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van Schaik PEM, Zuhorn IS, Baron W. Targeting Fibronectin to Overcome Remyelination Failure in Multiple Sclerosis: The Need for Brain- and Lesion-Targeted Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158418. [PMID: 35955549 PMCID: PMC9368816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology that can be characterized by the presence of demyelinated lesions. Prevailing treatment protocols in MS rely on the modulation of the inflammatory process but do not impact disease progression. Remyelination is an essential factor for both axonal survival and functional neurological recovery but is often insufficient. The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin contributes to the inhibitory environment created in MS lesions and likely plays a causative role in remyelination failure. The presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) hinders the delivery of remyelination therapeutics to lesions. Therefore, therapeutic interventions to normalize the pathogenic MS lesion environment need to be able to cross the BBB. In this review, we outline the multifaceted roles of fibronectin in MS pathogenesis and discuss promising therapeutic targets and agents to overcome fibronectin-mediated inhibition of remyelination. In addition, to pave the way for clinical use, we reflect on opportunities to deliver MS therapeutics to lesions through the utilization of nanomedicine and discuss strategies to deliver fibronectin-directed therapeutics across the BBB. The use of well-designed nanocarriers with appropriate surface functionalization to cross the BBB and target the lesion sites is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline E. M. van Schaik
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (I.S.Z.); (W.B.); Tel.: +31-50-3616178 (I.S.Z.); +31-503611652 (W.B.); Fax: +31-503616190 (W.B.)
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (I.S.Z.); (W.B.); Tel.: +31-50-3616178 (I.S.Z.); +31-503611652 (W.B.); Fax: +31-503616190 (W.B.)
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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N-methyl-D-aspartic acid increases tight junction protein destruction in brain endothelial cell via caveolin-1-associated ERK1/2 signaling. Toxicology 2022; 470:153139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singh S, Drude N, Blank L, Desai PB, Königs H, Rütten S, Langen K, Möller M, Mottaghy FM, Morgenroth A. Protease Responsive Nanogels for Transcytosis across the Blood-Brain Barrier and Intracellular Delivery of Radiopharmaceuticals to Brain Tumor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100812. [PMID: 34490744 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite profound advances in treatment approaches, gliomas remain associated with very poor prognoses. The residual cells after incomplete resection often migrate and proliferate giving a seed for highly resistant gliomas. The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is often strongly limited by their poor selectivity and the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the development of therapeutic carrier systems for efficient transport across the BBB and selective delivery to tumor cells remains one of the most complex problems facing molecular medicine and nano-biotechnology. To address this challenge, a stimuli sensitive nanogel is synthesized using pre-polymer approach for the effective delivery of nano-irradiation. The nanogels are cross-linked via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2,9) substrate and armed with Auger electron emitting drug 5-[125 I]Iodo-4"-thio-2"-deoxyuridine ([125 I]ITdU) which after release can be incorporated into the DNA of tumor cells. Functionalization with diphtheria toxin receptor ligand allows nanogel transcytosis across the BBB at tumor site. Functionalized nanogels efficiently and increasingly explore transcytosis via BBB co-cultured with glioblastoma cells. The subsequent nanogel degradation correlates with up-regulated MMP2/9. Released [125 I]ITdU follows the thymidine salvage pathway ending in its incorporation into the DNA of tumor cells. With this concept, a highly efficient strategy for intracellular delivery of radiopharmaceuticals across the challenging BBB is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Singh
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Material Research RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Jahnstraße 29 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Natascha Drude
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Material Research RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Lena Blank
- Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Prachi Bharat Desai
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Material Research RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Hiltrud Königs
- Pathology–Department of Electron Microscopy RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Pathology–Department of Electron Microscopy RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Karl‐Josef Langen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich 52428 Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive Material Research RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht 6229 HX The Netherlands
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Anthony DP, Hegde M, Shetty SS, Rafic T, Mutalik S, Rao BSS. Targeting receptor-ligand chemistry for drug delivery across blood-brain barrier in brain diseases. Life Sci 2021; 274:119326. [PMID: 33711385 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of a layer of endothelial cells that is interspersed with a series of tight junctions and characterized by the absence of fenestrations. The permeability of this barrier is controlled by junctions such as tight junctions and adherent junctions as well as several cells such as astrocytes, pericytes, vascular endothelial cells, neurons, microglia, and efflux transporters with relatively enhanced expression. It plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis in the brain and exerts a protective regulatory control on the influx and efflux of molecules. However, it proves to be a challenge for drug delivery strategies that target brain diseases like Dementia, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Cancer or Stroke, Huntington's Disease, Lou Gehrig's Disease, etc. Conventional modes of drug delivery are invasive and have been known to contribute to a "leaky BBB", recent studies have highlighted the efficiency and relative safety of receptor-mediated drug delivery. Several receptors are exhibited on the BBB, and actively participate in nutrient uptake, and recognize specific ligands that modulate the process of endocytosis. The strategy employed in receptor-mediated drug delivery exploits this process of "tricking" the receptors into internalizing ligands that are conjugated to carrier systems like liposomes, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes etc. These in turn are modified with drug molecules, therefore leading to delivery to desired target cells in brain tissue. This review comprehensively explores each of those receptors that can be modified to serve such purposes as well as the currently employed strategies that have led to increased cellular uptake and transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Paige Anthony
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manasa Hegde
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shreya S Shetty
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Thasneema Rafic
