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Vecchiato M, Barbante C, Barbaro E, Burgay F, Cairns WR, Callegaro A, Cappelletti D, Dallo F, D'Amico M, Feltracco M, Gallet JC, Gambaro A, Larose C, Maffezzoli N, Mazzola M, Sartorato I, Scoto F, Turetta C, Vardè M, Xie Z, Spolaor A. The seasonal change of PAHs in Svalbard surface snow. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122864. [PMID: 37925006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic region is threatened by contamination deriving from both long-range pollution and local human activities. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental tracers of emission, transport and deposition processes. A first campaign has been conducted at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, from October 2018 to May 2019, monitoring weekly concentrations of PAHs in Arctic surface snow. The trend of the 16 high priority PAH compounds showed that long-range inputs occurred mainly in the winter, with concentrations ranging from 0.8 ng L-1 to 37 ng L-1. In contrast to this, the most abundant analyte retene, showed an opposite seasonal trend with highest values in autumn and late spring (up to 97 ng L-1), while in winter this compound remained below 3 ng L-1. This is most likely due to local contributions from outcropping coal deposits and stockpiles. Our results show a general agreement with the atmospheric signal, although significant skews can be attributed to post-depositional processes, wind erosion, melting episodes and redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - François Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Warren Rl Cairns
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Marianna D'Amico
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Catherine Larose
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ampère, UMR5005, 69134, Ecully, Cedex, France
| | - Niccolò Maffezzoli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Ivan Sartorato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Scoto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Campus Ecotekne, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Vardè
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Legeżyńska J, Deja K, Pazdro K. Assessment of exposure of benthic organisms to selected organochlorine pollutants in the west Spitsbergen fjords. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165262. [PMID: 37400031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate-related changes in environmental conditions, such as reduction of sea ice, intensive glacier retreat, and increasing summer precipitation, directly influence the arctic marine environment and, therefore, the organisms living there. Benthic organisms, being an important food source for organisms from higher trophic levels, constitute an important part of the Arctic trophic network. Moreover, the long lifespan and limited mobility of some benthic species make them suitable for the study of the spatial and temporal variability of contaminants. In this study, organochlorine pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) were measured in benthic organisms collected in three fjords of western Spitsbergen. Two of these were recommended by the Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (MARBEF) Network of Excellence as European flagship sites, namely Hornsund as the Biodiversity Inventory and Kongsfjorden as the Long-Term Biodiversity Observatory. Adventfjorden, with notable human activity, was also studied. Ʃ7 PCB and HCB concentrations in sediments were up to 2.4 and 0.18 ng/g d.w. respectively. Concentrations of Ʃ7 PCBs and HCB measured in collected benthic organisms were up to 9.1 and 13 ng/g w.w., respectively. In several samples (41 of 169) the concentrations of ∑7 PCBs were below the detection limit values, yet nevertheless the results of the research show effective accumulation of target organochlorine contaminants by many Arctic benthic organisms. Important interspecies differences were observed. Free-living, mobile taxa, such as shrimp Eualus gaimardii, have accumulated a large quantity of contaminants, most probably due to their predatory lifestyle. ∑7 PCB and HCB concentrations were both significantly higher in Hornsund than in Kongsfjorden. Biomagnification occurred in 0 to 100 % of the predator-prey pairs, depending on the congener analyzed. Although the sampled organisms were proved to have accumulated organochlorine contaminants, the measured levels can be considered low, and not posing a substantial threat to the biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Joanna Legeżyńska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Kajetan Deja
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Khaled-Khodja S, Cheraitia H, Rouibah K, Ferkous H, Durand G, Cherif S, El-Hiti GA, Yadav KK, Erto A, Benguerba Y. Identification of the Contamination Sources by PCBs Using Multivariate Analyses: The Case Study of the Annaba Bay (Algeria) Basin. Molecules 2023; 28:6841. [PMID: 37836682 PMCID: PMC10574193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), particularly the indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were first quantified in water and sediments of two wadis, Boujemaâ and Seybouse, as well as in the effluents from a fertilizer and phytosanitary production industrial plant (Fertial). Since these contaminated discharges end in Annaba Bay (Algeria) in the Mediterranean Sea, with a significant level of contamination, all the potential sources should be identified. In this work, this task is conducted by a multivariate analysis. Liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were applied to quantify seven PCB congeners, usually taken as indicators of contamination. The sum of the PCB concentrations in the sediments ranged from 1 to 6.4 μg/kg dw (dry weight) and up to 0.027 μg/L in waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used for the multivariate analysis, indicating that the main sources of PCB emissions in the bay are urban/domestic and agricultural/industrial. The outfalls that mostly contribute to the pollution of the gulf are the Boujemaâ wadi, followed by the Seybouse wadi, and finally by the Fertial cluster and more precisely the annex basin of the plant. Although referring to a specific site of local importance, the work aims to present a procedure and a methodological analysis that can be potentially applicable to further case studies all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumeya Khaled-Khodja
- Physical Chemistry of Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid University, BP 73, El Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Hassen Cheraitia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of exact sciences, Jijel University, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria;
| | - Karima Rouibah
- Laboratory of Materials: Elaborations-Properties-Applications LMEPA, Jijel University, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria;
| | - Hana Ferkous
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de 20 Août 1955 de Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria;
- Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique et Matériaux, Faculté de Technologie, Université de 20 Août 1955 de Skikda, Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | - Gaël Durand
- Public Laboratory Expertise and Analysis Consulting in Bretagne, C.S. 10052, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Semia Cherif
- Materials and Environment Research Laboratory for Sustainable Development LR18ES10, ISSBAT, Tunis University El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India;
- Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Alessandro Erto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università Di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yacine Benguerba
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie et Pharmaco Technie (LBPT), Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat ABBAS Setif-1 University, Setif 19000, Algeria;
