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Lu C, Lv Y, Meng X, Yang T, Liu Y, Kou G, Yang X, Luo J. The potential toxic effects of estrogen exposure on neural and vascular development in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116862. [PMID: 39128450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogenic chemicals are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The potential toxicity of EDCs to humans and aquatic organisms has become increasingly concerning. However, at present, the potential toxic mechanisms of EDCs on neural and vascular development are still being fully investigated. During the study, we utilized zebrafish to assess the developmental neural and vascular toxicity of different estrogens. The results indicated that zebrafish treated with different estrogens, especially E2, exhibit developmental malformations, including increased mortality, decreased body length, decreased heart rate, aberrant swimming behavior, and increased developmental malformations, including spinal curvature (SC), yolk edema (YE) and pericaidial edema (PE), in a dose-dependent manner with 72 h-treated. Further morphological evaluation revealed that E2 exposure significantly induced motor neural abnormalities in zebrafish embryos. In addition, treated with these three estrogens also impaired the vascular development in the early stage of zebrafish embryos. Mechanistically, the identification of downstream factors revealed that several key neural and vascular development-related genes, including syn2a, gfap, gap43, shha, kdr, flt1 and flt4, were transcriptionally downregulated after estrogen exposure in zebrafish, suggesting that estrogen exposure might cause neural and vascular toxicity by interfering the mRNA levels of genes relevant to neural and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiao Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuhang Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Guanhua Kou
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Juanjuan Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technique for Biotherapy of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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Lu S, Wang J, Wang B, Xin M, Lin C, Gu X, Lian M, Li Y. Spatiotemporal variations and risk assessment of estrogens in the water of the southern Bohai Sea: A comprehensive investigation spanning three years. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134754. [PMID: 38820750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous and adverse effects of estrogens have aroused global concerns. Natural and synthetic estrogens in 255 water samples from the southern Bohai Sea were analyzed over three years. Total estrogen concentrations were 11.0-268 ng/L in river water and 1.98-99.7 ng/L in seawater, with bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) being the predominant estrogens, respectively. Estrogen showed the highest concentrations in summer 2018, followed by spring 2021 and spring 2019, which was consistent with the higher estrogen flux from rivers during summer. Higher estrogen concentrations in 2021 than in 2019 were driven by the higher level of BPA, an additive used in personal protective equipment. Estrogen exhibited higher concentrations in the southern coast of the Yellow River Delta and the northeastern coast of Laizhou bay due to the riverine input and aquaculture. Estrogens could disturb the normal endocrine activities of organisms and edict high ecological risks (90th simulated RQT > 1.0) to aquatic organisms, especially to fish. EE2 was the main contributor of estrogenic potency and ecological risk, which requires special concern. This is the first comprehensive study of estrogen spatiotemporal variations and risks in the Bohai Sea, providing insights into the environmental behavior of estrogens in coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry in of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry in of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhang S, Li J, Li Y, Jiang L, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, Shi W. Assimilation behaviors and metabolite formations of estrone sulfate sodium (E1-3S) and 17β-estradiol-3-O-sulfate sodium (E2-3S) in the wheat. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118666. [PMID: 37506444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The conjugated steroid estrogens (CSEs), including estrone sulfate sodium (E1-3 S) and 17β-estradiol-3-O-sulfate sodium (E2-3 S), exhibit distinct metabolic behaviors in the aqueous and soil environments. However, their assimilation behaviors and metabolite formations in plant bodies (shoots and roots) remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study used a modified plant hydroponic system to explore the efficiency with which wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.) assimilated the two estrogen conjugates, E1-3 S and E2-3 S. Results indicated the potential of wheat to absorb E1-3 S and E2-3 S, with their assimilation in the root being significantly higher (104-105 ng/g dw) than in the shoot (103-104 ng/g dw). E1-3 S de-sulfated and transformed to estrone (E1) at a rate of 4%-45% in the root's oxidative environment, whereas E2-3 S converted to E1-3 S at 210%-570%. However, the root-to-shoot transfer was impeded by a less potent metabolic activity within the shoot system. The co-exposure treatment revealed that E1 or 17β-estradiol (E2) affects the assimilation of E1-3 S and E2-3 S by wheat, with E1 inhibiting E1-3 S assimilation and E2 promoting E2-3 S assimilation in wheat bodies. Nonetheless, free-form steroid estrogens (FSEs), which typically have a significant hormone action, can oxidative-damage the wheat tissues, producing a progressive wilting of wheat leaf and so limiting the transpiration process. Co-exposure initially increased the assimilation amounts of E1-3 S (particularly in shoots) and E2-3 S (in both roots and shoots), but these values rapidly declined as exposure duration increased. The combined effects of E1-3 S and E2-3 S exposure also increased their assimilation. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the cumulative impact of environmental estrogen contaminants. The findings of present study can potentially guide the development of strategies to prevent and manage steroid estrogen contamination in agricultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Beijing Soil and Fertilizer Extension Service Station, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenzhuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Tian K, Meng Q, Li S, Chang M, Meng F, Yu Y, Li H, Qiu Q, Shao J, Huo H. Mechanism of 17β-estradiol degradation by Rhodococcus equi via the 4,5-seco pathway and its key genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120021. [PMID: 36037852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid estrogens have been detected in oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwaters, soils, and even urban water supply systems, thereby inevitably imposing serious impacts on human health and ecological safety. Indeed, many estrogen-degrading bacterial strains and degradation pathways have been reported, with the 4,5-seco pathway being particularly important. However, few studies have evaluated the use of the 4,5-seco pathway by actinomycetes to degrade 17β-estradiol (E2). In this study, 5 genes involved in E2 degradation were identified in the Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) genome and then heterologously expressed to confirm their functions. The transformation of E2 with hsd17b14 reached 63.7% within 30 h, resulting in transformation into estrone (E1). Furthermore, we found that At1g12200-encoded flavin-binding monooxygenase (FMOAt1g12200) can transform E1 at a rate of 51.6% within 30 h and can transform E1 into 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH E1). In addition, catA and hsaC genes were identified to further transform 4-OH E1 at a rate of 97-99%, and this reaction was accomplished by C-C cleavage at the C4 position of the A ring of 4-OH E1. This study represents the first report on the roles of these genes in estrogen degradation and provides new insights into the mechanisms of microbial estrogen metabolism and a better understanding of E2 degradation via the 4,5-seco pathway by actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejian Tian
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuaiguo Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Menghan Chang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fanxing Meng
- Jilin Province Water Resources and Hydropower Consultative Company of PR China, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Han Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing Qiu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Junhua Shao
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongliang Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China; Jilin Province Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Engineering, Changchun, 130117, China.
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5
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Mao T, Lu Y, Ma H, Pan Z, Zhang R, Zhu T, Yang Y, Han C, Yang J. Variations in the life-cycle parameters and population growth of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under the stress of microplastics and 17β-estradiol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155390. [PMID: 35461934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) on biota are related to their particle size. In addition, MPs could adsorb ambient pollutants in water, which increase the threat of MPs to organisms. In this study, the effects of different particle sizes and concentrations of MPs on the life-cycle parameters and population growth of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were investigated, and the combined effects of MPs and 17β-estradiol (E2) on rotifers were studied. Results showed small particle size (50 nm) MPs had negative effects on the lifespan, time to first batch of eggs, fecundity, and population growth rate of rotifers, which were dose-dependent, but large (100 nm and 500 nm) MPs were not. In addition, both life-cycle parameters and the population growth of rotifers were not affected by E2. However, the combination effects of different particle sizes of MPs and E2 on the lifespan, reproductive period, offspring per female, and population growth of rotifers were significant. Therefore, rotifers were more vulnerable to smaller particle MPs, and the coexistence of MPs and other environmental pollutants posed a serious threat to rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Mao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Lu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ma
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Han
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Rd, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Barley Straw Biochar and Compost Affect Heavy Metal Transport in Soil and Uptake by Potatoes Grown under Wastewater Irrigation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater can supplement freshwater in agriculture; however, it contains toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, and lead that are hazardous to humans and the environment. We investigated the effects of barley straw biochar, green and table waste compost, and their mix on heavy metal transport in soil and uptake by potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated with synthetic wastewater for two years. In both years, amending soil with compost significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) cadmium uptake in potato flesh, skin, roots, and stems; zinc uptake in potato skin and roots; and copper uptake in potato flesh due to increased soil cation-exchange capacity, dissolved organic carbon, and soil pH. Co-amending the soil with compost and 3% biochar significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) the bioavailability of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the contaminated soil. Relative to the non-amended soils, soil amendment with biochar, compost, and their mix affected neither the transport of chromium, iron, and lead in the soils nor their uptake by potatoes. It was concluded that amending soil with barley straw biochar and/or compost produced from city green table waste could be used to improve the safety of wastewater irrigated potatoes, depending on the biochar application rate and heavy metal type.
