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Kipp M. How to Use the Cuprizone Model to Study De- and Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1445. [PMID: 38338724 PMCID: PMC10855335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system whose cause is still largely unknown. Oligodendrocyte degeneration results in demyelination of axons, which can eventually be repaired by a mechanism called remyelination. Prevention of demyelination and the pharmacological support of remyelination are two promising strategies to ameliorate disease progression in MS patients. The cuprizone model is commonly employed to investigate oligodendrocyte degeneration mechanisms or to explore remyelination pathways. During the last decades, several different protocols have been applied, and all have their pros and cons. This article intends to offer guidance for conducting pre-clinical trials using the cuprizone model in mice, focusing on discovering new treatment approaches to prevent oligodendrocyte degeneration or enhance remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Lindsay SL, McCanney GA, Zhan J, Scheld M, Smith RS, Goodyear CS, Yates EA, Kipp M, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparan sulfate mimetic differentially affects repair in immune-mediated and toxin-induced experimental models of demyelination. Glia 2023; 71:1683-1698. [PMID: 36945189 PMCID: PMC10952530 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Modified, nonanticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulfate glycan family and are known regulators of multiple cellular processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive repair after CNS demyelination. Herein, we test LS-mHep7 (an in vitro lead compound) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced demyelination. In EAE, LS-mHep7 treatment resulted in faster recovery and rapidly reduced inflammation which was accompanied by restoration of animal weight. LS-mHep7 treatment had no effect on remyelination or on OLIG2 positive oligodendrocyte numbers within the corpus callosum in the cuprizone model. Further in vitro investigation confirmed that LS-mHep7 likely mediates its pro-repair effect in the EAE model by sequestering inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL5 which are upregulated during immune-mediated inflammatory attacks. These data support the future clinical translation of this next generation modified heparin as a treatment for CNS diseases with active immune system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Lindsay
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - George A. McCanney
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of MedicineRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Rebecca Sherrard Smith
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
- Centre for GlycosciencesKeele UniversityKeeleST5 5BGUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
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Polyák H, Galla Z, Nánási N, Cseh EK, Rajda C, Veres G, Spekker E, Szabó Á, Klivényi P, Tanaka M, Vécsei L. The Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic System Is Suppressed in Cuprizone-Induced Model of Demyelination Simulating Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030945. [PMID: 36979924 PMCID: PMC10046567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with a unique pattern, which is histologically classified into the subpial type 3 lesions in the autopsy. The lesion is also homologous to that of cuprizone (CPZ) toxin-induced animal models of demyelination. Aberration of the tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system has been observed in patients with MS; nevertheless, the KYN metabolite profile of progressive MS remains inconclusive. In this study, C57Bl/6J male mice were treated with 0.2% CPZ toxin for 5 weeks and then underwent 4 weeks of recovery. We measured the levels of serotonin, TRP, and KYN metabolites in the plasma and the brain samples of mice at weeks 1, 3, and 5 of demyelination, and at weeks 7 and 9 of remyelination periods by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) after body weight measurement and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the development of demyelination. The UHPLC-MS/MS measurements demonstrated a significant reduction of kynurenic acid, 3-hydoxykynurenine (3-HK), and xanthurenic acid in the plasma and a significant reduction of 3-HK, and anthranilic acid in the brain samples at week 5. Here, we show the profile of KYN metabolites in the CPZ-induced mouse model of demyelination. Thus, the KYN metabolite profile potentially serves as a biomarker of progressive MS and thus opens a new path toward planning personalized treatment, which is frequently obscured with immunologic components in MS deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Galla
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Nánási
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Katalin Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecília Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- Independent Researcher, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Ibrahim Fouad G. Sulforaphane, an Nrf-2 Agonist, Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Cuprizone-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:46-60. [PMID: 36650404 PMCID: PMC9859885 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a neurotoxic agent that is used to induce demyelination and neurotoxicity in rats. This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of sulforaphane (SF), nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf-2) activator, against CPZ-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Male adult Wistar rats (n = 18) were fed with a regular diet or a CPZ-contained diet (0.2%) for four weeks. The rats were divided into three groups (n = 6): negative control rats, CPZ-exposed rats, and CPZ + SF treated rats. SF was intraperitoneally administrated (2 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of SF were investigated biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. CPZ increased serum levels of cardiac troponin 1 (CTn1), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, serum levels of inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and pro-inflammatory interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were significantly elevated. Moreover, CPZ administration provoked oxidative stress as manifested by declined serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as, stimulated lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activities in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. SF treatment reversed all these biochemical alterations through exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, and this was supported by histopathological investigations in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This SF-triggered modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation is strongly associated with Nrf-2 activation, as evidenced by activated immunoexpression in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. This highlights the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities of SF via Nrf-2 activation and enhancing catalase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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Single-cell microglial transcriptomics during demyelination defines a microglial state required for lytic carcass clearance. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:82. [PMID: 36514132 PMCID: PMC9746011 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia regulate the response to injury and disease in the brain and spinal cord. In white matter diseases microglia may cause demyelination. However, how microglia respond and regulate demyelination is not fully understood. METHODS To understand how microglia respond during demyelination, we fed mice cuprizone-a potent demyelinating agent-and assessed the dynamics of genetically fate-mapped microglia. We then used single-cell RNA sequencing to identify and track the microglial subpopulations that arise during demyelination. To understand how microglia contribute to the clearance of dead oligodendrocytes, we ablated microglia starting at the peak of cuprizone-induced cell death and used the viability dye acridine orange to monitor apoptotic and lytic cell morphologies after microglial ablation. Lastly, we treated serum-free primary microglial cultures to model distinct aspects of cuprizone-induced demyelination and assessed the response. RESULTS The cuprizone diet generated a robust microglial response by week 4 of the diet. Single-cell RNA sequencing at this time point revealed the presence of several cuprizone-associated microglia (CAM) clusters. These clusters expressed a transcriptomic signature indicative of cytokine regulation and reactive oxygen species production with altered lysosomal and metabolic changes consistent with ongoing phagocytosis. Using acridine orange to monitor apoptotic and lytic cell death after microglial ablation, we found that microglia preferentially phagocytose lytic carcasses. In culture, microglia exposed to lytic carcasses partially recapitulated the CAM state, suggesting that phagocytosis contributes to this distinct microglial state during cuprizone demyelination. CONCLUSIONS Microglia serve multiple roles during demyelination, yet their transcriptomic state resembles other neurodegenerative conditions. The phagocytosis of cellular debris is likely a universal cause for a common neurodegenerative microglial state.
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Siponimod ameliorates metabolic oligodendrocyte injury via the sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204509119. [PMID: 36161894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204509119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune-driven, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), causes irreversible accumulation of neurological deficits to a variable extent. Although there are potent disease-modifying agents for its initial relapsing-remitting phase, immunosuppressive therapies show limited efficacy in secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Although modulation of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors has proven beneficial during SPMS, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this project, we followed the hypothesis that siponimod, a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator, exerts protective effects by direct modulation of glia cell function (i.e., either astrocytes, microglia, or oligodendrocytes). To this end, we used the toxin-mediated, nonautoimmune MS animal model of cuprizone (Cup) intoxication. On the histological level, siponimod ameliorated cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte degeneration, demyelination, and axonal injury. Protective effects were evident as well using GE180 translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) imaging with positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging or next generation sequencing (NGS). Siponimod also ameliorated the cuprizone-induced pathologies in Rag1-deficient mice, demonstrating that the protection is independent of T and B cell modulation. Proinflammatory responses in primary mixed astrocytes/microglia cell cultures were not modulated by siponimod, suggesting that other cell types than microglia and astrocytes are targeted. Of note, siponimod completely lost its protective effects in S1pr5-deficient mice, suggesting direct protection of degenerating oligodendrocytes. Our study demonstrates that siponimod exerts protective effects in the brain in a S1PR5-dependent manner. This finding is not just relevant in the context of MS but in other neuropathologies as well, characterized by a degeneration of the axon-myelin unit.
