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van Reemst L, Jongerling J. Exposure to aggression in three contexts of emergency response: A longitudinal examination of the relationship with psychological characteristics of the emergency responder. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22160. [PMID: 38889343 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Some emergency responders are more often exposed to workplace aggression than others. Victimological theories and previous studies suggest that characteristics of the target may predict exposure to workplace aggression. This paper examines the relationship between negative affect, hostile attribution, dominance, empathy, self-evaluations, and exposure to workplace aggression among emergency responders. Emergency medical workers, firefighters and police officers in the Netherlands filled in a survey during three measurement occasions (6 months apart). Results from the three occupational groups were presented separately. Results suggest that some psychological characteristics are related to exposure to workplace aggression, but that the contribution of these characteristics in the explanation of exposure to workplace aggression is limited. In addition, although differences between occupational groups could not be statistically tested due to differences in the factor structure of exposure to workplace aggression between the three groups of emergency response, differences seem to occur in models between emergency response contexts. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa van Reemst
- Department of Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joran Jongerling
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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2
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Simon P, Nader-Grosbois N. How do Children with Intellectual Disabilities Empathize in Comparison to Typically Developing Children? J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06340-3. [PMID: 38607472 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two studies were conducted to better understand how children with intellectual disabilities (ID) empathize with the feelings of others during social interactions. The first study tested hypotheses of developmental delay or difference regarding empathy in 79 children with ID by comparing them with typically developing (TD) children, matched for developmental age or chronological age. The second study examined specific aspects of empathy in 23 children with Down syndrome (DS), compared with 23 nonspecific ID children, matched for developmental age, and TD children, matched for developmental age or chronological age. METHOD An empathy task was administered to the children while their parents completed the French versions of the Empathy Questionnaire and the Griffith Empathy Measure. RESULTS The first study showed that ID children showed delayed empathy development but were perceived by their parents as deficient in cognitive empathy. The second study showed that DS children were perceived as being more attentive to the feelings of others than TD children and non-specific ID children, matched for developmental age, and as having affective empathy that was similar to that of TD children matched for chronological age. CONCLUSION These studies have drawn attention to delays or differences in different dimensions of empathy in children with ID and DS, which need to be taken into account in interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poline Simon
- Chair Baron Frère in special education, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Nader-Grosbois
- Chair Baron Frère in special education, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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3
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Ford JD. Why We Need a Developmentally Appropriate Trauma Diagnosis for Children: a 10-Year Update on Developmental Trauma Disorder. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:403-418. [PMID: 37234835 PMCID: PMC10205922 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) was proposed almost two decades ago as a psychiatric diagnosis for children who have been traumatically victimized and whose attachment bonding with primary caregivers has been compromised. DTD was designed to complement and extend post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by addressing forms of trauma-related biopsychosocial dysregulation not included in PTSD, many of which are attributed to other psychiatric disorders. In the past decade, evidence from clinician surveys and research field trial studies has provided evidence of DTD's validity and potential clinical utility. The growing evidence base for DTD is summarized and clinical rationales for the proposed DTD symptoms are described. DTD shows promise as a developmentally-attuned traumatic stress diagnosis for traumatized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ford
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
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4
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Kara B, Selcuk B. The Role of Socioeconomic Adversity and Armed Conflict in Executive Function, Theory of Mind and Empathy in Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:533-545. [PMID: 34664125 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of socioeconomic adversity and armed conflict in executive function (EF), theory of mind (ToM) and empathy in a rarely studied group, children living in eastern Turkey. The data were collected from 115 children (60 girls) aged 39 to 95 months (M = 68.22, SD = 14.62). Results revealed that children's performance was low in the EF and ToM tasks, and high in the empathy task. In path analysis, controlling for age, armed conflict experience predicted lower EF (β = - 0.15) and higher empathy (β = 0.21), and socioeconomic adversity predicted lower ToM (β = 0.20). These findings contribute to our knowledge on cognitive and emotional development of children who live in such disadvantaged contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Kara
- Centre of Resilience for Social Justice, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK. .,Centre of Resilience for Social Justice, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK.