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Spataro F, Rauseo J, Pescatore T, Patrolecco L. Priority Organic Pollutants and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Arctic Marine Sediments (Svalbard Islands, Norway). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:953-965. [PMID: 35353401 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds (PEDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and its monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and diethoxylate precursors in marine sediments in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard, Norway). The contribution of different local sources of contamination was also evaluated, together with a risk assessment for the marine environment. Samples were collected during two consecutive summer seasons (2018 and 2019), and target contaminants were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS. The results showed no statistical differences between total PAH concentrations measured in 2018 (mean value 53.7 ± 54.3 ng/g) and 2019 (mean value 58.1 ± 63.6 ng/g). Low-ring (three or four rings) PAHs were the most abundant congeners, and single PAH ratios indicated a predominance of petrogenic sources (i.e., coal and liquid fossil fuel combustion). Nonylphenols and BPA showed a significant decrease in 2019 compared to 2018; 4-NP and NP1EO prevailed in both years, particularly in sediments close to the Ny-Ålesund research village. Overall, the results indicate that local anthropic activities are the major source of contamination in the Kongsfjorden ecosystem, but also melting waters from glaciers in the summer season can play an important role as a secondary source of pollutants previously trapped in ice. Comparison between our data and empirical and mechanistic indices derived from sediment quality guidelines suggests that the occurrence of PAHs and PEDCs in sediments does not currently pose a risk for this Arctic ecosystem, but further investigation is needed on the spread of hazardous contaminants and their effects on these fragile environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:953-965. SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Tanita Pescatore
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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5
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Lee J, Kim Y, Cha J, Kim D, Jang K, Kim JH, Nam SI, Hong S. Distributions and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the glacimarine sediments of Arctic Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114740. [PMID: 36841213 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Distribution and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the glacimarine sediments (35 sites) of Svalbard were investigated. PCBs (32 congeners), traditional PAHs (15 homologs), emerging PAHs (11 homologs), and alkylated PAHs (16 homologs) were widely distributed in the Svalbard sediments (ranges: below method detection limit to 20, 21 to 3600, 1.0 to 1400, and 31 to 15,000 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively). Compositional analysis indicated that PCBs mainly originated from combustion sources, with PAHs being strongly influenced by local sources. Positive matrix factorization analysis showed that PAHs were associated with vehicle and petroleum combustion, coal, and coal combustion. Coal-derived PAHs contributed significantly to the sediments of Van Mijenfjorden. Remnants of coal mining activity trapped in the permafrost appear to enter the coastal environments as ground ice melts. Consequently, PAHs are currently emerging as the most significant contributors to potential risks in the Svalbard ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangchul Jang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Sørensen L, Schaufelberger S, Igartua A, Størseth TR, Øverjordet IB. Non-target and suspect screening reveal complex pattern of contamination in Arctic marine zooplankton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161056. [PMID: 36565880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing, there is still limited knowledge of the presence of 'contaminants of emerging concern' in Arctic marine biota, particularly in lower trophic species. In the present study, we have applied a novel pipeline to investigate the presence of contaminants in a variety of benthic and pelagic low-trophic organisms: amphipods, copepods, arrow worms and krill. Samples collected in Kongsfjorden in Svalbard in 2018 were subject to extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HRMS). Tentatively identified compounds included plastic additives, antioxidants, antimicrobials, flame retardants, precursors, production solvents and chemicals, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals. Both legacy contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, hexachlorobenzene) as well as novel and emerging contaminants (triclosan, bisphenol A, and ibuprofen) were quantified in several species using target analysis by GC-MS/MS. The significance of these discoveries is discussed considering the potential for detrimental effects caused by these chemicals, as well as suggested local and distant sources of the components to the Arctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Schaufelberger
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Germany; University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
| | - Amaia Igartua
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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Nawrot N, Pouch A, Matej-Łukowicz K, Pazdro K, Mohsin M, Rezania S, Wojciechowska E. A multi-criteria approach to investigate spatial distribution, sources, and the potential toxicological effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of urban retention tanks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27895-27911. [PMID: 36396761 PMCID: PMC9995424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bottom sediments deposited in retention tanks (RTs) located on two urban streams (Oliwski and Strzyza) in the central part of Gdansk (Poland) were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' (PAHs) content. PAHs were extracted from samples with methylene chloride, then the extracts were subjected to clean-up applying the solid phase extraction (SPE) method. Quantitative and qualitative determination of 16 PAHs was performed with the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. A multi-dimensional approach was applied to analyse PAHs' spatial distribution, source, and contamination status. Potential sources of PAHs were verified using isomer ratios supported by a statistical approach. The Σ16PAHs (in mg/kg d.w.) ranged from 1.95 ± 0.64 to 20.4 ± 6.8 for RTs located on the Oliwski Stream and from 0.50 ± 0.17 to 8.6 ± 2.9 for RTs located on the Strzyza Stream. PAHs detected in bottom sediments were mainly composed of 4- and 5-ring compounds. PAH isomer ratios such as Phen/Anth, Flth/Pyr, B(a)A/B(a)A + Chry, Inpy/Inpy + B(ghi)P, Flth/Flth + Pyr, Anth/Anth + Phen, and Flth/Flth + Pyr suggested delivery pathways for biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion. Petrogenic PAHs related to fuel leaks from cars were not detected. Statistical analyses confirmed traffic and heating system sources, while factor analysis (FA) pointed out the abrasion of wasting parts of vehicles. Based on threshold levels presented in sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), in most cases, PAHs were at low levels with occasional negative biological effects on organisms. Only sediments deposited in two RTs located on the Oliwski Stream presented harmful features for sediment-dwelling organisms. The risk assessment performed accordingly to the Σ16PAHs presented a moderate and high risk for biota. This study not only reflects the direct threat related to PAH content in bottom sediments, but also highlights the overall pollution of an area, considered to be a recreational part of the city (Oliwski Stream catchment). The findings of this study highlight the need to launch preventative methods to protect the area against pollution from heating system emission and traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nawrot
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Marine Geotoxicology Laboratory, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Karolina Matej-Łukowicz
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Marine Geotoxicology Laboratory, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Muhammad Mohsin
