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Lee N, Pigott TD, Watson A, Reuben K, O'Hara K, Massetti G, Fang X, Self-Brown S. Childhood Polyvictimization and Associated Health Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1579-1592. [PMID: 35220817 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211073847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Polyvictimization, the experience of multiple types of victimization, is associated with detrimental health outcomes. Despite extensive research on the health consequences of polyvictimization, one challenge in understanding this literature lies in the varied operationalized definitions of polyvictimization and health outcomes. This scoping review provides the volume of the current literature on this topic, documents the varied constructs of polyvictimization and associated health outcomes, identifies knowledge gaps, and guides future research directions. Method: A systematic search of English-language original articles that presented quantitative associations of childhood polyvictimization and health outcomes was performed through six-database searches, a gray literature search, and citation mining from June 2020 to January 2021. The varied constructs of polyvictimization, health outcomes, and other study characteristics were extracted. Results: A total of 96 studies were included. Two ways of creating continuous variables (30.21%) and four ways of constructing categorical variables (72.92%) were identified for operationalizing polyvictimization. The majority of health outcomes were mental, behavioral, or social (96.88%), while slightly more than 10% of studies examined physical health (11.46%) or general health conditions (10.42%), respectively. More than half of studies used U.S. samples (56.25%). Conclusions: The varied constructs of polyvictimization suggests that there is a need to establish a valid polyvictimization construct that is consistently agreed upon in the research community. Findings summarize the specific health outcomes that can be targeted for further investigation and prevention efforts. Findings also suggest that the study of resilience and coping education for childhood polyvictims is sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- NaeHyung Lee
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terri Deocampo Pigott
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Education & Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley Watson
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Reuben
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn O'Hara
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greta Massetti
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangming Fang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Self-Brown
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lee N, Osborne M, Massetti G, Watson A, Self-Brown S. Associations Among Age of First Experience of Violence, Type of Victimization, Polyvictimization, and Mental Distress in Nigerian Females. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:2992-3012. [PMID: 34894889 PMCID: PMC9189236 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211038973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored associations of age of first victimization, sexual violence (SV), physical violence (PV), polyvictimization, and mental distress among females in Nigeria (n = 1,766, 13-24 years old) using the nationally representative 2014 Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed. Nigerian females reporting SV victimization and polyvictimization were more likely to experience higher mental distress. The older the female was at the time of PV victimization, the greater the risk for mental distress. Violence is prevalent in Nigeria and its impact on youth's health is severe. However, evidence-based and data-driven policies and programs can reduce and prevent violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- NaeHyung Lee
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Osborne
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greta Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley Watson
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Self-Brown
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National SafeCare Training and Research Center, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Research of Interpersonal Violence, 1373Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Taylor PL, O'Donnell S, Wuest J, Scott-Storey K, Vincent C, Malcom J. The Mental Health Effects of Cumulative Lifetime Violence in Men: Disruptions in the Capacity to Connect with Others and Finding Ways to Reengage. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2021; 8:23333936211021576. [PMID: 34212068 PMCID: PMC8216408 DOI: 10.1177/23333936211021576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report qualitative findings of our Men's Violence Gender and Health Study, a multiple method study using a sequential design in which we explored the mental health manifestations of cumulative lifetime violence in men. Survey results revealed that higher cumulative lifetime violence scores were significantly associated with higher scores on depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety in a community sample of men (n = 685) living in Eastern Canada. To obtain a deeper understanding of men's scores, we used an interpretive description approach to analyze data derived from 32 participant interviews. The main mental health manifestation of cumulative lifetime violence is perceptual interference, a sense of being disconnected or detached from others. This is managed by rectifying detachment, a process that includes efforts to gain connections with others. Findings suggest mental health needs in men with cumulative lifetime violence contradict gender role expectations to be stoic. Implications for nurses are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith Wuest
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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Willie TC, Kershaw T, Sullivan TP. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Sexual and Mental Health of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5145-5166. [PMID: 30280634 PMCID: PMC6447472 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518802852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) are at an increased risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviors and experiencing depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) can put women at increased risk of poor sexual and mental health. Women experiencing IPV report ACEs, but few studies have examined the heterogeneity in women's experiences of ACEs and its effects on sexual and mental health. Therefore, the current study used latent profile analysis to identify profiles of ACEs (i.e., witnessing maternal and paternal IPV victimization; childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; and physical and emotional neglect) and their association with sexual risk behaviors and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women experiencing IPV aged 18 to 58 years (N = 212) were recruited from community establishments and completed face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews. Three profiles were identified: Low ACEs class (n = 115), Moderate ACEs class (n = 62), and High ACEs class (n = 35). Path analyses revealed that profiles of ACEs directly predicted women's IPV victimization severity and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary and tertiary mental health interventions may be more effective if the heterogeneity in women's ACEs is addressed by integrating intervention strategies specific to these ACE subgroups.