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Gasterich N, Bohn A, Sesterhenn A, Nebelo F, Fein L, Kaddatz H, Nyamoya S, Kant S, Kipp M, Weiskirchen R, Zendedel A, Beyer C, Clarner T. Lipocalin 2 attenuates oligodendrocyte loss and immune cell infiltration in mouse models for multiple sclerosis. Glia 2022; 70:2188-2206. [PMID: 35856297 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease characterized by both degenerative and inflammatory processes. Various mediators are involved in the interplay of degeneration and innate immunity on one hand and peripheral adaptive immunity on the other hand. The secreted protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory modulator in a variety of pathologies. Although elevated intrathecal levels of LCN2 have been reported in MS patients, it's functional role is widely unknown. Here, we identified a subpopulation of astrocytes as a source of LCN2 in MS lesions and respective animal models. We investigated the functional role of LCN2 for both autoimmune and degenerative aspects in three MS mouse models including both wild type (WT) and Lcn2-/- mouse strains. While the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model reflects primary autoimmunity, the cuprizone model reflects selective oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. In addition, we included a combinatory Cup/EAE model in which primary cytodegeneration is followed by inflammatory lesions within the forebrain. While in the EAE model, the disease outcome was comparable in between the two mouse strains, cuprizone intoxicated Lcn2-/- animals showed an increased loss of oligodendrocytes. In the Cup/EAE model, Lcn2-/- animals showed increased inflammation when compared to WT mice. Together, our results highlight LCN2 as a potentially protective molecule in MS lesion formation, which might be able to limit loss of oligodendrocytes immune-cell invasion. Despite these findings, it is not yet clear which glial cell phenotype (and to which extent) contributes to the observed neuroprotective effects, that is, microglia and/or astroglia or even endothelial cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gasterich
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Amelie Bohn
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anika Sesterhenn
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederik Nebelo
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Fein
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kant
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
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Wittekindt M, Kaddatz H, Joost S, Staffeld A, Bitar Y, Kipp M, Frintrop L. Different Methods for Evaluating Microglial Activation Using Anti-Ionized Calcium-Binding Adaptor Protein-1 Immunohistochemistry in the Cuprizone Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111723. [PMID: 35681418 PMCID: PMC9179561 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathology of various central nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). While different methods exist to evaluate the extent of microglia activation, comparative studies investigating the sensitivity of these methods are missing for most models. In this study, we systematically evaluated which of the three commonly used histological methods (id est, quantification of microglia density, densitometrically evaluated staining intensity, or cellular morphology based on the determination of a ramification index, all measured in anti-ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (IBA1) immunohistochemical stains) is the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes in the microglia activation status in the context of MS. To this end, we used the toxin-induced cuprizone model which allows the experimental induction of a highly reproducible demyelination in several central nervous system regions, paralleled by early microglia activation. In this study, we showed that after 3 weeks of cuprizone intoxication, all methods reveal a significant microglia activation in the white matter corpus callosum. In contrast, in the affected neocortical grey matter, the evaluation of anti-IBA1 cell morphologies was the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes of microglial activation. The results of this study provide a useful guide for future immunohistochemical evaluations in the cuprizone and other neurodegenerative models.
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Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR. Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35526004 PMCID: PMC9077942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary consumption of cuprizone – a copper chelator – has long been known to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple sclerosis. Despite the extensive use of cuprizone, the mechanism by which it induces demyelination are still unknown. With this review we provide an updated understanding of this model, by showcasing two distinct yet overlapping modes of action for cuprizone-induced demyelination; 1) damage originating from within the oligodendrocyte, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or reduced myelin protein synthesis. We term this mode of action ‘intrinsic cell damage’. And 2) damage to the oligodendrocyte exerted by inflammatory molecules, brain resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia or peripheral immune cells – neutrophils or T-cells. We term this mode of action ‘extrinsic cellular damage’. Lastly, we summarize recent developments in research on different forms of cell death induced by cuprizone, which could add valuable insights into the mechanisms of cuprizone toxicity. With this review we hope to provide a modern understanding of cuprizone-induced demyelination to understand the causes behind the demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zirngibl
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Sizov
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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10
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The mechanistic target of rapamycin as a regulator of metabolic function in oligodendroglia during remyelination. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102193. [PMID: 35245799 PMCID: PMC8995382 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for prominent metabolic dysfunction within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, the mechanisms controlling metabolic shifts in oligodendroglia are poorly understood. The cuprizone model of demyelination and remyelination is a valuable tool for assessing metabolic insult during oligodendrocyte death and myelin degradation, closely resembling the distal oligodendrogliopathy seen in Pattern III MS lesions. In this review we discuss how metabolic processes in oligodendrocytes are disrupted in both MS and the cuprizone model, as well as the evidence for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as a key regulator of oligodendroglial metabolic function and efficient remyelination.
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Hashem M, Shafqat Q, Wu Y, Rho JM, Dunn JF. Abnormal Oxidative Metabolism in the Cuprizone Mouse Model of Demyelination: an in vivo NIRS-MRI Study. Neuroimage 2022; 250:118935. [PMID: 35091079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in oxidative metabolism may occur in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating neurological diseases. The impact of demyelination on metabolic rate is also not understood. It is possible that mitochondrial damage may be associated with many such neurological disorders. To study oxidative metabolism with one model of demyelination, we implemented a novel multimodal imaging technique combining Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and MRI to cuprizone mouse model. The cuprizone model is used to study demyelination and may be associated with inhibition of mitochondrial function. Cuprizone mice showed reduced oxygen extraction fraction (-39.1%, p≤0.001), increased tissue oxygenation (6.4%, p≤0.001), and reduced cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in cortical gray matter (-62.1%, p≤0.001). These changes resolved after the cessation of cuprizone exposure and partial remyelination. A decrease in hemoglobin concentration (-34.4%, p≤0.001), but no change in cerebral blood flow were also observed during demyelination. The oxidized state of the mitochondrial enzyme, Cytochrome C Oxidase (CCO) increased (46.3%, p≤0.001) while the reduced state decreased (-34.4%, p≤0.05) significantly in cuprizone mice. The total amount of CCO did not change significantly during cuprizone exposure. Total CCO did decline after recovery both in control (-23.1%, p≤0.01) and cuprizone (-28.8%, p≤0.001) groups which may relate to age. A reduction in the magnetization transfer ratio, indicating demyelination, was found in the cuprizone group in the cerebral cortex (-3.2%, p≤0.01) and corpus callosum (-5.5%, p≤0.001). In summary, we were able to detect evidence of altered CCO metabolism during cuprizone exposure, consistent with a mitochondrial defect. We observed increased oxygenation and reduced metabolic rate associated with reduced myelination in the gray and white matter. The novel multimodal imaging technique applied here shows promise for noninvasively assessing parameters associated with oxidative metabolism in both mouse models of neurological disease and for translation to study oxidative metabolism in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Hashem
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Qandeel Shafqat
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jong M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1; Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1.
