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Park Y, Lee MJ, Yoo S, Kim CY, Namgung JY, Park Y, Park H, Lee EC, Yoon YD, Paquola C, Bernhardt BC, Park BY. GAN-MAT: Generative adversarial network-based microstructural profile covariance analysis toolbox. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120595. [PMID: 38554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides complementary information for investigating brain structure and function; for example, an in vivo microstructure-sensitive proxy can be estimated using the ratio between T1- and T2-weighted structural MRI. However, acquiring multiple imaging modalities is challenging in patients with inattentive disorders. In this study, we proposed a comprehensive framework to provide multiple imaging features related to the brain microstructure using only T1-weighted MRI. Our toolbox consists of (i) synthesizing T2-weighted MRI from T1-weighted MRI using a conditional generative adversarial network; (ii) estimating microstructural features, including intracortical covariance and moment features of cortical layer-wise microstructural profiles; and (iii) generating a microstructural gradient, which is a low-dimensional representation of the intracortical microstructure profile. We trained and tested our toolbox using T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans of 1,104 healthy young adults obtained from the Human Connectome Project database. We found that the synthesized T2-weighted MRI was very similar to the actual image and that the synthesized data successfully reproduced the microstructural features. The toolbox was validated using an independent dataset containing healthy controls and patients with episodic migraine as well as the atypical developmental condition of autism spectrum disorder. Our toolbox may provide a new paradigm for analyzing multimodal structural MRI in the neuroscience community and is openly accessible at https://github.com/CAMIN-neuro/GAN-MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjun Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mi Ji Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Chae Yeon Kim
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Yunseo Park
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Casey Paquola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bo-Yong Park
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
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Bruno A, Lothmann K, Bludau S, Mohlberg H, Amunts K. New organizational principles and 3D cytoarchitectonic maps of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the human brain. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2024; 3:1339244. [PMID: 38455685 PMCID: PMC10917992 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1339244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Areas of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are part of the frontoparietal control, default mode, salience, and ventral attention networks. The DLPFC is involved in executive functions, like working memory, value encoding, attention, decision-making, and behavioral control. This functional heterogeneity is not reflected in existing neuroanatomical maps. For example, previous cytoarchitectonic studies have divided the DLPFC into two or four areas. Macroanatomical parcellations of this region rely on gyri and sulci, which are not congruent with cytoarchitectonic parcellations. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a microstructural analysis of the human DLPFC and 3D maps of cytoarchitectonic areas to help address the observed functional variability in studies of the DLPFC. We analyzed ten human post-mortem brains in serial cell-body stained brain sections and mapped areal boundaries using a statistical image analysis approach. Five new areas (i.e., SFG2, SFG3, SFG4, MFG4, and MFG5) were identified on the superior and middle frontal gyrus, i.e., regions corresponding to parts of Brodmann areas 9 and 46. Gray level index profiles were used to determine interregional cytoarchitectural differences. The five new areas were reconstructed in 3D, and probability maps were generated in commonly used reference spaces, considering the variability of areas in stereotaxic space. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a high degree of similarity within the identified DLPFC areas while neighboring areas (frontal pole, Broca's region, area 8, and motoric areas) were separable. Comparisons with functional imaging studies revealed specific functional profiles of the DLPFC areas. Our results indicate that the new areas do not follow a simple organizational gradient assumption in the DLPFC. Instead, they are more similar to those of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Broca's areas 44, 45) and frontopolar areas (Fp1, Fp2) than to the more posterior areas. Within the DLPFC, the cytoarchitectonic similarities between areas do not seem to follow a simple anterior-to-posterior gradient either, but cluster along other principles. The new maps are part of the publicly available Julich Brain Atlas and provide a microstructural reference for existing and future imaging studies. Thus, our study represents a further step toward deciphering the structural-functional organization of the human prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bruno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kimberley Lothmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Rapan L, Froudist-Walsh S, Niu M, Xu T, Zhao L, Funck T, Wang XJ, Amunts K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Cytoarchitectonic, receptor distribution and functional connectivity analyses of the macaque frontal lobe. eLife 2023; 12:e82850. [PMID: 37578332 PMCID: PMC10425179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on quantitative cyto- and receptor architectonic analyses, we identified 35 prefrontal areas, including novel subdivisions of Walker's areas 10, 9, 8B, and 46. Statistical analysis of receptor densities revealed regional differences in lateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Indeed, structural and functional organization of subdivisions encompassing areas 46 and 12 demonstrated significant differences in the interareal levels of α2 receptors. Furthermore, multivariate analysis included receptor fingerprints of previously identified 16 motor areas in the same macaque brains and revealed 5 clusters encompassing frontal lobe areas. We used the MRI datasets from the non-human primate data sharing consortium PRIME-DE to perform functional connectivity analyses using the resulting frontal maps as seed regions. In general, rostrally located frontal areas were characterized by bigger fingerprints, that is, higher receptor densities, and stronger regional interconnections. Whereas more caudal areas had smaller fingerprints, but showed a widespread connectivity pattern with distant cortical regions. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular structure underlying the functional organization of the cortex and, thus, reconcile the discrepancies between the structural and functional hierarchical organization of the primate frontal lobe. Finally, our data are publicly available via the EBRAINS and BALSA repositories for the entire scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Rapan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Sean Froudist-Walsh
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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4
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Unger N, Haeck M, Eickhoff SB, Camilleri JA, Dickscheid T, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Caspers S, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human frontal operculum-New correlates for a variety of brain functions. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1087026. [PMID: 37448625 PMCID: PMC10336231 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1087026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human frontal operculum (FOp) is a brain region that covers parts of the ventral frontal cortex next to the insula. Functional imaging studies showed activations in this region in tasks related to language, somatosensory, and cognitive functions. While the precise cytoarchitectonic areas that correlate to these processes have not yet been revealed, earlier receptorarchitectonic analysis resulted in a detailed parcellation of the FOp. We complemented this analysis by a cytoarchitectonic study of a sample of ten postmortem brains and mapped the posterior FOp in serial, cell-body stained histological sections using image analysis and multivariate statistics. Three new areas were identified: Op5 represents the most posterior area, followed by Op6 and the most anterior region Op7. Areas Op5-Op7 approach the insula, up to the circular sulcus. Area 44 of Broca's region, the most ventral part of premotor area 6, and parts of the parietal operculum are dorso-laterally adjacent to Op5-Op7. The areas did not show any interhemispheric or sex differences. Three-dimensional probability maps and a maximum probability map were generated in stereotaxic space, and then used, in a first proof-of-concept-study, for functional decoding and analysis of structural and functional connectivity. Functional decoding revealed different profiles of cytoarchitectonically identified Op5-Op7. While left Op6 was active in music cognition, right Op5 was involved in chewing/swallowing and sexual processing. Both areas showed activation during the exercise of isometric force in muscles. An involvement in the coordination of flexion/extension could be shown for the right Op6. Meta-analytic connectivity modeling revealed various functional connections of the FOp areas within motor and somatosensory networks, with the most evident connection with the music/language network for Op6 left. The new cytoarchitectonic maps are part of Julich-Brain, and publicly available to serve as a basis for future analyses of structural-functional relationships in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Unger
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia A. Camilleri
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Dickscheid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Multiscale neural gradients reflect transdiagnostic effects of major psychiatric conditions on cortical morphology. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1024. [PMID: 36168040 PMCID: PMC9515219 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that multiple psychiatric conditions are underpinned by shared neural pathways, affecting similar brain systems. Here, we carried out a multiscale neural contextualization of shared alterations of cortical morphology across six major psychiatric conditions (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depression disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). Our framework cross-referenced shared morphological anomalies with respect to cortical myeloarchitecture and cytoarchitecture, as well as connectome and neurotransmitter organization. Pooling disease-related effects on MRI-based cortical thickness measures across six ENIGMA working groups, including a total of 28,546 participants (12,876 patients and 15,670 controls), we identified a cortex-wide dimension of morphological changes that described a sensory-fugal pattern, with paralimbic regions showing the most consistent alterations across conditions. The shared disease dimension was closely related to cortical gradients of microstructure as well as neurotransmitter axes, specifically cortex-wide variations in serotonin and dopamine. Multiple sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness with respect to slight variations in analytical choices. Our findings embed shared effects of common psychiatric conditions on brain structure in multiple scales of brain organization, and may provide insights into neural mechanisms of transdiagnostic vulnerability.