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Satish Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Panzarini E, Mariano S, Tacconi S, Carata E, Tata AM, Dini L. Novel Therapeutic Delivery of Nanocurcumin in Central Nervous System Related Disorders. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010002. [PMID: 33374979 PMCID: PMC7822042 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals represent complementary or alternative beneficial products to the expensive and high-tech therapeutic tools in modern medicine. Nowadays, their medical or health benefits in preventing or treating different types of diseases is widely accepted, due to fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, improved bioavailability and long half-life. Among herbal and natural compounds, curcumin is a very attractive herbal supplement considering its multipurpose properties. The potential effects of curcumin on glia cells and its therapeutic and protective properties in central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders is relevant. However, curcumin is unstable and easily degraded or metabolized into other forms posing limits to its clinical development. This is particularly important in brain pathologies determined blood brain barrier (BBB) obstacle. To enhance the stability and bioavailability of curcumin, many studies focused on the design and development of curcumin nanodelivery systems (nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and diverse nanocarriers). These nanoconstructs can increase curcumin stability, solubility, in vivo uptake, bioactivity and safety. Recently, several studies have reported on a curcumin exosome-based delivery system, showing great therapeutical potential. The present work aims to review the current available data in improving bioactivity of curcumin in treatment or prevention of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Departament of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (S.M.); (S.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Departament of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (S.M.); (S.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Stefano Tacconi
- Departament of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (S.M.); (S.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Departament of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (S.M.); (S.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Departament of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciana Dini
- Departament of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- CNR Nanotec, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1779-1795. [PMID: 32725282 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the worldwide interest is growing to use medicinal plants and their active constituents to develop new potent medicines with fewer side effects. Precise dietary compounds have prospective beneficial applications for various neurodegenerative ailments. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol and is detectable most primarily in many Lamiaceae families, for instance, Rosmarinus officinalis also called rosemary. This review prepared a broad and updated literature review on rosmarinic acid elucidating its biological activities on some nervous system disorders. Rosmarinic acid has significant antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. In this regard, we classified and discussed our findings in different nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, Huntington's disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, stress, anxiety, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Azarmi M, Maleki H, Nikkam N, Malekinejad H. Transcellular brain drug delivery: A review on recent advancements. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Majerova P, Hanes J, Olesova D, Sinsky J, Pilipcinec E, Kovac A. Novel Blood-Brain Barrier Shuttle Peptides Discovered through the Phage Display Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040874. [PMID: 32079185 PMCID: PMC7070575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain is a major challenge in central nervous system drug development. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents access of biotherapeutics to their targets in the central nervous system and, therefore, prohibits the effective treatment of many neurological disorders. To find blood–brain barrier shuttle peptides that could target therapeutics to the brain, we applied a phage display technology on a primary endothelial rat cellular model. Two identified peptides from a 12 mer phage library, GLHTSATNLYLH and VAARTGEIYVPW, were selected and their permeability was validated using the in vitro BBB model. The permeability of peptides through the BBB was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). We showed higher permeability for both peptides compared to N–C reversed-sequence peptides through in vitro BBB: for peptide GLHTSATNLYLH 3.3 × 10−7 cm/s and for peptide VAARTGEIYVPW 1.5 × 10−6 cm/s. The results indicate that the peptides identified by the in vitro phage display technology could serve as transporters for the administration of biopharmaceuticals into the brain. Our results also demonstrated the importance of proper BBB model for the discovery of shuttle peptides through phage display libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Dominika Olesova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sinsky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Emil Pilipcinec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-254788100
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Nowak M, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. Delivery of Nanoparticles and Macromolecules across the Blood–Brain Barrier. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Nowak
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02318 USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02318 USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
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Moura RP, Martins C, Pinto S, Sousa F, Sarmento B. Blood-brain barrier receptors and transporters: an insight on their function and how to exploit them through nanotechnology. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:271-285. [PMID: 30767695 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1583205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly limiting barrier that prevents the brain from contacting with several circulating molecules, including harmful agents. However, certain systemic nutrients and macromolecules are able to cross the BBB and reach the brain parenchyma, involving the interaction with multiple receptors and/or transporters at the BBB surface. Nanotechnology allows the creation of drug vehicles, functionalized with targeting ligands for binding specific BBB receptors and/or transporters, hence triggering the transport through this biobarrier. AREAS COVERED This review focuses the BBB receptors/transporters to be exploited in regard to their overall structure and biologic function, as well as their role in the development of strategies envisaging drug delivery to the brain. Then, the interplay between the targeting of these BBB receptors/transporters and nanotechnology is explored, as they can increase by several-fold the effectiveness of brain-targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION Nanomedicine may be particularly useful in brain drug delivery, mainly due to the possibility of functionalizing nanoparticles to target specific receptors/transporters. Since the BBB is endowed with numerous receptors and transporters responsible for regulating the proper metabolic activity of the brain, their targeting can be a promising bypass strategy to circumvent the hurdle that the BBB represents for brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pedro Moura
- a CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins
- b I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Soraia Pinto
- b I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Flávia Sousa