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ewa Wojciechowska
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Lin Y, Cen Z, Peng J, Yu H, Huang P, Huang Q, Lu Z, Liu M, Ke H, Cai M. Occurrence and sources of microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Svalbard, Arctic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114116. [PMID: 36152495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the distinct environment condition and geographic location, Svalbard has been recognized as a potential pollution reservoir in the Arctic. In this study, 8 surface sediment samples were collected from two fjords in Svalbard (Kongsfjorden and Rijpfjorden) in 2017, and they were searched for microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs were also investigated in 10 soil samples of Ny-Ålesund for local anthropogenic source analysis. The level of microplastics and other anthropogenic particles ranged from not detected (ND) to 4.936 particles/kg dry weight (DW). Fiber was the only shape of the microplastics found and three polymers (polyester, rayon and cellulose) were detected, which suggested that fisheries-related debris and textile materials were possible sources of microplastics and anthropogenic particles. For PAHs, the level of ∑26PAH was 9.2 ng/g to 67.1 ng/g (DW), and were dominated by lnP and BghiP, indicating petroleum combustion source. Further analysis revealed that traffic emissions from cars and diesel combustion from a local power plant were major sources of PAHs in soils of Ny-Alesund, while traffic emissions from ships were the dominate source of PAHs in sediments of Kongsfjorden and Rijpfjorden. A higher level of PAHs was observed in Ny-Alesund, confirming an anthropogenic input, while transport via ocean currents might contribute to the higher abundance of microplastics in Rijpfjorden. Further research and even long-term observation of pollutants are needed to fully understand the pollution status in polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhengnan Cen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinping Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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9
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Hung H, Halsall C, Ball H, Bidleman T, Dachs J, De Silva A, Hermanson M, Kallenborn R, Muir D, Sühring R, Wang X, Wilson S. Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1577-1615. [PMID: 35244108 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic. Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slumping permafrost, changing sea ice regimes, glacial loss and changes in precipitation patterns can all affect how contaminants distribute within the Arctic environment and subsequently impact the Arctic ecosystems. In this review, we summarized observed evidence of the influence of climate change on contaminant circulation and transport among various Arctic environment media, including air, ice, snow, permafrost, fresh water and the marine environment. We have also drawn on parallel examples observed in Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau, to broaden the discussion on how climate change may influence contaminant fate in similar cold-climate ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps on indirect effects of climate change on contaminants in the Arctic environment, including those of extreme weather events, increase in forests fires, and enhanced human activities leading to new local contaminant emissions, have been identified. Enhanced mobilization of contaminants to marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed as a result of climate change, but better linkages need to be made between these observed effects with subsequent exposure and accumulation of contaminants in biota. Emerging issues include those of Arctic contamination by microplastics and higher molecular weight halogenated natural products (hHNPs) and the implications of such contamination in a changing Arctic environment is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5P 1W4, Canada.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hollie Ball
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419, USA
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Kim J, Kwon SY, Kim K, Han S. Import, export, and speciation of mercury in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: Influences of glacier melt and river discharge. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113693. [PMID: 35525059 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major sources and sinks of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in Kongsfjorden were estimated based on spreadsheet-based ecological risk assessment for the fate of mercury (SERAFM). SERAFM was parameterized and calibrated to fit Kongsfjorden using the physical properties of the fjord, runoff coefficients of Hg, transformation rate constants of Hg, partition coefficients of Hg, Hg loadings from freshwater, and solid balance parameters. The modeled Hg concentrations in the seawater matched with the measured concentrations, with a mean bias of 12% and a calibration error of 0.035. The mass budget showed that the major THg sources were tidal inflow and glacial runoff, while the major MeHg sources were tidal inflow and in situ methylation in shallow halocline water, which agreed with the distributions of THg and MeHg in seawater. The coupling of observation and fate modeling in Kongsfjorden provides a basic understanding of Hg cycles in the Arctic fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Yun Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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11
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McGovern M, Warner NA, Borgå K, Evenset A, Carlsson P, Skogsberg E, Søreide JE, Ruus A, Christensen G, Poste AE. Is Glacial Meltwater a Secondary Source of Legacy Contaminants to Arctic Coastal Food Webs? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6337-6348. [PMID: 35472293 PMCID: PMC9118541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-driven increases in air and sea temperatures are rapidly thawing the Arctic cryosphere with potential for remobilization and accumulation of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in adjacent coastal food webs. Here, we present concentrations of selected POPs in zooplankton (spatially and seasonally), as well as zoobenthos and sculpin (spatially) from Isfjorden, Svalbard. Herbivorous zooplankton contaminant concentrations were highest in May [e.g., ∑polychlorinated biphenyls (8PCB); 4.43, 95% CI: 2.72-6.3 ng/g lipid weight], coinciding with the final stages of the spring phytoplankton bloom, and lowest in August (∑8PCB; 1.6, 95% CI: 1.29-1.92 ng/g lipid weight) when zooplankton lipid content was highest, and the fjord was heavily impacted by sediment-laden terrestrial inputs. Slightly increasing concentrations of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) in zooplankton from June (1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.29 ng/g lipid weight) to August (1.57, 95% CI: 1.44-1.71 ng/g lipid weight), alongside a higher percentage of α-HCH enantiomeric fractions closer to racemic ranges, indicate that glacial meltwater is a secondary source of α-HCH to fjord zooplankton in late summer. Except for α-HCH, terrestrial inputs were generally associated with reduced POP concentrations in zooplankton, suggesting that increased glacial melt is not likely to significantly increase exposure of legacy POPs in coastal fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve McGovern
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Tromsø 9007, Norway
- Department
of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic
University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- University
Centre on Svalbard, Longyearbyen 9170, Norway
| | - Nicholas A. Warner
- The
Fram Centre, NILU-Norwegian Institute for
Air Research, Tromsø 9007, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT, The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- Thermo Fischer
Scientific, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Centre