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Wan YP, Chai BW, Wei Q, Hayat W, Dang Z, Liu ZH. 17α-ethynylestradiol and its two main conjugates in seven municipal wastewater treatment plants: Analytical method, their occurrence, removal and risk evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152489. [PMID: 34942255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the existence of both 17-ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate (EE2-3S) and 17-ethinylestradiol-3-glucuronide (EE2-3G) in seven municipal WWTPs with substantial concentrations (n.d-50.10 ng/L). The calculated removal efficiencies of 17-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the seven municipal WWTPs ranged from 40.8%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 83.3%. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 concentration transformed from EE2-3S and EE2-3G, the corresponding removal efficiencies were increased to 91.4%-100% with an average removal efficiency of 97.3%. This work is the first to clearly illustrate that EE2 conjugates in raw wastewater could greatly underestimate the removal effectiveness of municipal WWTPs on EE2, indicating the importance of the EE2 conjugates in municipal wastewater having been hardly paid with attention. The EE2-derived estrogen equivalence (EEQ) values in the effluents of seven WWTPs ranged from 0 to 0.98 ng E2/L having an average level of 0.45 ng E2/L, which were relatively low. However, upon the inclusion of EE2 transformable from EE2-3S and EE2-3G in effluents, the EE2-derived EEQ values in effluents would be increased to 0.77-4.85 ng E2/L having an average level of 2.71 ng E2/L, which clearly suggested that ignorance of EE2 conjugates in effluent would largely underestimate EE2's environmental risk to receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Wen Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Medical Devices Research and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Waseem Hayat
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Lu S, Lin C, Lei K, Xin M, Wang B, Ouyang W, Liu X, He M. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in a typical urbanized bay of Yellow Sea, China: Distribution, risk assessment, and identification of priority pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117588. [PMID: 34153606 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water are receiving particular attention as they pose adverse effects on aquatic systems, even at trace concentrations. A comprehensive study was conducted on 14 EDCs (five estrogens and nine household and personal care products (HPCPs)) in the water of the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay in the Yellow Sea during summer and winter. Results showed that the total concentration of 14 EDCs ranged from 100 to 658 ng L-1 and 56.7-212 ng L-1 in the estuarine and bay water, respectively. The average total concentration of five estrogens in summer was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in winter due to the higher precipitation dilution and degradations during summer, whereas the average total concentration of nine HPCPs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the summer than that during the winter because of the higher usage and emissions during the summer. Estrogens and HPCPs were dominated by 17α-ethinylestradiol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), respectively. High PHBA concentrations may be related to the hydrolysis of parabens. The total concentrations of EDCs were higher in the eastern coastal seawater of the bay due to the strong influence of domestic and industrial wastewater discharge. Estrogens may interfere with the endocrine system of aquatic organisms in the bay because the total estradiol equivalent concentration exceeded 1 ng L-1. 17α-ethinylestradiol was the main contributor to the estrogenic activity. The EDC mixtures posed high risks (RQ > 1) to mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, and low to moderate risks (RQ < 1) to algae. Fish was the most sensitive aquatic taxon to the EDC mixtures. Given the concentration and frequency of EDCs, the optimized risk quotient method revealed that 17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, triclocarban, triclosan, and 17β-estradiol should be prioritized in ecological management because of their high risks (prioritization index of >1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Kai Lei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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9
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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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10
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Cooper R, David A, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. Seasonal variation in oestrogenic potency and biological effects of wastewater treatment works effluents assessed using ERE-GFP transgenic zebrafish embryo-larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105864. [PMID: 34118774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from wastewater treatment works (WwTW) exhibit both temporal and spatial variation in oestrogenicity, however few studies have attempted to quantify how this variation affects biological responses in fish. Here we used an oestrogen-responsive green fluorescent protein (ERE-GFP) transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) to quantify oestrogenic activity and health effects for exposure to three different WwTW effluents. Endpoints measured included survival/hatching rate, GFP induction (measured in target tissues or gfp mRNA induction in whole embryos) and vtg mRNA induction in whole embryos. Exposure to one of the study effluents (at 100%), resulted in some mortality, and exposure to all three effluents (at 50% and 100%) caused decreases in hatching rates. Higher levels of vtg mRNA corresponded with higher levels of steroidal oestrogens in the different effluents, with lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOECs) between 31 ng/L and 39 ng/L oestradiol equivalents (EEQs). Tissue patterns of GFP expression for all three WwTWs effluents reflected the known targets for steroidal oestrogens and for some other oestrogenic chemicals likely present in those effluents (i.e. nonylphenol or bisphenolic compounds). GFP induction was similarly responsive to vtg mRNA induction (a well-established biomarker for oestrogen exposure). We thus demonstrate the ERE-GFP transgenic zebrafish as an effective model for monitoring the oestrogenic potency and health effects for exposure to complex mixtures of chemicals contained within WwTW effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cooper
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur David
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom; Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Tetsuhiro Kudoh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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11
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Rodrigues S, Silva AM, Antunes SC. Assessment of 17α-ethinylestradiol effects in Daphnia magna: life-history traits, biochemical and genotoxic parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23160-23173. [PMID: 33442804 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems and the need to study them have increased over the years since they enter continuously the environment. Besides, these compounds are not intended for applications with environmental purposes, and therefore, little is known about their ecological effects, particularly in non-target organisms, as invertebrate species. Inside these substances, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have recently come into the limelight, due to environmental concentrations and consequently their detrimental effects on different organisms. 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been detected in the aquatic environment in various locations around the globe since it is the main synthetic hormone used as a female oral contraceptive and is also applied in veterinary medicine and animal production. The present study was intended to assess the chronic effects of EE2, in the non-target organism as Daphnia magna. Thus, to analyze the individual and subindividual impact, this aquatic organism was chronically exposed (21 days) to 0.00 (control group), 0.10, 1.00, 10.0, and 100 μg/L of EE2. Results here obtained demonstrated that D. magna exposed to the EE2 concentrations had significant effects in individual (life-history) and sub-individual (biochemical levels) parameters. Alterations as anticipation in the age at first reproduction, a decrease of the growth rate, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation were detected, as well as genotoxic damage. Therefore, it was possible to infer that EE2 can disrupt several metabolic pathways and physiological functions of D. magna, since EE2 demonstrated ecotoxicity, at environmentally relevant concentrations. This work reinforces the importance of examining the effects of more relevant exposures (more prolonged and with ecologically pertinent concentrations) of potential endocrine disruptors like EE2, to the freshwater organisms and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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12
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Dubey M, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. A systematic approach of method development for analysis of multiple classes of emerging contaminants in wastewater: a case study of a biological nutrient removal based plant. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4363-4376. [PMID: 32852498 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, synthetic hormones, and industrial manufacturing additives are used worldwide, and their residues are frequently detected in wastewater. In this study, a sensitive and selective method was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of 14 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) with various physico-chemical properties frequently found in wastewater. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) allowed for extraction and concentration of the compounds. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode was used for the analysis. Three different combinations of mobile phase, water + 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (3 compounds), water + 0.1% formic acid : methanol (5) and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer : acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (6) gave the best chromatographic conditions to analyze the contaminants in real wastewater samples. Four different eluents at acidic and basic sample pH values were tested to optimize the SPE methodology, and three different dilution ratios (1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 5 : 1) were tested to reduce the matrix effect. Data validation was conducted using linearity, intra and inter-day repeatability, LOD/LOQ, percentage recovery, and percentage process efficiency studies. As a case study, a biological nutrient removal (BNR) based plant was tested for the presence of ECs using the developed method. Removal efficiency at different treatment stages was assessed. Most of the treatment occurred at the secondary treatment stage, whereas primary treatment and disinfection had little effect on removal. All the contaminants were found in the inlet wastewater. Estrone (E1), an endocrine disrupting compound, was reported for the first time in Indian wastewater at 376.2 ng L-1. Seven, four, and two ECs were removed at high, medium, and low efficiencies, respectively. Carbamazepine showed negative removal. This study enhanced our understanding of the occurrence and fate of several ECs in BNR based treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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13