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Chao D, Mecca CM, Yu G, Segel I, Gold MS, Hogan QH, Pan B. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation of injured sensory neurons in rats rapidly eliminates their spontaneous activity and relieves spontaneous pain. Pain 2021; 162:2917-2932. [PMID: 33990112 PMCID: PMC8486885 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dorsal root ganglion field stimulation (GFS) relieves evoked and spontaneous neuropathic pain by use-dependent blockade of impulse trains through the sensory neuron T-junction, which becomes complete within less than 1 minute for C-type units, also with partial blockade of Aδ units. We used this tool in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat model to selectively block sensory neuron spontaneous activity (SA) of axotomized neurons at the fifth lumbar (L5) level vs blockade of units at the L4 level that remain uninjured but exposed to inflammation. In vivo dorsal root single-unit recordings after SNL showed increased SA in L5 units but not L4 units. Ganglion field stimulation blocked this SA. Ganglion field stimulation delivered at the L5 dorsal root ganglion blocked mechanical hyperalgesia behavior, mechanical allodynia, and ongoing spontaneous pain indicated by conditioned place preference, whereas GFS at L4 blocked evoked pain behavior but not spontaneous pain. In vivo single-unit recordings of spinal cord dorsal horn (DH) wide-dynamic-range neurons showed elevated SA after SNL, which was reduced by GFS at the L5 level but not by GFS at the L4 level. In addition, L5 GFS, but not L4 GFS, increased mechanical threshold of DH units during cutaneous mechanical stimulation, while L5 GFS exceeded L4 GFS in reducing evoked firing rates. Our results indicate that SA in injured neurons supports increased firing of DH wide-dynamic-range neurons, contributing to hyperalgesia, allodynia, and ongoing pain. Ganglion field stimulation analgesic effects after nerve injury are at least partly attributable to blocking propagation of this SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongman Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Christina M. Mecca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Guoliang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Ian Segel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Michael S. Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street Rm E1440 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Quinn H. Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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13
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Cong H, Liang M, Wang Y, Chang H, Du L, Zhang X, Yin L. Icariin ameliorates the cuprizone-induced acute brain demyelination and modulates the number of oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes in the brain of C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:37-47. [PMID: 34274431 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that treatment with icariin (ICA, a type of flavonoid) could mitigate the cuprizone (CPZ)-induced acute demyelination in the brain of mice and the potential mechanisms. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed continually with regular rodent chow or the chow supplemented with CPZ (0.2 % w/w) for six weeks to induce acute demyelination. The CPZ-fed mice were treated with vehicle or ICA at 12.5 or 25 mg/kg beginning at three weeks post CPZ feeding daily for three weeks. Their brain tissue sections were stained with oil red O, luxol-fast blue (LFB) and immunohistochemistry to characterize the levels of brain demyelination, myelin basic protein (MBP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the numbers of oligodendrocytes (Ols), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), microglia and astrocytes in mice. Compared with the healthy controls, CPZ feeding caused the brain demyelination by increasing NG2+ OPCs, but decreased oil red O and LFB staining, MBP level and GST-pi+ Ols in the brain corpus callosum region of mice. Furthermore, CPZ feeding decreased the number of BDNF+ cells in the brain cortex and hippocampus regions, but increased microglia in the brain corpus callosum, cortex and caudate putamen, and astrocytes in the corpus callosum regions of mice. Treatment with ICA significantly mitigated or abrogated the toxic demyelination of CPZ by preserving MBP and BDNF proteins and modulating the numbers of Ols, OPCs, microglia and astrocytes in the brain of mice. ICA treatment significantly ameliorated the CPZ-mediated demyelination and modulated the number of Ols, microglia and astrocytes in the brain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengri Cong
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Mengru Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, No.45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Haoxiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China; Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, No.45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4(th) Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100160, China; Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, No.45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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14
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Falvella ACB, Smith BJ, Silva-Costa LC, Valença AGF, Crunfli F, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, de Almeida V, Martins-de-Souza D. Cannabidiol Displays Proteomic Similarities to Antipsychotics in Cuprizone-Exposed Human Oligodendrocytic Cell Line MO3.13. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:673144. [PMID: 34122009 PMCID: PMC8193732 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.673144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol, a compound of Cannabis sativa, has been proposed as an alternative treatment of schizophrenia. Preclinical and clinical data have suggested that cannabidiol shares more similarity with atypical antipsychotics than typical, both of which are customarily used to manage schizophrenia symptoms. While oligodendrocytes are known to be relevant targets of antipsychotics, the biochemical knowledge in this regard is still limited. Here we evaluated the molecular pathways modulated by cannabidiol compared to the antipsychotics clozapine (atypical) and haloperidol (typical), additionally evaluating the effects of benztropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist that displays a protective effect in oligodendrocytes and myelination. For this purpose, we employed nano-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to investigate the proteomic response to these drugs both in healthy oligodendrocytic cells and in a cuprizone-based toxicity model, using the human oligodendrocyte precursor cell line MO3.13. Cannabidiol shares similarities of biochemical pathways with clozapine and benztropine, in agreement with other studies that indicated an atypical antipsychotic profile. All drugs tested affected metabolic and gene expression pathways and cannabidiol, benztropine, and clozapine modulated cell proliferation and apoptosis when administered after cuprizone-induced toxicity. These general pathways are associated with cuprizone-induced cytotoxicity in MO3.13 cells, indicating a possible proteomic approach when acting against the toxic effects of cuprizone. In conclusion, although modeling oligodendrocytic cytotoxicity with cuprizone does not represent the entirety of the pathophysiology of oligodendrocyte impairments, these results provide insight into the mechanisms associated with the effects of cannabidiol and antipsychotics against cuprizone toxicity, offering new directions of study for myelin-related processes and deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Brambilla Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bradley Joseph Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licia C Silva-Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline G F Valença
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio W Zuardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Hallak
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil.,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Morgan ML, Brideau C, Teo W, Caprariello AV, Stys PK. Label-free assessment of myelin status using birefringence microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109226. [PMID: 34052286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Label-free methods for quantifying myelination can reduce expense, time, and variability in results when examining tissue white matter pathology. NEW METHOD We sought to determine whether the optical birefringent properties of myelin could be exploited to determine myelination status of white matter in tissue sections. Sections of forebrains of mice (normal, and treated with cuprizone to cause demyelination) were examined by birefringence using a birefringence imaging system (Thorlabs LCC7201), and results compared with sections stained using Luxol Fast Blue. RESULTS Quantitative birefringence analysis of myelin was not only reliable in detecting demyelination, but also showed abnormalities that preceded myelin loss in cuprizone-treated mice. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Subtle myelin pathology visible with electron microscopy but not with conventional histopathological staining was readily detected with birefringence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Birefringence imaging provides a rapid, label-free method of analyzing the myelin content and nanostructural status in longitudinal white matter structures, being sensitive to subtle myelin changes that precede overt pathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lynn Morgan
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Craig Brideau
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Wulin Teo
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Andrew Vincent Caprariello
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Peter K Stys
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W. HRIC 1B37A, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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16
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Mitra NK, Xuan KY, Teo CC, Xian-Zhuang N, Singh A, Chellian J. Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of alpha-tocopherol in cuprizone-induced demyelination model of multiple sclerosis. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 15:602-611. [PMID: 33828603 PMCID: PMC8020858 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.301345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. Quantitative estimation of behavioral, locomotor, and histological changes following the use of alpha-tocopherol (AT) in the animal model of MS have not been reported. The present study was planned to evaluate whether AT can improve sensorimotor dysfunction and reduce demyelination in the cuprizone (CPZ)-induced rat model of MS. Experimental approach: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks) were fed with cuprizone diet for 5 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injections of alpha-tocopherol (100 mg/Kg) or PBS for 2 weeks (groups E1 and E2, n = 8). Group C (n = 8) was fed with normal pellets followed by intraperitoneal doses of PBS. Open-field test and beam walking were carried out on every 10th day. The mean area of demyelination in the corpus callosum was quantified in Luxol® fast blue (LFB) stained histological sections of the forebrain. Qualitative grading for relative changes in the stains of myelinated fibers was also done. Findings/Results: During withdrawal of CPZ, AT treatment increased the average speed by 22% in group E1, compared to group E2 (P < 0.05). The mean time to walk the beam was reduced in group E1 by 2.6% compared to group E2 (P < 0.05). The rearing frequency was increased in group E1 during week 6-7 compared to that in the period of CPZ treatment. The mean area of demyelination in the corpus callosum showed a 12% reduction in group E1 compared to group E2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion and implications: Short-term AT therapy showed improvement in motor dysfunction and reduction of demyelination in the animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Kumar Mitra
- Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Yu Xuan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Charmaine Caryn Teo
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ng Xian-Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anudeep Singh
- Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Marzan DE, Brügger-Verdon V, West BL, Liddelow S, Samanta J, Salzer JL. Activated microglia drive demyelination via CSF1R signaling. Glia 2021; 69:1583-1604. [PMID: 33620118 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis is a prominent pathological feature in many neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive auto-immune demyelinating disorder. The precise role of microglia, parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) macrophages, during demyelination, and the relative contributions of peripheral macrophages are incompletely understood. Classical markers used to identify microglia do not reliably discriminate between microglia and peripheral macrophages, confounding analyses. Here, we use a genetic fate mapping strategy to identify microglia as predominant responders and key effectors of demyelination in the cuprizone (CUP) model. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) - a secreted cytokine that regulates microglia development and survival-is upregulated in demyelinated white matter lesions. Depletion of microglia with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 greatly abrogates the demyelination, loss of oligodendrocytes, and reactive astrocytosis that results from CUP treatment. Electron microscopy (EM) and serial block face imaging show myelin sheaths remain intact in CUP treated mice depleted of microglia. However, these CUP-damaged myelin sheaths are lost and robustly phagocytosed upon-repopulation of microglia. Direct injection of CSF1 into CNS white matter induces focal microgliosis and demyelination indicating active CSF1 signaling can promote demyelination. Finally, mice defective in adopting a toxic astrocyte phenotype that is driven by microglia nevertheless demyelinate normally upon CUP treatment implicating microglia rather than astrocytes as the primary drivers of CUP-mediated demyelination. Together, these studies indicate activated microglia are required for and can drive demyelination directly and implicate CSF1 signaling in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave E Marzan
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valérie Brügger-Verdon
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Shane Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James L Salzer
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Teo W, Caprariello AV, Morgan ML, Luchicchi A, Schenk GJ, Joseph JT, Geurts JJG, Stys PK. Nile Red fluorescence spectroscopy reports early physicochemical changes in myelin with high sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016897118. [PMID: 33593907 PMCID: PMC7923366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016897118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular composition of myelin membranes determines their structure and function. Even minute changes to the biochemical balance can have profound consequences for axonal conduction and the synchronicity of neural networks. Hypothesizing that the earliest indication of myelin injury involves changes in the composition and/or polarity of its constituent lipids, we developed a sensitive spectroscopic technique for defining the chemical polarity of myelin lipids in fixed frozen tissue sections from rodent and human. The method uses a simple staining procedure involving the lipophilic dye Nile Red, whose fluorescence spectrum varies according to the chemical polarity of the microenvironment into which the dye embeds. Nile Red spectroscopy identified histologically intact yet biochemically altered myelin in prelesioned tissues, including mouse white matter following subdemyelinating cuprizone intoxication, as well as normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis brain. Nile Red spectroscopy offers a relatively simple yet highly sensitive technique for detecting subtle myelin changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulin Teo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Megan L Morgan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey T Joseph
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
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19
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Polyák H, Cseh EK, Bohár Z, Rajda C, Zádori D, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Cuprizone markedly decreases kynurenic acid levels in the rodent brain tissue and plasma. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06124. [PMID: 33553777 PMCID: PMC7856478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of the tryptophan (TRP) metabolism seems to play a role in the pathomechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). Cuprizone (CPZ) treated animals develop both demyelination (DEM) and remyelination (REM) in lack of peripheral immune response, such as the lesion pattern type III and IV in MS, representing primary oligodendrogliopathy. Objective To measure the metabolites of the KP in the CPZ treated animals, including TRP, KYN and kynurenic acid (KYNA). We proposed that KYNA levels might be decreased in the CPZ-induced demyelinating phase of the animal model of MS, which model represents the progressive phase of the disease. Methods A total of 64 C57Bl/6J animals were used for the study. Immunohistochemical (IHC) measurements were performed to prove the effect of CPZ, whereas high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the metabolites of the KP (n = 10/4 groups; DEM, CO1, REM, CO2). Results IHC measurements proved the detrimental effects of CPZ. HPLC measurements demonstrated a decrease of KYNA in the hippocampus (p < 0.05), somatosensory cortex (p < 0.01) and in plasma (p < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first evidence of marked reduction in KYNA levels in a non-immune mediated model of MS. Our results suggest an involvement of the KP in the pathomechanism of MS, which needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Polyák
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Katalin Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Rajda
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
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20
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Thompson KK, Tsirka SE. Guanabenz modulates microglia and macrophages during demyelination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19333. [PMID: 33168944 PMCID: PMC7653931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system, demyelination, and neuronal damage. There is no cure for MS, but available disease-modifying therapies can lessen severity and delay progression. However, current therapies are suboptimal due to adverse effects. Here, we investigate how the FDA-approved antihypertensive drug, guanabenz, which has a favorable safety profile and was recently reported to enhance oligodendrocyte survival, exerts effects on immune cells, specifically microglia and macrophages. We first employed the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and observed pronounced immunomodulation evident by a reduction in pro-inflammatory microglia and macrophages. When guanabenz was administered in the cuprizone model, in which demyelination is less dependent upon immune cells, we did not observe improvements in remyelination, oligodendrocyte numbers, and effects on microglial activation were less dramatic. Thus, guanabenz may be a promising therapeutic to minimize inflammation without exerting severe off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Koenig Thompson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
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21
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Wang J, Xue Z, Lin J, Wang Y, Ying H, Lv Q, Hua C, Wang M, Chen S, Zhou B. Proline improves cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction and attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis via redox regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114065. [PMID: 32492448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At present, ischemic heart failure (HF) caused by coronary heart disease (CHD) has a high morbidity and mortality, placing a heavy burden on global human health. L-Proline (Pro), a nonessential amino acid and the foundation of proteins in the human body, was found to be protective against oxidative stress in various diseases. However, the role of Pro in cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. In vivo, adult mice were subjected to left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation for 4 weeks with or without Pro treatment. In vitro, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were pretreated with or without Pro, followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (200 μM) for 6 and 12 h. Our data showed that Pro metabolism was disturbing after myocardial infarction (MI). Pro treatment improved cardiac remodeling, reduced infarct size, and decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse hearts after MI. Pro inhibited the H2O2-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H9c2 cells and protected against H2O2-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and pathway analysis, Pro was shown to exert a protective effect through H2O2 catabolic processes and apoptotic processes, especially oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Taken together, our findings suggested that Pro protects against MI injury at least partially via redox regulation, highlighting the potential of Pro as a novel therapy for ischemic HF caused by CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangying Ying
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunting Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siji Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binquan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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22
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Kopanitsa MV, Lehtimäki KK, Forsman M, Suhonen A, Koponen J, Piiponniemi TO, Kärkkäinen AM, Pavlidi P, Shatillo A, Sweeney PJ, Merenlender-Wagner A, Kaye J, Orbach A, Nurmi A. Cognitive disturbances in the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12663. [PMID: 32372528 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive problems frequently accompany neurological manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, during screening of preclinical candidates, assessments of behaviour in mouse models of MS typically focus on locomotor activity. In the present study, we analysed cognitive behaviour of 9 to 10-week-old female C57Bl/6J mice orally administered with the toxin cuprizone that induces demyelination, a characteristic feature of MS. Animals received 400 mg/kg cuprizone daily for 2 or 4 weeks, and their performance was compared with that of vehicle-treated mice. Cuprizone-treated animals showed multiple deficits in short touchscreen-based operant tasks: they responded more slowly to visual stimuli, rewards and made more errors in a simple rule-learning task. In contextual/cued fear conditioning experiments, cuprizone-treated mice showed significantly lower levels of contextual freezing than vehicle-treated mice. Diffusion tensor imaging showed treatment-dependent changes in fractional anisotropy as well as in axial and mean diffusivities in different white matter areas. Lower values of fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity in cuprizone-treated mice indicated developing demyelination and/or axonal damage. Several diffusion tensor imaging measurements correlated with learning parameters. Our results show that translational touchscreen operant tests and fear conditioning paradigms can reliably detect cognitive consequences of cuprizone treatment. The suggested experimental approach enables screening novel MS drug candidates in longitudinal experiments for their ability to improve pathological changes in brain structure and reverse cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym V Kopanitsa