for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene (CBA), University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Department
of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic
University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- Akvaplan-niva,
Fram Centre, Tromsø 9007, Norway
| | | | - Emelie Skogsberg
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1430, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | | | - Anders Ruus
- Department
of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | | | - Amanda E. Poste
- Norwegian
Institute for Water Research, Tromsø 9007, Norway
- Department
of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic
University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
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12
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Dąbrowska AM, Pazdro K. Bioaccumulation of PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the summer plankton from West Spitsbergen fjords. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113488. [PMID: 35276612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in plankton collected in summer from different Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden, Adventfjorden). The levels of all target contaminants in arctic protists have been analyzed for the first time. This is also the first report on PAH levels in arctic fjords zooplankton. ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations were up to 3.58 ng/g w.w., 0.28 ng/g w.w. and 249 ng/g w.w., respectively. Among the zooplankton species, the highest concentrations of the most analyzed contaminants were detected in Themisto abyssorum. This could be explained by the predatory feeding strategy of this species. The importance of diet was confirmed by the low concentrations of contaminants detected in the herbivorous copepod Calanus spp. Depending on contaminant, bioaccumulation occurred in 50 to 100% studied cases. Studies have shown significant biomagnification of PCBs and PAHs in zooplankton predator-prey pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Dąbrowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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13
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Kannan VM, Gopikrishna VG, Saritha VK, Krishnan KP, Mohan M. PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like, and non-dioxin like PCBs in the sediments of high Arctic fjords, Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113277. [PMID: 34995883 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are highly toxic organic compounds, and very few studies on their presence in polar environments have been conducted. This study assessed the concentration and distribution of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in selected fjords of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. The ∑PCDD/Fs observed for Raudfjorden, Smeerenburgfjorden, Magdalenefjorden, and Kongsfjorden were 22.80 pg/g, 25.65 pg/g, 18.27 pg/g, 33.50 pg/g, and 21.69 pg/g, respectively. The WHO's toxic equivalents values of both ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑DL-PCBs were comparatively higher than those reported in other polar regions. Of the four fjords studied, the sediments from Kongsfjorden exhibited the presence of the most toxic materials, including PCB-126 and PCB-169, of DL-PCBs. More than 80% of the total analysed PCDD/Fs were comprised of highly chlorinated congeners (hexa-to-octa forms). More studies are required to understand the destination and transport of these hazardous pollutants in high Arctic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kannan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V G Gopikrishna
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V K Saritha
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa 403802, India
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India; International Centre for Polar Studies, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India.
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14
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Rudnicka-Kępa P, Zaborska A. Sources, fate and distribution of inorganic contaminants in the Svalbard area, representative of a typical Arctic critical environment-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:724. [PMID: 34648070 PMCID: PMC8516776 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental changes not only contribute to the modification of global pollution transport pathways but can also alter contaminant fate within the Arctic. Recent reports underline the importance of secondary sources of pollution, e.g. melting glaciers, thawing permafrost or increased riverine run-off. This article reviews reports on the European Arctic-we concentrate on the Svalbard region-and environmental contamination by inorganic pollutants (heavy metals and artificial radionuclides), including their transport pathways, their fate in the Arctic environment and the concentrations of individual elements in the ecosystem. This review presents in detail the secondary contaminant sources and tries to identify knowledge gaps, as well as indicate needs for further research. Concentrations of heavy metals and radionuclides in Svalbard have been studied, in various environmental elements since the beginning of the twentieth century. In the last 5 years, the highest concentrations of Cd (13 mg kg-1) and As (28 mg kg-1) were recorded for organic-rich soils, while levels of Pb (99 mg kg-1), Hg (1 mg kg-1), Zn (496 mg kg-1) and Cu (688 mg kg-1) were recorded for marine sediments. Increased heavy metal concentrations were also recorded in some flora and fauna species. For radionuclides in the last 5 years, the highest concentrations of 137Cs (4500 Bq kg-1), 238Pu (2 Bq kg-1) and 239 + 240Pu (43 Bq kg-1) were recorded for cryoconites, and the highest concentration of 241Am (570 Bq kg-1) was recorded in surface sediments. However, no contamination of flora and fauna with radionuclides was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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15
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Spataro F, Patrolecco L, Ademollo N, Præbel K, Rauseo J, Pescatore T, Corsolini S. Multiple exposure of the Boreogadus saida from bessel fjord (NE Greenland) to legacy and emerging pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130477. [PMID: 33857648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the occurrence of OCPs, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), endosulfan (α- and β-EDS) isomers, chlorpyrifos (CPF), dacthal (DAC) and phenolic compounds, such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and its precursors nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO) and bisphenol A (BPA), in polar cod sampled in and outside Bessel Fjord (NE Greenland). Linear regressions between target contaminants and morphological parameters (age, length, weight, gonad- and hepato-somatic indices and Fulton K) have been also evaluated. Polar cod collected at shelf had higher average concentrations of BPA, NP1EO, NP2EO and 4-NP (muscle: 6.2, 13.2, 8.9 and 1.9 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 5.8, 7.5, 5.2 and 0.9 ng/g w.w. respectively), than fjord's specimens (muscle: 3.5, 9.1, 3.9 and 1.0 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 2.4, 5.3, 2.9 and 1.1 ng/g w.w. respectively). ΣHCHs, ΣEDSs, ΣDDTs, CPF and DAC, were more accumulated in the polar cod from the fjord (average amount in muscle: 9.1, 4.8, 7.9, 3.8 and 2.8 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in the liver: 11.2, 9.0, 3.8, 5.9 and 4.9 ng/g w.w., respectively) than shelf's ones (average amount in muscle 3.9, 4.5, 4.2, 0.9 and 1.2 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in liver 7.8, 6.3, 2.1, 3.4 and 2.5 ng/g w.w., respectively). The comparison between the concentration of target contaminants and morphologic parameters suggested a different exposure of polar cod occupying the fjord and shelf habitats, due to a combination of genetic and dietary differences, climate change effects and increased human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - L Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - N Ademollo
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy.