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Tang Z, Liu ZH, Wang H, Dang Z, Yin H, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Trace determination of eleven natural estrogens and insights from their occurrence in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and river water. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115976. [PMID: 32622129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As endocrine disruptors, natural estrogens including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in wastewaters of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as well as other environmental matrix have been widely studied. However, the far-less studied natural estrogens such as 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE1), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), etc., found in human urine have been almost ignored. Therefore, it is important to investigate the occurrence of these far-less studied natural estrogens in municipal WWTP and other environment. In this study, a GC-MS analytical method was firstly established and validated for trace determination of eleven natural estrogens in waste and surface waters, including E1, E2, E3, 2OHE1, 16α-OHE1, 4OHE1, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 17-epiestriol (17epiE3), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), and 16keto-estradiol (16ketoE2). All the eleven natural estrogens were detected in the influent of one municipal WWTP, which ranged from 7.9 to 62.9 ng/L. The top five natural estrogens in the influent were E1, E3, 16α-OHE1, 16ketoE2, and 2OHE1 with respective concentrations of 62.9, 62.6, 46.9, 32.7, and 28.8 ng/L. Most of them were detected in both the effluent and river water, in which their detected concentrations were n.d-14.7 and n.d-51.7 ng/L, respectively. This work is the first to indicate that the so far less commonly studied natural estrogens in the environment likely pose adverse health effect on humans and wildlife due to their relative strong estrogenic potencies and high levels in wastewater and river water. More work should be done to understand their removals in municipal WWTPs and their occurrence in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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14
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Adeyeye AO, Laub BG. Quantification of estrogen concentration in a creek receiving wastewater treatment plant effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:426. [PMID: 32533378 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen in streams threatens aquatic animals, especially where wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent contributes to baseflow. We investigated total estrogen (E1+E2+E3) as estradiol equivalent (E2) and ethynylestradiol (EE2) concentration in Cibolo Creek (Cibolo), a groundwater-fed stream near San Antonio, TX, receiving effluent via two WWTP. We collected water samples bi-monthly from late spring to early fall 2018 in Cibolo and WWTP effluent, and used ELISA analysis and discharge measurements to determine concentrations and loads of estrogens. We measured several environmental variables to investigate what factors influenced estrogen concentrations in Cibolo downstream from WWTP inputs. Mean concentrations of WWTP effluent (E2, 41.43 ± 15.48; EE2, 11.40 ± 2.07 ng L-1) were higher compared with concentrations in Cibolo, both downstream (E2, 30.09 ± 25.85; EE2, 6.33 ± 1.92 ng L-1) and upstream (E2, 12.91 ± 11.12; EE2, 4.5 ± 1.38 ng L-1) of WWTP inputs. Both E2 and EE2 concentrations decreased downstream from WWTP inputs, a section of stream without large quantities of fine sediments for sorption, indicating potential dilution or chemical and biological degradation. Effluent into Cibolo via the first, and older, WWTP contributed the most estrogen load in Cibolo. Median concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 19 and 5 ng L-1, respectively, downstream of WWTP inputs, concentrations known to affect reproductive processes of aquatic biota and impair human health. Results suggest estrogens may pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems wherever WWTP effluent comprises a majority of baseflow, though further studies are required in this stream to verify biological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo O Adeyeye
- Department of Environmental Science & Ecology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Brian G Laub
- Department of Environmental Science & Ecology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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15
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Almeida Â, Silva MG, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Concentrations levels and effects of 17alpha-Ethinylestradiol in freshwater and marine waters and bivalves: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109316. [PMID: 32222627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs are contaminants of emerging concern and are amongst the most frequent in the aquatic environment. Even though a vast literature indicate that pharmaceuticals exert negative impacts towards aquatic organisms, mainly in vertebrates, there is still limited information regarding the effects of these drugs in freshwater and marine bivalves. Marine bivalves have a high ecological and socio-economic value and are considered good bioindicator species in ecotoxicology and risk assessment programs. Furthermore, another lacking point on these studies is the absence of bioconcentration data, with no clear relationship between the concentration of drugs on tissue and the biological effects. 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a synthetic hormone with high estrogenic potency that was added to the Watch List adopted by the European Commission stating the priority substances to be monitored. Thus, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the concentration levels and effects of EE2 on freshwater and marine bivalves. The inclusion in the Watch List, the presence in freshwater and marine systems, and the impact exerted on aquatic biota, even at trace concentrations, justify the review devoted to this pharmaceutical drug. Globally the available studies found that EE2 induces individual and sub-individual (e.g. tissue, cellular, biochemical and molecular levels of biological organization) impacts in bivalves. Essentially, this estrogenic compound, even in trace concentrations, was found to have accumulated in wild and laboratory exposed bivalves. The most common effects reported were changes on the reproductive function and energy metabolism. The studies used in this review support keeping the EE2 on the Watch List and highlight the need to increase the number of monitorization studies since clear negative effects were exerted on bivalves by this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Almeida
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica G Silva
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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16
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Lei K, Lin CY, Zhu Y, Chen W, Pan HY, Sun Z, Sweetman A, Zhang Q, He MC. Estrogens in municipal wastewater and receiving waters in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China: Occurrence and risk assessment of mixtures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121891. [PMID: 31882338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potentially high release of estrogens to surface waters due to high population density and local livestock production in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region may pose adverse effects on reproductive systems of aquatic organisms. This study found that total measured concentrations of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were 468 ± 27 ng/L in treated wastewater and 219 ± 23 ng/L in river waters in this region. E2, E3 and EE2 were the predominant estrogens in river waters. The restriction of DES for human use should have been enforced, however concentrations of DES were relatively high compared to other studies. Haihe and Yongdingxin Rivers delivered approximately 1.8 tonnes of estrogens to the Bohai Bay annually. Concentrations of individual estrogens were significantly higher in river waters in the dry season, however, mass loadings were significantly higher in the wet season. The average E2-equivalent concentrations reached 1.2 ± 0.2 and 0.64 ± 0.08 μg-E2/L following long-term and short-term exposure estimates, respectively, in river waters with an EE2 contribution of over 90 %. This could give rise to high risks to fish. Estrogens in river waters largely derived from human excretion. Field studies on estrogenic effects on fish reproductive systems are required locally considering high estrogen contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Wei Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yun Pan
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo Henan 454000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chang He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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17
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Pratush A, Ye X, Yang Q, Kan J, Peng T, Wang H, Huang T, Xiong G, Hu Z. Biotransformation strategies for steroid estrogen and androgen pollution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2385-2409. [PMID: 31993703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The common steroid hormones are estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and testosterone (T). These steroids are reported to contaminate the environment through wastewater treatment plants. Steroid estrogens are widespread in the aquatic environment and therefore pose a potential risk, as exposure to these compounds has adverse impacts on vertebrates. Excessive exposure to steroid estrogens causes endocrine disruption in aquatic vertebrates, which affects the normal sexual life of these animals. Steroid pollutants also cause several health problems in humans and other animals. Microbial degradation is an efficient method for removing hormone pollutants from the environment by remediation. Over the last two decades, microbial metabolism of steroids has gained considerable attention due to its higher efficiency to reduce pollutants from the environment. The present review is focused on the major causes of steroid pollution, concentrations of these pollutants in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater, their effect on humans and aquatic animals, as well as recent efforts by various research groups that seek better ways to degrade steroids by aerobic and anaerobic microbial systems. Detailed overview of aerobic and anaerobic microbial biotransformation of steroid estrogens and testosterone present in the environment along with the active enzyme systems involved in these biotransformation reactions is described in the review article, which helps readers to understand the biotransformation mechanism of steroids in depth. Other measures such as co-metabolic degradation, consortia degradation, algal, and fungal steroid biotransformation are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pratush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xueying Ye
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jie Kan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Guangming Xiong
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zhong Hu
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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18