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6
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Bruno A, Bludau S, Mohlberg H, Amunts K. Cytoarchitecture, intersubject variability, and 3D mapping of four new areas of the human anterior prefrontal cortex. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:915877. [PMID: 36032993 PMCID: PMC9403835 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.915877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in cognitive control and executive functions, including working memory, attention, value encoding, decision making, monitoring, and controlling behavioral strategies. However, the relationships between this variety of functions and the underlying cortical areas, which specifically contribute to these functions, are not yet well-understood. Existing microstructural maps differ in the number, localization, and extent of areas of the DLPFC. Moreover, there is a considerable intersubject variability both in the sulcal pattern and in the microstructure of this region, which impedes comparison with functional neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to provide microstructural, cytoarchitectonic maps of the human anterior DLPFC in 3D space. Therefore, we analyzed 10 human post-mortem brains and mapped their borders using a well-established approach based on statistical image analysis. Four new areas (i.e., SFS1, SFS2, MFG1, and MFG2) were identified in serial, cell-body stained brain sections that occupy the anterior superior frontal sulcus and middle frontal gyrus, i.e., a region corresponding to parts of Brodmann areas 9 and 46. Differences between areas in cytoarchitecture were captured using gray level index profiles, reflecting changes in the volume fraction of cell bodies from the surface of the brain to the cortex-white matter border. A hierarchical cluster analysis of these profiles indicated that areas of the anterior DLPFC displayed higher cytoarchitectonic similarity between each other than to areas of the neighboring frontal pole (areas Fp1 and Fp2), Broca's region (areas 44 and 45) of the ventral prefrontal cortex, and posterior DLPFC areas (8d1, 8d2, 8v1, and 8v2). Area-specific, cytoarchitectonic differences were found between the brains of males and females. The individual areas were 3D-reconstructed, and probability maps were created in the MNI Colin27 and ICBM152casym reference spaces to take the variability of areas in stereotaxic space into account. The new maps contribute to Julich-Brain and are publicly available as a resource for studying neuroimaging data, helping to clarify the functional and organizational principles of the human prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bruno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ariane Bruno
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Quabs J, Caspers S, Schöne C, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Dickscheid T, Amunts K. Cytoarchitecture, probability maps and segregation of the human insula. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119453. [PMID: 35809885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human insular cortex supports multifunctional integration including interoceptive, sensorimotor, cognitive and social-emotional processing. Different concepts of the underlying microstructure have been proposed over more than a century. However, a 3D map of the cytoarchitectonic segregation of the insula in standard reference space, that could be directly linked to neuroimaging experiments addressing different cognitive tasks, is not yet available. Here we analyzed the middle posterior and dorsal anterior insula with image analysis and a statistical mapping procedure to delineate cytoarchitectonic areas in ten human postmortem brains. 3D-probability maps of seven new areas with granular (Ig3, posterior), agranular (Ia1, posterior) and dysgranular (Id2-Id6, middle to dorsal anterior) cytoarchitecture have been calculated to represent the new areas in stereotaxic space. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on cytoarchitecture resulted in three distinct clusters in the superior posterior, inferior posterior and dorsal anterior insula, providing deeper insights into the structural organization of the insula. The maps are openly available to support future studies addressing relations between structure and function in the human insula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Quabs
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany.
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
| | - Claudia Schöne
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
| | - Timo Dickscheid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
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8
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Stenger S, Bludau S, Mohlberg H, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonic parcellation and functional characterization of four new areas in the caudal parahippocampal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1439-1455. [PMID: 34989871 PMCID: PMC9046293 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain areas at the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal–occipital transition region are involved in different functions including processing visual–spatial information and episodic memory. Results of neuroimaging experiments have revealed a differentiated functional parcellation of this region, but its microstructural correlates are less well understood. Here we provide probability maps of four new cytoarchitectonic areas, Ph1, Ph2, Ph3 and CoS1 at the parahippocampal gyrus and collateral sulcus. Areas have been identified based on an observer-independent mapping of serial, cell-body stained histological sections of ten human postmortem brains. They have been registered to two standard reference spaces, and superimposed to capture intersubject variability. The comparison of the maps with functional imaging data illustrates the different involvement of the new areas in a variety of functions. Maps are available as part of Julich-Brain atlas and can be used as anatomical references for future studies to better understand relationships between structure and function of the caudal parahippocampal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Stenger
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 1 (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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9
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Rapan L, Froudist-Walsh S, Niu M, Xu T, Funck T, Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Multimodal 3D atlas of the macaque monkey motor and premotor cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 226:117574. [PMID: 33221453 PMCID: PMC8168280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we reevaluated the parcellation scheme of the macaque frontal agranular cortex by implementing quantitative cytoarchitectonic and multireceptor analyses, with the purpose to integrate and reconcile the discrepancies between previously published maps of this region. We applied an observer-independent and statistically testable approach to determine the position of cytoarchitectonic borders. Analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 13 different transmitter receptors confirmed the position of cytoarchitectonically identified borders. Receptor densities were extracted from each area and visualized as its "receptor fingerprint". Hierarchical and principal components analyses were conducted to detect clusters of areas according to the degree of (dis)similarity of their fingerprints. Finally, functional connectivity pattern of each identified area was analyzed with areas of prefrontal, cingulate, somatosensory and lateral parietal cortex and the results were depicted as "connectivity fingerprints" and seed-to-vertex connectivity maps. We identified 16 cyto- and receptor architectonically distinct areas, including novel subdivisions of the primary motor area 4 (i.e. 4a, 4p, 4m) and of premotor areas F4 (i.e. F4s, F4d, F4v), F5 (i.e. F5s, F5d, F5v) and F7 (i.e. F7d, F7i, F7s). Multivariate analyses of receptor fingerprints revealed three clusters, which first segregated the subdivisions of area 4 with F4d and F4s from the remaining premotor areas, then separated ventrolateral from dorsolateral and medial premotor areas. The functional connectivity analysis revealed that medial and dorsolateral premotor and motor areas show stronger functional connectivity with areas involved in visual processing, whereas 4p and ventrolateral premotor areas presented a stronger functional connectivity with areas involved in somatomotor responses. For the first time, we provide a 3D atlas integrating cyto- and multi-receptor architectonic features of the macaque motor and premotor cortex. This atlas constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments carried out with non-human primates, for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics, as well as to provide insights into how brain functions have developed by changes in the underlying microstructure and encoding strategies during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Rapan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, and JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany; C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Dvorak AV, Swift-LaPointe T, Vavasour IM, Lee LE, Abel S, Russell-Schulz B, Graf C, Wurl A, Liu H, Laule C, Li DKB, Traboulsee A, Tam R, Boyd LA, MacKay AL, Kolind SH. An atlas for human brain myelin content throughout the adult life span. Sci Rep 2021; 11:269. [PMID: 33431990 PMCID: PMC7801525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin water imaging is a quantitative neuroimaging technique that provides the myelin water fraction (MWF), a metric highly specific to myelin content, and the intra-/extra-cellular T2 (IET2), which is related to water and iron content. We coupled high-resolution data from 100 adults with gold-standard methodology to create an optimized anatomical brain template and accompanying MWF and IET2 atlases. We then used the MWF atlas to characterize how myelin content relates to demographic factors. In most brain regions, myelin content followed a quadratic pattern of increase during the third decade of life, plateau at a maximum around the fifth decade, then decrease during later decades. The ranking of mean myelin content between brain regions remained consistent across age groups. These openly available normative atlases can facilitate evaluation of myelin imaging results on an individual basis and elucidate the distribution of myelin content between brain regions and in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V Dvorak