| | - K Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2418, Elverum, Norway
| | - J Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - T Pescatore
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Corsolini
- Institute of Polar Sciences-National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Strada Provinciale 35d, Km 0,700, 00010, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
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16
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Steenhuisen F, van den Heuvel-Greve M. Exposure radius of a local coal mine in an Arctic coastal system; correlation between PAHs and mercury as a marker for a local mercury source. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:499. [PMID: 34291327 PMCID: PMC8295130 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mercury in the Arctic originates from emissions and releases at lower latitudes and, to a lesser extent, from local and regional sources. The relationship between mercury (Hg) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment can be applied as an indicator of the mercury source. This research examines the Hg contamination gradient from a land-based coal mine to the surrounding coastal environment to quantify the impact of local sources. Total mercury and PAH (Σ14PAH) were measured in terrestrial and marine sediments as well as in marine biota. Samples were collected at the mine and two reference sites. Mercury and Σ14PAH concentrations in samples collected at the mine site were significantly higher than those at the reference sites. This was also found in the biota samples, although less pronounced. This work addresses the complexities of interpreting data concerning very low contaminant levels in a relatively pristine environment. A clear correlation between PAH and Hg concentration in sediment was found, although a large number of samples had levels below detection limits. PAH profiles, hierarchical clustering, and molecular diagnostic ratios provided further insight into the origin of PAHs and Hg, showing that signatures in sediments from the nearest reference site were more similar to the mine, which was not the case for the other reference site. The observed exposure radius from the mine was small and diluted from land to water to marine biota. Due to low contamination levels and variable PAH profiles, marine biota was less suitable for tracing the exposure radius for this local land-based Hg source. With an expected increase in mobility and availability of contaminants in the warming Arctic, changes in input of PAHs and Hg from land-based sources to the marine system need close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Steenhuisen
- Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, Aweg 30, 9718, CW, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Martine van den Heuvel-Greve
- Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Pawlak F, Koziol K, Polkowska Z. Chemical hazard in glacial melt? The glacial system as a secondary source of POPs (in the Northern Hemisphere). A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:145244. [PMID: 33832784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of compounds belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is widely known, and their re-emission from glaciers has been conclusively demonstrated. However, the harmful effects associated with such secondary emissions have yet to be thoroughly understood, especially in the spatial and temporal context, as the existing literature has a clear sampling bias with the best recognition of sites in the European Alps. In this review, we elaborated on the hazards associated with the rapid melting of glaciers releasing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To this end, we collated knowledge on: (1) the varying glacier melt rate across the Northern Hemisphere, (2) the content of POPs in the glacial system components, including the less represented areas, (3) the mechanisms of POPs transfer through the glacial system, including the importance of immediate emission from snow melt, (4) risk assessment associated with POPs re-emission. Based on the limited existing information, the health risk of drinking glacial water can be considered negligible, but consuming aquatic organisms from these waters may increase the risk of cancer. Remoteness from emission sources is a leading factor in the presence of such risk, yet the Arctic is likely to be more exposed to it in the future due to large-scale processes shifting atmospheric pollution and the continuous supply of snow. For future risk monitoring, we recommend to explore the synergistic toxic effects of multiple contaminants and fill the gaps in the spatial distribution of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pawlak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Koziol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Zaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Johansen S, Poste A, Allan I, Evenset A, Carlsson P. Terrestrial inputs govern spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in an Arctic fjord system (Isfjorden, Svalbard). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:116963. [PMID: 33823300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considerable amounts of previously deposited persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stored in the Arctic cryosphere. Transport of freshwater and terrestrial material to the Arctic Ocean is increasing due to ongoing climate change and the impact this has on POPs in marine receiving systems is unknown This study has investigated how secondary sources of POPs from land influence the occurrence and fate of POPs in an Arctic coastal marine system. Passive sampling of water and sampling of riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM) and marine sediments for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was carried out in rivers and their receiving fjords in Isfjorden system in Svalbard. Riverine SPM had low contaminant concentrations (<level of detection-28 pg/g dw ΣPCB14, 16-100 pg/g dw HCB) compared to outer marine sediments 630-880 pg/g dw ΣPCB14, 530-770 pg/g dw HCB). There was a strong spatial gradient in sediment PCB and HCB concentrations with lowest concentrations in river estuaries and in front of marine-terminating glaciers and increasing concentrations toward the outer fjord. This suggests that rather than leading to increased concentrations, inputs of SPM from land lead to a dilution of contaminant concentrations in nearshore sediments. Preliminary estimates of SPM:water activity ratios suggest that terrestrial particles (with low contaminant concentrations) may have the potential to act as sorbents of dissolved contaminants in the coastal water column, with implications for bioavailability of POPs to the marine food web. There is concern that ongoing increases in fluxes of freshwater, sediments and associated terrestrial material (including contaminants) from land to the Arctic Ocean will lead to increased mobilization and transport of POPs to coastal ecosystems. However, the results of this study indicate that on Svalbard, inputs from land may in fact have the opposite effect, leading to reduced concentrations in coastal sediments and waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Johansen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amanda Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ian Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway; UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Ruman M, Kosek K, Koziol K, Ciepły M, Kozak-Dylewska K, Polkowska Ż. A High-Arctic flow-through lake system hydrochemical changes: Revvatnet, southwestern Svalbard (years 2010-2018). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130046. [PMID: 33676272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lake ecosystems are strongly coupled to features of their surrounding landscapes such as geomorphology, lithology, vegetation and hydrological characteristics. In the 2010-2018 summer seasons, we investigated an Arctic flow-through lake system Revvatnet, located in the vicinity of the coastal zone of Hornsund fjord in Svalbard, characterising its hydrological properties and the chemical composition of its waters. The lake system comprises of a small upper lake and a large lower one, the latter cone-shaped, with -29.1 m maximum depth. With near-neutral pH (full range 6.5-8.4) and low EC (7-147 μS cm-1), the lake has rather similar characteristics to many Arctic lakes. Metal and metalloid concentrations were either similar across the lake system or increased downstream (except Zn, which has important ore-bearing veins in the upper part of the catchment), which is consistent with the likely slow dissolution of suspended particles within the lakes. The ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from <MDL to 2151 ng L-1, and according to the indicator PAHs concentration ratios, they originated from a mixture of combustion processes (they were not petrogenic). Principal component analysis showed that seasonal variability was the most characteristic feature of the chemical composition of these waters, although there appear to be consistent changes with time (sampling year) as well. Future research should explore the occurrence of high maxima in the concentrations of priority pollutants, such as PAHs, metals and metalloids (e.g. As).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ruman