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ari Suhonen
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Koponen
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Pavlina Pavlidi
- MSc Programme in Translational Neuroscience, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Joel Kaye
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel
| | - Aric Orbach
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel
| | - Antti Nurmi
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
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23
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Fernández-Castañeda A, Chappell MS, Rosen DA, Seki SM, Beiter RM, Johanson DM, Liskey D, Farber E, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Overall CC, Dupree JL, Gaultier A. The active contribution of OPCs to neuroinflammation is mediated by LRP1. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:365-382. [PMID: 31552482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) account for about 5% of total brain and spinal cord cells, giving rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes that provide electrical insulation to neurons of the CNS. OPCs have also recently been shown to regulate inflammatory responses and glial scar formation, suggesting functions that extend beyond myelination. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifaceted phagocytic receptor that is highly expressed in several CNS cell types, including OPCs. Here, we have generated an oligodendroglia-specific knockout of LRP1, which presents with normal myelin development, but is associated with better outcomes in two animal models of demyelination (EAE and cuprizone). At a mechanistic level, LRP1 did not directly affect OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Instead, animals lacking LRP1 in OPCs in the demyelinating CNS were characterized by a robust dampening of inflammation. In particular, LRP1-deficient OPCs presented with impaired antigen cross-presentation machinery, suggesting a failure to propagate the inflammatory response and thus promoting faster myelin repair and neuroprotection. Our study places OPCs as major regulators of neuroinflammation in an LRP1-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fernández-Castañeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Megan S Chappell
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Dorian A Rosen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Scott M Seki
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David M Johanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Delaney Liskey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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24
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Bhattacharjee A, Ghosh S, Chatterji A, Chakraborty K. Neuron-glia: understanding cellular copper homeostasis, its cross-talk and their contribution towards neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2020; 12:1897-1911. [PMID: 33295934 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the mechanism of copper homeostasis in various organ systems has gained importance. This is owing to the involvement of copper in a wide range of genetic disorders, most of them involving neurological symptoms. This highlights the importance of copper and its tight regulation in a complex organ system like the brain. It demands understanding the mechanism of copper acquisition and delivery to various cell types overcoming the limitation imposed by the blood brain barrier. The present review aims to investigate the existing work to understand the mechanism and complexity of cellular copper homeostasis in the two major cell types of the CNS - the neurons and the astrocytes. It investigates the mechanism of copper uptake, incorporation and export by these cell types. Furthermore, it brings forth the common as well as the exclusive aspects of neuronal and glial copper homeostasis including the studies from copper-based sensors. Glia act as a mediator of copper supply between the endothelium and the neurons. They possess all the qualifications of acting as a 'copper-sponge' for supply to the neurons. The neurons, on the other hand, require copper for various essential functions like incorporation as a cofactor for enzymes, synaptogenesis, axonal extension, inhibition of postsynaptic excitotoxicity, etc. Lastly, we also aim to understand the neuronal and glial pathology in various copper homeostasis disorders. The etiology of glial pathology and its contribution towards neuronal pathology and vice versa underlies the complexity of the neuropathology associated with the copper metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhattacharjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700135, India.
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25
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Pandur E, Pap R, Varga E, Jánosa G, Komoly S, Fórizs J, Sipos K. Relationship of Iron Metabolism and Short-Term Cuprizone Treatment of C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092257. [PMID: 31067791 PMCID: PMC6539941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the models to investigate the distinct mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis is based on cuprizone (CZ) intoxication. CZ is toxic to mature oligodendrocytes and produces demyelination within the central nervous system but does not cause direct neuronal damage. The CZ model is suitable for better understanding the molecular mechanism of de- and remyelination processes of oligodendrocytes. CZ is a copper chelating agent and it also affects the iron metabolism in brain and liver tissues. To determine the early effect of CZ treatment on iron homeostasis regulation, cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage, as well as some lipid metabolism genes, we investigated the expression of respective iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism genes of the corpus callosum (CC) and the liver after short-term CZ administration. In the present study C57BL/6 male mice aged four weeks were fed with standard rodent food premixed with 0.2 w/w% CZ for two or eight days. The major findings of our experiments are that short-term CZ treatment causes significant changes in iron metabolism regulation as well as in the expression of myelin and lipid synthesis-related genes, even before apparent demyelination occurs. Both in the CC and the liver the iron uptake, utilization and storage are modified, though not always the same way or to the same extent in the two organs. Understanding the role of iron in short-term and long-term CZ intoxication could provide a partial explanation of the discrepant signs of acute and chronic MS. These could contribute to understanding the development of multiple sclerosis and might provide a possible drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edit Varga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Jánosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sámuel Komoly
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Fórizs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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26
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Long lasting behavioural effects on cuprizone fed mice after neurotoxicant withdrawal. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:38-44. [PMID: 30703396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) is prominent in many clinico-pathologic conditions. Among animal models that reproduce the pathological features of de- and remyelination processes, the mouse model of cuprizone administration is widely used. Both hyperactivity and motor impairment have been reported upon cuprizone exposure. The aim of the present study was to assess behaviour in mice after CPZ withdrawal.To summarize, animals showed hypo-activity and deficits in motor coordination when they were subjected to acute demyelinating insult while minor exploratory activity, impairment in motor coordination and lower anxiety levels emerged when remyelination was reached following cuprizone withdrawal. A recovery period of 6 weeks after removal of CPZ was not accompanied by a similar return of normal activity indicating long lasting behavioural effects caused by this neurotoxicant. Specifically, the recovery group showed impairments in neurological functions involved in sensorimotor, neuromuscular, motor coordination and the capacity to cope with a stress-inducing event.
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27
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Yakimov V, Schweiger F, Zhan J, Behrangi N, Horn A, Schmitz C, Hochstrasser T, Kipp M. Continuous cuprizone intoxication allows active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in C57BL/6 mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:119-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Animal Weight Is an Important Variable for Reliable Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:522-528. [PMID: 30937629 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An elegant model to study mechanisms operant during oligodendrocyte degeneration and subsequent demyelination is the cuprizone model. In that model, mice are intoxicated with the copper chelation agent cuprizone which results in early oligodendrocyte stress, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, and, finally, demyelination. Here, we systematically investigated to what extent the animals' weight at the beginning of the cuprizone intoxication period is critical for the reproducibility of the cuprizone-induced pathology. We can demonstrate that a negative correlation exists between the two variables "extent of cuprizone-induced demyelination" and "starting weight." Demyelination and microglia activation were more severe in low weight compared to heavy weight mice. These findings are highly relevant for the experimental design using the cuprizone model.
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29
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Oligodendrocyte degeneration and concomitant microglia activation directs peripheral immune cells into the forebrain. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:139-153. [PMID: 30867127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain-intrinsic degenerative cascades are a proposed factor driving inflammatory lesion formation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We recently showed that encephalitogenic lymphocytes are recruited to the sites of active demyelination induced by cuprizone. Here, we investigated whether cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte and myelin pathology is sufficient to trigger peripheral immune cell recruitment into the forebrain. We show that early cuprizone-induced white matter lesions display a striking similarity to early MS lesions, i.e., oligodendrocyte degeneration, microglia activation and absence of severe lymphocyte infiltration. Such early cuprizone lesions are sufficient to trigger peripheral immune cell recruitment secondary to subsequent EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) induction. The lesions are characterized by discontinuation of the perivascular glia limitans, focal axonal damage, and perivascular astrocyte pathology. Time course studies showed that the severity of cuprizone-induced lesions positively correlates with the extent of peripheral immune cell recruitment. Furthermore, results of genome-wide array analyses suggest that moesin is integral for early microglia activation in cuprizone and MS lesions. This study underpins the significance of brain-intrinsic degenerative cascades for immune cell recruitment and, in consequence, MS lesion formation.
