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Ramírez-Ordorica A, Adame-Garnica SG, Ramos-Aboites HE, Winkler R, Macías-Rodríguez L. Volatile Semiochemicals Emitted by Beauveria bassiana Modulate Larval Feeding Behavior and Food Choice Preference in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:438. [PMID: 38921424 PMCID: PMC11204931 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that parasitizes and kills insects. The role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by B. bassiana acting as semiochemicals during its interaction with lepidopterans is poorly explored. Here, we studied the effect of VOCs from B. bassiana and 3-methylbutanol (as a single compound) on the feeding behavior of L2 larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda in sorghum plants. Additionally, we assessed whether fungal VOCs induce chemical modifications in the plants that affect larval food preferences. Metabolomic profiling of plant tissues was performed by mass spectrometry and bioassays in a dual-choice olfactometer. The results showed that the larval feeding behavior was affected by the B. bassiana strain AI2, showing that the insect response is strain-specific. Furthermore, 80 µg of 3-methylbutanol affected the number of bites. The larval feeding choice was dependent on the background context. Fragment spectra and a matching precursor ion mass of 165.882 m/z enabled the putative identification of 4-coumaric acid in sorghum leaves exposed to fungal VOCs, which may be associated with larval deterrent responses. These results provide valuable insights into the bipartite interaction of B. bassiana with lepidopterans through VOC emission, with the plant as a mediator of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ramírez-Ordorica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia C.P. 58030, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia C.P. 58030, Mexico;
| | - Hilda Eréndira Ramos-Aboites
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato C.P. 36824, Mexico; (H.E.R.-A.); (R.W.)
| | - Robert Winkler
- Laboratorio de Análisis Bioquímico e Instrumental, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Km 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato C.P. 36824, Mexico; (H.E.R.-A.); (R.W.)
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia C.P. 58030, Mexico;
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Zhang B, Yang W, He Q, Chen H, Che B, Bai X. Analysis of differential effects of host plants on the gut microbes of Rhoptroceros cyatheae. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1392586. [PMID: 38962140 PMCID: PMC11221597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1392586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As an indispensable part of insects, intestinal symbiotic bacteria play a vital role in the growth and development of insects and their adaptability. Rhoptroceros cyatheae, the main pest of the relict plant Alsophila spinulosa, poses a serious threat to the development of the A. spinulosa population. In the present study, 16S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer high-throughput sequencing techniques were used to analyze the structure of intestinal microbes and the diversity of the insect feeding on two different plants, as well as the similarities between the intestinal microorganisms of R. cyatheae. The dominant bacteria of leaf endophytes were also compared based on the sequencing data. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla of intestinal bacteria, and Ascomycota was the dominant phylum of intestinal fungi. Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, and Enterococcus were the dominant genera in the intestine of R. cyatheae feeding on two plants, and the relative abundance was significantly different between the two groups. Candida was the common dominant genus of intestinal fungi in the two groups, and no significant difference was observed in its abundance between the two groups. This showed that compared with the intestinal fungi of R. cyatheae, the abundance of the intestinal bacteria was greatly affected by food. The common core microbiota between the microorganisms in A. spinulosa leaves and the insect gut indicated the presence of a microbial exchange between the two. The network correlation diagram showed that the gut microbes of R. cyatheae feeding on Gymnosphaera metteniana were more closely related to each other, which could help the host to better cope with the adverse external environment. This study provides a theoretical basis for the adaptation mechanism of R. cyatheae and a new direction for the effective prevention and control of R. cyatheae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weicheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qinqin He
- Guizhou Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Chishui, Guizhou, China
| | - Hangdan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bingjie Che
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Bai
- Guizhou Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Chishui, Guizhou, China
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Deschodt PS, Cory JS. Compatibility of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and Trichoplusia ni SNPV against the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni: crop plant matters. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2851-2859. [PMID: 38339817 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial insecticides are an important weapon in insect pest management, but their use is still relatively limited. One approach for increasing their efficacy and use could be to combine different pathogens to increase pest mortality. However, little is known about whether increasing pathogen diversity will improve pest management. Here, we investigated the compatibility of two pathogens for the management of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, T. ni nucleopolyhedrovirus (TniSNPV) and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, on two crops, tomato and broccoli. The pathogens were applied to individual plants using ultra low volume sprays, alone or in combination, either synchronously or asynchronously. Healthy third-instar T. ni larvae were introduced to the plants before application and collected by destructive sampling 24 h after the last pathogen application. RESULTS Combined applications did not result in an increase in larval mortality compared to TniSNPV alone, although mortality was generally high. B. bassiana was considerably less effective on broccoli compared to tomato. In both the combined treatments, virus-induced mortality was approximately 50% lower when applied together with the fungus, while fungus-induced mortality was not affected by the virus, even when the virus was introduced 24 h before the fungus. CONCLUSION While our results suggest that applying this combination of entomopathogens would not be beneficial for pest management, this study illustrates the need to consider the target crop as an important driver of the efficacy of both single and mixed pathogen applications in the field. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline S Deschodt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang J, Zhang S, Kong J, Chang J. Pecan secondary metabolites influenced the population of Zeuzera coffeae by affecting the structure and function of the larval gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1379488. [PMID: 38680914 PMCID: PMC11045946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1379488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), as important plant resistance indicators, are important targets for screening plant insect resistance breeding. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the population of Zeuzera coffeae (ZC) is affected by different varieties of Carya illinoinensis PSMs content. At the same time, the structure and function of the gut microbiome of ZC were also analyzed in relation to different pecan varieties. Methods We counted the populations of ZC larvae in four pecan varieties and determined the content of four types of PSMs. The structure and function of the larval gut microbiota were studied in connection to the number of larvae and the content of PSMs. The relationships were investigated between larval number, larval gut microbiota, and PSM content. Results We found that the tannins, total phenolics, and total saponins of 4 various pecans PSMs stifled the development of the ZC larval population. The PSMs can significantly affect the diversity and abundance of the larval gut microbiota. Enrichment of ASV46 (Pararhizobium sp.), ASV994 (Olivibacter sp.), ASV743 (Rhizobium sp.), ASV709 (Rhizobium sp.), ASV671 (Luteolibacter sp.), ASV599 (Agrobacterium sp.), ASV575 (Microbacterium sp.), and ASV27 (Rhizobium sp.) in the gut of larvae fed on high-resistance cultivars was positively associated with their tannin, total saponin, and total phenolic content. The results of the gut microbiome functional prediction for larvae fed highly resistant pecan varieties showed that the enriched pathways in the gut were related to the breakdown of hazardous chemicals. Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence that pecan PSMs influence the structure and function of the gut microbiota, which in turn affects the population stability of ZC. The study's findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for further work on selecting ZC-resistant cultivars and developing green management technology for ZC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shouke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junqia Kong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Li C, Han G, Huang L, Lu Y, Xia Y, Zhang N, Liu Q, Xu J. Metagenomic Analyses Reveal Gut Microbial Profiles of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Driven by the Infection of Baculovirus CnmeGV. Microorganisms 2024; 12:757. [PMID: 38674701 PMCID: PMC11052019 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of microbiota in the digestive tract gut is essential for insect physiology, homeostasis, and pathogen infection. Little is known about the interactions between microbiota load and oral infection with baculoviruses. CnmeGV is an obligative baculovirus to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. We investigated the impact of CnmeGV infection on the structure of intestinal microbes of C. medinalis during the initial infection stage. The results revealed that the gut microbiota profiles were dynamically driven by pathogen infection of CnmeGV. The numbers of all the OTU counts were relatively higher at the early and later stages, while the microbial diversity significantly increased early but dropped sharply following the infection. The compositional abundance of domain bacteria Firmicutes developed substantially higher. The significantly enriched and depleted species can be divided into four groups at the species level. Fifteen of these species were ultimately predicted as the biomarkers of CnmeGV infection. CnmeGV infection induces significant enrichment of alterations in functional genes related to metabolism and the immune system, encompassing processes such as carbohydrate, amino acid, cofactor, and vitamin metabolism. Finally, the study may provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between host microbiota, baculovirus infection, and pest control of C. medinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Xu
- National Experimental Station of Yangzhou for Agricultural Microbiology, Jiangsu Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225008, China; (C.L.); (G.H.); (L.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (N.Z.); (Q.L.)