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Coello-Garcia T, Curtis TP, Mrozik W, Davenport RJ. Enhanced estrogen removal in activated sludge processes through the optimization of the hydraulic flow pattern. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114905. [PMID: 31394465 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The removal of β-estradiol (E2) and α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) would need to be improved in order to comply with prospective Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) of 0.4 and 0.035 ng.L-1 respectively. The effluent concentration of a micropollutant in an activated sludge process is a function of the removal rate, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the flow pattern, which is usually overlooked. In order to better understand this aspect, we carried out tracer studies in eight WWTPs in the UK and found that relatively modest changes in aeration tanks would translate into tangible improvements in their flow pattern. We further evaluated the degradation rates for E1 (estrone), E2, E3 (estriol) and EE2 in each WWTP and we estimated that the modification of the flow pattern would be sufficient to place effluent concentrations of E2 (23.2 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<210 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) far below the prospective EQS, while EE2 (0.3 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<2.9 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) would have to rely on river dilution for compliance. Regarding E1 and E3, with no prospective legislation, the modifications would place E3 (9.9 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<39.5 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) effluent concentrations easily below its predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC = 60 ng.L-1) while for E1, (2.6 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1<kbio<19.2 L∙gVSS-1∙d-1) it would very much depend on the degradation rates of the specific WWTP (PNEC = 6 ng.L-1). Improvement in flow pattern had the additional benefit of improving the effectiveness of other plausible changes in HRT or biological removal rates. Managing the flow pattern of existing WWTPs is a cost-efficient tool for managing the fate of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Coello-Garcia
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - T P Curtis
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - W Mrozik
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - R J Davenport
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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19
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Luo L, Xia L, Tan W, Li J, Barrow CJ, Yang W, Wang H, Shu L. The TiO 2 (B) nano-belts with excellent performance prepared via alkaline stirring hydrothermal method and its application to remove 17α-ethynylestradiol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34018-34026. [PMID: 30225689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, TiO2 (B) nano-belts were synthesized by hydrothermal method under stirring, and static conditions and preparation conditions were optimized. The prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and N2 adsorption/desorption measurement. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by removing synthetic estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), which is the most potent endocrine-disrupting chemical. The results show that the TiO2 nano-belt possesses pure metastable monoclinic TiO2 (B) and has uniform nano-belt shape with 80~120-nm diameters and 62.904 m2 g-1 of specific surface area. Under the best optimal preparation conditions (0.5 g P25, 20 mL 10 mol L-1 NaOH, hydrothermal temperature 180 °C for 18 h under stirring, 400 °C calcination for 2 h), the TiO2 (B) has better catalytic activity with 100.00% removal rate towards 3 mg L-1 EE2 in 120 min. The removal rates of EE2 over catalyst which was prepared under static condition and P25 are 74.66% and 70.71%, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation rate constant of TiO2 (B) prepared under stirring condition (0.0379 min-1) is 4.51 times and 8.42 times than those of TiO2 prepared under static condition (0.0084 min-1) and P25 (0.0045 min-1). The excellent photocatalytic activity is mainly ascribed to longer one-dimensional nano-belt structure and effective suppression of photo-produced electron-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Region, Education Department of Yunnan, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan MinZu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lihong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Region, Education Department of Yunnan, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan MinZu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Region, Education Department of Yunnan, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan MinZu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Junhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Region, Education Department of Yunnan, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan MinZu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Region, Education Department of Yunnan, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan MinZu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Li Shu
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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20
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Zhao X, Grimes KL, Colosi LM, Lung WS. Attenuation, transport, and management of estrogens: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:462-478. [PMID: 31121510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Overabundance of endocrine disruptors (EDs), such as steroid estrogens, in the natural environment disrupts hormone synthesis in aquatic organisms. Livestock and wastewater outflows contribute measurable quantities of steroid estrogens into the environment where they are picked up and transported via surface runoff and feedlot effluents into water matrices. E1, E2β, E2α, E3 and EE2 are the most prevalent estrogens in these environmental systems. Estrogens in soils and water undergo several concurrent attenuation processes including sorption to particles, biotransformation, photo-transformation, and plant uptake. This review summarizes current studies on the attenuation and transport of steroid estrogens with a focus on estrogen attenuation and transport modeling. The authors use this information to synthesize appropriate strategies for reducing estrogenicity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Kassandra L Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Colosi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wu-Seng Lung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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21
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Shimko KM, O'Brien JW, Barron L, Kayalar H, Mueller JF, Tscharke BJ, Choi PM, Jiang H, Eaglesham G, Thomas KV. A pilot wastewater‐based epidemiology assessment of anabolic steroid use in Queensland, Australia. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:937-949. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Shimko
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Leon Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
| | - Hasan Kayalar
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Phil M. Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Hui Jiang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
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22
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Krzeminski P, Tomei MC, Karaolia P, Langenhoff A, Almeida CMR, Felis E, Gritten F, Andersen HR, Fernandes T, Manaia CM, Rizzo L, Fatta-Kassinos D. Performance of secondary wastewater treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern implicated in crop uptake and antibiotic resistance spread: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1052-1081. [PMID: 30340253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) discharged in effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), not specifically designed for their removal, pose serious hazards to human health and ecosystems. Their impact is of particular relevance to wastewater disposal and re-use in agricultural settings due to CEC uptake and accumulation in food crops and consequent diffusion into the food-chain. This is the reason why the chemical CEC discussed in this review have been selected considering, besides recalcitrance, frequency of detection and entity of potential hazards, their relevance for crop uptake. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been included as microbial CEC because of the potential of secondary wastewater treatment to offer conditions favourable to the survival and proliferation of ARB, and dissemination of ARGs. Given the adverse effects of chemical and microbial CEC, their removal is being considered as an additional design criterion, which highlights the necessity of upgrading conventional WWTPs with more effective technologies. In this review, the performance of currently applied biological treatment methods for secondary treatment is analysed. To this end, technological solutions including conventional activated sludge (CAS), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands (CWs) are compared for the achievable removal efficiencies of the selected CEC and their potential of acting as reservoirs of ARB&ARGs. With the aim of giving a picture of real systems, this review focuses on data from full-scale and pilot-scale plants treating real urban wastewater. To achieve an integrated assessment, technologies are compared considering also other relevant evaluation parameters such as investment and management costs, complexity of layout and management, present scale of application and need of a post-treatment. Comparison results allow the definition of design and operation strategies for the implementation of CEC removal in WWTPs, when agricultural reuse of effluents is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Krzeminski
- Section of Systems Engineering and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Concetta Tomei
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R., Via Salaria km 29.300, CP 10, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome), Italy.
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ewa Felis
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Fanny Gritten
- CEBEDEAU, Research and Expertise Center for Water, Allée de la Découverte 11 (B53), Quartier Polytech 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Telma Fernandes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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23
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Assessment of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Hormones in Wastewater Treatment Plants Receiving Inflows from Health Facilities in North West Province, South Africa. J Toxicol 2018; 2018:3751930. [PMID: 30510574 PMCID: PMC6232802 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3751930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of 17 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) belonging to various therapeutic categories was investigated in two hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in North West Province, South Africa. The compounds were extracted from wastewater samples by solid-phase extraction and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and bezafibrate were generally below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in the analysed samples. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were the dominant pharmaceuticals in the influent streams with corresponding concentrations ranging from 21 to 119 μg/L and 0.3 to 63 μg/L, respectively. Both WWTPs were shown to have the capability to remove some of the target PPCPs, including acetaminophen (76-98%), tetracycline (15-93%), ibuprofen (44-99%), and triclocarban (13-98%). The monitoring of the target PPCPs in both influent and effluent samples of the investigated WWTPs revealed that the discharge of inadequately treated effluents could be contributing to the possible increase in the concentrations of these contaminants in the receiving environmental compartments. Further studies must be focused on the broader characterisation of these matrices in order to assess the potential ecological impacts of this waste disposal practice.