| | - Bilge Selcuk
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Trach J, Garandeau CF, Malamut ST. Peer victimization and empathy for victims of bullying: A test of bidirectional associations in childhood and adolescence. Child Dev 2023. [PMID: 36794348 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Anti-bullying interventions often assume that knowing how it feels to be bullied increases empathy for victims. However, longitudinal research on actual experiences of bullying and empathy is lacking. This study investigated whether within-person changes in victimization predicted changes in empathy over 1 year using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models. Self- and peer-reported victimization, and cognitive and affective empathy for victims were measured in a sample of 15,713 Finnish youth (Mage = 13.23, SDage = 2.01, 51.6% female; 92.5% had Finnish-speaking parents; data was collected in 2007-2009 when information about participants' race/ethnicity was not available due to ethical guidelines for the protection of personal information). Results indicated small, positive longitudinal associations from victimization to cognitive empathy. Implications for empathy-raising interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Trach
- INVEST Research Flagship, Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Claire F Garandeau
- INVEST Research Flagship, Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarah T Malamut
- INVEST Research Flagship, Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Xie S, Zhou Y, Yin Y, Shao R, Fang L, Shao W. Effects of fundamental movement skills on health-related quality of life in Chinese school-age children: the mediating role of physical fitness level. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1023662. [PMID: 37206866 PMCID: PMC10188959 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1023662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between school-age children's fundamental movement skills (FMS), physical fitness levels, and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL); To explore the mediating role of physical fitness levels between school-age children's FMS and HRQoL. Methods In the cross-sectional survey in 2021, 334 school-age children aged 6-10 (8.20 ± 1.16) were recruited from primary schools in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China. Test of Gross Motor Development 2 (TGMD-2), National Standards for Students' Physical Health, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM Version 4.0 (PedsQL™ 4.0) were used to investigate the FMS, physical fitness level, and HRQoL of school-age children. Hierarchical regression was used to analyze the relationship among FMS, physical fitness levels, and HRQoL. Bootstrap is used to evaluate the mediating role of physical fitness levels in the relationship between FMS and HRQoL. Results The higher the FMS and physical fitness, the higher the school-age children's HRQoL, physical functioning, social functioning, and school functioning (r = 0.244-0.301, p < 0.01). In addition, developing children's FMS promotes physical fitness levels (r = 0.358, p < 0.01). The regression analysis results of controlling gender, age, and body mass index z (BMI-z) scores showed that FMS significantly positively predicted the physical functioning (β = 0.319, p < 0.01), social functioning (β = 0.425, p < 0.01), and school functioning (β = 0.333, p < 0.01) of school-age children. When the physical fitness level enters the regression equation, the absolute value of the regression coefficient of FMS decreases. However, it can still significantly predict the physical functioning (β = 0.211, p < 0.01) and school functioning (β = 0.142, p < 0.05) of school-age children. Simple intermediary analysis shows that physical fitness level plays an intermediary role between FMS, physical functioning (indirect effect = 0.089 [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 0.015,0.195]), and school functioning (indirect effect = 0.065 [95% CI = 0.007,0.150]). Conclusion This study shows that physical fitness levels mediate the relationship between FMS and HRQoL. Encouraging the development of FMS and promoting physical fitness levels of school-age children can effectively improve the HRQoL of school-age children.