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kosek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Koziol
- Institute of Geography, Kazimierz Wielki University, 8 Kościelecki Sq., Bydgoszcz, 85-033, Poland
| | - Michał Ciepły
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec, 41-200, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak-Dylewska
- Polpharma Biologics S.A., Gdansk Science & Technology Park, 3 Trzy Lipy St., Gdansk, 80-172, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk, 80-233, Poland
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20
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Sinha RK, Krishnan KP. Genomic insights into the molecular mechanisms of a Pseudomonas strain significant in its survival in Kongsfjorden, an Arctic fjord. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:893-903. [PMID: 33909166 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Kongs-67 retrieved from Kongsfjorden, an Arctic fjord, has been investigated to understand the molecular machinery required for microbial association and survival in a polar fjord. The genome size of Kongs-67 was 4.5 Mb and was found to be closely related to the Antarctic P. pelagia strain CL-AP6. This genome encodes for chemotaxis response regulator proteins (CheABB1RR2VWYZ), chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins), and flagellar system proteins (FliCDEFGOPMN, FlhABF, FlgBCDEFGHIJKL, and MotAB proteins) vital in cellular interactions in the dynamic fjord environment. A high proportion of genes were assigned to biofilm formation (pgaABCD operon) and signal transduction protein categories (EnvZ/OmpR, CpxA/CpxR, PhoR/PhoB, PhoQ) indicating that the biofilm formation in Kongs-67 could be tightly regulated in response to the availability of signalling-metabolites. The genome of Kongs-67 encoded for HemBCD, CbiA, CobABNSTOQCDP, and BtuBFR proteins involved in cobalamin biosynthesis and transport along with proteins for siderophore-mediated iron channelling (PchR, Fur protein, FpvA); crucial in a microbial association. The genomes of Arctic strain Kongs-67 and Antarctic strain CL-AP6 were similar which is indicative of retainment of the core genes in the polar Pseudomonas strains that could be vital in conferring evolutionary adaptation for its survival in a polar fjord. Thus, our study contributes to the knowledge on the genetics of a polar Pseudomonas member exhibiting biosynthetic potentials and suggest Pseudomonas sp. Kongs-67 as a suitable candidate for the investigation of functional aspects of molecular adaptations in the polar marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar Sinha
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, 403804, Goa, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, 403804, Goa, India.
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21
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Mazurkiewicz M, Winogradow A, Pazdro K. PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords - Distribution, sources and risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111980. [PMID: 33486131 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examine contamination with PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the seawater of Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden and Adventfjorden) which differ in environmental conditions and are particularly sensitive to climate change. We also investigate how the melting glaciers and ocean currents may affect the distribution and fate of target compounds in the seawater column in the fjords. The ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations in seawater ranged from, respectively: 0.002 to 41.2 ng/L; from LOQ to 233 ng/L; and from 0.196 to 311 ng/L. The research indicates that the concentrations of contaminants detected in Arctic fjords depend on the physicochemical properties of these compounds, local human activity and occurrence of glacier meltwaters. Detected HCB and PAH concentrations in most of the seawater samples were at levels classified as harmless, however in 30 out of 80 analysed suspended particulate matter samples some compounds were present at toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Winogradow
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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22
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Ademollo N, Spataro F, Rauseo J, Pescatore T, Fattorini N, Valsecchi S, Polesello S, Patrolecco L. Occurrence, distribution and pollution pattern of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in surface water of the Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway): Environmental contamination, seasonal trend and climate change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111900. [PMID: 33340906 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the contamination pattern in Kongsfjorden marine environment (Svalbard, 79°N 12°E) and to disentangle primary and secondary emissions. Surface seawater, sampled in two seasons, was analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS to detect polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenols (NPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In summer, average ΣPAHs, BPA, ΣNPs, ΣPFASs and ΣPCBs concentrations were 17.3 ± 11.1 ng/L, 0.9 ± 0.3 ng/L, 10.0 ± 6.9 ng/L, 0.4 ± 0.7 ng/L and 1.8 ± 1.3 pg/L, respectively; while in winter, they were 13.6 ± 10.1 ng/L, 0.5 ± 0.2 ng/L, 6.8 ± 3.3 ng/L, <LOD and 0.6 ± 0.4 pg/L, respectively. The application of generalized linear models (GLMs) highlighted that: PFAS pattern agrees their predominant long-range hydrospheric transport; the additive effect of the distance to glacier and harbour affected PAH, NP and BPA distributions; the additive effect of season and distance from the glacier, but not their interaction, influenced PCBs distribution, indicating melting glaciers as potential secondary POP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Ademollo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Tanita Pescatore
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute- National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Rome, Italy
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23
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Muir DCG, Galarneau E. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: Links to global change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116425. [PMID: 33460875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, global change processes have been linked to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in Canada and a first national budget of sources and sinks has been derived. Sources are dominated by wildfire emissions that affect western and northern regions of Canada disproportionately due to the location of Pacific and boreal forests and the direction of prevailing winds. Wildfire emissions are projected to increase under climate warming along with releases from the thawing of glaciers and permafrost. Residential wood combustion, domestic transportation and industry contribute the bulk of anthropogenic emissions, though they are substantially smaller than wildfire emissions and are not expected to change considerably in coming years. Other sources such as accidental spills, deforestation, and re-emission of previous industrial deposition are expected to contribute anthropogenic and biogenic PACs to nearby ecosystems. PAC sinks are less well-understood. Atmospheric deposition is similar in magnitude to anthropogenic sources. Considerable knowledge gaps preclude the estimation of environmental transformations and transboundary flows, and assessing the importance of climate change relative to shifts in population distribution and energy production is not yet possible. The outlook for PACs in the Arctic is uncertain due to conflicting assessments of competing factors and limited measurements, some of which provide a baseline but have not been followed up in recent years. Climate change has led to an increase in primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean, but PAC-related impacts on marine biota appear to be modest. The net effect of changes in ecological exposure from changing emissions and environmental conditions throughout Canada remains to be seen. Evidence suggests that the PAC budget at the national scale does not represent impacts at the local or regional level. The ability to assess future trends depends on improvements to Canada's environmental measurement strategy and biogeochemical modelling capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S1A1, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