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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25
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Amin MM, Bina B, Ebrahimi A, Yavari Z, Mohammadi F, Rahimi S. The occurrence, fate, and distribution of natural and synthetic hormones in different types of wastewater treatment plants in Iran. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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26
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Tarpani RRZ, Azapagic A. A methodology for estimating concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants and in freshwaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1417-1430. [PMID: 29890607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of studies on pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), data on their concentrations in the environment are still scant. This is due to many factors, including great variability in usage and physicochemical properties of these compounds, which contribute to their widespread presence and complex behaviour, particularly in the aquatic environment. The main pathway for their discharge into the waterways is through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are inefficient in removing many of PPCP compounds. Therefore, aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the role that WWTPs play in the presence of PPCPs in the environment, this paper proposes a new method for estimating the expected concentrations of these compounds in WWTP influents, effluents and sludge, as well as their expected discharge and related concentrations in freshwaters. The proposed method can assist with future eco-toxicological and environmental risk assessments as well as the development of policies and regulation related to PPCP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ricardo Zepon Tarpani
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Room C16, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adisa Azapagic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Room C16, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Falfushynska HI, Gnatyshyna LL, Horyn O, Stoliar OB. Vulnerability of marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus to the typical wastewater effluents ibuprofen, triclosan and estrone, detected by multi-biomarker approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 202:26-38. [PMID: 28757214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are the environmental pollutants of growing concern. The aim of this study was to indicate the effects of typical PPCPs on the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus. We treated male frogs with waterborne ibuprofen (IBU, 250ng·L-1), triclosan (TCS, 500ng·L-1), or estrone (E1, 100ng·L-1) for 14days. Common vulnerability of the frogs was detected from dramatic decrease of Zn, total and metalated metallothionein (MT) concentrations, Zn/Cu ratio, the elevation of activity of glutathione-S-transferase, cathepsin D and DNA instability in the liver, the depletion of cholinesterase in the brain and cortisol in the blood plasma in all exposures. Nevertheless, lipofuscin concentration in the liver was always decreased. The groups were best distinguished by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity determined by ELISA. The exposure to IBU caused lesser damage, but elevated the levels of oxyradicals and glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and lysosomal membrane instability. Exposures to TCS and E1 provoked the endocrine disturbance (increased levels of vitellogenin and thyrotropin in blood plasma), decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity and increased level of pyruvate in the liver. TCS caused the increase of GSSG by 7.3 times and lactate levels. Only E1 lead to decrease of deiodinase activity in the liver, activation of CYP450 and caspase-3 and efflux of cathepsin D from lysosomes. Spectrophotometric and ELISA assays of MTs and CYP450 gave distinct results in E1-group. Broad disruption of the hormonal pathways caused by E1 could be of concern for the health status of frogs in their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina I Falfushynska
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, M. Kryvonosa Str., Ternopil 46027, Ukraine
| | - Lesya L Gnatyshyna
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, M. Kryvonosa Str., Ternopil 46027, Ukraine; I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 1, Maidan Voli, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Horyn
- I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 1, Maidan Voli, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine
| | - Oksana B Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, 2, M. Kryvonosa Str., Ternopil 46027, Ukraine.
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28
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Sirén H, El Fellah S. Androgens, oestrogens, and progesterone concentrations in wastewater purification processes measured with capillary electrophoresis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16765-16785. [PMID: 28567679 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical-scale concept to improve reliability of detection and analysis of natural and processed wastewater samples from a purification plant was developed. A sequential sample clean-up system of polymer-based octadecyl and silane-based quaternary amine sorbents were used for concentrating human based steroid hormones and their metabolites and detecting them by UV absorption with capillary electrophoresis (CE). The water samples were collected from influent and effluent processes of the water purification plant in Helsinki, Finland.The CE methods were partial-filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. The analysis times and method concentration levels were optimized with eight steroids at the range of 0.5-10 mg/L. Since in CE the detectable quantities were higher than the existing amounts in the process waters, the real samples needed matrix removal combined with steroid enrichment. After 20,000-fold concentration testosterone-glucoside, androstenedione, progesterone, and estradiol-glucoside could be determined in the process water samples. The amounts of individual steroids in influent and effluent waters were 0-429 and 0-207 ng/L, respectively. Correspondently, their total amounts were 735 and 212 ng/L with excellent in day and inter-day repeatability. The RSD values were less than 1, 9.7, and 19% in repeated analyses, calculated from 60 analyses during 24 h, and from 130 analyses during 15 months, respectively. The steroid removal in purification process was 65% on average. The solid particles separated in three steps during the water clean-up concept contained 9.8-45 ng/g steroids in combined dry precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, PO Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Samira El Fellah
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, PO Box 55, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Carvalho RV, Isecke BG, Carvalho E, Teran FJC. Photocatalytic oxidation of 17 -Ethinylestradiol by UV-activated TiO2 in batch and continuous-flow reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/jcems2017.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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Adeel M, Song X, Wang Y, Francis D, Yang Y. Environmental impact of estrogens on human, animal and plant life: A critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:107-119. [PMID: 28040262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the inception of global industrialization, steroidal estrogens have become an emerging and serious concern. Worldwide, steroid estrogens including estrone, estradiol and estriol, pose serious threats to soil, plants, water resources and humans. Indeed, estrogens have gained notable attention in recent years, due to their rapidly increasing concentrations in soil and water all over the world. Concern has been expressed regarding the entry of estrogens into the human food chain which in turn relates to how plants take up and metabolism estrogens. OBJECTIVES In this review we explore the environmental fate of estrogens highlighting their release through effluent sources, their uptake, partitioning and physiological effects in the ecological system. We draw attention to the potential risk of intensive modern agriculture and waste disposal systems on estrogen release and their effects on human health. We also highlight their uptake and metabolism in plants. METHODS We use MEDLINE and other search data bases for estrogens in the environment from 2005 to the present, with the majority of our sources spanning the past five years. Published acceptable daily intake of estrogens (μg/L) and predicted no effect concentrations (μg/L) are listed from published sources and used as thresholds to discuss reported levels of estrogens in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Global levels of estrogens from river sources and from Waste Water Treatment Facilities have been mapped, together with transport pathways of estrogens in plants. RESULTS Estrogens at polluting levels have been detected at sites close to waste water treatment facilities and in groundwater at various sites globally. Estrogens at pollutant levels have been linked with breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. Estrogens also perturb fish physiology and can affect reproductive development in both domestic and wild animals. Treatment of plants with steroid estrogen hormones or their precursors can affect root and shoot development, flowering and germination. However, estrogens can ameliorate the effects of other environmental stresses on the plant. CONCLUSIONS There is published evidence to establish a causal relationship between estrogens in the environment and breast cancer. However, there are serious gaps in our knowledge about estrogen levels in the environment and a call is required for a world wide effort to provide more data on many more samples sites. Of the data available, the synthetic estrogen, ethinyl estradiol, is more persistent in the environment than natural estrogens and may be a greater cause for environmental concern. Finally, we believe that there is an urgent requirement for inter-disciplinary studies of estrogens in order to better understand their ecological and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Dennis Francis
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China; Key Lab of Groundwater Resources & Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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31
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Simultaneous quantification of propranolol and sulfamethoxazole and major human metabolite conjugates 4-hydroxy-propranolol sulfate and sulfamethoxazole-β-glucuronide in municipal wastewater—A framework for multiple classes of drugs and conjugates. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Dai YN, A D, Yang Y, Tam NFY, Tai YP, Tang XY. Factors Affecting Behavior of Phenolic Endocrine Disruptors, Estrone and Estradiol, in Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Sewage Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11844-11852. [PMID: 27723316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of 12 pilot-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different configurations on the removal of estrone and estradiol from raw domestic sewage. An orthogonal design was employed to evaluate the impact of four principal design parameters of CWs, including four wetland types, three substrates, three plant conditions, and three hydraulic loading rates, in summer and winter. A bench-scale anoxic simulation test was performed in the laboratory to clarify the photolysis, sorption, and degradation of estrogens. Estrogens were more effectively removed by the 12 CWs during summer. The experiment showed that target estrogens were efficiently removed by wetland substrate under anoxic conditions through exothermic sorption and degradation even in winter. This suggests that the inefficient removal in CWs in winter likely resulted from subsequent cleavage of a considerable amount of estrogen conjugates in influent due to insufficient decomposition at low temperatures. The transformation from estradiol to estrone could be driven by residual microbial activities not inhibited by azide, and the reversible process was then driven by active microorganisms but not solely abiotic redox reactions. Among the four design parameters, wetland-type was the most important and downward-vertical flow CWs performed best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nv Dai
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan A
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yi-Ping Tai
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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Rumrill CT, Scott DE, Lance SL. Effects of metal and predator stressors in larval southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1278-1286. [PMID: 27272662 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic stressors typically do not occur in isolation; therefore, understanding ecological risk of contaminant exposure should account for potential interactions of multiple stressors. Realistically, common contaminants can also occur chronically in the environment. Because parental exposure to stressors may cause transgenerational effects on offspring, affecting their ability to cope with the same or novel environmental stressors, the exposure histories of generations preceding that being tested should be considered. To examine multiple stressor and parental exposure effects we employed a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in outdoor 1000-L mesocosms (n = 24). Larval southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris), bred from parents collected from reference and metal-contaminated sites, were exposed to two levels of both an anthropogenic (copper-0, 30 µg/L Cu) and natural (predator cue - present/absent) stressor and reared to metamorphosis. Toads from the metal-contaminated parental source population were smaller at metamorphosis and had delayed development; i.e., a prolonged larval period. Similarly, larval Cu exposure also reduced size at metamorphosis and prolonged the larval period. We, additionally, observed a significant interaction between larval Cu and predator-cue exposure on larval period, wherein delayed emergence was only present in the 30-µg/L Cu treatments in the absence of predator cues. The presence of parental effects as well as an interaction between aquatic stressors on commonly measured endpoints highlight the importance of conducting multistressor studies across generations to obtain data that are more relevant to field conditions in order to determine population-level effects of contaminant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Rumrill
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - David E Scott
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA
| | - Stacey L Lance
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, 29802, USA.