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Christensen T, Dyer LA, Forister ML, Bowers MD, Carper A, Teglas MB, Hurtado P, Smilanich AM. Host plant-mediation of viral transmission and its consequences for a native butterfly. Ecology 2024; 105:e4282. [PMID: 38483138 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens play a key role in insect population dynamics, contributing to short-term fluctuations in abundance as well as long-term demographic trends. Two key factors that influence the effects of entomopathogens on herbivorous insect populations are modes of pathogen transmission and larval host plants. In this study, we examined tritrophic interactions between a sequestering specialist lepidopteran, Euphydryas phaeton, and a viral pathogen, Junonia coenia densovirus, on its native host plant, Chelone glabra, and a novel host plant, Plantago lanceolata, to explore whether host plant mediates viral transmission, survival, and viral loads. A two-factor factorial experiment was conducted in the laboratory with natal larval clusters randomly assigned to either the native or novel host plant and crossed with either uninoculated controls or viral inoculation (20% of individuals in the cluster inoculated). Diapausing clusters were overwintered in the laboratory and checked weekly for mortality. At the end of diapause, all surviving individuals were reared to adulthood to estimate survivorship. All individuals were screened to quantify viral loads, and estimate horizontal transmission postmortem. To test for vertical transmission, adults were mated, and the progeny were screened for viral presence. Within virus-treated groups, we found evidence for both horizontal and vertical transmission. Larval clusters reared on the native host plant had slightly higher horizontal transmission. Survival probability was lower in clusters feeding on the native host plant, with inoculated groups reared on the native host plant experiencing complete mortality. Viral loads did not differ by the host plant, although viral loads decreased with increased sequestration of secondary compounds on both host plants. Our results indicate that the use of a novel host plant may confer fitness benefits in terms of survival and reduced viral transmission when larvae feeding on it are infected with this pathogen, supporting hypotheses of potential evolutionary advantages of a host range expansion in the context of tritrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Christensen
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Matthew L Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - M Deane Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Adrian Carper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mike B Teglas
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Paul Hurtado
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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MacDonald P, Myers JH, Cory JS. Warmer temperatures reduce the transmission of a virus in a gregarious forest insect. Ecology 2023; 104:e4159. [PMID: 37632353 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how climate warming will influence species interactions is a key question in ecology and predicting changes in the prevalence of disease outbreaks is particularly challenging. Ectotherms are likely to be more influenced by climatic changes as temperature governs their growth, feeding, development, and behavior. We test the hypothesis that pathogen transmission and host mortality will increase at warmer temperatures using a cyclic forest insect, the western tent caterpillar (WTC), Malacosoma californicum pluviale, and its baculovirus. The virus causes population declines at peak host density. WTC are gregarious and clustering is predicted to increase the risk of within family infection; however, how temperature influences this has not been examined. We investigated the impact of temperature on different components of the transmission process in order to pinpoint the possible mechanisms involved. In the laboratory, leaf consumption increased linearly with rising temperature between 15 and 30°C. Insects died more rapidly from virus infection as temperature increased, but this did not translate into differences in the production of viral transmission stages. To examine the influence of temperature on virus transmission, we created a temperature difference between two greenhouses containing potted red alder trees, Alnus rubra. The cooler greenhouse (mean 19.5°C) was roughly similar to ambient temperatures in the field, while the warmer greenhouse was 10°C higher (mean 29°C). As predicted, both larval movement and feeding were higher at the warmer temperature, while the likelihood of the preinfected, inoculum larvae dying on the tents was twice as high in the cooler greenhouse. This resulted in increased virus mortality and a higher transmission parameter under cooler conditions. Therefore, we suggest that, contrary to our prediction, the reduced movement of infected larvae at colder temperatures increased the risk of infection in these gregarious insects and had a greater impact on virus transmission than the increased activity of the susceptible larvae in warmer conditions. Long-term population data from the field, however, show no relationship between temperature and infection levels, suggesting that local changes in virus transmission might not scale up to population infection levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul MacDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judith H Myers
- Biodiversity Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Nicoletti R, Andolfi A, Becchimanzi A, Salvatore MM. Anti-Insect Properties of Penicillium Secondary Metabolites. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1302. [PMID: 37317276 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with their widespread occurrence in diverse environments and ecosystems, fungi in the genus Penicillium are commonly found in association with insects. In addition to some cases possibly implying a mutualistic relationship, this symbiotic interaction has mainly been investigated to verify the entomopathogenic potential in light of its possible exploitation in ecofriendly strategies for pest control. This perspective relies on the assumption that entomopathogenicity is often mediated by fungal products and that Penicillium species are renowned producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Indeed, a remarkable number of new compounds have been identified and characterized from these fungi in past decades, the properties and possible applications of which in insect pest management are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Nicoletti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Farina A, Massimino Cocuzza GE, Suma P, Rapisarda C. Can Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Mitigate the Damage Caused to Plants by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)? INSECTS 2023; 14:164. [PMID: 36835733 PMCID: PMC9965712 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, in protected vegetable crops, pest management based mainly on biological control represents the most sustainable alternative to pesticide use. The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is one of the key pests that negatively impact the yield and quality of such crops in many agricultural systems. The predatory bug Macrolophus pygmaeus is one of the main natural enemies of the whitefly and is widely used for its control. However, the mirid can sometimes behave as a pest itself, causing damage to crops. In this study, we investigated the impact of M. pygmaeus as a plant feeder, by analyzing the combined impact of the whitefly pest and the predator bug on the morphology and physiology of potted eggplants under laboratory conditions. Our results showed no statistical differences between the heights of plants infested by the whitefly or by both insects compared with noninfested control plants. However, indirect chlorophyll content, photosynthetic performance, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were all greatly reduced in plants infested only by B. tabaci, compared with those infested by both pest and predator or with noninfested control plants. Contrarily, root area and dry weight values were more reduced in plants exposed to both of the insect species, compared with those infested only by the whitefly or compared with noninfested control plants, where the latter showed the highest values. These results show how the predator can significantly reduce the negative effects of B. tabaci infestation, limiting the damage it causes to host plants, though the effect of the mirid bug on the underground parts of the eggplant remains unclear. This information might be useful for a better understanding of the role that M. pygmaeus plays in plant growth, as well as for the development of management strategies to successfully control infestations by B. tabaci in cropping environments.