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Irene M Vavasour
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa Eunyoung Lee
- Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawna Abel
- Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Carina Graf
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anika Wurl
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hanwen Liu
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cornelia Laule
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David K B Li
- Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony Traboulsee
- Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roger Tam
- Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex L MacKay
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon H Kolind
- Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Kiwitz K, Schiffer C, Spitzer H, Dickscheid T, Amunts K. Deep learning networks reflect cytoarchitectonic features used in brain mapping. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22039. [PMID: 33328511 PMCID: PMC7744572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of neurons in the cortex (cytoarchitecture) differs between cortical areas and constitutes the basis for structural maps of the human brain. Deep learning approaches provide a promising alternative to overcome throughput limitations of currently used cytoarchitectonic mapping methods, but typically lack insight as to what extent they follow cytoarchitectonic principles. We therefore investigated in how far the internal structure of deep convolutional neural networks trained for cytoarchitectonic brain mapping reflect traditional cytoarchitectonic features, and compared them to features of the current grey level index (GLI) profile approach. The networks consisted of a 10-block deep convolutional architecture trained to segment the primary and secondary visual cortex. Filter activations of the networks served to analyse resemblances to traditional cytoarchitectonic features and comparisons to the GLI profile approach. Our analysis revealed resemblances to cellular, laminar- as well as cortical area related cytoarchitectonic features. The networks learned filter activations that reflect the distinct cytoarchitecture of the segmented cortical areas with special regard to their laminar organization and compared well to statistical criteria of the GLI profile approach. These results confirm an incorporation of relevant cytoarchitectonic features in the deep convolutional neural networks and mark them as a valid support for high-throughput cytoarchitectonic mapping workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kiwitz
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Univ. Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christian Schiffer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hannah Spitzer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Timo Dickscheid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Univ. Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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12
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Zachlod D, Rüttgers B, Bludau S, Mohlberg H, Langner R, Zilles K, Amunts K. Four new cytoarchitectonic areas surrounding the primary and early auditory cortex in human brains. Cortex 2020; 128:1-21. [PMID: 32298845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The architectonical organization of putatively higher auditory areas in the human superior temporal gyrus and sulcus is not yet well understood. To provide a coherent map of this part of the brain, which is involved in language and other functions, we examined the cytoarchitecture and cortical parcellation of this region in histological sections of ten human postmortem brains using an observer-independent mapping approach. Two new areas were identified in the temporo-insular region (areas TeI, TI). TeI is medially adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (area Te1). TI is located between TeI and the insular cortex. Laterally adjacent to previously mapped areas Te2 and Te3, two new areas (STS1, STS2) were identified in the superior temporal sulcus. All four areas were mapped over their whole extent in serial, cell-body stained sections, and their cytoarchitecture was analyzed using quantitative image analysis and multivariate statistics. Interestingly, area TeI, which is located between area Te1 and area TI at the transition to the insula, was more similar in cytoarchitecture to lateral area Te2.1 than to the directly adjacent areas TI and Te1. Such structural similarity of areas medially and laterally to Te1 would be in line with the core-belt-parabelt concept in macaques. The cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps of all areas show the localization of the areas and their interindividual variability. The new maps are publicly available and provide a basis to further explore structural-functional relationship of the language network in the temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zachlod
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Britta Rüttgers
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
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13
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Richter M, Amunts K, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Zilles K, Caspers S. Cytoarchitectonic segregation of human posterior intraparietal and adjacent parieto-occipital sulcus and its relation to visuomotor and cognitive functions. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1305-1327. [PMID: 30561508 PMCID: PMC6373694 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) and adjacent posterior wall of parieto-occipital sulcus (POS) are functionally diverse, serving higher motor, visual and cognitive functions. Its microstructural basis, though, is still largely unknown. A similar or even more pronounced architectonical complexity, as described in monkeys, could be assumed. We cytoarchitectonically mapped the pIPS/POS in 10 human postmortem brains using an observer-independent, quantitative parcellation. 3D-probability maps were generated within MNI reference space and used for functional decoding and meta-analytic coactivation modeling based on the BrainMap database to decode the general structural-functional organization of the areas. Seven cytoarchitectonically distinct areas were identified: five within human pIPS, three on its lateral (hIP4-6) and two on its medial wall (hIP7-8); and two (hPO1, hOc6) in POS. Mediocaudal areas (hIP7, hPO1) were predominantly involved in visual processing, whereas laterorostral areas (hIP4-6, 8) were associated with higher cognitive functions, e.g. counting. This shift was mirrored by systematic changes in connectivity, from temporo-occipital to premotor and prefrontal cortex, and in cytoarchitecture, from prominent Layer IIIc pyramidal cells to homogeneous neuronal distribution. This architectonical mosaic within human pIPS/POS represents a structural basis of its functional and connectional heterogeneity. The new 3D-maps of the areas enable dedicated assessments of structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Richter
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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14