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30
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Vega-Riquer JM, Mendez-Victoriano G, Morales-Luckie RA, Gonzalez-Perez O. Five Decades of Cuprizone, an Updated Model to Replicate Demyelinating Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:129-141. [PMID: 28714395 PMCID: PMC6343207 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170717120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise a group of neurological disorders characterized by progressive (and eventually irreversible) loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in the white matter tracts. Some of myelin disorders include: Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, peripheral nerve polyneuropathy and others. To date, the etiology of these disorders is not well known and no effective treatments are currently available against them. Therefore, further research is needed to gain a better understand and treat these patients. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to have appropriate animal models that closely resemble the pathophysiology and clinical signs of these diseases. Herein, we describe the model of toxic demyelination induced by cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelator that reduces the cytochrome and monoamine oxidase activity into the brain, produces mitochondrial stress and triggers the local immune response. These biochemical and cellular responses ultimately result in selective loss of oligodendrocytes and microglia accumulation, which conveys to extensive areas of demyelination and gliosis in corpus callosum, superior cerebellar peduncles and cerebral cortex. Remarkably, some aspects of the histological pattern induced by CPZ are similar to those found in multiple sclerosis. CPZ exposure provokes behavioral changes, impairs motor skills and affects mood as that observed in several demyelinating diseases. Upon CPZ removal, the pathological and histological changes gradually revert. Therefore, some authors have postulated that the CPZ model allows to partially mimic the disease relapses observed in some demyelinating diseases. CONCLUSION for five decades, the model of CPZ-induced demyelination is a good experimental approach to study demyelinating diseases that has maintained its validity, and is a suitable pharmacological model for reproducing some key features of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Address correspondence to this author at the Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Colima, Colima, COL 28040, Mexico; Tel: +52 (312) 3161091; E-mail: :
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31
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Fischbach F, Nedelcu J, Leopold P, Zhan J, Clarner T, Nellessen L, Beißel C, van Heuvel Y, Goswami A, Weis J, Denecke B, Schmitz C, Hochstrasser T, Nyamoya S, Victor M, Beyer C, Kipp M. Cuprizone-induced graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability is regulated by the transcription factor DNA damage-inducible transcript 3. Glia 2018; 67:263-276. [PMID: 30511355 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are integral to efficient neuronal signaling. Loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes is a central feature of many neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The results of neuropathological studies suggest that oligodendrocytes react with differing sensitivity to toxic insults, with some cells dying early during lesion development and some cells being resistant for weeks. This proposed graded vulnerability has never been demonstrated but provides an attractive window for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the biochemical pathways associated with graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability have not been well explored. We used immunohistochemistry and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (3D-SEM) to show that cuprizone-induced metabolic stress results in an "out of phase" degeneration of oligodendrocytes. Although expression induction of stress response transcription factors in oligodendrocytes occurs within days, subsequent oligodendrocyte apoptosis continues for weeks. In line with the idea of an out of phase degeneration of oligodendrocytes, detailed ultrastructural reconstructions of the axon-myelin unit demonstrate demyelination of single internodes. In parallel, genome wide array analyses revealed an active unfolded protein response early after initiation of the cuprizone intoxication. In addition to the cytoprotective pathways, the pro-apoptotic transcription factor DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) was induced early in oligodendrocytes. In advanced lesions, DDIT3 was as well expressed by activated astrocytes. Toxin-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, demyelination, microgliosis, astrocytosis, and acute axonal damage were less intense in the Ddit3-null mutants. This study identifies DDIT3 as an important regulator of graded oligodendrocyte vulnerability in a MS animal model. Interference with this stress cascade might offer a promising therapeutic approach for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fischbach
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrizia Leopold
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Nellessen
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Beißel
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yasemin van Heuvel
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anand Goswami
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF Aachen), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion Victor
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Chair of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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32
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Low, but not high, dose triptolide controls neuroinflammation and improves behavioral deficits in toxic model of multiple sclerosis by dampening of NF-κB activation and acceleration of intrinsic myelin repair. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 342:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Teske N, Liessem A, Fischbach F, Clarner T, Beyer C, Wruck C, Fragoulis A, Tauber SC, Victor M, Kipp M. Chemical hypoxia-induced integrated stress response activation in oligodendrocytes is mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). J Neurochem 2018; 144:285-301. [PMID: 29210072 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent of remyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions is often incomplete. Injury to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can be a contributing factor for such incomplete remyelination. The precise mechanisms underlying insufficient repair remain to be defined, but oxidative stress appears to be involved. Here, we used immortalized oligodendrocyte cell lines as model systems to investigate a causal relation of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling cascades. OLN93 and OliNeu cells were subjected to chemical hypoxia by blocking the respiratory chain at various levels. Mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress levels were quantified by flow cytometry. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was monitored by the expression induction of activating transcription factor 3 and 4 (Atf3, Atf4), DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (Ddit3), and glucose-regulated protein 94. Lentiviral silencing of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 or kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 was applied to study the relevance of NRF2 for endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. We demonstrate that inhibition of the respiratory chain induces oxidative stress in cultured oligodendrocytes which is paralleled by the expression induction of distinct mediators of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, namely Atf3, Atf4, and Ddit3. Atf3 and Ddit3 expression induction is potentiated in kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-deficient cells and absent in cells lacking the oxidative stress-related transcription factor NRF2. This study provides strong evidence that oxidative stress in oligodendrocytes activates endoplasmic reticulum stress response in a NRF2-dependent manner and, in consequence, might regulate oligodendrocyte degeneration in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Teske
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Liessem
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and JARA-BRAIN, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Fischbach
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and JARA-BRAIN, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and JARA-BRAIN, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wruck
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marion Victor
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Karamita M, Barnum C, Möbius W, Tansey MG, Szymkowski DE, Lassmann H, Probert L. Therapeutic inhibition of soluble brain TNF promotes remyelination by increasing myelin phagocytosis by microglia. JCI Insight 2017; 2:87455. [PMID: 28422748 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease in which remyelination largely fails. Transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) and TNF receptor 2 are important for remyelination in experimental MS models, but it is unknown whether soluble TNF (solTNF), a major proinflammatory factor, is involved in regeneration processes. Here, we investigated the specific contribution of solTNF to demyelination and remyelination in the cuprizone model. Treatment with XPro1595, a selective inhibitor of solTNF that crosses the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), in cuprizone-fed mice did not prevent toxin-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination, but it permitted profound early remyelination due to improved phagocytosis of myelin debris by CNS macrophages and prevented disease-associated decline in motor performance. The beneficial effects of XPro1595 were absent in TNF-deficient mice and replicated in tmTNF-knockin mice, showing that tmTNF is sufficient for the maintenance of myelin and neuroprotection. These findings demonstrate that solTNF inhibits remyelination and repair in a cuprizone demyelination model and suggest that local production of solTNF in the CNS might be one reason why remyelination fails in MS. These findings also suggest that disinhibition of remyelination by selective inhibitors of solTNF that cross the BBB might represent a promising approach for treatment in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Taraboletti A, Walker T, Avila R, Huang H, Caporoso J, Manandhar E, Leeper TC, Modarelli DA, Medicetty S, Shriver LP. Cuprizone Intoxication Induces Cell Intrinsic Alterations in Oligodendrocyte Metabolism Independent of Copper Chelation. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1518-1528. [PMID: 28186720 PMCID: PMC6145805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone intoxication is a common animal model used to test myelin regenerative therapies for the treatment of diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Mice fed this copper chelator develop reversible, region-specific oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. While the cellular changes influencing the demyelinating process have been explored in this model, there is no consensus about the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity in oligodendrocytes and about whether this damage arises from the chelation of copper in vivo. Here we have identified an oligodendroglial cell line that displays sensitivity to cuprizone toxicity and performed global metabolomic profiling to determine biochemical pathways altered by this treatment. We link these changes with alterations in brain metabolism in mice fed cuprizone for 2 and 6 weeks. We find that cuprizone induces widespread changes in one-carbon and amino acid metabolism as well as alterations in small molecules that are important for energy generation. We used mass spectrometry to examine chemical interactions that are important for copper chelation and toxicity. Our results indicate that cuprizone induces global perturbations in cellular metabolism that may be independent of its copper chelating ability and potentially related to its interactions with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a coenzyme essential for amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tia Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana 46408, United States