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7
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Dillon-Owens C, Findley-Van Nostrand D, Ojanen T, Buchholz C, Valdes O. Early Adolescent Cognitive and Affective Empathy. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Cognitive and affective empathy have diverging relations to social–emotional adjustment. However, particularly during adolescence, these associations are not thoroughly understood. Using the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), we examined cognitive and affective empathy (including emotional contagion and emotional disconnection) in association with social–emotional adjustment (negative affect, shyness, social self-efficacy, friendship quality, and peer victimization) in early adolescents ( N = 321). Cognitive empathy and emotional contagion showed divergent links (cognitive empathy was related to positive adjustment, while emotional contagion was related to negative adjustment but also higher friendship quality). Emotional disconnection was negatively associated with social self-efficacy, supporting affective empathy as having multiple factors itself. The findings further validate the BES as a three-factor measure and have implications for understanding social–emotional adjustment in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Dillon-Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | - Tiina Ojanen
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Olivia Valdes
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
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8
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Longitudinal associations between justice sensitivity, nonsuicidal self-injury, substance use, and victimization by peers. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1560-1572. [PMID: 33910661 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Justice sensitivity (JS), the tendency to perceive and negatively respond to alleged injustice, has been associated with a range of internalizing and externalizing problems and peer victimization; however, it remains unclear if it has an association with self-victimization. Participants (N = 769) reported on their JS longitudinally at 9-19 (T1), 11-21 (T2), and 14-22 years of age (T3). They further reported on nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and illegal substance use as indicators of self-victimization as well as victimization by peers at T2 and T3. A cross-lagged latent model revealed that victim JS at T1 was positively associated with NSSI, substance use, and peer victimization at T2, and victim JS at T2 was positively associated with substance use at T3. Higher observer JS at T2 predicted higher illegal substance use at T3 and higher illegal substance use at T2 predicted higher observer JS at T3. Finally, higher peer victimization at T2 predicted less perpetrator JS at T3 in the total group. Multigroup models further revealed sex-specific effects. Our findings highlight that being sensitive to injustice, particularly the tendency to feel unfairly treated or being taken advantage of, contributes to individuals' vulnerability to both engaging in behaviors reflecting self-victimization and being a target of peer victimization, which in turn have influences on JS.
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9
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Saarinen AI, Keltner D, Dobewall H, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Hintsanen M. The relationship of socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood with compassion: A study with a prospective 32-year follow-up. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248226. [PMID: 33760844 PMCID: PMC7990193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate (i) whether childhood family SES predicts offspring’s compassion between ages 20–50 years and (ii) whether adulthood SES predicts compassion or vice versa. We used the prospective population-based Young Finns data (N = 637–2300). Childhood family SES was evaluated in 1980; participants’ adulthood SES in 2001 and 2011; and compassion for others in 1997, 2001, and 2012. Compassion for others was evaluated with the Compassion scale of the Temperament and Character Inventory. The results showed that high childhood family SES (a composite score of educational level, occupational status, unemployment status, and level of income) predicted offspring’s higher compassion between ages 30–40 years but not in early adulthood or middle age. These results were obtained independently of a variety of potential confounders (disruptive behavior in childhood; parental mental disorder; frequency of parental alcohol use and alcohol intoxication). Moreover, high compassion for others in adulthood (a composite score of educational level, occupational status, and unemployment status) predicted higher adulthood SES later in their life (after a 10-year follow-up), but not vice versa. In conclusion, favorable socioeconomic environment in childhood appears to have a positive effect on offspring’s compassion in their middle adulthood. This effect may attenuate by middle age. High compassion for others seems to promote the achievement of higher SES in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino I. Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Henrik Dobewall
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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10
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White LO, Bornemann B, Crowley MJ, Sticca F, Vrtička P, Stadelmann S, Otto Y, Klein AM, von Klitzing K. Exclusion Expected? Cardiac Slowing Upon Peer Exclusion Links Preschool Parent Representations to School-Age Peer Relationships. Child Dev 2021; 92:1274-1290. [PMID: 33399231 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory proposes that children's representations of interactions with caregivers guide information-processing about others, bridging interpersonal domains. In a longitudinal study (N = 165), preschoolers (Mage = 5.19 years) completed the MacArthur Story Stem Battery to assess parent representations. At school-age (Mage = 8.42 years), children played a virtual ballgame with peers who eventually excluded them to track event-related cardiac slowing, a physiological correlate of rejection, especially when unexpected. At both ages, parents and teachers reported on peer and emotional problems. During exclusion versus inclusion-related events, cardiac slowing was associated with greater positive parent representations and fewer emerging peer problems. Cardiac slowing served as a mediator between positive parent representations and peer problems, supporting a potential psychophysiological mechanism underlying the generalization of attachment-related representations to peer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Vrtička