- a CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal.,b I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- a CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal.,b I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Li F, Geng X, Yip J, Ding Y. Therapeutic Target and Cell-signal Communication of Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Attenuating Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:145-156. [PMID: 30569751 PMCID: PMC6362522 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718819443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke destroys blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. There are currently no effective treatments available in the clinical setting. Post-ischemia treatment with phenothiazine drugs [combined chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P)] has been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke. The present study determined the effect of C+P in BBB integrity. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups (n=8 each): (1) stroke, (2) stroke treated by C+P with temperature control, and (3) stroke treated by C+P without temperature control. Infarct volume and neurological deficits were measured to assess the neuroprotective effect of C+P. BBB permeability was determined by brain edema and Evans blue leakage. Expression of BBB integral molecules, including proteins of aquaporin-4 and -9 (AQP-4, AQP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1/5, occludin, and laminin were determined by Western blot. Stroke caused brain infarction and neurological deficits, as well as BBB damage, which were all attenuated by C+P through drug-induced hypothermia. When the reduced temperature was controlled to physiological levels, C+P still conferred neuroprotection, suggesting a therapeutic effect independent of hypothermia. Furthermore, C+P significantly attenuated the increase in AQP-4, AQP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels after stroke, and reversed the decrease in tight junction protein (ZO-1, claudin-1/5, occludin) and basal laminar protein (laminin) levels. This study clearly indicates a beneficial effect of C+P on BBB integrity after stroke, which may be independent of drug-induced hypothermia. These findings further prove the clinical target and cell-signal communication of C+P treatment, which may direct us closer toward the development of an efficacious neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James Yip
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Furtado D, Björnmalm M, Ayton S, Bush AI, Kempe K, Caruso F. Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Role of Nanomaterials in Treating Neurological Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801362. [PMID: 30066406 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Therapies directed toward the central nervous system remain difficult to translate into improved clinical outcomes. This is largely due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), arguably the most tightly regulated interface in the human body, which routinely excludes most therapeutics. Advances in the engineering of nanomaterials and their application in biomedicine (i.e., nanomedicine) are enabling new strategies that have the potential to help improve our understanding and treatment of neurological diseases. Herein, the various mechanisms by which therapeutics can be delivered to the brain are examined and key challenges facing translation of this research from benchtop to bedside are highlighted. Following a contextual overview of the BBB anatomy and physiology in both healthy and diseased states, relevant therapeutic strategies for bypassing and crossing the BBB are discussed. The focus here is especially on nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems and the potential of these to overcome the biological challenges imposed by the BBB. Finally, disease-targeting strategies and clearance mechanisms are explored. The objective is to provide the diverse range of researchers active in the field (e.g., material scientists, chemists, engineers, neuroscientists, and clinicians) with an easily accessible guide to the key opportunities and challenges currently facing the nanomaterial-mediated treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denzil Furtado
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and the Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Cooperative Research Center for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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14
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Florendo M, Figacz A, Srinageshwar B, Sharma A, Swanson D, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in Brain Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092238. [PMID: 30177605 PMCID: PMC6225146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are one of the smallest and most precise nanomolecules available today, which have promising applications for the treatment of brain diseases. Each aspect of the dendrimer (core, size or generation, size of cavities, and surface functional groups) can be precisely modulated to yield a variety of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and genes to brain cells in vitro or in vivo. Two of the most important criteria to consider when using PAMAM dendrimers for neuroscience applications is their safety profile and their potential to be prepared in a reproducible manner. Based on these criteria, features of PAMAM dendrimers are described to help the neuroscience researcher to judiciously choose the right type of dendrimer and the appropriate method for loading the drug to form a safe and effective delivery system to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florendo
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Alexander Figacz
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Bhairavi Srinageshwar
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Douglas Swanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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15
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Kuo YC, Rajesh R. Targeted delivery of rosmarinic acid across the blood-brain barrier for neuronal rescue using polyacrylamide-chitosan-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles with surface cross-reacting material 197 and apolipoprotein E. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:228-241. [PMID: 28549973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid-loaded polyacrylamide-chitosan-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs) were grafted with cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) for targeting of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and rescuing degenerated neurons. The polymeric nanocarriers were prepared by microemulsion, solvent diffusion, grafting, and surface modification, and CRM197-ApoE-RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs were used to treat human brain-microvascular endothelial cells, RWA264.7 cells, and Aβ-insulted SK-N-MC cells. Experimental results revealed that an increase in the weight percentage of PAAM decreased the particle size, zeta potential, and grafting efficiency of CRM197 and ApoE. In addition, surface DSPE-PEG(2000) could protect CRM197-ApoE-RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs against uptake by RWA264.7 cells. An increase in the concentration of CRM197 and ApoE decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance and increased the ability of propidium iodide and RA to cross the BBB. The order in the viability of apoptotic SK-N-MC cells was CRM197-ApoE-RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs > CRM197-RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs > RA. Thus, CRM197-ApoE-RA-PAAM-CH-PLGA NPs can be a promising formulation to deliver RA to Aβ-insulted neurons in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Rajendiran Rajesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Self-assembled amphiphilic core-shell nanocarriers in line with the modern strategies for brain delivery. J Control Release 2017. [PMID: 28648865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) represent increasing social and economic problems all over the world which makes the effective transport of drugs to the brain a crucial need. In the last decade, many strategies were introduced to deliver drugs to the brain trying to overcome the challenge of the blood brain barrier (BBB) using both invasive and non-invasive methods. Non-invasive strategy represented in the application of nanocarriers became very common. One of the most hopeful nanoscopic carriers for brain delivery is core-shell nanocarriers or polymeric micelles (PMs). They are more advantageous than other nanocarriers. They offer small size, ease of preparation, ease of sterilization and the possibility of surface modification with various ligands. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss modern strategies for brain delivery, micelles as a successful delivery system for the brain and how micelles could be modified to act as "magic bullets" for brain delivery.