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The comparative and cumulative impact of different forms of violence exposure during childhood and adolescence on long-term adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1313-1328. [PMID: 33779534 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of negative psychosocial outcomes. Research examining the impact of violence exposure has been limited by the compartmentalization into separate bodies of research (e.g., community violence, domestic violence). There is also a paucity of research examining long-term adult outcomes. Using a large and racially diverse sample (n = 754; male = 58%; Black = 46%), the current longitudinal study aimed to elucidate the comparative and cumulative effect of different types of violence exposure (witnessing vs. victimization) across different locations (home, school, neighborhood) in childhood and adolescence (lifetime through Grade 8) on long-term internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems; substance use; and intimate partner violence in adulthood (age 25). Victimization, but not witnessing violence, predicted all five adult outcomes. Specifically, being victimized at home was associated with the widest range of negative outcomes (internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems), while school victimization was associated with substance use. Further, when youth experienced multiple types of violence across multiple locations (cumulative violence exposure), they experienced a more diverse range of negative outcomes in adulthood (composite score). The current study highlights the stronger effects of violence exposure in more proximal contexts, and how these locations are important for emotional and behavioral development.
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Yrondi A, Vaiva G, Walter M, D Amato T, Bellivier F, Bennabi D, Bougerol T, Camus V, Doumy O, Genty JB, Haffen E, Holtzmann J, Horn M, Lançon C, Leboyer M, Llorca PM, Maruani J, Moirand R, Molière F, Petrucci J, Richieri R, Samalin L, Schmitt L, Stephan F, Courtet P, El-Hage W, Aouizerate B. Childhood Trauma increases suicidal behaviour in a treatment-resistant depression population: a FACE-DR report. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:20-27. [PMID: 33440292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to heredity, exposure to early-life adversity is an important predisposing risk factor of suicidal behaviour. Although the association between Childhood Trauma (CT) and suicide risk is well documented, interactions between CT and suicidal behaviour in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) populations have received little coverage. This study aimed to evaluate i) association between CT and suicidal behaviour in a TRD population, and ii) the role of personality traits and impulsiveness as potential factors of mediation in these associations. METHODS Patients were recruited from a cohort of the French network of TRD expert centers. Depressive symptom severity, CT, suicidal behaviour, personality traits, and impulsiveness were assessed with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Big Five Inventory, and the Barratt Impulsivness Scale (BIS) respectively. RESULTS Among the 256 patients with a baseline CTQ, in relation to suicide risk for the current depressive episode, we found an association with the total CTQ scores mediated by the intensity of the current episode in a model adjusted for age and sex (total effect: β = 0.171; p = 0.011, direct effect: β = 0.135; p = 0.043; indirect effect: β = 0.036; p = 0.048). Focusing on CT subtypes, we detected an association between suicide risk and physical neglect in a model adjusted for age and sex (β = 0.301; p = 0.002), without any mediation by the intensity of the current episode. There was no mediation effect from personality traits nor impulsiveness. With regards to CSSRS to assess suicidal ideation, we did not find any association with the total CTQ score and CT subtype scores. CONCLUSION We report a strong association between suicidal behaviour and CT (in particular childhood physical neglect) in a TRD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Yrondi
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Centre National de Ressources et Résilience pour les psychotraumatisme, Lille, France; Service de Psychiatrie adulte, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Fontan 1, Lille, France
| | - Michel Walter
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Générale et de Réhabilitation Psycho Sociale 29G01 et 29G02, Centre Expert Depression Résistante FondaMental, EA 7479, CHRU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Brest, France
| | - Thierry D Amato
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response ΨR2 Team, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier; F-69678, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Pôle Neurosciences Tête et Cou, INSERM UMRS 1144, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, EA 481 Neurosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Bougerol
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Camus
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; U1253, iBrain, CIC1415, Inserm, CHRU de Tours, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Doumy
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée (UMR INRA 1286), Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Genty
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; UPEC, AP-HP Département Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Addictologie et de Psychiatrie (DMU IMPACT) des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Centre expert dépression resistante de la fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, EA 481 Neurosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jérôme Holtzmann
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service de Psychiatrie adulte, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Fontan 1, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Lançon
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Pôle Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; UPEC, AP-HP Département Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Addictologie et de Psychiatrie (DMU IMPACT) des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Centre expert dépression resistante de la fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julia Maruani
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Pôle Neurosciences Tête et Cou, INSERM UMRS 1144, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Moirand
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response ΨR2 Team, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier; F-69678, France
| | - Fanny Molière
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Petrucci
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; UPEC, AP-HP Département Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Addictologie et de Psychiatrie (DMU IMPACT) des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Centre expert dépression resistante de la fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Raphaelle Richieri
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Pôle Psychiatrie, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Department of Psychiatry, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, EA 7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, ToNIC Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florian Stephan