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Esteban S, Moreno-Merino L, Matellanes R, Catalá M, Gorga M, Petrovic M, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Silva A, Durán JJ, López-Martínez J, Valcárcel Y. Presence of endocrine disruptors in freshwater in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:179-92. [PMID: 26882535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increasing human presence in Antarctica and the waste it generates is causing an impact on the environment at local and border scale. The main sources of anthropic pollution have a mainly local effect, and include the burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, accidental spillage and wastewater effluents, even when treated. The aim of this work is to determine the presence and origin of 30 substances of anthropogenic origin considered to be, or suspected of being, endocrine disruptors in the continental waters of the Antarctic Peninsula region. We also studied a group of toxic metals, metalloids and other elements with possible endocrine activity. Ten water samples were analyzed from a wide range of sources, including streams, ponds, glacier drain, and an urban wastewater discharge into the sea. Surprisingly, the concentrations detected are generally similar to those found in other studies on continental waters in other parts of the world. The highest concentrations of micropollutants found correspond to the group of organophosphate flame retardants (19.60-9209ngL(-1)) and alkylphenols (1.14-7225ngL(-1)); and among toxic elements the presence of aluminum (a possible hormonal modifier) (1.7-127µgL(-1)) is significant. The concentrations detected are very low and insufficient to cause acute or subacute toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, little is known as yet of the potential sublethal and chronic effects of this type of pollutants and their capacity for bioaccumulation. These results point to the need for an ongoing system of environmental monitoring of these substances in Antarctic continental waters, and the advisability of regulating at least the most environmentally hazardous of these in the Antarctic legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esteban
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain.
| | - L Moreno-Merino
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Matellanes
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain; Biology and Geology Department, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Tulipán s/n, Mostoles, (Madrid), Spain
| | - M Gorga
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - A Silva
- National Institute of Water, Empalme J. Newbery km 1,620, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J J Durán
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - J López-Martínez
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health Research Group (Toxamb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciencies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, (Madrid), Spain.
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Ma C, Qin D, Sun Q, Zhang F, Liu H, Yu CP. Removal of environmental estrogens by bacterial cell immobilization technique. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:607-14. [PMID: 26398926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of steroidal estrogens in the environment has raised a great public concern, and therefore, developing an effective method for removal of trace amount of environmental estrogens is necessary. In this study, two estrogen-degrading bacteria were isolated from activated sludge and were identified as strain Sphingomonas sp. AHC-F and strain Sphingobium sp. AX-B. They were capable of utilizing estrone (E1) and 17ß-estradiol (E2) as sole carbon and energy source. Cell immobilization technique was applied to these two estrogen-degrading bacteria. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy images with live and dead staining of entrapped bacterial cells showed that most bacteria were present inside the porous structure and were mostly viable after immobilization procedures. Batch estrogen degradation study showed that immobilized strains AHC-F and AX-B could effectively degrade 2 mg/L of E2 and its metabolite E1. Immobilized bacteria column reactors using pure culture of strain AHC-F were set up for continuous-flow removal of 850 ng/L of E2 in the influent. The removal efficiency of E2 and equivalent estrogenic quantity of E2 (EEQ) could achieve 94 and 87% under 12 h hydraulic retention time (HRT), respectively. Increasing HRT could further improve the removal efficiency of EEQ. When the HRT increased to 72 h, the effluent concentrations of E2 and E1 were not detectable by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results also proved that most of the estrogen removal was due to biodegradation. This study has demonstrated the potential use of immobilized bacteria technique for the removal of environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Dan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Heqin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China.
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Liu X, Keller V, Dumont EL, Shi J, Johnson AC. Risk of endocrine disruption to fish in the Yellow River catchment in China assessed using a spatially explicit model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2870-2877. [PMID: 26118536 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The global water availability assessment (GWAVA) model, incorporating regional water abstractions and reservoir information, was used to model the human-sourced steroid estrogens estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in the Yellow River catchment (China). The river flows in the main stem were calibrated using gauged flows. Following a review of Chinese data on estrogen discharge from a range of sewage treatment plants, low, median, and high discharge rates were identified and used as best, expected, and worst-case scenarios, respectively. For any given location, the temporal variation of modeled estrogen levels was summarized using the mean and upper 90th percentile, which is where the model predicts 90% of values would be below this concentration. The predicted means and 90th percentiles for E1 were comparable to previous E1 measurements reported in the river. For the whole catchment, only 19% (mean value) of the river system by length was predicted to exceed 1 ng/L E2 equivalents (EEQs) using expected estrogen sewage discharge. Only 3% of the network by length was predicted to exceed the dangerously high 10 ng/L EEQ when considering 90th percentile concentrations. The highest exposures were in the Fen and Wei tributaries. Endocrine disruption risk from estrogens was predicted to be minimal in the main stem. Only in the worst-case discharge scenario and 90th percentile predicted concentrations were the most downstream river reaches of the main stem predicted to be at risk. Reservoirs appeared to be helpful in reducing estrogen concentrations thanks to longer water residence facilitating biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Hefei University of Technology (Xuancheng Campus), Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Keller
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Egon L Dumont
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jianghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Burkina V, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:430-44. [PMID: 26278678 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is an issue of concern. Current evidence indicates that the risks to fish greatly depend on the nature and concentrations of the pharmaceuticals and might be species-specific. Assessment of risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic species. In mammals and fish, pharmaceuticals are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). Thus, CYP450 activity is a crucial factor determining the detoxification abilities of organisms. Massive numbers of toxicological studies have investigated the interactions of human pharmaceuticals with detoxification systems in various fish species. In this paper, we review the effects of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments on fish hepatic CYP450. Moreover, we discuss the roles of nuclear receptors in cellular regulation and the effects of various groups of chemicals on fish, presented in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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38
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Omoruyi IM, Pohjanvirta R. Estrogenic activity of wastewater, bottled waters and tap water in Finland as assessed by a yeast bio-reporter assay. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:770-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494815591686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Environmental pollutants appearing in wastewater, bottled mineral water, tap water, and bottled drinking water are potential, but yet poorly characterized, sources of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals globally. Here, we investigated the current situation in the most densely populated region in Finland. Methods: Influent and effluent bi-monthly samples from a major wastewater treatment plant in Helsinki were obtained over a preceding 2-year period at two time-points (in 2011 and 2014). Equivalent samples from a household water purification plant (located in the same region) were also analyzed, together with various brands of bottled still and mineral water as well as tap water from residential buildings. Samples were obtained in one liter sterile containers, extracted by solid-phase extraction method, and their estrogenic potential determined by a yeast bioluminescent assay. Results: The estrogenic activities of influent samples from the wastewater treatment plant in Helsinki were generally low (from less than limit of detection to 0.7 ng/L estrogen equivalent quantities (EEQ)), except in March and August 2011, when relatively high levels (14.0 and 7.8 ng/L EEQ, respectively) were obtained. Meanwhile, no estrogenic activity was recorded in any of the treated effluent samples from the wastewater treatment plant, influent and effluent samples from the drinking water plant, as well as tap water, bottled still, and mineral waters. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the purification method applied in Helsinki wastewater treatment plant, activated sludge with mechanical, chemical and biological purification steps, is effective in reducing estrogenic activity, and that tap or bottled waters are not a significant source of these compounds to the population in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Liu ZH, Lu GN, Yin H, Dang Z. Estimated human excretion rates of natural estrogens calculated from their concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and its application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9554-9562. [PMID: 25801372 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural estrogens are important endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), which may pose adverse effects on our environment. To avoid time-consuming sample preparation and chemical analysis, estimation of their concentrations in municipal wastewater based on their human urine/feces excretion rates has been generally adopted. However, the data of excretion rates available are very limited and show significant difference among countries. In the context of increasing reporting on the concentrations of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater around the world, this study presented a simple method to estimate their human excretion rates based on the concentrations of natural estrogens in raw sewage. The estimated human excretion rates of natural estrogens among ten countries were obtained, which totally covered over 33 million population. Among these, Brazilians had the largest excretion rates with estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2) as 236.9 and 60 μg/day/P, respectively, while Iran had the lowest value of 2 μg/day/P for E1 and 0.5 μg/day/P for E2. The average estimated human excretion rates of E1, E2, and estriol (E3) are 17.3, 6.4, and 39.7 μg/day/P, respectively. When the estimated human excretion rates obtained were applied for prediction, the predicted results showed better accuracies than those based on human urinary/feces excretion rates. The method in this study is simple, cost-effective and time-saving, which may be widely applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Liu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China,
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Liu ZH, Lu GN, Yin H, Dang Z, Rittmann B. Removal of natural estrogens and their conjugates in municipal wastewater treatment plants: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5288-5300. [PMID: 25844648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews studies focusing on the removal performance of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Key factors influencing removal include: sludge retention time (SRT), aeration, temperature, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and substrate concentration. Batch studies show that natural estrogens should biodegrade well; however, batch observations do not always agree with observations from full-scale municipal WWTPs. To explain this discrepancy, deconjugation kinetics of estrogen conjugates in lab-scale studies were examined and compared. Most estrogen conjugates with slow deconjugation rates are unlikely to be easily removed; others could be cleaved in WWTP settings. Nevertheless, some estrogens cleaved from their conjugates may be found in treated effluent, because deconjugation requires several hours or longer, and there is insufficient rest time for the biodegradation of the cleaved natural estrogens in the WWTP. Therefore, WWTP removals of natural estrogens are likely to be underestimated when estrogen conjugates are present in raw wastewater. This review suggests that biodeconjugation of estrogen conjugates should be enhanced to more effectively remove natural estrogens in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-hua Liu
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Gui-ning Lu
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Hua Yin
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Zhi Dang
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- §Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
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Liu ZH, Lu GN, Yin H, Dang Z. Do we underestimate the concentration of estriol in raw municipal wastewater? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4753-4758. [PMID: 25537286 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main source of natural estrogens to municipal wastewater is human excretions via urine or feces, thus their concentrations in raw wastewater should show positive linear relationship with their human excretions. This study mainly focused on their concentration relationship in raw wastewater. Based on comparison between chemical analyses and predictions through human excretion rates, the observed concentrations of estriol (E 3) in municipal wastewater were found to be noticeably lower than the predicted values. The main cause for the disparity is that substantial conjugated E 3 also exists in raw wastewater. This work suggested that monitoring both E 3 and its conjugates is necessary to get more accurate E 3 removal performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-hua Liu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China,
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Li Z, Li M, Liu X, Ma Y, Wu M. Identification of priority organic compounds in groundwater recharge of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:481-486. [PMID: 24960229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater recharge using reclaimed water is considered a promising method to alleviate groundwater depletion, especially in arid areas. Traditional water treatment systems are inefficient to remove all the types of contaminants that would pose risks to groundwater, so it is crucial to establish a priority list of organic compounds (OCs) that deserve the preferential treatment. In this study, a comprehensive ranking system was developed to determine the list and then applied to China. 151 OCs, for which occurrence data in the wastewater treatment plants were available, were selected as candidate OCs. Based on their occurrence, exposure potential and ecological effects, two different rankings of OCs were established respectively for groundwater recharge by surface infiltration and direct aquifer injection. Thirty-four OCs were regarded as having no risks while the remaining 117 OCs were divided into three groups: high, moderate and low priority OCs. Regardless of the recharge way, nonylphenol, erythromycin and ibuprofen were the highest priority OCs; their removal should be prioritized. Also the database should be updated as detecting technology is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yeping Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhang LP, Wang XH, Ya ML, Wu YL, Li YY, Zhang ZL. Levels of endocrine disrupting compounds in South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:628-633. [PMID: 24556359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of estrogens in the aquatic environment has become a major concern worldwide because of their strong endocrine disrupting potency. In this study, concentrations of four estrogenic compounds, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses in surface water from South China Sea, and distributions and potential risks of their estrogenic activity were assessed. The estrogenic compounds E1, E2 and E3 were detected in most of the samples, with their concentrations up to 11.16, 3.71 and 21.63 ng L(-1). However, EE2 was only detected in 3 samples. Causality analysis, EEQ values from chemical analysis identified E2 as the main responsible compounds. Based on the EEQ values in the surface water, high estrogenic risks were in the coastal water, and low estrogenic risks in the open sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Miao-Lei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zu-lin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
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Falfushynska HI, Gnatyshyna LL, Osadchuk OY, Farkas A, Vehovszky A, Carpenter DO, Gyori J, Stoliar OB. Diversity of the molecular responses to separate wastewater effluents in freshwater mussels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 164:51-8. [PMID: 24816276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The environmental safety of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) requires a crucial examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of biomarkers of stress and toxicity in freshwater mussels to the effect of commonly found PPCPs in wastewater. We treated male mussels Unio tumidus, from an undisturbed site with ibuprofen (IBU, 250 ng L(-1)), triclosan (TCS, 500 ng L(-1)), or estrone (E1, 100 ng L(-1)) for 14 days. Untreated mussels from this site (C) and mussels inhabiting a polluted area (P) were also examined after a similar time of being kept in the laboratory. The consequences of chronic exposure of the mussels in the P-group were reflected in elevated concentrations of oxyradicals (1.4 times), oxidized glutathione (4.3 times), lipofuscin (2.2 times), and DNA-strand breaks in the digestive gland (DG) in comparison to the C-group, higher levels of caspase-3 activity in the DG, and vitellogenin-like proteins in gonads among all studied groups. Exposed mussels demonstrated some common responses with mussels in the P-group: elevated levels of lactate/pyruvate ratio, lipofuscin (IBU and E1), DNA fragmentation (TCS and E1), and caspase-3 activity (TCS and E1). Exposed to PPCPs mussels also showed elevation of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and/or glutathione-S-transferase activity in the DG and a decrease in lysosomal stability in hemocytes (TCS and E1). The TCS group was distinguished by having the highest level of DNA-fragmentation and the lowest concentrations of total glutathione, oxyradicals, lipofuscin, pyruvate, and lactate, reflecting total metabolic depression. These results show that selected PPCPs at low concentrations alter a variety of physiological processes in this animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina I Falfushynska
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Lesya L Gnatyshyna
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Olesya Y Osadchuk
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Anna Farkas
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - Agnes Vehovszky
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Janos Gyori
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - Oksana B Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine.