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17
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Wang N, Jin X, Zhu X. Construction of biomimetic long-circulation delivery platform encapsulated by zwitterionic polymers for enhanced penetration of blood–brain barrier. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A core–shell protein-based long circulation delivery platform has been constructed for enhanced penetration of the blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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18
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Goulatis LI, Shusta EV. Protein engineering approaches for regulating blood-brain barrier transcytosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 45:109-115. [PMID: 28040636 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a challenge for the delivery of brain therapeutics. Trans-BBB delivery methods that use targeting vectors to coopt the vesicle trafficking machinery of BBB endothelial cells have been developed, but these are often hampered by limited flux through the BBB. A solution to this problem lies in the semi-rational engineering of BBB targeting vectors. Leveraging knowledge of intracellular trafficking, researchers have begun to tune selected binding properties of the vector-receptor interaction. Engineered binding affinity, avidity and pH-sensitivity have been shown to affect binding, intracellular sorting and release, ultimately leading to increased brain uptake of the targeting vector and its associated cargo. However, each targeted receptor may exhibit differential responses to engineered binding properties, illustrating the need to better understand vector-receptor interactions and trafficking dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas I Goulatis
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Eric V Shusta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
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Cai RP, Xue YX, Huang J, Wang JH, Wang JH, Zhao SY, Guan TT, Zhang Z, Gu YT. NS1619 regulates the expression of caveolin-1 protein in a time-dependent manner via ROS/PI3K/PKB/FoxO1 signaling pathway in brain tumor microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:109-118. [PMID: 27653874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
NS1619, a calcium-activated potassium channel (Kca channel) activator, can selectively and time-dependently accelerate the formation of transport vesicles in both the brain tumor capillary endothelium and tumor cells within 15min of treatment and then increase the permeability of the blood-brain tumor barrier (BTB). However, the mechanism involved is still under investigation. Using a rat brain glioma (C6) model, the expression of caveolin-1, FoxO1 and p-FoxO1 protein were examined at different time points after intracarotid infusion of NS1619 at a dose of 30μg/kg/min. Internalization of Cholera toxin subunit (CTB) labeled fluorescently was monitored by flow cytometry. The expression of caveolin-1 and FoxO1 protein at tumor microvessels was enhanced and caveolae-mediated CTB endocytosis was increased by NS1619 infusion for 15min. Compared with the 15min group, the expression of caveolin-1 protein was significantly decreased and the level of phosphorylation of FoxO1 was significantly increased in the NS1619 2h group. In addition, inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or PI3K or PKB significantly attenuated the level of FoxO1 phosphorylation and also increased the expression of caveolin-1 protein in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMECs) cocultured with human glioma cells (U87) 2h after NS1619 treatment. This led to the conclusion that NS1619-mediated transport vesicle increase is, at least partly, related to the ROS/PI3K/PKB/FoxO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College Basic of Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Phytochemistry, Chinese Materia Medica Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Department of Phytochemistry, Chinese Materia Medica Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Hong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Song-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology Experiment Center, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Guan
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ting Gu
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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20
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Mahamad P, Boonchird C, Panbangred W. High level accumulation of soluble diphtheria toxin mutant (CRM197) with co-expression of chaperones in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6319-6330. [PMID: 27020286 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CRM197 is the diphtheria toxin mutant used in many conjugate vaccines. A fusion CRM197 (fCRM197) containing all the tags conferred by the pET32a vector was produced as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli co-expressing several chaperone proteins in conjunction with low temperature cultivation. Trigger factor (Tf) enhanced formation of soluble fCRM197 (150.69 ± 8.95 μg/mL) to a greater degree than other chaperones when fCRM197 expression was induced at 25 °C for 12 h. However, prolonged cultivation resulted in a progressive reduction of fCRM197 accumulation. In contrast, at 15 °C cells, with or without Tf, fCRM197 accumulated to the highest level at 48 h (153.70 ± 13.14 μg/mL and 150.07 ± 8.13 μg/mL, respectively). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the formation of inclusion protein as well as cell lysis was reduced in cultures grown at 15 °C. Cell viability was substantially reduced in cells expressing Tf, compared to cultures without Tf, when fCRM197 was induced at 25 °C. The viability of Tf-expressing cells was enhanced when cultured at 15 °C. Both purified fCRM197 and CRM197 efficiently digested lambda DNA (λDNA) at 37 °C (92.78 and 97.45 %, respectively). Digestion efficiency of fCRM197 and CRM197 was reduced at 25 °C (80.80 and 62.73 %, respectively) and at 15 °C (7.34 and 24.79 %, respectively). These results demonstrating nuclease activity, enhanced cell lysis, and reduced cell viability are consistent with the finding of lower fCRM197 yield when cultivation and induction times were prolonged at 25 °C. The present work provides a procedure for the high-level production of soluble fCRM197 using E. coli as a heterologous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Mahamad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Mahidol University - Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU: CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Mahidol University - Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU: CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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21