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Pan VS, Pepi A, LoPresti EF, Karban R. The consequence of leaf life span to virus infection of herbivorous insects. Oecologia 2023; 201:449-459. [PMID: 36692690 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects die of pathogen infections, though the role of plant traits in promoting the persistence of these pathogens as an indirect interaction is poorly understood. We tested whether winter leaf retention of bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus) promotes the persistence of a nucleopolyhedroviruses, thereby increasing the infection risk of caterpillars (Arctia virginalis) feeding on the foliage during spring. We also investigated whether winter leaf retention reduces viral exposure of younger caterpillars that live on the ground, as leaf retention prevents contaminated leaves from reaching the ground. We surveyed winter leaf retention of 248 lupine bush canopies across twelve sites and examined how it related to caterpillar infection risk, herbivory, and inflorescence density. We also manipulated the amount of lupine litter available to young caterpillars in a feeding experiment to emulate litterfall exposure in the field. Greater retention of contaminated leaves from the previous season increased infection rates of caterpillars in early spring. Higher infection rates reduced herbivory and increased plant inflorescence density by summer. Young caterpillars exposed to less litterfall were more likely to starve to death but less likely to die from infection, further suggesting foliage mediated exposure to viruses. We speculate that longer leaf life span may be an unrecognized trait that indirectly mediates top-down control of herbivores by facilitating epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Pan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Adam Pepi
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric F LoPresti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter St #401, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Iftikhar A, Hafeez F, Aziz MA, Hashim M, Naeem A, Yousaf HK, Saleem MJ, Hussain S, Hafeez M, Ali Q, Rehman M, Akhtar S, Marc RA, Syaad KMA, Mostafa YS, Saeed FAA. Assessment of sublethal and transgenerational effects of spirotetramat, on population growth of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:1014190. [PMID: 36579021 PMCID: PMC9791945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1014190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a devastating pest of cruciferous crops causing economic damage worldwide and notably owing to its increasing resistance to commonly used pesticides. Such resistance prompts the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs that include novel pesticides being effective against the aphids. Spirotetramat is a novel insecticide used against sap-sucking insect pests, particularly aphids. This study evaluated the toxicity of spirotetramat to adult apterous B. brassicae after 72 h using the leaf dipping method. According to the toxicity bioassay results, the LC50 value of spirotetramat to B. brassicae was 1.304 mgL-1. However, the sublethal concentrations (LC5 and LC15) and transgenerational effects of this novel insecticide on population growth parameters were estimated using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory method. The sublethal concentrations (LC5; 0.125 mgL-1 and LC15; 0.298 mgL-1) of spirotetramat reduced the adult longevity and fecundity of the parent generation (F0). These concentrations prolonged the preadult developmental duration while decreasing preadult survival, adult longevity and reproduction of the F1 generation. The adult pre-reproductive period was also extended by spirotetramat treatment groups. Subsequently, the population growth parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase r, finite rate of increase λ and net reproductive rate R 0 of the F1 generation were decreased in spirotetramat treatment groups whereas, the mean generation time T of the F1 generation was not affected when compared to the control. These results indicated the negative effect of sublethal concentrations of spirotetramat on the performance of B. brassicae by reducing its nymphal survival, extending the duration of some immature stages and suppressing the population growth of B. brassicae. Overall, we demonstrated that spirotetramat is a pesticide showing both sublethal activities, and transgenerational effects on cabbage aphid; it may be useful for implementation in IPM programs against this aphid pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Iftikhar
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Ayesha Iftikhar, ; Muhammad Hafeez,
| | - Faisal Hafeez
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Aziz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hashim
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Naeem
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Jawad Saleem
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University, Sibi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ayesha Iftikhar, ; Muhammad Hafeez,
| | - Qurban Ali
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzammal Rehman
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sumreen Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Khalid M. Al Syaad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassor Sabry Mostafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A. Al Saeed
- Department of Biology, Saudi Arabia Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Medina V, Rosso BE, Soria M, Gutkind GO, Pagano EA, Zavala JA. Feeding on soybean crops changed gut bacteria diversity of the southern green stinkbug (Nezara viridula) and reduced negative effects of some associated bacteria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4608-4617. [PMID: 35837785 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The southern green stinkbug (Nezara viridula) is a mayor pest of soybean. However, the mechanism underlying stinkbug resistance to soybean defenses is yet ignored. Although gut bacteria could play an essential role in tolerating plant defenses, most studies testing questions related to insect-plant-bacteria interactions have been performed in laboratory condition. Here we performed experiments in laboratory and field conditions with N. viridula and its gut bacteria, studying gut lipid peroxidaxion levels and cysteine activity in infected and unifected nymphs, testing the hypothesis that feeding on field-grown soybean decreases bacterial abundance in stinkbugs. RESULTS Gut bacterial abundance and infection ratio were higher in N. viridula adults reared in laboratory than in those collected from soybean crops, suggesting that stinkbugs in field conditions may modulate gut bacterial colonization. Manipulating gut microbiota by infecting stinkbugs with Yokenella sp. showed that these bacteria abundance decreased in field conditions, and negatively affected stinkbugs performance and were more aggressive in laboratory rearing than in field conditions. Infected nymphs that fed on soybean pods had lower mortality, higher mass and shorter development period than those reared in the laboratory, and suggested that field conditions helped nymphs to recover from Yokenella sp. infection, despite of increased lipid peroxidation and decreased cysteine proteases activity in nymphs' guts. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that feeding on field-grown soybean reduced bacterial abundance and infection in guts of N. viridula and highlighted the importance to test functional activities or pathogenicity of microbes under realistic field conditions prior to establish conclusions on three trophic interactions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Medina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno E Rosso
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Microbiologia - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Soria
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Microbiologia - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel O Gutkind
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Pagano
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica - Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Kihata N, Shikano I. Enemy-Risk Effects in Parasitoid-Exposed Diamondback Moth Larvae: Potential Mediation of the Interaction by Host Plants. INSECTS 2022; 13:818. [PMID: 36135519 PMCID: PMC9502935 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enemy-risk effects (i.e., non-consumptive effects) describe the non-lethal fitness costs incurred by animals when they perceive a risk of predation. These effects can result from fear-associated changes in behavior and physiology. Diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella) are known to violently wriggle backwards and drop from their host plants, usually suspending themselves with a silk thread, when threatened by predators and parasitoids. Here, we investigated the developmental costs associated with this behavior when larvae were exposed to its specialist parasitoid wasp (Diadegma insulare). Additionally, the structural and chemical properties of plants are well-known to influence predation and parasitism rates of herbivorous insects. Yet, few studies have examined the influence of plants on enemy-risk effects. Therefore, we examined the developmental costs associated with parasitism risk on two host plants. Diamondback moth larvae were placed on either cabbage or Virginia pepperweed plants and exposed to gravid parasitoids with truncated ovipositors, which prevented piercing of the host cuticle without affecting host searching and attacking behaviors. On Virginia pepperweed, risk of parasitism resulted in reduced larval weight gain, longer development time, and smaller adult size compared to larvae that were not exposed to parasitoids. However, on cabbage, parasitoid exposure prolonged development time but had no significant effects on larval weight gain and adult size. On both plants, parasitoid-exposed larvae were found feeding on older foliage than younger foliage. Our findings demonstrate that the enemy-escape behavior of diamondback moths has developmental costs and that plants may mediate the intensity of these enemy-risk effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kihata
- Colby College, Mayflower Hill Drive, Waterville, ME 04901, USA
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 513, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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14
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Host-Specific larval lepidopteran mortality to pathogenic Serratia mediated by poor diet. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107818. [PMID: 35973510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insect guts often harbor an abundance of bacteria. Many of these members are commensal, but some may emerge as opportunistic pathogens when the host is under stress. In this study, we evaluated how dietary nutritional concentration mediates a shift from commensal to pathogenic, and if host species influences those interactions. We used the lepidopterans (Noctuidae) fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) as hosts and a Serratia strain initially isolated from healthy fall armyworm. Diet concentration was altered by bulk reduction in nutritional content with dilution using cellulose. Our experiments revealed that low nutrient diet increased mortality from Serratia for beet armyworm and corn earworm. However, for fall armyworm, little mortality was observed in any of the diet combinations. Dietary nutrition and oral inoculation with Serratia did not change the expression of two antimicrobial peptides in fall and beet armyworm, suggesting that other mechanisms that mediate mortality were involved. Our results have implications for how pathogens may persist as commensals in the digestive tract of insects. These findings also suggest that diet plays a very important role in the switch from commensal to pathogen. Finally, our data indicate that the host response to changing conditions is critical in determining if a pathogen may overtake its host and that these three lepidopteran species have different responses to opportunistic enteric pathogens.