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Ruan J, Bludau S, Palomero-Gallagher N, Caspers S, Mohlberg H, Eickhoff SB, Seitz RJ, Amunts K. Cytoarchitecture, probability maps, and functions of the human supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:4169-4186. [PMID: 30187192 PMCID: PMC6267244 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal mesial frontal cortex contains the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), which play an important role in action and cognition. Evidence from cytoarchitectonic, stimulation, and functional studies suggests structural and functional divergence between the two subregions. However, a microstructural map of these areas obtained in a representative sample of brains in a stereotaxic reference space is still lacking. In the present study we show that the dorsal mesial frontal motor cortex comprises two microstructurally different brain regions: area SMA and area pre-SMA. Area-specific cytoarchitectonic patterns were studied in serial histological sections stained for cell bodies of ten human postmortem brains. Borders of the two cortical areas were identified using image analysis and statistical features. The 3D reconstructed areas were transferred to a common reference space, and probabilistic maps were calculated by superimposing the individual maps. A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional imaging data was subsequently performed using the two probabilistic maps as microstructurally defined seed regions. It revealed that areas SMA and pre-SMA were strongly co-activated with areas in precentral, supramarginal and superior frontal gyri, Rolandic operculum, thalamus, putamen and cerebellum. Both areas were related to motor functions, but area pre-SMA was involved in more complex processes such as learning, cognitive processes and perception. The here described subsequent analyses led to converging evidence supporting the microstructural, and functional segregation of areas SMA and pre-SMA, and maps will be made available to the scientific community to further elucidate the microstructural substrates of motor and cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Ruan
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, and JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J Seitz
- Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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15
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Wei Y, Scholtens LH, Turk E, van den Heuvel MP. Multiscale examination of cytoarchitectonic similarity and human brain connectivity. Netw Neurosci 2018; 3:124-137. [PMID: 30793077 PMCID: PMC6372019 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain comprises an efficient communication network, with its macroscale connectome organization argued to be directly associated with the underlying microscale organization of the cortex. Here, we further examine this link in the human brain cortex by using the ultrahigh-resolution BigBrain dataset; 11,660 BigBrain profiles of laminar cell structure were extracted from the BigBrain data and mapped to the MRI based Desikan-Killiany atlas used for macroscale connectome reconstruction. Macroscale brain connectivity was reconstructed based on the diffusion-weighted imaging dataset from the Human Connectome Project and cross-correlated to the similarity of laminar profiles. We showed that the BigBrain profile similarity between interconnected cortical regions was significantly higher than those between nonconnected regions. The pattern of BigBrain profile similarity across the entire cortex was also found to be strongly correlated with the pattern of cortico-cortical connectivity at the macroscale. Our findings suggest that cortical regions with higher similarity in the laminar cytoarchitectonic patterns have a higher chance of being connected, extending the evidence for the linkage between macroscale connectome organization and microscale cytoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wei
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne H. Scholtens
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Turk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Zhang S, Liu H, Huang H, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Bowers B, Guo L, Hu X, Sanchez M, Liu T. Deep Learning Models Unveiled Functional Difference Between Cortical Gyri and Sulci. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:1297-1308. [PMID: 30281424 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2872726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is largely unknown whether there is functional role difference between cortical gyral and sulcal regions. Recent advancements in neuroimaging studies demonstrate clear difference of structural connection profiles in gyral and sulcal areas, suggesting possible functional role difference in these convex and concave cortical regions. To explore and confirm such possible functional difference, we design and apply a powerful deep learning model of convolutional neural networks (CNN) that has been proven to be superior in learning discriminative and meaningful patterns on fMRI. By using the CNN model, gyral and sulcal fMRI signals are learned and predicted, and the prediction performance is adopted to demonstrate the functional difference between gyri and sulci. By using the Human Connectome Project (HCP) fMRI data and macaque brain fMRI data, an average of 83% and 90% classification accuracy has been achieved to separate gyral/sulcal HCP task fMRI signals at the population and individual subject level, respectively; 81% and 86% classification accuracy for resting state fMRI signals at the group and individual subject level, respectively. In addition, 78% classification accuracy has been achieved to separate gyral/sulcal resting state fMRI signals in macaque brains. Importantly, further analysis reveals that the discriminative features that are learned by CNNs to differentiate gyral/sulcal fMRI signals can be meaningfully interpreted, thus unveiling the fundamental functional difference between cortical gyri and sulci. That is, gyri are more global functional integration centers with simpler lower frequency signal components, while sulci are more local processing units with more complex higher frequency signal components.
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17
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A framework based on sulcal constraints to align preterm, infant and adult human brain images acquired in vivo and post mortem. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:4153-4168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Van Essen DC, Glasser MF. Parcellating Cerebral Cortex: How Invasive Animal Studies Inform Noninvasive Mapmaking in Humans. Neuron 2018; 99:640-663. [PMID: 30138588 PMCID: PMC6149530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex in mammals contains a mosaic of cortical areas that differ in function, architecture, connectivity, and/or topographic organization. A combination of local connectivity (within-area microcircuitry) and long-distance (between-area) connectivity enables each area to perform a unique set of computations. Some areas also have characteristic within-area mesoscale organization, reflecting specialized representations of distinct types of information. Cortical areas interact with one another to form functional networks that mediate behavior, and each area may be a part of multiple, partially overlapping networks. Given their importance to the understanding of brain organization, mapping cortical areas across species is a major objective of systems neuroscience and has been a century-long challenge. Here, we review recent progress in multi-modal mapping of mouse and nonhuman primate cortex, mainly using invasive experimental methods. These studies also provide a neuroanatomical foundation for mapping human cerebral cortex using noninvasive neuroimaging, including a new map of human cortical areas that we generated using a semiautomated analysis of high-quality, multimodal neuroimaging data. We contrast our semiautomated approach to human multimodal cortical mapping with various extant fully automated human brain parcellations that are based on only a single imaging modality and offer suggestions on how to best advance the noninvasive brain parcellation field. We discuss the limitations as well as the strengths of current noninvasive methods of mapping brain function, architecture, connectivity, and topography and of current approaches to mapping the brain's functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63107, USA.
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19
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K. Cyto- and receptor architectonic mapping of the human brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:355-387. [PMID: 29496153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of the human brain is more than the generation of an atlas-based parcellation of brain regions using histologic or histochemical criteria. It is the attempt to provide a topographically informed model of the structural and functional organization of the brain. To achieve this goal a multimodal atlas of the detailed microscopic and neurochemical structure of the brain must be registered to a stereotaxic reference space or brain, which also serves as reference for topographic assignment of functional data, e.g., functional magnet resonance imaging, electroencephalography, or magnetoencephalography, as well as metabolic imaging, e.g., positron emission tomography. Although classic maps remain pioneering steps, they do not match recent concepts of the functional organization in many regions, and suffer from methodic drawbacks. This chapter provides a summary of the recent status of human brain mapping, which is based on multimodal approaches integrating results of quantitative cyto- and receptor architectonic studies with focus on the cerebral cortex in a widely used reference brain. Descriptions of the methods for observer-independent and statistically testable cytoarchitectonic parcellations, quantitative multireceptor mapping, and registration to the reference brain, including the concept of probability maps and a toolbox for using the maps in functional neuroimaging studies, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.