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.,University of Essex
| | | | | | - Annette M Klein
- University of Leipzig.,International Psychoanalytic University
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11
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Molero Jurado MDM, Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Simón Márquez MDM, Barragán Martín AB, Sisto M, Gázquez Linares JJ. Relationship Between Impulsivity, Sensation-Seeking, and Drug Use in Aggressors and Victims of Violence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:600055. [PMID: 33192948 PMCID: PMC7661777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.600055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and drug use variables, in addition to being closely related, have repercussions on peer conflict and violence in schools. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and drug use in aggressors and victims of violence. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and observational. The study sample was made up of 822 students aged 13-18 who had completed an ad hoc questionnaire, the State Impulsivity Scale and the Sensation-Seeking Scale. Results: The results showed that the aggressors had high levels of gratification, automatism, attentional factor, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom and used alcohol and/or tobacco. Conclusion: The design of an effective education intervention for reducing risk behaviors related to violence must focus on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Maria Sisto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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12
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Jambon M, Colasante T, Ngo H, Dys S, Malti T. Peer victimization and sympathy development in childhood: The moderating role of emotion regulation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jambon
- Department of Psychology Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy (CCDMP) University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
| | - Tyler Colasante
- Department of Psychology Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy (CCDMP) University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
| | - Hazel Ngo
- Department of Psychology Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy (CCDMP) University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
- Department of Applied Psychology & Human Development University of Toronto Mississauga ON Canada
| | - Sebastian Dys
- Department of Psychology Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy (CCDMP) University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
| | - Tina Malti
- Department of Psychology Centre for Child Development, Mental Health, and Policy (CCDMP) University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
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13
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Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger E, Perren S. Tempted to join in or not? Moral temptation and self-reported behaviour in bullying situations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 39:98-124. [PMID: 32902898 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between adolescents' construction of a transgression relating to a hypothetical temptation and bystander behaviour and bullying (offline and online). A total of 331 Swiss eighth graders completed an electronic questionnaire on bystanding, bullying, moral disengagement, and empathy. Moral functioning was assessed in a hypothetical scenario, using different moral judgements (deontic and self-judgement, judging the transgression; paper-and-pencil measure). Cluster analyses were used to identify patterns of moral functioning. For the open situation (deontic and self-judgement), happy transgressors, happy moralists, ashamed moralists, and indifferent moralists were differentiated, and for the transgression (accomplished deed) moralists and happy opportunists. The analyses yielded significant differences between the different cluster groups. Happy transgressors (open situation) reported higher levels of assisting the bullying than unconcerned moralists. Happy transgressors also reported lower levels of helping than ashamed and happy moralists. Opportunists (accomplished deed) reported higher levels of assisting the bullying, offline bullying, and lower levels of helping the victim. The multivariate GEE analyses showed that happy transgressors reported higher levels of assisting the bully and online bullying than the moralist groups (open situation). The study shows that adolescents who construct a favourable interpretation of yielding to temptation in a hypothetical scenario displayed higher levels of both assisting the bully and online bullying, emphasizing the need for incorporating targeted moral education in bullying prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Perren
- Thurgau University of Teacher Education, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,University of Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Colasante T, Peplak J, Sette S, Malti T. Understanding the Victimization-Aggression Link in Childhood: The Roles of Sympathy and Resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:291-299. [PMID: 30171390 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With a sample of 4- and 8-year-olds (N = 131), we tested the extent to which more frequent experiences of victimization were associated with heightened aggression towards others, and how sympathetic concern and resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) factored into this relationship. Caregivers reported their children's aggression and sympathy. Children reported their victimization and their resting RSA was calculated from electrocardiogram data in response to a nondescript video. Findings revealed that children who reported more frequent victimization were rated as less sympathetic and, in turn, more aggressive. However, resting RSA moderated this path, such that children with high levels were rated as more versus less sympathetic when they reported less versus more victimization, respectively. Results suggest that considering children's sympathetic tendencies and physiology is important to gain a nuanced understanding of their victimization-related aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Colasante
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada.