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15
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Muchoney ND, Bowers MD, Carper AL, Mason PA, Teglas MB, Smilanich AM. Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8723. [PMID: 35342612 PMCID: PMC8928866 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, Parvoviridae) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field-collected caterpillars using either P. lanceolata or a native plant, Chelone glabra (Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher in situ viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the "vulnerable host" hypothesis) from a field-based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus-infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that: (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya D. Muchoney
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | - M. Deane Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Adrian L. Carper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Peri A. Mason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Mike B. Teglas
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland SciencesUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Angela M. Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
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16
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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17
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Mason CJ, Peiffer M, St Clair A, Hoover K, Felton GW. Concerted impacts of antiherbivore defenses and opportunistic Serratia pathogens on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Oecologia 2021; 198:167-178. [PMID: 34741665 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05072-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects frequently confront different microbial assemblages. Bacteria inhabiting an insect gut are often commensal, but some can become pathogenic when the insect is compromised from different stressors. Herbivores are often confronted by various forms of plant resistance, but how defenses generate opportunistic microbial infections from residents in the gut are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenic tendencies of Serratia isolated from the digestive system of healthy fall armyworm larvae (Spodoptera frugiperda) and how it interfaces with plant defenses. We initially selected Serratia strains that varied in their direct expression of virulence factors. Inoculation of the different isolates into the fall armyworm body cavity indicated differing levels of pathogenicity, with some strains exhibiting no effects while others causing mortality 24 h after injection. Oral inoculations of pathogens on larvae provided artificial diets caused marginal (< 7%) mortality. However, when insects were provided different maize genotypes, mortality from Serratia increased and was higher on plants exhibiting elevated levels of herbivore resistance (< 50% mortality). Maize defenses facilitated an initial invasion of pathogenic Serratia into the larval hemocoel¸ which was capable of overcoming insect antimicrobial defenses. Tomato and soybean further indicated elevated mortality due to Serratia compared to artificial diets and differences between plant genotypes. Our results indicate plants can facilitate the incipient emergence of pathobionts within gut of fall armyworm. The ability of resident gut bacteria to switch from a commensal to pathogenic lifestyle has significant ramifications for the host and is likely a broader phenomenon in multitrophic interactions facilitated by plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA. .,Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Abbi St Clair
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- 501 ASI Building Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16823, USA
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18
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García-Gómez G, Real-Santillán RO, Larsen J, Pérez LL, de la Rosa JIF, Pineda S, Martínez-Castillo AM. Maize mycorrhizas decrease the susceptibility of the foliar insect herbivore Spodoptera frugiperda to its homologous nucleopolyhedrovirus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4701-4708. [PMID: 34129282 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus of Spodoptera frugiperda (SfMNPV) plays an important role in regulating its natural host and has high potential for use as a bioinsecticide. However, information about how agricultural practices such as fertilization and plant biotic interactions affect the biocontrol efficacy of SfMNPV is limited. In this study, we examined how multitrophic maize-mycorrhiza-insect herbivore interactions affect the biocontrol efficacy of SfMNPV against S. frugiperda under full and reduced mineral nitrogen fertilization. Two fully factorial greenhouse pot experiments with three factors were performed: (i) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (with and without AMF), (ii) nitrogen fertilization (50% and 100% N), and (iii) insect (with and without of S. frugiperda). The biocontrol efficacy of SfMNPV against S. frugiperda was examined using detached leaves under controlled environmental conditions. RESULTS Associating maize with AMF resulted in multitrophic cascade effects. Plants with AMF showed suppression of plant growth and increased leaf N and P content, which coincided with increased foliar herbivory and larval biomass that finally reduced the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to SfMNPV. Reduced levels of N fertilization mitigated these observed cascade effects on the biocontrol efficacy of SfMNPV with maize mycorrhizas. CONCLUSION Our results show that AMF can modulate S. frugiperda-SfMNPV interactions via plant-mediated phenotypic responses to the mycorrhizal association and are most likely linked with increased leaf food quality for S. frugiperda. These results call for further studies to address the mode of interaction and possible implications for pest management in maize agroecosystems. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda García-Gómez
- Instituto de investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Raúl Omar Real-Santillán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Luis López Pérez
- Instituto de investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - José Isaac Figueroa de la Rosa
- Instituto de investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Samuel Pineda
- Instituto de investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Mabel Martínez-Castillo
- Instituto de investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
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19
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Basu S, Clark RE, Bera S, Casteel CL, Crowder DW. Responses of pea plants to multiple antagonists are mediated by order of attack and phytohormone crosstalk. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4939-4948. [PMID: 34347913 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are often attacked by multiple antagonists and traits of the attacking organisms and their order of arrival onto hosts may affect plant defences. However, few studies have assessed how multiple antagonists, and varying attack order, affect plant defence or nutrition. To address this, we assessed defensive and nutritional responses of Pisum sativum plants after attack by a vector herbivore (Acrythosiphon pisum), a nonvector herbivore (Sitona lineatus), and a pathogen (Pea enation mosaic virus, PEMV). We show viruliferous A. pisum induced several antipathogen plant defence signals, but these defences were inhibited by S. lineatus feeding on peas infected with PEMV. In contrast, S. lineatus feeding induced antiherbivore defence signals, and these plant defences were enhanced by PEMV. Sitona lineatus also increased abundance of plant amino acids, but only when they attacked after viruliferous A. pisum. Our results suggest that diverse communities of biotic antagonists alter defence and nutritional traits of plants through complex pathways that depend on the identity of attackers and their order of arrival onto hosts. Moreover, we show interactions among a group of biotic stressors can vary along a spectrum from antagonism to enhancement/synergism based on the identity and order of attackers, and these interactions are mediated by a multitude of phytohormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sayanta Bera
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Clare L Casteel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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20
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St Leger RJ. Insects and their pathogens in a changing climate. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107644. [PMID: 34237297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature of climate change-mediated multitrophic interaction is an underexplored area, but has the potential to dramatically shift transmission and distribution of many insects and their pathogens, placing some populations closer to the brink of extinction. However, for individual insect-pathogen interactions climate change will have complicated hard-to-anticipate impacts. Thus, both pathogen virulence and insect host immunity are intrinsically linked with generalized stress responses, and in both pathogen and host have extensive trade-offs with nutrition (e.g., host plant quality), growth and reproduction. Potentially alleviating or exasperating these impacts, some pathogens and hosts respond genetically and rapidly to environmental shifts. This review identifies many areas for future research including a particular need to identify how altered global warming interacts with other environmental changes and stressors, and how consistent these impacts are across pathogens and hosts. With that achieved we would be closer to producing an overarching framework to integrate knowledge on all environmental interplay and infectious disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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21