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20
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Rosenke M, Weiner KS, Barnett MA, Zilles K, Amunts K, Goebel R, Grill-Spector K. A cross-validated cytoarchitectonic atlas of the human ventral visual stream. Neuroimage 2018; 170:257-270. [PMID: 28213120 PMCID: PMC5559348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ventral visual stream consists of several areas that are considered processing stages essential for perception and recognition. A fundamental microanatomical feature differentiating areas is cytoarchitecture, which refers to the distribution, size, and density of cells across cortical layers. Because cytoarchitectonic structure is measured in 20-micron-thick histological slices of postmortem tissue, it is difficult to assess (a) how anatomically consistent these areas are across brains and (b) how they relate to brain parcellations obtained with prevalent neuroimaging methods, acquired at the millimeter and centimeter scale. Therefore, the goal of this study was to (a) generate a cross-validated cytoarchitectonic atlas of the human ventral visual stream on a whole brain template that is commonly used in neuroimaging studies and (b) to compare this atlas to a recently published retinotopic parcellation of visual cortex (Wang et al., 2014). To achieve this goal, we generated an atlas of eight cytoarchitectonic areas: four areas in the occipital lobe (hOc1-hOc4v) and four in the fusiform gyrus (FG1-FG4), then we tested how the different alignment techniques affect the accuracy of the resulting atlas. Results show that both cortex-based alignment (CBA) and nonlinear volumetric alignment (NVA) generate an atlas with better cross-validation performance than affine volumetric alignment (AVA). Additionally, CBA outperformed NVA in 6/8 of the cytoarchitectonic areas. Finally, the comparison of the cytoarchitectonic atlas to a retinotopic atlas shows a clear correspondence between cytoarchitectonic and retinotopic areas in the ventral visual stream. The successful performance of CBA suggests a coupling between cytoarchitectonic areas and macroanatomical landmarks in the human ventral visual stream, and furthermore, that this coupling can be utilized for generating an accurate group atlas. In addition, the coupling between cytoarchitecture and retinotopy highlights the potential use of this atlas in understanding how anatomical features contribute to brain function. We make this cytoarchitectonic atlas freely available in both BrainVoyager and FreeSurfer formats (http://vpnl.stanford.edu/vcAtlas). The availability of this atlas will enable future studies to link cytoarchitectonic organization to other parcellations of the human ventral visual stream with potential to advance the understanding of this pathway in typical and atypical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Rosenke
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), and JARA Brain, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA-BRAIN, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), and JARA Brain, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
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Lorenz S, Weiner KS, Caspers J, Mohlberg H, Schleicher A, Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Grill-Spector K, Zilles K, Amunts K. Two New Cytoarchitectonic Areas on the Human Mid-Fusiform Gyrus. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:373-385. [PMID: 26464475 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of the fusiform gyrus (FG) within human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) process high-level visual information associated with faces, limbs, words, and places. Since classical cytoarchitectonic maps do not adequately reflect the functional and structural heterogeneity of the VTC, we studied the cytoarchitectonic segregation in a region, which is rostral to the recently identified cytoarchitectonic areas FG1 and FG2. Using an observer-independent and statistically testable parcellation method, we identify 2 new areas, FG3 and FG4, in 10 human postmortem brains on the mid-FG. The mid-fusiform sulcus reliably identifies the cytoarchitectonic transition between FG3 and FG4. We registered these cytoarchitectonic areas to the common reference space of the single-subject Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template and generated probability maps, which reflect the intersubject variability of both areas. Future studies can relate in vivo neuroimaging data with these microscopically defined cortical areas to functional parcellations. We discuss these results in the context of both large-scale functional maps and fine-scale functional clusters that have been identified within the human VTC. We propose that our observer-independent cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the FG better explains the functional heterogeneity of the FG compared with the homogeneity of classic cytoarchitectonic maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lorenz
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Julian Caspers
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Axel Schleicher
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology.,Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
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22
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Architectonic Mapping of the Human Brain beyond Brodmann. Neuron 2015; 88:1086-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Ray KL, Zald DH, Bludau S, Riedel MC, Bzdok D, Yanes J, Falcone KE, Amunts K, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR. Co-activation based parcellation of the human frontal pole. Neuroimage 2015; 123:200-11. [PMID: 26254112 PMCID: PMC4626376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the human frontal pole (FP) has been considered as a single architectonic area. Brodmann's area 10 is located in the frontal lobe with known contributions in the execution of various higher order cognitive processes. However, recent cytoarchitectural studies of the FP in humans have shown that this portion of cortex contains two distinct cytoarchitectonic regions. Since architectonic differences are accompanied by differential connectivity and functions, the frontal pole qualifies as a candidate region for exploratory parcellation into functionally discrete sub-regions. We investigated whether this functional heterogeneity is reflected in distinct segregations within cytoarchitectonically defined FP-areas using meta-analytic co-activation based parcellation (CBP). The CBP method examined the co-activation patterns of all voxels within the FP as reported in functional neuroimaging studies archived in the BrainMap database. Voxels within the FP were subsequently clustered into sub-regions based on the similarity of their respective meta-analytically derived co-activation maps. Performing this CBP analysis on the FP via k-means clustering produced a distinct 3-cluster parcellation for each hemisphere corresponding to previously identified cytoarchitectural differences. Post-hoc functional characterization of clusters via BrainMap metadata revealed that lateral regions of the FP mapped to memory and emotion domains, while the dorso- and ventromedial clusters were associated broadly with emotion and social cognition processes. Furthermore, the dorsomedial regions contain an emphasis on theory of mind and affective related paradigms whereas ventromedial regions couple with reward tasks. Results from this study support previous segregations of the FP and provide meta-analytic contributions to the ongoing discussion of elucidating functional architecture within human FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ray
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M C Riedel
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Bzdok
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Parietal Team, INRIA, NeuroSpin, Bat 145, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; NeuroSpin, CEA, Bat 145, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Yanes
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K E Falcone
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - P T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Service, South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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24
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Knabe W, Washausen S. Early development of the nervous system of the eutherian <i>Tupaia belangeri</i>. Primate Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-2-25-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The longstanding debate on the taxonomic status of Tupaia belangeri (Tupaiidae, Scandentia, Mammalia) has persisted in times of molecular biology and genetics. But way beyond that Tupaia belangeri has turned out to be a valuable and widely accepted animal model for studies in neurobiology, stress research, and virology, among other topics. It is thus a privilege to have the opportunity to provide an overview on selected aspects of neural development and neuroanatomy in Tupaia belangeri on the occasion of this special issue dedicated to Hans-Jürg Kuhn. Firstly, emphasis will be given to the optic system. We report rather "unconventional" findings on the morphogenesis of photoreceptor cells, and on the presence of capillary-contacting neurons in the tree shrew retina. Thereafter, network formation among directionally selective retinal neurons and optic chiasm development are discussed. We then address the main and accessory olfactory systems, the terminal nerve, the pituitary gland, and the cerebellum of Tupaia belangeri. Finally, we demonstrate how innovative 3-D reconstruction techniques helped to decipher and interpret so-far-undescribed, strictly spatiotemporally regulated waves of apoptosis and proliferation which pass through the early developing forebrain and eyes, midbrain and hindbrain, and through the panplacodal primordium which gives rise to all ectodermal placodes. Based on examples, this paper additionally wants to show how findings gained from the reported projects have influenced current neuroembryological and, at least partly, medical research.