| | - Joanna Peplak
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Stefania Sette
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Malti
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Zych I, Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. Empathy and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Different Bullying Roles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:3-21. [PMID: 30803395 DOI: 10.1177/1524838016683456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bullying is an extremely damaging type of violence that is present in schools all over the world, but there are still many gaps in knowledge regarding different variables that might influence the phenomenon. Two promising research lines focus on empathy and callous-unemotional traits but findings from individual studies seem to be contradictory. This article reports the results of a systematic review and a meta-analysis on empathy and callous-unemotional traits in relation to school bullying based on 53 empirical reports that met the inclusion criteria. Bullying perpetration is negatively associated with cognitive (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.60) and affective ( OR = 0.51) empathy. Perpetration is also positively associated with callous-unemotional traits ( OR = 2.55). Bully-victims scored low in empathy ( OR = 0.57). There is a nonsignificant association between victimization and empathy ( OR = 0.96), while the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and victimization is significant but small ( OR = 1.66). Defenders scored high on cognitive ( OR = 2.09) and affective ( OR = 2.62) empathy. These findings should be taken into account in explaining and preventing bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zych
- 1 Department of Psychology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria M Ttofi
- 2 Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David P Farrington
- 2 Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Troop-Gordon W, Unhjem L. Is preventing peer victimization sufficient? The role of prosocial peer group treatment in children's socioemotional development. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Blakely-McClure SJ, Ostrov JM. Examining co-occurring and pure relational and physical victimization in early childhood. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 166:1-16. [PMID: 28843147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study took a novel approach to examining peer victimization experiences on a continuum in early childhood. A bifactor approach was used to examine co-occurring victimization as well as the relative contribution of subtypes of victimization, including both physical and relational victimization. To date, no known research has examined co-occurring victimization in early childhood. The fit of a bifactor model, as well as the utility of the model in testing associations with internalizing problems, was examined. The short-term longitudinal study (N=231; 109 girls; Mage=47.46months, SD=7.35) found support for a hierarchical structure of victimization, including co-occurrence and "pure" victimization dimensions, in early childhood. Regression analyses supported that both co-occurring victimization and relational victimization were associated with internalizing adjustment outcomes. These associations differed by gender. A bifactor model may be a useful statistical technique to address the common finding of co-occurrence of victimization to better understand peer harassment experiences and risk for adjustment problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blakely-McClure
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Jamie M Ostrov
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Andrews NCZ, Hanish LD, Santos CE. Does an aggressor's target choice matter? Assessing change in the social network prestige of aggressive youth. Aggress Behav 2017; 43:364-374. [PMID: 28093765 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based on a social dominance approach, aggression is conceptualized as a strategy used to gain position, power, and influence within the peer network. However, aggression may only be beneficial when targeted against particular peers; both victims' social standing and the number of victims targeted may impact aggressors' social standing. The current study examined associations between aggressors' targeting tendencies (victims' social standing and number of victims) and aggressors' own social standing, both concurrently and over time. Analyses were conducted using three analytic samples of seventh and eighth grade aggressors (Ns ranged from 161 to 383, 49% girls; 50% Latina/o). Participants nominated their friends; nominations were used to calculate social network prestige. Peer nominations were used to identify aggressors and their victim(s). For each aggressor, number of victims and victims' social network prestige were assessed. Aggressors with more victims and with highly prestigious victims had higher social network prestige themselves, and they increased more in prestige over time than aggressors with fewer victims and less prestigious victims (though there were some differences across analytic samples). Findings have implications for the need to extend the social dominance approach to better address the links between aggressors and victims. Aggr. Behav. 43:364-374, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Z. Andrews
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Laura D. Hanish
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Carlos E. Santos
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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Johns A, Gutierrez Y, Colette Nicolaou D, Garcia L, Céspedes-Knadle Y, Bava L. A Support Group for Caregivers of Children with Craniofacial Differences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01609513.2017.1333480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Johns