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Mogren CL, Shikano I. Microbiota, pathogens, and parasites as mediators of tritrophic interactions between insect herbivores, plants, and pollinators. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107589. [PMID: 33865846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect-associated microbes, including pathogens, parasites, and symbionts, influence the interactions of herbivorous insects and pollinators with their host plants. Moreover, herbivory-induced changes in plant resource allocation and defensive chemistry can influence pollinator behavior. This suggests that the outcomes of interactions between herbivores, their microbes and host plants could have implications for pollinators. As epizootic diseases occur at high population densities, pathogen and parasite-mediated effects on plants could have landscape-level impacts on foraging pollinators. The goal of this minireview is to highlight the potential for an herbivore's multitrophic interactions to trigger plant-mediated effects on the immunity and health of pollinators. We highlight the importance of plant quality and gut microbiomes in bee health, and how caterpillars as model herbivores interact with pathogens, parasites, and symbionts to affect plant quality, which forms the centerpiece of multitrophic interactions between herbivores and pollinators. We also discuss the impacts of other herbivore-associated factors, such as agricultural inputs aimed at decreasing herbivorous pests, on pollinator microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Mogren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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22
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Castagneyrol B, Jactel H, Rasmann S. Combining phytochemicals and multitrophic interactions to control forest insect pests. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:101-106. [PMID: 33933685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest pests can cause massive ecological and economic damage worldwide. Ecologically sound solutions to diminish forest insect pest impacts include the use of their natural enemies, such as predators and parasitoids, as well as entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria or viruses. Phytochemical compounds mediate most interactions between these organisms, but knowledge of such chemically mediated multitrophic relationships is still at its infancy for forest systems, particularly when compared to agricultural systems. Here, we highlight the main gaps in how phytochemicals of forest trees facilitate or interfere with trophic interactions between trees, insect herbivores, and interacting organisms including predators, parasitoids and microbes. We propose future avenues of research on phytochemical-based biocontrol of forest pests taking into account the characteristics of trees and forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez-Conradi
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; INRAE, UR629 Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), 84914 Avignon, France.
| | | | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Shen Y, Hao X. Natural product sciences: an integrative approach to the innovations of plant natural products. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1634-1650. [PMID: 32955660 PMCID: PMC7504874 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study on plant natural products not only helps us understand that their structural diversity is the inevitable result of plant species diversity, but also helps us understand certain rules and unity of the inevitable connection between the two. The diversity and complexity of chemical structures of many natural products are beyond imagination before we elucidated their structures. The question that follows is what is the biological significance of these natural products. Intrigued by the relationship between plant resources, natural products and biological functions, the Hao laboratory has taken an integrative approach that employs tools and knowledge from multi-disciplines, including natural product chemistry, chemical ecology and chemical biology, to unveil the effects of plant natural products on plant resistance to diseases, and environmental acclimations. Collaborating with cell biologists, the research has resulted in discovery of new mechanisms of cellular signaling and lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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24
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Lash CL, Sturiale SL, Kisare SA, Kwit C. The effects of a myrmecochore-produced chemical on entomopathogenic fungal growth and seed-dispersing ant survival rates and foraging patterns. INSECTES SOCIAUX 2020; 67:495-505. [PMID: 33776132 PMCID: PMC7993369 DOI: 10.1007/s00040-020-00786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myrmecochory, a type of ant-mediated seed dispersal, is a diffuse, widespread mutualism in which both partners are purported to benefit from the services or rewards of the other. However, ant benefits in this interaction are conflicted and understudied, especially in the context of microbial third parties. Here, we investigate the effect of a myrmecochore plant-produced antimicrobial chemical (sanguinarine) on the growth of a common entomopathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana). We then explore whether sanguinarine, through its effect on entomopathogen growth, might influence ant survival and foraging behavior. At high concentrations, sanguinarine increased the growth of B. bassiana, but fungal growth was not affected at concentrations of sanguinarine near natural levels produced in seeds. When ant colonies were exposed to B. bassiana, survival was not affected by a sanguinarine-supplemented diet. Furthermore, ant foraging patterns (preference for or avoidance of food items with sanguinarine) did not change when ants were exposed to the entomopathogen. Though sanguinarine promotes the growth of an entomopathogen at higher concentrations, which might pose an additional risk for ants in myrmecochory, we assert that social immune behavioral defenses (such as grooming or redispersal of seeds after elaiosome consumption) help ants mitigate this risk. By incorporating a microbial third party into this ant-plant interaction, we seek to more fully understand the risks and benefits provided to both partners in this mutualism. We encourage the investigation of third-party influences in reciprocal pairwise interactions to assist in the understanding of the evolution and persistence of mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L. Lash
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Natural Sciences Department, University of St. Francis, Joliet, IL 60435, USA
| | | | - Samantha A. Kisare
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Charles Kwit
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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25
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Price TAR, Windbichler N, Unckless RL, Sutter A, Runge JN, Ross PA, Pomiankowski A, Nuckolls NL, Montchamp-Moreau C, Mideo N, Martin OY, Manser A, Legros M, Larracuente AM, Holman L, Godwin J, Gemmell N, Courret C, Buchman A, Barrett LG, Lindholm AK. Resistance to natural and synthetic gene drive systems. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1345-1360. [PMID: 32969551 PMCID: PMC7796552 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are rapidly developing synthetic gene drive elements intended for release into natural populations. These are intended to control or eradicate disease vectors and pests, or to spread useful traits through wild populations for disease control or conservation purposes. However, a crucial problem for gene drives is the evolution of resistance against them, preventing their spread. Understanding the mechanisms by which populations might evolve resistance is essential for engineering effective gene drive systems. This review summarizes our current knowledge of drive resistance in both natural and synthetic gene drives. We explore how insights from naturally occurring and synthetic drive systems can be integrated to improve the design of gene drives, better predict the outcome of releases and understand genomic conflict in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. R. Price
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Nikolai Windbichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jan-Niklas Runge
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Perran A. Ross
- Bio21 and the School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Pomiankowski
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Oliver Y. Martin
- Department of Biology (D-BIOL) & Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Manser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Matthieu Legros
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Luke Holman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John Godwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Neil Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Cécile Courret
- Evolution Génome Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anna Buchman
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Verily Life Sciences, 269 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Luke G. Barrett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anna K. Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Mason CJ. Complex Relationships at the Intersection of Insect Gut Microbiomes and Plant Defenses. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:793-807. [PMID: 32537721 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores have ubiquitous associations with microorganisms that have major effects on how host insects may interact in their environment. Recently, increased attention has been given to how insect gut microbiomes mediate interactions with plants. In this paper, I discuss the ecology and physiology of gut bacteria associated with insect herbivores and how they may shape interactions between insects and their various host plants. I first establish how microbial associations vary between insects with different feeding styles, and how the insect host physiology and ecology can shape stable or transient relationships with gut bacteria. Then, I describe how these relationships factor in with plant nutrition and plant defenses. Within this framework, I suggest that many of the interactions between plants, insects, and the gut microbiome are context-dependent and shaped by the type of defense and the isolates present in the environment. Relationships between insects and plants are not pairwise, but instead highly multipartite, and the interweaving of complex microbial interactions is needed to fully explore the context-dependent aspects of the gut microbiome in many of these systems. I conclude the review by suggesting studies that would help reduce the unsureness of microbial interactions with less-defined herbivore systems and identify how each could provide a path to more robust roles and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- The Pennsylvania State University Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA, 16823, USA.