| | - Robin Avila
- Renovo Neural, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joel Caporoso
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Erendra Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Thomas C. Leeper
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - David A. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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IL-17A Promotes Granulocyte Infiltration, Myelin Loss, Microglia Activation, and Behavioral Deficits During Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:946-957. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Thalamus Degeneration and Inflammation in Two Distinct Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:102-14. [PMID: 27491786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that multiple sclerosis (MS) represents more than an inflammatory disease: it harbors several characteristic aspects of a classical neurodegenerative disorder, i.e., damage to axons, synapses, and nerve cell bodies. While several accepted paraclinical methods exist to monitor the inflammatory-driven aspects of the disease, techniques to monitor progression of early and late neurodegeneration are still in their infancy and have not been convincingly validated. It was speculated that the thalamus with its multiple reciprocal connections is sensitive to inflammatory processes occurring in different brain regions, thus acting as a "barometer" for diffuse brain parenchymal damage in MS. To what extent the thalamus is affected in commonly applied MS animal models is, however, not known. In this article we describe direct and indirect damage to the thalamus in two distinct MS animal models. In the cuprizone model, we observed primary oligodendrocyte stress which is followed by demyelination, microglia/astrocyte activation, and acute axonal damage. These degenerative cuprizone-induced lesions were found to be more severe in the lateral compared to the medial part of the thalamus. In MOG35-55-induced EAE, in contrast, most parts of the forebrain, including the thalamus were not directly involved in the autoimmune attack. However, important thalamic afferent fiber tracts, such as the spinothalamic tract were inflamed and demyelinated on the spinal cord level. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed that this spinal cord inflammatory-demyelination is associated with neuronal loss within the target region of the spinothalamic tract, namely the sensory ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. This study highlights the possibility of trans-neuronal degeneration as one mechanism of secondary neuronal damage in MS. Further studies are now warranted to investigate involved cell types and cellular mechanisms.
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KEILHOFF GERBURG, LUCAS BENJAMIN, UHDE KATJA, FANSA HISHAM. Selected gene profiles of stressed NSC-34 cells and rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve reconstruction and minocycline treatment. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1685-1699. [PMID: 27168790 PMCID: PMC4840837 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of minocycline on the expression of selected transcriptional and translational profiles in the rat spinal cord following sciatic nerve (SNR) transection and microsurgical coaptation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were monitored in the rat lumbar spinal cord following microsurgical reconstruction of the sciatic nerves and minocycline treatment. The present study used semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. As a PCR analysis of spinal cord tissue enabled the examination of the expression patterns of all cell types including glia, the motorneuron-like NSC-34 cell line was used to investigate expression level changes in motorneurons. As stressors, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment were performed. SNR did not induce significant degeneration of ventral horn motorneurons, whereas microglia activation and synaptic terminal retraction were detectable. All genes were constitutively expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in untreated spinal cord and control cells. SNR significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of all genes, albeit only temporarily. In all genes except MMP9 and GAP-43, the induction was seen ipsilaterally and contralaterally. The effects of minocycline were moderate. The expression levels of MMP9, TNF-α, MHC I, VEGF, and GAP-43 were reduced, whereas those of Bax and Bcl-2 were unaffected. OGD, but not LPS, was toxic for NSC-34 cells. No changes in the expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, MHC I or ATF3 were observed. These results indicated that motorneurons were not preferentially or solely responsible for SNR-mediated upregulation of these genes. MMP9, TNF-α, VEGF and Bcl-2 were stress-activated. These results suggest that a substantial participation of motorneurons in gene expression levels in vivo. Minocycline was also shown to have inhibitory effects. The nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway may be a possible target of minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- GERBURG KEILHOFF
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - BENJAMIN LUCAS
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - KATJA UHDE
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - HISHAM FANSA
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld D-33604, Germany
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Faizi M, Salimi A, Seydi E, Naserzadeh P, Kouhnavard M, Rahimi A, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of cuprizone a Cu(2+) chelating agent on isolated mouse brain mitochondria: a justification for demyelination and subsequent behavioral dysfunction. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:276-83. [PMID: 27088566 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1172284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with an unknown etiology and no effective cure, despite decades of extensive research that led to the development of several partially effective treatments. In this study we aimed to investigate brain mitochondrial dysfunction in demyelination induced by cuprizone in mice. Cuprizone was used for induction of demyelination in mice through a diet containing 0.2% w/w cuprizone for 5 weeks. Behavioral tests for proving of MS was performed and then mitochondria from brain of animals were isolated and afterwards parameters of mitochondrial dysfunction examined. Results of mitochondrial dysfunction parameters such as mitochondrial swelling, production ROS, collapse of the membrane potential showed that isolated mitochondria from cuprizone treated mice have been damaged compared to those of untreated control mice. It is likely that demyelination induced mitochondrial damage led to increased mitochondrial ROS formation and progression of oxidative damages in neurons. It is suggested that cuprizone which is a Cu(2+) chelating agent causes impairment of electron transport chain (complex IV) and antioxidant system (SOD) in mitochondria leading to decreased ATP production and increased ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Faizi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmad Salimi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Science , Ardabil , Iran ;,c Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Enayatolla Seydi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,c Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran ;,c Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Kouhnavard
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Atena Rahimi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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40
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Tagge I, O’Connor A, Chaudhary P, Pollaro J, Berlow Y, Chalupsky M, Bourdette D, Woltjer R, Johnson M, Rooney W. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Demyelination and Remyelination in the Cuprizone Mouse Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152480. [PMID: 27054832 PMCID: PMC4824475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone administration in mice provides a reproducible model of demyelination and spontaneous remyelination, and has been useful in understanding important aspects of human disease, including multiple sclerosis. In this study, we apply high spatial resolution quantitative MRI techniques to establish the spatio-temporal patterns of acute demyelination in C57BL/6 mice after 6 weeks of cuprizone administration, and subsequent remyelination after 6 weeks of post-cuprizone recovery. MRI measurements were complemented with Black Gold II stain for myelin and immunohistochemical stains for associated tissue changes. Gene expression was evaluated using the Allen Gene Expression Atlas. Twenty-five C57BL/6 male mice were split into control and cuprizone groups; MRI data were obtained at baseline, after 6 weeks of cuprizone, and 6 weeks post-cuprizone. High-resolution (100 μm isotropic) whole-brain coverage magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) parametric maps demonstrated concurrent caudal-to-rostral and medial-to-lateral gradients of MTR decrease within corpus callosum (CC) that correlated well with demyelination assessed histologically. Our results show that demyelination was not limited to the midsagittal line of the corpus callosum, and also that opposing gradients of demyelination occur in the lateral and medial CC. T2-weighted MRI gray/white matter contrast was strong at baseline, weak after 6 weeks of cuprizone treatment, and returned to a limited extent after recovery. MTR decreases during demyelination were observed throughout the brain, most clearly in callosal white matter. Myelin damage and repair appear to be influenced by proximity to oligodendrocyte progenitor cell populations and exhibit an inverse correlation with myelin basic protein gene expression. These findings suggest that susceptibility to injury and ability to repair vary across the brain, and whole-brain analysis is necessary to accurately characterize this model. Whole-brain parametric mapping across time is essential for gaining a real understanding of disease processes in-vivo. MTR increases in healthy mice throughout adolescence and adulthood were observed, illustrating the need for appropriate age-matched controls. Elucidating the unique and site-specific demyelination in the cuprizone model may offer new insights into in mechanisms of both damage and repair in human demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Audrey O’Connor