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvonne Gutierrez
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Laura Garcia
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Laura Bava
- Children’s Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, San Fernando, California, USA
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Pouwels JL, Souren PM, Lansu TA, Cillessen AH. Stability of peer victimization: A meta-analysis of longitudinal research. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ilola AM, Lempinen L, Huttunen J, Ristkari T, Sourander A. Bullying and victimisation are common in four-year-old children and are associated with somatic symptoms and conduct and peer problems. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:522-8. [PMID: 26741067 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM There are few population-based studies on bullying behaviour among preschool children. The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of bullying behaviour among four-year-old children, as reported by their parents, the prevalence of types of bullying behaviour and the associations between bullying behaviour and psychosocial factors. METHODS This study was based on a population-based study sample of 931 children who attended their check-up at a child health clinic at four years of age. Parents completed the questionnaire about their child's bullying behaviour and risk factors during the check-up. RESULTS Bullying behaviour, especially being both a bully and a victim, was a common phenomenon among four-year-old children. Being a bully or both a bully and victim were most strongly associated with conduct problems, while being a victim was associated with somatic symptoms and peer problems. CONCLUSION Bullying behaviour was frequently found in preschool children and associated with a wide range of other problems, which indicate that routine checking of bullying behaviour should be included in child health clinic check-ups. Bullying prevention programmes are usually targeted at school-aged children, but this study highlights the importance of focusing already on preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marja Ilola
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Lotta Lempinen
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Jukka Huttunen
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Terja Ristkari
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Camodeca M, Caravita SC, Coppola G. Bullying in preschool: The associations between participant roles, social competence, and social preference. Aggress Behav 2015; 41:310-21. [PMID: 24888724 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The different roles of bullying participation (bully, follower, victim, defender of the victim, and outsider) have not been investigated in preschool children. The aims of this study were to use a peer-report measure to assess these roles and to investigate their associations with social competence among pre-schoolers. We also explored whether status among peers, indicated by being socially preferred, mediates the relationship between social competence and bullying roles. Three hundred twenty 3- to 6-year-old children participated in the study. Bullying roles and social preference were assessed by means of peer reports, whereas social competence was investigated with a Q-Sort methodology, based on observations in classrooms. Bullying was also assessed by means of teacher reports. The results showed quite a clear distinction among roles and a correspondence between peer and teacher assessments, except for the role of outsider. The role of defender was positively associated with social competence, whereas the other roles were negatively associated. In a subsample, social preference statistically predicted the role of bully and mediated between social competence and bullying. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of assessing bullying and its correlates at a very young age, although roles may further develop when children grow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Camodeca
- Department of Neurosciences; Imaging; and Clinical Sciences; University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti-Pescara Italy
| | - Simona C.S. Caravita
- Department of Psychology; Center for Research in Developmental and Educational Dynamics (C.R.I.d.e.e.); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Milan and Brescia Italy
| | - Gabrielle Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences; Imaging; and Clinical Sciences; University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti-Pescara Italy
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Holfeld B, Leadbeater BJ. The Nature and Frequency of Cyber Bullying Behaviors and Victimization Experiences in Young Canadian Children. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573514556853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As access to technology is increasing in children and adolescents, there are growing concerns over the dangers of cyber bullying. It remains unclear what cyber bullying looks like among young Canadian children and how common these experiences are. In this study, we examine the psychometric properties of a measure of cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences. We also examine the frequency of these behaviors and experiences among fifth- and sixth-grade Canadian children at the beginning ( n = 714) and end ( n = 638) of a school year. Children’s cyber bullying behaviors and victimization experiences were relatively stable across the school year and were highest for sixth-grade students who reported greater access to and use of technology. Cyber bullying behaviors representing joking around were endorsed more frequently than aggressive types of behaviors (i.e., spreading rumours or posting embarrassing pictures online). Implications for school-based prevention efforts are discussed.