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27
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Host plant-dependent effects of microbes and phytochemistry on the insect immune response. Oecologia 2019; 191:141-152. [PMID: 31367913 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects can defend themselves against pathogens via an immune response, which is influenced by the nutritional quality and phytochemistry of the host plant. However, it is unclear how these aspects of diet interact to influence the insect immune response and what role is played by ingested foliar microbes. We examined dietary protein, phytochemistry, and the caterpillar microbiome to understand variation in immune response of the Melissa blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa. We also asked if these factors have host plant-specific effects by measuring L. melissa immune response when reared on a recently colonized exotic host plant (Medicago sativa) as compared to the immune response on an ancestral, native host (Astragalus canadensis). L. melissa did not experience immunological benefits directly related to consumption of the novel plant M. sativa. However, we did find negative, direct effects of phytochemical diversity and negative, direct effects of diet-derived microbial diversity on constitutive immune response for caterpillars fed M. sativa, as measured by phenoloxidase activity. Foliar protein did not directly influence the immune response, but did do so indirectly by increasing weight gain. Our results highlight the important effects of host diet on caterpillar physiology and raise the possibility that foliar microbiota, despite being rapidly passed through the gut, can affect the caterpillar immune response.
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28
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Pan Q, Shikano I, Hoover K, Liu TX, Felton GW. Pathogen-Mediated Tritrophic Interactions: Baculovirus-Challenged Caterpillars Induce Higher Plant Defenses than Healthy Caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:515-524. [PMID: 31127421 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the tritrophic interactions of plants, insect herbivores and their natural enemies have been intensely studied for several decades, the roles of entomopathogens in their indirect modulation of plant-insect relationships is still unclear. Here, we employed a sublethal dose of a baculovirus with a relatively broad host range (AcMNPV) to explore if feeding by baculovirus-challenged Helicoverpa zea caterpillars induces direct defenses in the tomato plant. We examined induction of plant defenses following feeding by H. zea, including tomato plants fed on by healthy caterpillars, AcMNPV-challenged caterpillars, or undamaged controls, and subsequently compared the transcript levels of defense related proteins (i.e., trypsin proteinase inhibitors, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and other defense genes (i.e., proteinase inhibitor II and cysteine proteinase inhibitor) from these plants, in addition to comparing caterpillar relative growth rates. As a result, AcMNPV-challenged caterpillars induced the highest plant anti-herbivore defenses. We examined several elicitors and effectors in the secretions of these caterpillars (i.e., glucose oxidase, phospholipase C, and ATPase hydrolysis), which surprisingly did not differ between treatments. Hence, we suggest that the greater induction of plant defenses by the virus-challenged caterpillars may be due to differences in the amount of these secretions deposited during feeding or to some other unknown factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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29
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Rosa E, Minard G, Lindholm J, Saastamoinen M. Moderate plant water stress improves larval development, and impacts immunity and gut microbiota of a specialist herbivore. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204292. [PMID: 30785875 PMCID: PMC6382165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While host plant drought is generally viewed as a negative phenomenon, its impact on insect herbivores can vary largely depending on the species involved and on the intensity of the drought. Extreme drought killing host plants can clearly reduce herbivore fitness, but the impact of moderate host plant water stress on insect herbivores can vary, and may even be beneficial. The populations of the Finnish Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) have faced reduced precipitation in recent years, with impacts even on population dynamics. Whether the negative effects of low precipitation are solely due to extreme desiccation killing the host plant or whether moderate drought reduces plant quality for the larvae remains unknown. We assessed the performance of larvae fed on moderately water-stressed Plantago lanceolata in terms of growth, survival, and immune response, and additionally were interested to assess whether the gut microbial composition of the larvae changed due to modification of the host plant. We found that larvae fed on water-stressed plants had increased growth, with no impact on survival, up-regulated the expression of one candidate immune gene (pelle), and had a more heterogeneous bacterial community and a shifted fungal community in the gut. Most of the measured traits showed considerable variation due to family structure. Our data suggest that in temperate regions moderate host plant water stress can positively shape resource acquisition of this specialized insect herbivore, potentially by increasing nutrient accessibility or concentration. Potentially, the better larval performance may be mediated by a shift of the microbiota on water-stressed plants, calling for further research especially on the understudied gut fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosa
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Dept. of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Lyon, Lyon, France, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5557, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, INRA UMR1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Johanna Lindholm
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Gasmi L, Martínez-Solís M, Frattini A, Ye M, Collado MC, Turlings TCJ, Erb M, Herrero S. Can Herbivore-Induced Volatiles Protect Plants by Increasing the Herbivores' Susceptibility to Natural Pathogens? Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01468-18. [PMID: 30366995 PMCID: PMC6293100 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01468-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, plants mobilize various defenses. Defense responses include the release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can serve as signals to alert undamaged tissues and to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Some HIPVs can have a direct negative impact on herbivore survival, but it is not well understood by what mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to HIPVs renders insects more susceptible to natural pathogens. Exposure of the caterpillars of the noctuid Spodoptera exigua to indole and linalool, but not exposure to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, increased the susceptibility to Spodoptera exiguamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We also found that exposure to indole, but not exposure to linalool or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, increased the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Additional experiments revealed significant changes in microbiota composition after forty-eight hours of larval exposure to indole. Overall, these results provide evidence that certain HIPVs can strongly enhance the susceptibility of caterpillars to pathogens, possibly through effects on the insect gut microbiota. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which HIPVs can protect plants from herbivorous insects.IMPORTANCE Multitrophic interactions involving insect pests, their natural enemies, microorganisms, and plant hosts are increasingly being recognized as relevant factors in pest management. In response to herbivory attacks, plants activate a wide range of defenses that aim to mitigate the damage. Attacked plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which can act as priming signals for other plants and attract natural enemies of herbivores, and which may have a direct negative impact on herbivore survival. In the present work, we show that exposure of the insects to the induced volatiles could increase the insects' susceptibility to the entomopathogens naturally occurring in the plant environment. These findings suggest a novel role for plant volatiles by influencing insect interactions with natural pathogens, probably mediated by alterations in the insect microbiota composition. In addition, this work provides evidence for selectable plant traits (production of secondary metabolites) that can have an influence on the ecology of the pests and could be relevant in the improvement of pest management strategies using natural entomopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gasmi
- Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Solís
- Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ada Frattini
- Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meng Ye
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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31
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Elderd BD. Bottom-up trait-mediated indirect effects decrease pathogen transmission in a tritrophic system. Ecology 2018; 100:e02551. [PMID: 30536658 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A plant's induction of secondary defenses helps to decrease herbivore damage by changing resource quality. While these chemical or physical defenses may directly decrease herbivory, they can also have indirect consequences. In a tritrophic system consisting of a plant, an insect herbivore, and an insect pathogen, plant based trait-mediated indirect effects (TMIEs) can alter host-pathogen interactions and, thereby, indirectly affect disease transmission. In a series of field experiments, individual soybean plants (Glycine max) were sprayed with either a jasmonic acid (JA) solution to trigger induction of plant defenses or a similar control compound. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae along with varying amounts of a lethal baculovirus were placed on the plants to measure transmission. Induction of plant defenses decreased viral transmission due to increased population heterogeneity arising from changes in individual susceptibility. The change in susceptibility via TMIEs was driven by a decrease in feeding rates and an increase viral dose needed to infect larvae. While the induction against herbivore attack may decrease herbivory, it can also decrease the efficacy of the herbivore's pathogen potentially to the plant's detriment. While TMIEs have been well-recognized for being driven by top-down forces, bottom-up interactions can dictate community dynamics and, here, epizootic severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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32
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Shikano I, McCarthy E, Hayes-Plazolles N, Slavicek JM, Hoover K. Jasmonic acid-induced plant defenses delay caterpillar developmental resistance to a baculovirus: Slow-growth, high-mortality hypothesis in plant-insect-pathogen interactions. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 158:16-23. [PMID: 30189196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants damaged by herbivore feeding can induce defensive responses that reduce herbivore growth. The slow-growth, high-mortality hypothesis postulates that these non-lethal plant defenses prolong the herbivore's period of susceptibility to natural enemies, such as predators and parasitoids. While many juvenile animals increase their disease resistance as they grow, direct tests of the slow-growth, high-mortality hypothesis in the context of plant-herbivore-pathogen interactions are lacking. Caterpillars increase their resistance to lethal baculoviruses as they develop within and across instars, a phenomenon termed developmental resistance. Progression of developmental resistance can occur through age-related increases in systemic immune functioning and/or midgut-based resistance. Here, we examined the slow-growth, high-mortality hypothesis in the context of developmental resistance of caterpillars to baculoviruses. Intra-stadial (within-instar) developmental resistance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to an oral inoculum of the baculovirus SfMNPV increased more rapidly with age when larvae were fed on non-induced foliage than foliage that was induced by jasmonic acid (a phytohormone that up-regulates plant anti-herbivore defenses). The degree of developmental resistance observed was attributable to larval weight at the time of virus inoculation. Thus, slower growth on induced plants prolonged the window of larval susceptibility to the baculovirus. Developmental resistance on induced and non-induced plants was absent when budded virus was injected intrahemocoelically bypassing the midgut, suggesting that developmental resistance was gut-based. Addition of fluorescent brightener, which weakens midgut-based resistance mechanisms to oral virus challenge, abolished developmental resistance. These results highlight the impact of plant defenses on herbivore growth rate and consequences for disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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33
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Bharate SS, Mignani S, Vishwakarma RA. Why Are the Majority of Active Compounds in the CNS Domain Natural Products? A Critical Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10345-10374. [PMID: 29989814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule natural products (NPs) have a long and successful track record of providing first-in-class drugs and pharmacophore (scaffolds) in all therapeutic areas, serving as a bridge between modern and traditional medicine. This trajectory has been remarkably successful in three key areas of modern therapeutics: cancers, infections, and CNS diseases. Beginning with the discovery of morphine 200 years ago, natural products have remained the primary source of new drugs/scaffolds for CNS diseases. In this perspective, we address the question: why are the majority of active compounds in the CNS domain natural products? Our analysis indicates that ∼84% approved drugs for CNS diseases are NPs or NP-inspired, and interestingly, 20 natural products provided more than 400 clinically approved CNS drugs. We have discussed unique physicochemical properties of NPs and NP-inspired vis-à-vis synthetic drugs, isoform selectivity, and evolutionary relationship, providing a rationale for increasing focus on natural product driven discovery for next-generation drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Serge Mignani
- UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique , Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS , 45 rue des Saints Pères , 75006 Paris , France.,CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG , Universidade da Madeira , Campus da Penteada , 9020-105 Funchal , Portugal.,Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
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34
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Thézé J, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Cory JS, Herniou EA. Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecological Specialization of Baculoviruses: A Treasure Trove for Future Applied Research. Viruses 2018; 10:E366. [PMID: 29997344 PMCID: PMC6071083 DOI: 10.3390/v10070366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Baculoviridae, a family of insect-specific large DNA viruses, is widely used in both biotechnology and biological control. Its applied value stems from millions of years of evolution influenced by interactions with their hosts and the environment. To understand how ecological interactions have shaped baculovirus diversification, we reconstructed a robust molecular phylogeny using 217 complete genomes and ~580 isolates for which at least one of four lepidopteran core genes was available. We then used a phylogenetic-concept-based approach (mPTP) to delimit 165 baculovirus species, including 38 species derived from new genetic data. Phylogenetic optimization of ecological characters revealed a general pattern of host conservatism punctuated by occasional shifts between closely related hosts and major shifts between lepidopteran superfamilies. Moreover, we found significant phylogenetic conservatism between baculoviruses and the type of plant growth (woody or herbaceous) associated with their insect hosts. In addition, we found that colonization of new ecological niches sometimes led to viral radiation. These macroevolutionary patterns show that besides selection during the infection process, baculovirus diversification was influenced by tritrophic interactions, explained by their persistence on plants and interactions in the midgut during horizontal transmission. This complete eco-evolutionary framework highlights the potential innovations that could still be harnessed from the diversity of baculoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Thézé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France.
| | - Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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Decker LE, de Roode JC, Hunter MD. Elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide reduce monarch tolerance and increase parasite virulence by altering the medicinal properties of milkweeds. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1353-1363. [PMID: 30134036 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hosts combat their parasites using mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, which together determine parasite virulence. Environmental factors, including diet, mediate the impact of parasites on hosts, with diet providing nutritional and medicinal properties. Here, we present the first evidence that ongoing environmental change decreases host tolerance and increases parasite virulence through a loss of dietary medicinal quality. Monarch butterflies use dietary toxins (cardenolides) to reduce the deleterious impacts of a protozoan parasite. We fed monarch larvae foliage from four milkweed species grown under either elevated or ambient CO2 , and measured changes in resistance, tolerance, and virulence. The most high-cardenolide milkweed species lost its medicinal properties under elevated CO2 ; monarch tolerance to infection decreased, and parasite virulence increased. Declines in medicinal quality were associated with declines in foliar concentrations of lipophilic cardenolides. Our results emphasize that global environmental change may influence parasite-host interactions through changes in the medicinal properties of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Decker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jacobus C de Roode
- Biology Department, Rollins 1113 O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mark D Hunter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
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Herbivore-Induced Defenses in Tomato Plants Enhance the Lethality of the Entomopathogenic Bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:947-956. [PMID: 29980959 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants can influence the effectiveness of microbial insecticides through numerous mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the oxidation of plant phenolics by plant enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD). These reactions generate a variety of products and intermediates that play important roles in resistance against herbivores. Oxidation of the catecholic phenolic compound chlorogenic acid by PPO enhances the lethality of the insect-killing bacterial pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) to the polyphagous caterpillar, Helicoverpa zea. Since herbivore feeding damage often triggers the induction of higher activities of oxidative enzymes in plant tissues, here we hypothesized that the induction of plant defenses would enhance the lethality of Bt on those plants. We found that the lethality of a commercial formulation of Bt (Dipel® PRO DF) on tomato plants was higher if it was applied to plants that were induced by H. zea feeding or induced by the phytohormone jasmonic acid. Higher proportions of H. zea larvae killed by Bt were strongly correlated with higher levels of PPO activity in the leaflet tissue. Higher POD activity was only weakly associated with higher levels of Bt-induced mortality. While plant-mediated variation in entomopathogen lethality is well known, our findings demonstrate that plants can induce defensive responses that work in concert with a microbial insecticide/entomopathogen to protect against insect herbivores.
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Mundim FM, Pringle EG. Whole-Plant Metabolic Allocation Under Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:852. [PMID: 29988542 PMCID: PMC6026660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs between plant growth and defense depend on environmental resource availability. Plants are predicted to prioritize growth when environmental resources are abundant and defense when environmental resources are scarce. Nevertheless, such predictions lack a whole-plant perspective-they do not account for potential differences in plant allocation above- and belowground. Such accounting is important because leaves and roots, though both critical to plant survival and fitness, differ in their resource-uptake roles and, often, in their vulnerability to herbivores. Here we aimed to determine how water availability affects plant allocation to multiple metabolic components of growth and defense in both leaves and roots. To do this, we conducted a meta-analysis of data from experimental studies in the literature. We assessed plant metabolic responses to experimentally reduced water availability, including changes in growth, nutrients, physical defenses, primary metabolites, hormones, and other secondary metabolites. Both above- and belowground, reduced water availability reduced plant biomass but increased the concentrations of primary metabolites and hormones. Importantly, however, reduced water had opposite effects in different organs on the concentrations of other secondary metabolites: reduced water increased carbon-based secondary metabolites in leaves but reduced them in roots. In addition, plants suffering from co-occurring drought and herbivory stresses exhibited dampened metabolic responses, suggesting a metabolic cost of multiple stresses. Our study highlights the needs for additional empirical studies of whole-plant metabolic responses under multiple stresses and for refinement of existing plant growth-defense theory in the context of whole plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane M. Mundim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Pringle
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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38
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Rosa E, Woestmann L, Biere A, Saastamoinen M. A plant pathogen modulates the effects of secondary metabolites on the performance and immune function of an insect herbivore. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosa
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Luisa Woestmann
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme; Univ. of Helsinki; PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
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Peters K, Worrich A, Weinhold A, Alka O, Balcke G, Birkemeyer C, Bruelheide H, Calf OW, Dietz S, Dührkop K, Gaquerel E, Heinig U, Kücklich M, Macel M, Müller C, Poeschl Y, Pohnert G, Ristok C, Rodríguez VM, Ruttkies C, Schuman M, Schweiger R, Shahaf N, Steinbeck C, Tortosa M, Treutler H, Ueberschaar N, Velasco P, Weiß BM, Widdig A, Neumann S, Dam NMV. Current Challenges in Plant Eco-Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1385. [PMID: 29734799 PMCID: PMC5983679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively new research discipline of Eco-Metabolomics is the application of metabolomics techniques to ecology with the aim to characterise biochemical interactions of organisms across different spatial and temporal scales. Metabolomics is an untargeted biochemical approach to measure many thousands of metabolites in different species, including plants and animals. Changes in metabolite concentrations can provide mechanistic evidence for biochemical processes that are relevant at ecological scales. These include physiological, phenotypic and morphological responses of plants and communities to environmental changes and also interactions with other organisms. Traditionally, research in biochemistry and ecology comes from two different directions and is performed at distinct spatiotemporal scales. Biochemical studies most often focus on intrinsic processes in individuals at physiological and cellular scales. Generally, they take a bottom-up approach scaling up cellular processes from spatiotemporally fine to coarser scales. Ecological studies usually focus on extrinsic processes acting upon organisms at population and community scales and typically study top-down and bottom-up processes in combination. Eco-Metabolomics is a transdisciplinary research discipline that links biochemistry and ecology and connects the distinct spatiotemporal scales. In this review, we focus on approaches to study chemical and biochemical interactions of plants at various ecological levels, mainly plant⁻organismal interactions, and discuss related examples from other domains. We present recent developments and highlight advancements in Eco-Metabolomics over the last decade from various angles. We further address the five key challenges: (1) complex experimental designs and large variation of metabolite profiles; (2) feature extraction; (3) metabolite identification; (4) statistical analyses; and (5) bioinformatics software tools and workflows. The presented solutions to these challenges will advance connecting the distinct spatiotemporal scales and bridging biochemistry and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Peters
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anja Worrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Alka
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Balcke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Dietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Victor Manuel Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Christoph Ruttkies
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Meredith Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nir Shahaf
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Christoph Steinbeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Hendrik Treutler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Widdig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
- Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Host plant associated enhancement of immunity and survival in virus infected caterpillars. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 151:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Gibbs M, Weir L. Sub-lethal viral exposure and growth on drought stressed host plants changes resource allocation patterns and life history costs in the Speckled Wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:106-113. [PMID: 28988030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of growth on drought stressed host plants and pathogen challenge with the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) on survival and fitness-related traits using the Speckled Wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (L.). Exposure to AcMNPV significantly reduced survival to pupation. For surviving larvae, sub-lethal infection significantly decreased daily mass acquisition rates and pupal mass. Growth on drought stressed plants increased daily mass acquisition rates resulting in heavier pupae, and increased resource allocation to adult reproduction. The interaction between host plant drought and viral exposure resulted in different resource allocation strategies, and thus different growth trajectories, between larvae. This in turn resulted in significantly different allometric relationships between larval mass (at inoculation) and both development time and investment in flight muscles. For larvae with relatively lighter masses there was a cost of resisting infection when growth occurred on drought stressed host plants, both within the larval stage (i.e. longer larval development times) and in the adult stage (i.e. lower investment in flight muscle mass). This multi-factor study highlights several potential mechanisms by which the complex interplay between low host plant nutritional quality due to drought, and pathogen exposure, may differentially influence the performance of P. aegeria individuals across multiple life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Laura Weir
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
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