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25
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Stehberg J, Dang PT, Frostig RD. Unimodal primary sensory cortices are directly connected by long-range horizontal projections in the rat sensory cortex. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:93. [PMID: 25309339 PMCID: PMC4174042 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research based on functional imaging and neuronal recordings in the barrel cortex subdivision of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the adult rat has revealed novel aspects of structure-function relationships in this cortex. Specifically, it has demonstrated that single whisker stimulation evokes subthreshold neuronal activity that spreads symmetrically within gray matter from the appropriate barrel area, crosses cytoarchitectural borders of SI and reaches deeply into other unimodal primary cortices such as primary auditory (AI) and primary visual (VI). It was further demonstrated that this spread is supported by a spatially matching underlying diffuse network of border-crossing, long-range projections that could also reach deeply into AI and VI. Here we seek to determine whether such a network of border-crossing, long-range projections is unique to barrel cortex or characterizes also other primary, unimodal sensory cortices and therefore could directly connect them. Using anterograde (BDA) and retrograde (CTb) tract-tracing techniques, we demonstrate that such diffuse horizontal networks directly and mutually connect VI, AI and SI. These findings suggest that diffuse, border-crossing axonal projections connecting directly primary cortices are an important organizational motif common to all major primary sensory cortices in the rat. Potential implications of these findings for topics including cortical structure-function relationships, multisensory integration, functional imaging, and cortical parcellation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Stehberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Phat T Dang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ron D Frostig
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA ; The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, USA
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26
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A new myeloarchitectonic map of the human neocortex based on data from the Vogt-Vogt school. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2551-73. [PMID: 24924165 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex contains numerous myelinated fibres, the arrangement and density of which is by no means homogeneous throughout the cortex. Local differences in the spatial organization of these fibres render it possible to recognize areas with a different myeloarchitecture. The neuroanatomical subdiscipline aimed at the identification and delineation of such areas is known as myeloarchitectonics. During the period extending from 1910 to 1970, Oscar and Cécile Vogt and their numerous collaborators (The Vogt-Vogt school) published a large number of myeloarchitectonic studies on the cortex of the various lobes of the human cerebrum. Recently, one of us (Nieuwenhuys in Brain Struct Funct 218: 303-352, 2013) extensively reviewed these studies. It was concluded that the data available are adequate and sufficient for the composition of a myeloarchitectonic map of the entire human neocortex. The present paper is devoted to the creation of this map. Because the data provided by the Vogt-Vogt school are derived from many different brains, a standard brain had to be introduced to which all data available could be transferred. As such, the colin27 structural scan, aligned to the MNI305 template was selected. The procedure employed in this transfer involved computer-aided transformations of the lobar maps available in the literature, to the corresponding regions of the standard brain, as well as local adjustments in the border zones of the various lobes. The resultant map includes 180 myeloarchitectonic areas, 64 frontal, 30 parietal, 6 insular, 17 occipital and 63 temporal. The designation of the various areas with simple Arabic numbers, introduced by Oscar Vogt for the frontal and parietal cortices, has been extended over the entire neocortex. It may be expected that combination of the myeloarchitectonic data of the Vogt-Vogt school, as expressed in our map, with the results of the detailed cytoarchitectonic and receptor architectonic studies of Karl Zilles and Katrin Amunts and their numerous associates, will yield a comprehensive 'supermap' of the structural organization of the human neocortex. For the time being, i. e., as long as this 'supermap' is not yet available, our map may provide a tentative frame of reference for (a) the morphological interpretation of the results of functional neuroimaging studies; (b) the selection of starting points (seed voxels, regions-of-interest) in diffusion tractography studies and
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27
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Van Essen DC, Glasser MF. In vivo architectonics: a cortico-centric perspective. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 2:157-64. [PMID: 23648963 PMCID: PMC3767769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in noninvasive structural imaging have opened up new approaches to cortical parcellation, many of which are described in this special issue on In Vivo Brodmann Mapping. In this introductory article, we focus on the emergence of cortical myelin maps as a valuable way to assess cortical organization in humans and nonhuman primates. We demonstrate how myelin maps are useful in three general domains: (i) as a way to identify cortical areas and functionally specialized regions in individuals and group averages; (ii) as a substrate for improved intersubject registration; and (iii) as a basis for interspecies comparisons. We also discuss how myelin-based cortical parcellation is complementary in important ways to connectivity-based parcellation using functional MRI or diffusion imaging and tractography. These observations and perspectives provide a useful background and context for other articles in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Bludau S, Eickhoff SB, Mohlberg H, Caspers S, Laird AR, Fox PT, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Amunts K. Cytoarchitecture, probability maps and functions of the human frontal pole. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 2:260-75. [PMID: 23702412 PMCID: PMC5325035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal pole has more expanded than any other part in the human brain as compared to our ancestors. It plays an important role for specifically human behavior and cognitive abilities, e.g. action selection (Kovach et al., 2012). Evidence about divergent functions of its medial and lateral part has been provided, both in the healthy brain and in psychiatric disorders. The anatomical correlates of such functional segregation, however, are still unknown due to a lack of stereotaxic, microstructural maps obtained in a representative sample of brains. Here we show that the human frontopolar cortex consists of two cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas: lateral frontopolar area 1 (Fp1) and medial frontopolar area 2 (Fp2). Based on observer-independent mapping in serial, cell-body stained sections of 10 brains, three-dimensional, probabilistic maps of areas Fp1 and Fp2 were created. They show, for each position of the reference space, the probability with which each area was found in a particular voxel. Applying these maps as seed regions for a meta-analysis revealed that Fp1 and Fp2 differentially contribute to functional networks: Fp1 was involved in cognition, working memory and perception, whereas Fp2 was part of brain networks underlying affective processing and social cognition. The present study thus disclosed cortical correlates of a functional segregation of the human frontopolar cortex. The probabilistic maps provide a sound anatomical basis for interpreting neuroimaging data in the living human brain, and open new perspectives for analyzing structure-function relationships in the prefrontal cortex. The new data will also serve as a starting point for further comparative studies between human and non-human primate brains. This allows finding similarities and differences in the organizational principles of the frontal lobe during evolution as neurobiological basis for our behavior and cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bludau
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Mohlberg
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Caspers
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A R Laird
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Schleicher
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - K Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Dept. of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH University Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| | - K Amunts