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Lin Y, Wang P, Liu YH, Shang XL, Chen LY, Xue YX. DT(270-326) , a Truncated Diphtheria Toxin, Increases Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability by Upregulating the Expression of Caveolin-1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:477-87. [PMID: 26861687 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (DT) has been demonstrated to act as a receptor-specific carrier protein to delivery drug into brain. Recent research showed that the truncated "receptorless" DT was still capable of being internalized into cells. This study investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of DT(270-326) , a truncated "receptorless" DT, on the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). METHODS BTB and GECs were subjected to DT(270-326) treatment. HRP flux assays, immunofluorescent, co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot, CCK-8, and Flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate the effects of DT(270-326) administration. RESULTS Our results revealed that 5 μM of DT(270-326) significantly increased the permeability of BTBin vitro, which reached its peak at 6 h. The permeability was reduced by pretreatment with filipinIII. DT(270-326) co-localized and interacted with caveolin-1 via its caveolin-binding motif. The mRNA and protein expression levels of caveolin-1 were identical with the changes of BTB permeability. The upregulated expression of caveolin-1 was associated with Src kinase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1, which subsequently induced phosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor Egr-1. The combination of DT(270-326) with doxorubicin significantly enhanced the loss of cell viability and apoptosis of U87 glioma cells in contrast to doxorubicin alone. CONCLUSIONS DT(270-326) might provide a novel strategy to increase the delivery of macromolecular therapeutic agents across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiu-Li Shang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Tosi G, Vilella A, Veratti P, Belletti D, Pederzoli F, Ruozi B, Vandelli MA, Zoli M, Forni F. Exploiting Bacterial Pathways for BBB Crossing with PLGA Nanoparticles Modified with a Mutated Form of Diphtheria Toxin (CRM197): In Vivo Experiments. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3672-84. [PMID: 26312414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drugs can be targeted to the brain using polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) engineered on their surface with ligands able to allow crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This article aims to investigate the BBB crossing efficiency of polymeric poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) NPs modified with a mutated form of diphtheria toxin (CRM197) in comparison with the results previously obtained using PLGA NPs modified with a glycopeptide (g7-NPs). Different kinds of NPs, covalently coupled PLGA with different fluorescent probes (DY405, rhodamine-B base and DY675) and different ligands (g7 and CRM197) were tested in vivo to assess their behavior and trafficking. The results highlighted the possibility to distinguish the different kinds of simultaneously administered NPs and to emphasize that CRM-197 modified NPs and g7-NPs can cross the BBB at a similar extent. The analysis of BBB crossing and of the neuronal tropism of CRM197 modified NPs, along with their BBB crossing pathways were also developed. In vivo pharmacological studies performed on CRM197 engineered NPs, loaded with loperamide, underlined their ability as drug carriers to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tosi
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy.,NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - P Veratti
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - D Belletti
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Pederzoli
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy.,NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B Ruozi
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M A Vandelli
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Forni
- Nanomedicine Group, Te.Far.T.I. center, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41124 Modena, Italy
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23
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Zhan C, Li C, Wei X, Lu W, Lu W. Toxins and derivatives in molecular pharmaceutics: Drug delivery and targeted therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:101-18. [PMID: 25959429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide toxins offer an invaluable source for the development of actively targeted drug delivery systems. They avidly bind to a variety of cognate receptors, some of which are expressed or even up-regulated in diseased tissues and biological barriers. Protein and peptide toxins or their derivatives can act as ligands to facilitate tissue- or organ-specific accumulation of therapeutics. Some toxins have evolved from a relatively small number of structural frameworks that are particularly suitable for addressing the crucial issues of potency and stability, making them an instrumental source of leads and templates for targeted therapy. The focus of this review is on protein and peptide toxins for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and molecular therapies. We summarize disease- and biological barrier-related toxin receptors, as well as targeted drug delivery strategies inspired by those receptors. The design of new therapeutics based on protein and peptide toxins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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24
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From naturally-occurring neurotoxic agents to CNS shuttles for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 74:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Role of acidic residues in helices TH8-TH9 in membrane interactions of the diphtheria toxin T domain. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1303-23. [PMID: 25875295 PMCID: PMC4417968 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pH-triggered membrane insertion of the diphtheria toxin translocation domain (T domain) results in transferring the catalytic domain into the cytosol, which is relevant to potential biomedical applications as a cargo-delivery system. Protonation of residues is suggested to play a key role in the process, and residues E349, D352 and E362 are of particular interest because of their location within the membrane insertion unit TH8-TH9. We have used various spectroscopic, computational and functional assays to characterize the properties of the T domain carrying the double mutation E349Q/D352N or the single mutation E362Q. Vesicle leakage measurements indicate that both mutants interact with the membrane under less acidic conditions than the wild-type. Thermal unfolding and fluorescence measurements, complemented with molecular dynamics simulations, suggest that the mutant E362Q is more susceptible to acid destabilization because of disruption of native intramolecular contacts. Fluorescence experiments show that removal of the charge in E362Q, and not in E349Q/D352N, is important for insertion of TH8-TH9. Both mutants adopt a final functional state upon further acidification. We conclude that these acidic residues are involved in the pH-dependent action of the T domain, and their replacements can be used for fine tuning the pH range of membrane interactions.