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Mohagheghian A, Nabizadeh R, Mesdghinia A, Rastkari N, Mahvi AH, Alimohammadi M, Yunesian M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Nazmara S. Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014; 12:97. [PMID: 25013724 PMCID: PMC4091687 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and effluents in Iran. The aim of the present study was to determine the amounts of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 influents and effluents of 7 municipal WWTPs across Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in two seasons, summer and autumn, through solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results The results showed that the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in influents ranged from 6.54–18.76 ng/L, 1.02–8 ng/L and 4.18–11.76 ng/L, respectively. Also, the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in effluents ranged from 1.04–4.99 ng/L, 0.5–2.20 ng/L and 0.5–2.58 ng/L, respectively. The levels of E3 were below the detection limit (0.5 ng/L). The percentage removal rate of E1, E2 and EE2 ranged between 61.76–87.25%, 50.98–82.63%, and 66.3–90.25%, respectively. Results indicated no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. Conclusions The study showed that WWTP number 7 had significant differences in influent hormone concentrations compared with others. Results only showed a significant relationship between hormones and TSS removal rate, but there was no significant relationship between hormones and COD removal rate. The removal rate of hormone in WWTP number 4 and 7 were significantly different from the others. There was no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Mohagheghian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdghinia
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Cheng G, Zha J, Wang Z. Pyruvate carboxylase as a sensitive protein biomarker for exogenous steroid chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 189:184-193. [PMID: 24681510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessing protein responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals is critical for understanding the mechanisms of chemical action and for the assessment of hazards. In this study, the response of the liver proteome of male rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) and females treated with 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) were analyzed. A total of 23 and 24 proteins were identified with differential expression in response to E2 and MT, respectively. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) was the only common differentially expressed protein in both males and females after E2- and MT-treatments. The mRNA as well as the protein levels of PC were significantly down-regulated compared with that of the controls (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that endocrine disruptors interfere with genes and proteins of the TCA cycle and PC may be a sensitive biomarker of exposure to exogenous steroid chemicals in the liver of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Gang Cheng
- Key Lab for Biotechnology of National Commission for Nationalities, College of Life Science, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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47
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Xia S, Jiang J, Hu R, Yuan G, Hu J. Biosensor medaka for monitoring intersex caused by estrogenic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2413-2420. [PMID: 24450822 DOI: 10.1021/es4052796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic chemicals can induce intersex in fish species leading to disturbance of spermatogenesis and impairment of reproductive success. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional histopathological observation on intersex (low sensitivity, relatively poor accuracy, long experimental periods, as well as laborious and time-consuming), we generated a pMOSP1-EGFP transgenic medaka fish model. In this transgenic fish, the green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene was derived by the regulatory elements of the OSP1 gene, which is a specific and sensitive molecular biomarker for indicating intersex occurrence in male medaka fish exposed to estrogenic chemicals. The transgenic GFP was faithfully expressed in ovaries and in testes with intersex, perfectly mimicking the expression pattern of endogenous OSP1. In intersex testis, the diameters of primary oocytes which could be distinguished by GFP fluorescence observation were as small as 10 μm, lower than that (more than 20 μm) which is observable by histopathology. Using the novel transgenic medaka fish, intersex was observed after 90-day exposure to 0.75 ng/L 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) (0-90 dph), but only at concentrations of at least 1.38 ng/L EE2 by histopathology. An effectiveness of a short-term in vivo assay for screening estrogenic chemicals that can monitor intersex appearance at early sex developmental stage (about 30 dph) in male medaka fish was also demonstrated by assessing the intersex induction of EE2, 17β-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol. This newly developed assay provides an enhanced ability for screening and testing estrogenic chemicals with the potential to induce intersex and studying their biological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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48
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Can ZS, Fırlak M, Kerç A, Evcimen S. Evaluation of different wastewater treatment techniques in three WWTPs in Istanbul for the removal of selected EDCs in liquid phase. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:525-39. [PMID: 24068283 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous substances that cause adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, subsequent to the changes in endocrine function. Recent studies have shown that wastewater treatment plant effluents play an important role in the release of EDCs into aquatic environments. Therefore, in this study, influent and effluent samples from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Istanbul were analysed for the presence of the principal EDCs. These chemicals include steroids and synthetic organic chemicals. Thus, the occurrence and fate of EDCs of great health concern were monitored at three WWTPs in Istanbul. Furthermore, these WWTPs are employing different treatment processes. Therefore, the EDC removal performances of different treatment regimes were also evaluated. Phytosterol was the most abundant EDC in the influent samples. Second group of compounds at high influent levels were alkyl phenols. Pesticide levels of all three WWTP influent samples were low. Pasakoy Advanced WWTP is more effective at eliminating EDCs. Kadikoy Primary WWTP exhibits the lowest EDC elimination efficiencies. To the best of our knowledge, this work comprises the first detailed report on the occurrence and behaviour of both natural and synthetic EDCs in WWTPs of Istanbul and Turkey. The steroid estrogen levels of this study are higher than the previously documented values, except the levels given for Gaobeidian WWTP in Beijing, China. This is attributed to higher population densities of Beijing and Istanbul and as well as to lower individual water consumption rates in the two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Semra Can
- Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey,
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49
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Liu JL, Wong MH. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): a review on environmental contamination in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:208-24. [PMID: 23838081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which contain diverse organic groups, such as antibiotics, hormones, antimicrobial agents, synthetic musks, etc., have raised significant concerns in recently years for their persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. China is a large country with high production and consumption of PPCPs for its economic development and population growth in recent years. This may result in PPCP contamination in different environmental media of China. This review summarizes the current contamination status of different environment media, including sewage, surface water, sludge, sediments, soil, and wild animals, in China by PPCPs. The human body burden and adverse effects derived from PPCPs are also evaluated. Based on this review, it has been concluded that more contamination information of aquatic environment and wildlife as well as human body burden of PPCPs in different areas of China is urgent. Studies about their environmental behavior and control technologies need to be conducted, and acute and chronic toxicities of different PPCP groups should be investigated for assessing their potential ecological and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lin Liu
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
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50
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Gagné F, Smyth SA, André C, Douville M, Gélinas M, Barclay K. Stress-related gene expression changes in rainbow trout hepatocytes exposed to various municipal wastewater treatment influents and effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1706-1718. [PMID: 23010963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to examine the performance of six different wastewater treatment processes from 12 wastewater treatment plants using a toxicogenomic approach in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Freshly prepared rainbow trout hepatocytes were exposed to increasing concentrations of influent (untreated wastewaters) and effluent (C(18)) extracts for 48 h at 15 °C. A test battery of eight genes was selected to track changes in xenobiotic biotransformation, estrogenicity, heavy metal detoxification, and oxidative stress. The wastewaters were processed by six different treatment systems: facultative and aerated lagoons, activated sludge, biological aerated filter, biological nutrient removal, chemically assisted primary treated, and trickling filter/solids contact. Based on the chemical characteristics of the effluents, the treatment plants were generally effective in removing total suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand, but less so for ammonia and alkalinity. The 12 influents differed markedly with each other, which makes the comparison among treatment processes difficult. For the influents, both population size and flow rate influenced the increase in the following mRNA levels in exposed hepatocytes: metallothionein (MT), cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4), and vitellogenin (VTG). Gene expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the estrogen receptor (ER), were influenced only by population size in exposed cells to the influent extracts. The remaining genes-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and multidrug resistance transporter (MDR)-were not influenced by either population size or flow rate in exposed cells. It is noteworthy that the changes in MT, ER, and VTG in cells exposed to the effluents were significantly affected by the influents across the 12 cities examined. However, SOD, CYP1A1, CYP3A4, GST, and MDR gene expression were the least influenced by the incoming influents. The data also suggest that wastewater treatments involving biological or aeration processes had the best performance. We found that the effects of municipal effluents on gene expression depended on the population size, the initial properties of the incoming influent, and the wastewater treatment method applied. Considering that the long-term goals of wastewater treatment is to produce clean effluents for the aquatic biota and independent of the incoming influent, more research is needed in developing treatment processes to better protect aquatic life from anthropogenic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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