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), 52425 Jülich, Germany; JARA, Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The past 25 years have seen great progress in parcellating the cerebral cortex into a mosaic of many distinct areas in mice, monkeys, and humans. Quantitative studies of interareal connectivity have revealed unexpectedly many pathways and a wide range of connection strengths in mouse and macaque cortex. In humans, advances in analyzing "structural" and "functional" connectivity using powerful but indirect noninvasive neuroimaging methods are yielding intriguing insights about brain circuits, their variability across individuals, and their relationship to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Amunts K, Lepage C, Borgeat L, Mohlberg H, Dickscheid T, Rousseau MÉ, Bludau S, Bazin PL, Lewis LB, Oros-Peusquens AM, Shah NJ, Lippert T, Zilles K, Evans AC. BigBrain: an ultrahigh-resolution 3D human brain model. Science 2013; 340:1472-5. [PMID: 23788795 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reference brains are indispensable tools in human brain mapping, enabling integration of multimodal data into an anatomically realistic standard space. Available reference brains, however, are restricted to the macroscopic scale and do not provide information on the functionally important microscopic dimension. We created an ultrahigh-resolution three-dimensional (3D) model of a human brain at nearly cellular resolution of 20 micrometers, based on the reconstruction of 7404 histological sections. "BigBrain" is a free, publicly available tool that provides considerable neuroanatomical insight into the human brain, thereby allowing the extraction of microscopic data for modeling and simulation. BigBrain enables testing of hypotheses on optimal path lengths between interconnected cortical regions or on spatial organization of genetic patterning, redefining the traditional neuroanatomy maps such as those of Brodmann and von Economo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-4), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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31
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Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Zilles K, Amunts K. Microstructural grey matter parcellation and its relevance for connectome analyses. Neuroimage 2013; 80:18-26. [PMID: 23571419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain connectome is closely linked to the anatomical framework provided by the structural segregation of the cortex into distinct cortical areas. Therefore, a thorough anatomical reference for the analysis and interpretation of connectome data is indispensable to understand the structure and function of different regions of the cortex, the white matter fibre architecture connecting them, and the interplay between these different entities. This article focuses on parcellation schemes of the cerebral grey matter and their relevance for connectome analyses. In particular, benefits and limitations of using different available atlases and parcellation schemes are reviewed. It is furthermore discussed how atlas information is currently used in connectivity analyses with major focus on seed-based and seed-target analyses, connectivity-based parcellation results, and the robust anatomical interpretation of connectivity data. Particularly this last aspect opens the possibility of integrating connectivity information into given anatomical frameworks, paving the way to multi-modal atlases of the human brain for a thorough understanding of structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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32
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Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of cortical multiple sclerosis pathology. Mult Scler Int 2012; 2012:742018. [PMID: 23213531 PMCID: PMC3506905 DOI: 10.1155/2012/742018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant improvements have been made regarding the visualization and characterization of cortical multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cortical lesions (CL) continue to be under-detected in vivo, and we have a limited understanding of the causes of GM pathology. The objective of this study was to characterize the MRI signature of CLs to help interpret the changes seen in vivo and elucidate the factors limiting their visualization. A quantitative 3D high-resolution (350 μm isotropic) MRI study at 3 Tesla of a fixed post mortem cerebral hemisphere from a patient with MS is presented in combination with matched immunohistochemistry. Type III subpial lesions are characterized by an increase in T1, T2 and M0, and a decrease in MTR in comparison to the normal appearing cortex (NAC). All quantitative MR parameters were associated with cortical GM myelin content, while T1 showed the strongest correlation. The histogram analysis showed extensive overlap between CL and NAC for all MR parameters and myelin content. This is due to the poor contrast in myelin content between CL and NAC in comparison to the variability in myelo-architecture throughout the healthy cortex. This latter comparison is highlighted by the representation of T1 times on cortical surfaces at several laminar depths.
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33
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Caspers J, Zilles K, Eickhoff SB, Schleicher A, Mohlberg H, Amunts K. Cytoarchitectonical analysis and probabilistic mapping of two extrastriate areas of the human posterior fusiform gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:511-26. [PMID: 22488096 PMCID: PMC3580145 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human extrastriate visual cortex comprises numerous functionally defined areas, which are not identified in the widely used cytoarchitectonical map of Brodmann. The ventral part of the extrastriate cortex is particularly devoted to the identification of visual objects, faces and word forms. We analyzed the region immediately antero-lateral to hOc4v in serially sectioned (20 μm) and cell body-stained human brains using a quantitative observer-independent cytoarchitectonical approach to further identify the anatomical organization of the extrastriate cortex. Two novel cytoarchitectonical areas, FG1 and FG2, were identified on the posterior fusiform gyrus. The results of ten postmortem brains were then registered to their MRI volumes (acquired before histological processing), 3D reconstructed, and spatially normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute reference brain. Finally, probabilistic maps were generated for each cytoarchitectonical area by superimposing the areas of the individual brains in the reference space. Comparison with recent functional imaging studies yielded that both areas are located within the object-related visual cortex. FG1 fills the gap between the retinotopically mapped area VO-1 and a posterior fusiform face patch. FG2 is probably the correlate of this face patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-2), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Caspers S, Schleicher A, Bacha-Trams M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K, Zilles K. Organization of the human inferior parietal lobule based on receptor architectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:615-28. [PMID: 22375016 PMCID: PMC3563340 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) plays a key role in various cognitive functions. Its functional diversity, including attention, language, and action processing, is reflected by its structural segregation into 7 cytoarchitectonically distinct areas, each with characteristic connectivity patterns. We hypothesized that commonalities of the cytoarchitectonic, connectional, and functional diversity of the IPL should be reflected by a correlated transmitter receptor-based organization. Since the function of a cortical area requires a well-tuned receptor balance, the densities of 15 different receptors were measured in each IPL area. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the receptor balance revealed a tripartite segregation of the IPL into a rostral, middle, and caudal group. Comparison with other cortical areas showed strong similarities with Broca's region for all 3 groups, with the superior parietal cortex for the middle, and with extrastriate visual areas for the caudal group. Notably, caudal-most area PGp has a receptor fingerprint very similar to that of ventral extrastriate visual cortex. We therefore propose a new organizational model of the human IPL, consisting of 3 clusters, which corresponds to its known cytoarchitectonic, connectional, and functional diversity at the molecular level. This might reflect a general organizational principle of human IPL, beyond specific functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-2), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Van Essen DC, Glasser MF, Dierker DL, Harwell J, Coalson T. Parcellations and hemispheric asymmetries of human cerebral cortex analyzed on surface-based atlases. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:2241-62. [PMID: 22047963 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on surface-based analyses that enhance our understanding of human cortical organization, including its convolutions and its parcellation into many distinct areas. The surface area of human neocortex averages 973 cm(2) per hemisphere, based on cortical midthickness surfaces of 2 cohorts of subjects. We implemented a method to register individual subjects to a hybrid version of the FreeSurfer "fsaverage" atlas whose left and right hemispheres are in precise geographic correspondence. Cortical folding patterns in the resultant population-average "fs_LR" midthickness surfaces are remarkably similar in the left and right hemispheres, even in regions showing significant asymmetry in 3D position. Both hemispheres are equal in average surface area, but hotspots of surface area asymmetry are present in the Sylvian Fissure and elsewhere, together with a broad pattern of asymmetries that are significant though small in magnitude. Multiple cortical parcellation schemes registered to the human atlas provide valuable reference data sets for comparisons with other studies. Identified cortical areas vary in size by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The total number of human neocortical areas is estimated to be ∼150 to 200 areas per hemisphere, which is modestly larger than a recent estimate for the macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Essen