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24
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Li R, Gao H, Ji Z, Jin S, Ge L, Zong H, Jiao L, Zhang Z, Na G. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column of Kongsfjorden, Arctic. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:186-193. [PMID: 32933734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kongsfjorden is known for its characteristic multi-layer water mass formed by the convergence of freshwaters from nearby glaciers and rivers and saline water from the Atlantic and Arctic. The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water column of Kongsfjorden was investigated and their potential sources were analyzed. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the surface seawater and river water were in the range of 33.4-79.8 ng/L (mean 48.5 ng/L) and 2.3-201.4 ng/L (mean 126.1 ng/L), respectively. Horizontally, PAHs were mainly concentrated around river estuaries and the glacier front in the dissolved phase. Vertically, the PAHs in the particulate phase followed surface-enrichment and depth-depletion patterns in most stations, with the maximum concentration found at 50 m depth in the central area of Kongsfjorden. The compositions of PAHs in seawater and rivers were similar, with two-ring and tricyclic PAHs comprising the majority of the dissolved and particulate phases. PAHs found in Kongsfjorden waters appeared to be derived from multiple sources such as petroleum and coal combustion. PAHs in the bay mouth of Kongsfjorden were mainly introduced by the West Spitsbergen Current and the Arctic waters, while in the inner bay, atmospheric deposition and local sources were the major contributors. The distribution of PAHs was mainly attributed to the suspended particulate distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linke Ge
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean-Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, China.
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25
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Lunny E, Eng ML, Gurney KEB, Morrissey CA. Incubation temperature and PCB-126 exposure interactively impair shorebird embryo and post-hatch development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109779. [PMID: 32590146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In oviparous wildlife, many critical physiological and behavioural components are strongly influenced by the embryonic and early post-hatch developmental environment. As such, early life stages in these species are highly vulnerable to both natural and anthropogenic stressors. For example, in birds, incubation temperature may influence the rate of egg development while also affecting contaminant metabolism and absorption in body tissues, resulting in potentially multiplicative impacts on embryonic and posthatch development. We tested the hypothesis that cumulative effects of early contaminant exposure and temperature stress can negatively affect avian development and may have interactive effects that are more detrimental than either stressor individually. Using a controlled egg injection and incubation study on killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), eggs were exposed to a known endocrine disruptor, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) and incubated at either low (36 °C), intermediate (37.5 °C), or high (39 °C) temperatures. Our results indicated that eggs incubated at low temperature had earlier detection of heartbeat, longer incubation length, lower growth rate post-hatch, and higher post-hatch mortality, compared to eggs incubated under intermediate temperatures. Higher incubation temperatures resulted in shorter incubation length, earlier detection of heart rate and faster righting time. As predicted, embryo and chick mortality were greater in the PCB-dosed birds incubated at intermediate and high temperatures. Incidence of distended yolk sacs (%) also increased with PCB exposure in all temperature groups, with the largest increase in the high temperature group. Overall, our results show that low incubation temperature can cause greater adverse effects than PCB-126 exposure alone, but that negative effects of PCB-126 exposure are exacerbated by high incubation temperatures. These findings suggest that in natural settings, shorebird embryos may be more susceptible to contaminant exposure when incubated at temperatures either below or above the apparent optimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Lunny
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Margaret L Eng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kirsty E B Gurney
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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26
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Combi T, Pintado-Herrera MG, Lara-Martín PA, Lopes-Rocha M, Miserocchi S, Langone L, Guerra R. Historical sedimentary deposition and flux of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs in sediment cores from the western Adriatic Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125029. [PMID: 31604196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sources and depositional history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) over the last century were investigated in sediment cores from the North Adriatic Sea (Po River prodelta) and the South-Western Adriatic Margin (SWAM). Contaminant concentrations were higher in the Po River prodelta. ∑16PAHs ranged from 193 to 533 ng g-1, ∑5PCBs ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 ng g-1 and ∑DDTs (p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDE) ranged from 0.1 to 2.5 ng g-1. In the SWAM, ∑PAHs ranged from 11 to 74 ng g-1 while ∑PCB and ∑DDT concentrations were close to the MQL. Accordingly, contaminant fluxes were much higher in the northern (mean values of 152 ± 31 ng cm2 y-1 and 0.70 ± 0.35 ng cm2 y-1 for PAHs and OCs, respectively) than in the southern Adriatic (2.62 ± 0.9 ng cm2 y-1 and 0.03 ± 0.02 ng cm2 y-1 for PAHs and OCs, respectively). The historical deposition of PAHs seemed to be influenced by the historical socioeconomic development and by changes in the composition of fossil fuel consumption (from petroleum derivatives to natural gas) in Italy from the end of the 19th century to the present. Similarly, vertical variations in DDT concentrations matched its historical use and consumption in Italy, which started around in the mid-late 1940s to fight typhus during the II World War. Contaminant concentrations detected in sediments does not seem to pose ecotoxicological risk for marine organisms in the Adriatic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Combi
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Oceanografia. Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 40170-020, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 123, 48123, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marília Lopes-Rocha
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 123, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Stefano Miserocchi
- Istituto Scienze Polari (ISP), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Langone
- Istituto Scienze Polari (ISP), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Guerra
