NC) materials to reduce digestion and absorption of ingested fat. In the small intestinal phase of an acellular simulated gastrointestinal tract, the hydrolysis of free fatty acids (FFA) from triglycerides (TG) in a high-fat food model was reduced by 48.4% when NC was added at 0.75% w/w to the food, as quantified by pH stat titration, and by 40.1% as assessed by fluorometric FFA assay. Furthermore, translocation of TG and FFA across an in vitro cellular model of the intestinal epithelium was significantly reduced by the presence of 0.75% w/w NC in the food (TG by 52% and FFA by 32%). Finally, in in vivo experiments, the postprandial rise in serum TG 1 h after gavage with the high fat food model was reduced by 36% when 1.0% w/w NC was administered with the food. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular dynamics studies suggest two primary mechanisms for this effect: (1) coalescence of fat droplets on fibrillar NC (CNF) fibers, resulting in a reduction of available surface area for lipase binding and (2) sequestration of bile salts, causing impaired interfacial displacement of proteins at the lipid droplet surface and impaired solubilization of lipid digestion products. Together these findings suggest a potential use for NC, as a food additive or supplement, to reduce absorption of ingested fat and thereby assist in weight loss and the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ikjot Singh Sohal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Laura R Lorente
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon M. Molina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Stevanovic
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruojie Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Nicholas K. Geitner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Douglas W. Bousfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - David C. Bell
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Joseph Brain
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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