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Jim Pollaro
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Yosef Berlow
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Megan Chalupsky
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Mac Johnson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA 02210, United States of America
| | - William Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
- Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
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Shao Y, Peng H, Huang Q, Kong J, Xu H. Quetiapine mitigates the neuroinflammation and oligodendrocyte loss in the brain of C57BL/6 mouse following cuprizone exposure for one week. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:249-57. [PMID: 26321148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at examining effects of quetiapine (QTP), an atypical antipsychotic, on the behaviors of mice which had consumed cuprizone (CPZ)-containing diet for one week and on inflammatory reactions and oligodendrocyte (OL) loss in brains of them. Young adult C57BL/6 mice, after fed CPZ-containing diet (0.2%, w/w) for one week, showed an increase in the locomotor activity in the open-field, and a decreased exploration time in the novel object recognition (NOR) test compared to controls. But, these changes were not seen in mice co-administered with QTP and CPZ. All mice in the four groups showed comparable performances in Y-maze test. After the behavioral tests, mice were killed and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to examine OLs, astrocytes and microglia. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in certain brain regions were also evaluated by ELISA method. Mice in the NS+CPZ group showed fewer OLs, more activated astrocytes and microglia with higher immunofluorescence intensity in the examined brain regions of the corpus callosum, caudate putamen, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in some of these brain regions were also increased. But these changes were completely blocked or effectively ameliorated in the QTP+CPZ group. These results demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect of QTP in CPZ-exposed mice and this action may contribute to its protection on OLs and beneficial effects on the CPZ-induced behavioral changes in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shao
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Große-Veldmann R, Becker B, Amor S, van der Valk P, Beyer C, Kipp M. Lesion Expansion in Experimental Demyelination Animal Models and Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4905-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Praet J, Guglielmetti C, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:485-505. [PMID: 25445182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cuprizone mouse model allows the investigation of the complex molecular mechanisms behind nonautoimmune-mediated demyelination and spontaneous remyelination. While it is generally accepted that oligodendrocytes are specifically vulnerable to cuprizone intoxication due to their high metabolic demands, a comprehensive overview of the etiology of cuprizone-induced pathology is still missing to date. In this review we extensively describe the physico-chemical mode of action of cuprizone and discuss the molecular and enzymatic mechanisms by which cuprizone induces metabolic stress, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, myelin degeneration and eventually axonal and neuronal pathology. In addition, we describe the dual effector function of the immune system which tightly controls demyelination by effective induction of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, but in contrast also paves the way for fast and efficient remyelination by the secretion of neurotrophic factors and the clearance of cellular and myelinic debris. Finally, we discuss the many clinical symptoms that can be observed following cuprizone treatment, and how these strengthened the cuprizone model as a useful tool to study human multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and epilepsy.
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44
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Anatomical Distribution of Cuprizone-Induced Lesions in C57BL6 Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:166-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Praet J, Orije J, Kara F, Guglielmetti C, Santermans E, Daans J, Hens N, Verhoye M, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A. Cuprizone-induced demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation result in different proton magnetic resonance metabolite spectra. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:505-513. [PMID: 25802215 PMCID: PMC4403969 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional MRI is frequently used during the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis but provides only little additional pathological information. Proton MRS ((1) H-MRS), however, provides biochemical information on the lesion pathology by visualization of a spectrum of metabolites. In this study we aimed to better understand the changes in metabolite concentrations following demyelination of the white matter. Therefore, we used the cuprizone model, a well-established mouse model to mimic type III human multiple sclerosis demyelinating lesions. First, we identified CX3 CL1/CX3 CR1 signaling as a major regulator of microglial activity in the cuprizone mouse model. Compared with control groups (heterozygous CX3 CR1(+/-) C57BL/6 mice and wild type CX3 CR1(+/+) C57BL/6 mice), microgliosis, astrogliosis, oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination were shown to be highly reduced or absent in CX3 CR1(-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Second, we show that (1) H-MRS metabolite spectra are different when comparing cuprizone-treated CX3 CR1(-/-) mice showing mild demyelination with cuprizone-treated CX3 CR1(+/+) mice showing severe demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation. Following cuprizone treatment, CX3 CR1(+/+) mice show a decrease in the Glu, tCho and tNAA concentrations as well as an increased Tau concentration. In contrast, following cuprizone treatment CX3 CR1(-/-) mice only showed a decrease in tCho and tNAA concentrations. Therefore, (1) H-MRS might possibly allow us to discriminate demyelination from demyelination-associated inflammation via changes in Tau and Glu concentration. In addition, the observed decrease in tCho concentration in cuprizone-induced demyelinating lesions should be further explored as a possible diagnostic tool for the early identification of human MS type III lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Praet
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Orije
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Firat Kara
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-BioStat, Hasselt UniversityHasselt, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Center for Statistics, I-BioStat, Hasselt UniversityHasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
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Clarner T, Janssen K, Nellessen L, Stangel M, Skripuletz T, Krauspe B, Hess FM, Denecke B, Beutner C, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Neumann H, Vallières L, Amor S, Ohl K, Tenbrock K, Beyer C, Kipp M. CXCL10 Triggers Early Microglial Activation in the Cuprizone Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3400-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sachs HH, Bercury KK, Popescu DC, Narayanan SP, Macklin WB. A new model of cuprizone-mediated demyelination/remyelination. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/5/1759091414551955. [PMID: 25290063 PMCID: PMC4187018 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414551955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, result in devastating long-term neurologic damage, in part because of the lack of effective remyelination in the adult human brain. One model used to understand the mechanisms regulating remyelination is cuprizone-induced demyelination, which allows investigation of remyelination mechanisms in adult animals following toxin-induced demyelination. Unfortunately, the degree of demyelination in the cuprizone model can vary, which complicates understanding the process of remyelination. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that the Akt/mTOR pathway regulates active myelination. When given to young postnatal mice, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, inhibits active myelination. In the current study, the cuprizone model was modified by the addition of rapamycin during cuprizone exposure. When administered together, cuprizone and rapamycin produced more complete demyelination and provided a longer time frame over which to investigate remyelination than treatment with cuprizone alone. The consistency in demyelination will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms initiating remyelination. Furthermore, the slower rate of remyelination provides a longer window of time in which to investigate the diverse contributing factors that regulate remyelination. This new model of cuprizone-induced demyelination could potentially aid in identification of new therapeutic targets to enhance remyelination in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary H Sachs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn K Bercury
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniela C Popescu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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48
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Krauspe BM, Dreher W, Beyer C, Baumgartner W, Denecke B, Janssen K, Langhans CD, Clarner T, Kipp M. Short-term cuprizone feeding verifies N-acetylaspartate quantification as a marker of neurodegeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:733-48. [PMID: 25189319 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a quantitative MR imaging technique often used to complement conventional MR imaging with specific metabolic information. A key metabolite is the amino acid derivative N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) which is an accepted marker to measure the extent of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. NAA is catabolized by the enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA) which is predominantly expressed in oligodendrocytes. Since the formation of MS lesions is paralleled by oligodendrocyte loss, NAA might accumulate in the brain, and therefore, the extent of neurodegeneration might be underestimated. In the present study, we used the well-characterized cuprizone model. There, the loss of oligodendrocytes is paralleled by a reduction in ASPA expression and activity as demonstrated by genome-wide gene expression analysis and enzymatic activity assays. Notably, brain levels of NAA were not increased as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H-MRS. These important findings underpin the reliability of NAA quantification as a valid marker for the paraclinical determination of the extent of neurodegeneration, even under conditions of oligodendrocyte loss in which impaired metabolization of NAA is expected. Future studies have to reveal whether other enzymes are able to metabolize NAA or whether an excess of NAA is cleared by other mechanisms rather than enzymatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maria Krauspe
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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