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Zhao YL, Song JN, Zhang M. Role of caveolin-1 in the biology of the blood-brain barrier. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:247-54. [PMID: 24501156 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is the principal marker of caveolae in endothelial cells. It plays an important role in physiological and pathological conditions of the blood-brain barrier and serves as a mediator in drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier. Caveolin-1 is related to the diminished expression of tight junction-associated proteins and metabolic pinocytosis vesicles when the blood-brain barrier is destroyed by outside invaders or malignant stimulus. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier, regulated by types of drugs or physical irradiation, is connected with drug transportation with the participation of caveolin-1. Caveolin-1, which serves as a platform or medium for signal transduction, cooperates with several signal molecules by forming a complex. Silencing of caveolin-1 and disruption of caveolae can attenuate or remove pathological damage and even engender the opposite effects in the blood-brain barrier. This review considers the role of caveolin-1 in the blood-brain barrier that may have profound implications for central nervous system disease and drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier.
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Hyun SW, Jung YS. Hypoxia induces FoxO3a-mediated dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1638-42. [PMID: 25044111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a), a transcription factor, is known to be involve in change of endothelial permeability. During hypoxia, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is increased through degradation of vascular endothelium cadherin (VE-cadherin) and clsudin-5. The hypoxia also increased mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3/9 and promoted translocation of FoxO3a into nucleus in endothelial cells. However, little is known about the role of FoxO3a in hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. Here, we examined whether FoxO3a regulates hypoxia-induced BBB permeability through induction of MMPs. The transfection of siFoxO3a suppressed hypoxia-induced BBB hyperpermeability. The transfection of siFoxO3a also inhibited hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5. In addition, the transfection of siFoxO3a reduced hypoxia-induced increase of MMP-3 mRNA levels. However, transfection of siFoxO3a did not inhibits transcription of MMP-9 induced by hypoxia. Taken together, our findings suggest that FoxO3a is involved in hypoxia-induced degradation of VE-cadherin and claudin-5 through induction of MMPs indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Molecular Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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Kuo YC, Liu YC. Cardiolipin-incorporated liposomes with surface CRM197 for enhancing neuronal survival against neurotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:334-44. [PMID: 24999054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CRM197-grafted liposomes containing cardiolipin (CL) (CRM197/CL-liposomes) were used to enhance the permeability of neuron growth factor (NGF) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for promoting the neuroprotective effect of NGF. CRM197/CL-liposoms were incubated with a monolayer of human astrocyte (HA)-regulated human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and employed to rescue SK-N-MC cells with insult of fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (1-42) (Aβ1-42). An increase in the CL mole percentage enhanced the particle size, absolute value of zeta potential, NGF entrapment efficiency, CRM197 grafting efficiency, viability of HBMECs, HAs, and SK-N-MC cells, and BBB permeability of propidium iodide (PI) and NGF, and reduced the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). In addition, an increase in the CRM197 weight percentage increased the particle size, absolute value of zeta potential, viability of HBMECs and HAs, and BBB permeability of PI and NGF, and decreased the CRM197 grafting efficiency and TEER. CRM197/CL-liposomes have the ability to target the BBB and to reduce neurotoxicity of Aβ142 and can be promising formulations for treating Alzheimer's disease in future medicinal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
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Sade H, Baumgartner C, Hugenmatter A, Moessner E, Freskgård PO, Niewoehner J. A human blood-brain barrier transcytosis assay reveals antibody transcytosis influenced by pH-dependent receptor binding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96340. [PMID: 24788759 PMCID: PMC4005765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have adapted an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier, the immortalized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3), to quantitatively measure protein transcytosis. After validating the receptor-mediated transport using transferrin, the system was used to measure transcytosis rates of antibodies directed against potential brain shuttle receptors. While an antibody to the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was exclusively recycled to the apical compartment, the fate of antibodies to the transferrin receptor (TfR) was determined by their relative affinities at extracellular and endosomal pH. An antibody with reduced affinity at pH5.5 showed significant transcytosis, while pH-independent antibodies of comparable affinities at pH 7.4 remained associated with intracellular vesicular compartments and were finally targeted for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadassah Sade
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Baumgartner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Hugenmatter
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Moessner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Per-Ola Freskgård
- Neuroscience Discovery and Translation Area, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Niewoehner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gao X, Li C. Nanoprobes visualizing gliomas by crossing the blood brain tumor barrier. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:426-440. [PMID: 24106064 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty in delineating the glioma margins in brain is a major obstacle for its completed resection, which leads to the disproportionately high recurrence and mortality. Besides the fast exertion rate, inadequate sensitivity and non-targeting specificity, the main reason leading to failure of small molecular probes to define gliomas is their incapability to efficiently cross the blood brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Nanoprobes (NPs) show promise to precisely delineate the geographically irregular tumor margins due to their tunable size/circulation lifetime that maximize their passive intratumoral accumulation and their convenience for surface modification that increases the BBTB transcytosis efficacy, imaging sensitivity and receptor targeting specificity. In this work, the characteristics of the BBTB are addressed from biological and physiological perspectives, strategies are presented to deliver NPs across the BBTB, recent developments of NPs are reviewed for glioma visualization and finally the difficulty and promise for clinical translation of NPs are described. Overall, NPs hold great potential for glioma imaging and treatment by pre-surgically delineating tumor margins and intra-operatively guiding tumor excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai, 201203, China