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 123, 48123, Ravenna, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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27
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Guerra R, Pasteris A, Righi S, Ok G. Historical record of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the continental shelf of the Korea Strait. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124438. [PMID: 31374396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of PCBs was measured in a dated core from the continental shelf of the Korea Strait. The historical trend of deposition and fluxes of individual and total PCB agreed well with the dynamics of historical tendencies of PCBs consumption in South Korea up to mid-1980 and a peak of total PCBs of 810 ng kg-1 was recorded at the turn of the 1960s. A second period of deposition, when concentrations of total PCB up to 1007 ng kg-1 were reached, was evidenced between 1989 and 2010 after the ban of PCBs. Sediments deposited in 1990s-2010, and sediments deposited in the period of maximum PCBs use (1956-1983) are both enriched in the less chlorinated homologue groups (tri- and tetrachlorobyphenyls) and congener PCB 118. However, the ratio of dioxin-like PCBs, and dichloro- and hexachloro homologue groups disclosed compositional variations between the two time periods. Source analysis suggested that PCBs in the sediment record mainly originated from Kanechlor 300, Kanechlor 400 and Aroclor 1242 technical mixtures overlapped by secondary/unintentional combustion sources from regional steel making processes in the last decades (1990s-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Guerra
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Campus di Ravenna, 48123, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pasteris
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Campus di Ravenna, 48123, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Righi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.), University of Bologna, Campus di Ravenna, 48123, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gon Ok
- Department of Environment Atmospheric Science, Dioxin Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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28
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Szczybelski AS, van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Koelmans AA, van den Brink NW. Biomarker responses and biotransformation capacity in Arctic and temperate benthic species exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:631-638. [PMID: 30703720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring parameters for the assessment of oil and gas related contaminants and their biological effects need validation before application in the Arctic. For such monitoring purposes, we evaluated the potential use of three biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, acyl-CoA oxidase and glutathione S-transferase) for application to an Arctic bivalve (Astarte borealis) and determined the body residue of pyrene and two pyrene metabolites (1-hydroxypyrene and pyrene-1-glucuronide) in Arctic benthic species (bivalve: Macoma calcarea; polychaete: Nephtys ciliata) and temperate benthic species (bivalve: Limecola balthica; polychaete: Alitta virens) in order to establish the potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolite profiles as biomarkers of exposure in such species. Experimental PAH exposure levels were probably too low (0.2-1.7 mg/kg dry weight in sediment) to induce or inhibit biomarker responses in A. borealis. Concentrations of pyrene and pyrene metabolites varied between species, although no consistent patterns could be established among taxonomic groups and locations. Metabolites made up to 79% of the total pyrene concentrations, indicating that basal metabolic activity is affecting pyrene kinetics even at low concentrations in all species. This indicates that Arctic and temperate species could show similar metabolism patterns of PAHs, although more insight into the effects of confounding factors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna S Szczybelski
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, the Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Sub-department of Toxicology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Szczybelski AS, Diepens NJ, van den Heuvel‐Greve MJ, van den Brink NW, Koelmans AA. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by arctic and temperate benthic species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:883-895. [PMID: 30657214 PMCID: PMC6850439 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing oil and gas activities may substantially increase chemical stress to benthic ecosystems in the Arctic, and it is necessary to evaluate such environmental risks in these systems. Risk assessment procedures for oil-related compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) should address differences in exposure between Arctic and temperate benthos. We compare for the first time the bioaccumulation of PAHs by Arctic benthic invertebrate species with that of temperate species, based on their biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs). Measured PAH BSAFs were generally higher in temperate bivalves (Limecola balthica) than in Arctic bivalves (Macoma calcarea), whereas BSAFs in Arctic polychaetes (Nephtys ciliata) were higher than in temperate polychaetes (Alitta virens). Differences in measured BSAFs were explained by species-specific feeding modes and traits. However, modeled BSAFs revealed that steady state was not likely to be reached in the 28-d tests for all PAHs and organisms. Due to the low numbers of individuals, most species-specific parameters were too uncertain to reveal differences between Arctic and temperate species. The results of the present study suggest that data from temperate species could be used as a surrogate for Arctic species in risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:883-895. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna S. Szczybelski
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Animal EcologyWageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Noël J. Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nico W. van den Brink
- Subdepartment of ToxicologyDepartment of Agrotechnology and Food SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine ResearchYersekeThe Netherlands
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. The history of hexachlorobenzene accumulation in Svalbard fjords. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:360. [PMID: 29799069 PMCID: PMC5968051 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the spatial and historical trends of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contamination in dated sediments of three Svalbard fjords (Kongsfjorden, Hornsund, Adventfjorden) differing in environmental conditions and human impact. HCB concentrations ranging from below limit of quantification (6.86 pg/g d.w.) to 143.99 pg/g d.w. were measured. The highest concentrations were measured in two surface sediment layers of the core collected in Hornsund near the melting glacier. The lowest concentrations of HCB were measured in Adventfjorden, suggesting that local source of HCB is not significant and global transport processes are the major transport pathways. The history of HCB deposition did not fully reflect the history of HCB emission (largest in 1950s and 1960s). In case of several sediment cores, the HCB enrichment in surface (recent) sediments was noticed. This can indicate importance of secondary sources of HCB, e.g., the influx of HCB accumulated over decades on the surface of glaciers. Detected levels of HCB were generally low and did not exceed background concentration levels; thus, a negative effect on benthic organisms is not expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
| | - A Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - K Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
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de Lima e Silva MR, Correa RC, Sakamoto IK, Varesche MBA. Microbial Characterization of Methanogenic and Iron-reducing Consortium in Reactors with Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:666-676. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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