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Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Youth Adolesc 2014; 44:637-57. [PMID: 24894581 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the premise that bullies are deficient in empathy or even lack it completely, bullying prevention and intervention programs often include empathy training. These programs are not always as effective as they aim to be, which may be caused by a failure to acknowledge the multidimensional nature of empathy as well as its complex association with involvement in bullying. To provide a clear overview of the research on the association between empathy and involvement in bullying, this article systematically reviews 40 studies on the association of cognitive empathy (24 studies) and affective empathy (38 studies) with four categories of involvement in bullying: bullying, victimization, defending, and bystanding. The results showed that bullying was negatively associated with cognitive and-in particular-affective empathy. Victimization was negatively associated with cognitive empathy but not with affective empathy. Defending was consistently positively associated with both types of empathy. Contradictory findings were observed in bystanding, with studies reporting both negative and positive associations with cognitive empathy, and studies reporting negative and no associations with affective empathy. Together, the findings stress the importance of the distinction between cognitive and affective empathy in involvement in bullying and suggest different intervention strategies for the four types of involvement in bullying.
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Smalley D, Banerjee R. The Role of Social Goals in Bullies' and Victims' Social Information Processing in Response to Ambiguous and Overtly Hostile Provocation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Wallace R, Russell H. Attachment and Shame in Gender-Nonconforming Children and Their Families: Toward a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Clinical Interventions. Int J Transgend 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2013.824845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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27
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Runions KC. Toward a Conceptual Model of Motive and Self-Control in Cyber-Aggression: Rage, Revenge, Reward, and Recreation. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 42:751-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Pouwels JL, Cillessen AHN. Correlates and outcomes associated with aggression and victimization among elementary-school children in a low-income urban context. J Youth Adolesc 2012. [PMID: 23196376 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that the prevalence of aggression is high among low-income urban youth who have to cope with a number of psychological stressors. Less is known about the early development and consequences of aggression and peer victimization prior to adolescence in these contexts. This study examined the correlates, interplay, and consequences of aggression and victimization among children in a low-income urban context. Data were collected in the spring of grades 1, 2, and 3. The final sample included 333 children (59.5 % girls, M = 6.46 years). Each year, children completed sociometric and peer assessments in their classrooms. A cross-lagged panel model with extended effects showed that aggression was relatively stable over time, whereas victimization was less stable. Aggression and victimization became increasingly less correlated over time. Further, early victimization negatively predicted later aggression for boys, but positively for girls. Growth curve modeling showed that initial aggression and victimization were associated with initial behavioral and relational problems. Early aggression, but not victimization, predicted relative stable or increasing in behavioral and relational problems over time. The results underscore the importance of a developmental perspective on early childhood aggression and victimization in high-risk contexts, in order to understand their implications for adjustment in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loes Pouwels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Belacchi C, Farina E. Feeling and thinking of others: affective and cognitive empathy and emotion comprehension in prosocial/hostile preschoolers. Aggress Behav 2012; 38:150-65. [PMID: 25363639 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the affective and cognitive components of empathy in relation to both emotion comprehension and prosocial/hostile behaviors in preschoolers. A total of 219 children (54% boys; aged between 3 and 6: mean age 4.10) and 20 teachers (two for each class: group A and group B) took part in this research. Pupils' empathy and hostile/prosocial roles were assessed by teacher reports [Belacchi and Farina, 2010] and children's emotion comprehension by a nonverbal test [Test of Emotion Comprehension: Pons and Harris, 2000; adapted by Albanese and Molina; 2008]. As expected, the results showed a significant influence of gender, with girls being more empathic than boys, according to all of the teachers' perception. Contrary to our expectations, no systematic age influence emerged. Regarding the relations of children's emotion comprehension with both empathy measures and their prosocial/hostile attitudes, we have found: (1) a low significant relation with the total empathy measure, according to all the teachers, but with the cognitive empathy only according to teachers B; (2) a robust negative relationship of both affective and cognitive empathy with Hostile roles and with Outsider role, contrary to a positive correlation of only affective empathy with Prosocial roles. No relationships emerged between empathy measures and Victim role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Farina
- University of Milano Bicocca; Human Sciences for Education; Milan; Italy
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Perren S, Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger E, Malti T, Hymel S. Moral reasoning and emotion attributions of adolescent bullies, victims, and bully-victims. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 30:511-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Kokkinos CM, Kipritsi E. The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-011-9168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Bully/Victim Problems Among Preschool Children: a Review of Current Research Evidence. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-011-9153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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