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Xu L, Zhang H, Wu Y. Dendrimer advances for the central nervous system delivery of therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:2-13. [PMID: 24274162 DOI: 10.1021/cn400182z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of noninvasive treatment for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is generally limited by the poor access of therapeutic agents into the CNS. Most CNS drugs cannot permeate into the brain parenchyma because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and overcoming this has become one of the most significant challenges in the development of CNS therapeutics. Rapid advances in nanotechnology have provided promising solutions to this challenge. This review discusses the latest applications of dendrimers in the treatment of CNS diseases with an emphasis on brain tumors. Dendrimer-mediated drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis are also reviewed. The toxicity, biodistribution, and transport mechanisms in dendrimer-mediated delivery of CNS therapeutic agents bypassing or crossing the BBB are also discussed. Future directions and major challenges of dendrimer-mediated delivery of CNS therapeutic agents are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Abbott NJ. Blood-brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:437-49. [PMID: 23609350 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) require precise control of their bathing microenvironment for optimal function, and an important element in this control is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by the endothelial cells lining the brain microvessels, under the inductive influence of neighbouring cell types within the 'neurovascular unit' (NVU) including astrocytes and pericytes. The endothelium forms the major interface between the blood and the CNS, and by a combination of low passive permeability and presence of specific transport systems, enzymes and receptors regulates molecular and cellular traffic across the barrier layer. A number of methods and models are available for examining BBB permeation in vivo and in vitro, and can give valuable information on the mechanisms by which therapeutic agents and constructs permeate, ways to optimize permeation, and implications for drug discovery, delivery and toxicity. For treating lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), models can be included that mimic aspects of the disease, including genetically-modified animals, and in vitro models can be used to examine the effects of cells of the NVU on the BBB under pathological conditions. For testing CNS drug delivery, several in vitro models now provide reliable prediction of penetration of drugs including large molecules and artificial constructs with promising potential in treating LSDs. For many of these diseases it is still not clear how best to deliver appropriate drugs to the CNS, and a concerted approach using a variety of models and methods can give critical insights and indicate practical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joan Abbott
- BBB Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
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Regulation of cellular growth, apoptosis, and Akt activity in human U251 glioma cells by a combination of cisplatin with CRM197. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:81-9. [PMID: 21934602 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834b9b72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aberrantly activated antiapoptotic phospatidyl-3-inositol-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling induced by cisplatin limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy; inhibition of this pathway may augment the sensitivity of tumor cells to cisplatin-induced toxicity and promote apoptosis. Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), the nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, could act as an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor inhibitor and has been shown to have some anticancer effects, but the effect of CRM197 on glioma cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combination of cisplatin with CRM197 on the growth and apoptosis of human U251 glioma cells and the possible mechanism. In this study, we demonstrated that cisplatin or CRM197 induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition in U251 cells, but cisplatin at 5 µg/ml and CRM197 at 1 µg/ml did not affect the viability of human astrocytes. Cisplatin induced a time-dependent growth inhibition in U251 cells, whereas the growth-inhibitory effects induced by CRM197 alone or combined with cisplatin reached a peak at 24 h after treatment. Compared with the administration of cisplatin or CRM197 alone, CRM197 combined with cisplatin significantly enhanced U251 cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Cisplatin induced sustained activation of Akt, whereas CRM197 markedly suppressed the Akt phosphorylation induced by cisplatin. The effects of growth inhibition and apoptosis were markedly enhanced after a combination of cisplatin with CRM197 plus the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or wortmannin. Therefore, CRM197 combined with cisplatin could enhance growth inhibition and apoptosis of glioma cells by inhibiting the cisplatin-induced PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Palmela I, Sasaki H, Cardoso FL, Moutinho M, Kim KS, Brites D, Brito MA. Time-dependent dual effects of high levels of unconjugated bilirubin on the human blood-brain barrier lining. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:22. [PMID: 22590454 PMCID: PMC3349234 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In neonatal jaundice, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) may induce neurological dysfunction (BIND). Recently, it was observed that UCB induces alterations on brain microvasculature, which may facilitate its entrance into the brain, but little is known about the steps involved. To evaluate if UCB damages the integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), we used 50 or 100 μM UCB plus human serum albumin, to mimic the neuropathological conditions where levels of UCB free species correspond to moderate and severe neonatal jaundice, respectively. Our results point to a biphasic response of HBMEC to UCB depending on time of exposure. The early response includes increased number of caveolae and caveolin-1 expression, as well as upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) with no alterations of the paracellular permeability. In contrast, effects by sustained hyperbilirubinemia are the reduction in zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and β-catenin levels and thus of tight junctions (TJ) strands and cell-to-cell contacts. In addition, reduction of the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased paracellular permeability are observed, revealing loss of the barrier properties. The 72 h of HBMEC exposure to UCB triggers a cell response to the stressful stimulus evidenced by increased autophagy. In this later condition, the UCB intracellular content and the detachment of both viable and non-viable cells are increased. These findings contribute to understand why the duration of hyperbilirubinemia is considered one of the risk factors of BIND. Indeed, facilitated brain entrance of the free UCB species will favor its parenchymal accumulation and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Palmela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Zakikhany K, Efstratiou A. Diphtheria in Europe: current problems and new challenges. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:595-607. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria, caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, is an ancient disease with high incidence and mortality that has always been characterized by epidemic waves of occurrence. Whilst towards the beginning of the 1980s, many European countries were progressing towards the elimination of diphtheria, an epidemic re-emergence of diphtheria in the Russian Federation and the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union demonstrated a continuous threat of the disease into the 1990s. At present, the epidemic is under control and only sporadic cases are observed in Europe. However, the circulation of toxigenic strains is still observed in all parts of the world, posing a constant threat to the population with low levels of seroprotection. More recently, Corynebacterium ulcerans has been increasingly isolated as emerging zoonotic agent of diphtheria from companion animals such as cats or dogs, indicating the enduring threat of this thought-to-be controlled disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Zakikhany
- The European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Androulla Efstratiou
- Health Protection Agency (HPA), Microbiology Services Divison: Colindale, Respiratory & Systemic Infection Laboratory (RSIL), WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Diphtheria, London, UK
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Kuo YC, Chung CY. Transcytosis of CRM197-grafted polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for delivering zidovudine across human brain-microvascular endothelial cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 91:242-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Omidi Y, Barar J. Impacts of blood-brain barrier in drug delivery and targeting of brain tumors. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2012; 2:5-22. [PMID: 23678437 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2012.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Entry of blood circulating agents into the brain is highly selectively con-trolled by specific transport machineries at the blood brain barrier (BBB), whose excellent barrier restrictiveness make brain drug delivery and targeting very challenging. METHODS Essential information on BBB cellular microenvironment were reviewed and discussed towards impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting. RESULTS Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) form unique biological structure and architecture in association with astrocytes and pericytes, in which microenvironment the BCECs express restrictive tight junctional complexes that block the paracellular inward/outward traverse of biomolecules/compounds. These cells selectively/specifically control the transportation process through carrier and/or receptor mediated transport machineries that can also be exploited for the delivery of pharmaceuticals into the brain. Intelligent molecular therapies should be designed using such transport machineries for the efficient delivery of designated drugs into the brain. For better clinical outcomes, these smart pharmaceuticals should be engineered as seamless nanosystems to provide simultaneous imaging and therapy (multimodal theranostics). CONCLUSION The exceptional functional presence of BBB selectively controls inward and outward transportation mechanisms, thus advanced smart multifunctional nanomedicines are needed for the effective brain drug delivery and targeting. Fully understanding the biofunctions of BBB appears to be a central step for engineering of intelligent seamless therapeutics consisting of homing device for targeting, imaging moiety for detecting, and stimuli responsive device for on-demand liberation of therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bröker M, Costantino P, DeTora L, McIntosh ED, Rappuoli R. Biochemical and biological characteristics of cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin: Use as a conjugation protein in vaccines and other potential clinical applications. Biologicals 2011; 39:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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CRM197-induced blood-brain barrier permeability increase is mediated by upregulation of caveolin-1 protein. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:485-92. [PMID: 21080104 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197), a non-toxin mutant of diphtheria toxin, could act as a diphtheria toxin receptor-specific carrier protein for the targeted delivery of macromolecular substances across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. This study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of CRM197 on the permeability of BBB in guinea pigs. Data from the Evans blue extravasation showed that the BBB permeability significantly increased after CRM197 injection in a dose-dependent manner. Transmission electron microscopy indicated CRM197 could induce increased pinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay revealed that CRM197 enhanced caveolin-1 protein expression in brain microvessels. The caveolin-1 protein in the membrane fraction of microvessels began to upregulate at 5 min and reached the peak at 10 min after CRM197 treatment, associated by diminished expression of several tight junction-associated proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Thus, our results indicate that the in vivo targeting CRM197 leads to increased BBB permeability via upregulation of caveolin-1 protein, increased pinocytotic vesicles, and redistribution of tight junction-associated proteins in brain microvessels. CRM197 may have a potential application for targeted drug delivery across the BBB.
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