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Correlated regions of cerebral blood flow with clinical parameters in Parkinson’s disease; comparison using ‘Anatomy’ and ‘Talairach Daemon’ software. Ann Nucl Med 2011; 26:164-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-011-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Langers DRM, van Dijk P. Mapping the tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex with minimally salient acoustic stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:2024-38. [PMID: 21980020 PMCID: PMC3412441 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous neuroimaging studies, the tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex is not yet unambiguously established. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, 20 subjects were presented with low-level task-irrelevant tones to avoid spread of cortical activation. Data-driven analyses were employed to obtain robust tonotopic maps. Two high-frequency endpoints were situated on the caudal and rostral banks of medial Heschl's gyrus, while low-frequency activation peaked on its lateral crest. Based on cortical parcellations, these 2 tonotopic progressions coincide with the primary auditory field (A1) in lateral koniocortex (Kl) and the rostral field (R) in medial koniocortex (Km), which together constitute a core region. Another gradient was found on the planum temporale. Our results show the bilateral existence of 3 tonotopic gradients in angulated orientations, which contrasts with colinear configurations that were suggested before. We argue that our results corroborate and elucidate the apparently contradictory findings in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R M Langers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:483-506. [PMID: 21908230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2390] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The science of large-scale brain networks offers a powerful paradigm for investigating cognitive and affective dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review examines recent conceptual and methodological developments which are contributing to a paradigm shift in the study of psychopathology. I summarize methods for characterizing aberrant brain networks and demonstrate how network analysis provides novel insights into dysfunctional brain architecture. Deficits in access, engagement and disengagement of large-scale neurocognitive networks are shown to play a prominent role in several disorders including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, dementia and autism. Synthesizing recent research, I propose a triple network model of aberrant saliency mapping and cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology, emphasizing the surprising parallels that are beginning to emerge across psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Bock NA, Hashim E, Kocharyan A, Silva AC. Visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1225 Suppl 1:E171-81. [PMID: 21599695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often-used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. In this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produce a representative 3D map of marmoset myeloarchitecture and flatten and annotate this map to show the location and extent of a variety of major areas of the cortex, including the primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas. By treating our MRI data as a surface, we can measure the surface area of cortical areas, and we present these measurements here to summarize cortical organization in the marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Bock
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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la Fougère C, Grant S, Kostikov A, Schirrmacher R, Gravel P, Schipper HM, Reader A, Evans A, Thiel A. Where in-vivo imaging meets cytoarchitectonics: The relationship between cortical thickness and neuronal density measured with high-resolution [18F]flumazenil-PET. Neuroimage 2011; 56:951-60. [PMID: 21073964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian la Fougère
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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41
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Avants BB, Tustison NJ, Song G, Cook PA, Klein A, Gee JC. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2033-44. [PMID: 20851191 PMCID: PMC3065962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2737] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) commit significant support to open-source data and software resources in order to foment reproducibility in the biomedical imaging sciences. Here, we report and evaluate a recent product of this commitment: Advanced Neuroimaging Tools (ANTs), which is approaching its 2.0 release. The ANTs open source software library consists of a suite of state-of-the-art image registration, segmentation and template building tools for quantitative morphometric analysis. In this work, we use ANTs to quantify, for the first time, the impact of similarity metrics on the affine and deformable components of a template-based normalization study. We detail the ANTs implementation of three similarity metrics: squared intensity difference, a new and faster cross-correlation, and voxel-wise mutual information. We then use two-fold cross-validation to compare their performance on openly available, manually labeled, T1-weighted MRI brain image data of 40 subjects (UCLA's LPBA40 dataset). We report evaluation results on cortical and whole brain labels for both the affine and deformable components of the registration. Results indicate that the best ANTs methods are competitive with existing brain extraction results (Jaccard=0.958) and cortical labeling approaches. Mutual information affine mapping combined with cross-correlation diffeomorphic mapping gave the best cortical labeling results (Jaccard=0.669±0.022). Furthermore, our two-fold cross-validation allows us to quantify the similarity of templates derived from different subgroups. Our open code, data and evaluation scripts set performance benchmark parameters for this state-of-the-art toolkit. This is the first study to use a consistent transformation framework to provide a reproducible evaluation of the isolated effect of the similarity metric on optimal template construction and brain labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Avants
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Large-scale brain networks in cognition: emerging methods and principles. Trends Cogn Sci 2010; 14:277-90. [PMID: 20493761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1389] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of how the human brain produces cognition ultimately depends on knowledge of large-scale brain organization. Although it has long been assumed that cognitive functions are attributable to the isolated operations of single brain areas, we demonstrate that the weight of evidence has now shifted in support of the view that cognition results from the dynamic interactions of distributed brain areas operating in large-scale networks. We review current research on structural and functional brain organization, and argue that the emerging science of large-scale brain networks provides a coherent framework for understanding of cognition. Critically, this framework allows a principled exploration of how cognitive functions emerge from, and are constrained by, core structural and functional networks of the brain.
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Tardif CL, Collins DL, Eskildsen SF, Richardson JB, Pike GB. Segmentation of cortical MS lesions on MRI using automated laminar profile shape analysis. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION : MICCAI ... INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION 2010; 13:181-8. [PMID: 20879398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15711-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortical multiple sclerosis lesions are difficult to detect in magnetic resonance images due to poor contrast with surrounding grey matter, spatial variation in healthy grey matter and partial volume effects. We propose using an observer-independent laminar profile-based parcellation method to detect cortical lesions. Following cortical surface extraction, profiles are extended from the white matter surface to the grey matter surface. The cortex is parcellated according to profile intensity and shape features using a k-means classifier. The method is applied to a high-resolution quantitative magnetic resonance data set from a fixed post mortem multiple sclerosis brain, and validated using histology.
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