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie Générale et de Réhabilitation Psycho Sociale 29G01 et 29G02, Centre Expert Depression Résistante FondaMental, EA 7479, CHRU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Brest, France
| | | | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; U1253, iBrain, CIC1415, Inserm, CHRU de Tours, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée (UMR INRA 1286), Université de Bordeaux, France
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Hashemi L, Fanslow J, Gulliver P, McIntosh T. Intergenerational Impact of Violence Exposure: Emotional-Behavioural and School Difficulties in Children Aged 5-17. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:771834. [PMID: 35058819 PMCID: PMC8764379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The intergenerational impacts of parental exposure to violence during childhood and adulthood have largely been investigated separately. This limits our understanding of how cumulative violence exposure over a lifespan elevates the risk of subsequent generation's maladjustment. To address this, we examined if parental exposure to violence during childhood and during adulthood was associated with increased emotional-behavioural and school difficulties among the children of these parents. Further, we examined if parental exposure to cumulative violence increased the odds of their children experiencing difficulties. Participants and Setting: 705 participants (354 mothers and 351 fathers) from the 2019 New Zealand Family Violence Survey, a population-based study conducted in New Zealand between March 2017 and March 2019. Methods: Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to ascertain the impact of parental exposure to violence on children's outcomes after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. The impact of parental cumulative violence exposure on children's outcomes was also explored. Results: Findings indicated that children of parents who had histories of exposure to violence during childhood were at increased risk for experiencing emotional-behavioural or school difficulties. However, where parents reported a history of childhood abuse but not adult experience of violence, their children had similar odds of experiencing difficulties as the children of parents who had not been exposed to any violence in their lifetime. Children of parents who had been exposed to violence only during adulthood were at higher risk of experiencing emotional-behavioural difficulties compared with children of parents with no violence exposure. Children of parents with histories of exposure to violence during both childhood and adulthood had the highest prevalence of experiencing emotional/behavioural and school difficulties. Conclusion: These findings highlight the intergenerational impacts of violence exposure and the complex intersections between parents' and children's life experiences. Our findings suggest the need for violence prevention initiatives to foster the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships and to expand services for parents already exposed to violence to build resilience and to break the inter-generational cycle of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Hashemi
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Fanslow
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- Māori Studies and Pacific Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dark HE, Harnett NG, Goodman AM, Wheelock MD, Mrug S, Schuster MA, Elliott MN, Emery ST, Knight DC. Violence exposure, affective style, and stress-induced changes in resting state functional connectivity. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1261-1277. [PMID: 33000367 PMCID: PMC7718383 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic childhood stress is linked to greater susceptibility to internalizing disorders in adulthood. Specifically, chronic stress leads to changes in brain connectivity patterns, and, in turn, affects psychological functioning. Violence exposure, a chronic stressor, increases stress reactivity and disrupts emotion regulation processes. However, it is unclear to what extent violence exposure affects the neural circuitry underlying emotion regulation. Individual differences in affective style also moderate the impact of stress on psychological function and can thus alter the relationship between violence exposure and brain function. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is an index of intrinsic brain activity. Stress-induced changes in rsFC between the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are associated with emotion dysregulation and may elucidate how affective style modulates the relationship between violence exposure and brain connectivity. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of violence exposure and affective style on stress-induced changes in rsFC. Participants (n = 233) completed two 6-minute resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, one before (pre-stress) and one after (post-stress) a psychosocial stress task. The bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) were used as seed regions for rsFC analyses. Significant stress-induced changes in the prefrontal, fronto-limbic, and parieto-limbic rsFC were observed. Further, pre-stress to post-stress differences in rsFC varied with violence exposure and affective style. These findings suggest that prefrontal, fronto-limbic, and parieto-limbic connectivity is associated with the emotional response to stress and provide new insight into the neural mechanisms through which affective style moderates the impact violence exposure has on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Dark
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Adam M Goodman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Susan Tortolero Emery
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CIRC 235H, 1720 2nd Ave S., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Bracke P, Delaruelle K, Dereuddre R, Van de Velde S. Depression in women and men, cumulative disadvantage and gender inequality in 29 European countries. Soc Sci Med 2020; 267:113354. [PMID: 32980172 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Macro-sociological theories stress the contribution of gender inequality to this gender gap in depression, while cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory (CAD) reminds us that mental health inequalities accumulate over the life course. We explore the complementarity of both perspectives in a variety of European countries using data of the European Social Survey (2006 2012, 2014, N of countries = 29; N of men = 53,680 and N of women = 63,103) and using an 8-item version of the CES-D. Results confirm that the relevance of gender stratification for the mental health of women and men in Europe depends on age. The gender gap is nearly absent amongst adults in their twenties in the most gender equal countries, while an impressive gender gap is present amongst older adults in gender unequal countries, in accordance with CAD theory. These effects occur on top of the mental health consequences of taking up work and family roles at various life stages. The convergence of the results predicted by gender stratification and cumulative disadvantage theories strengthen the case for the link between gender, disadvantage and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Bracke
- Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn Delaruelle
- Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Turner S, Harvey C, Hayes L, Castle D, Galletly C, Sweeney S, Shah S, Keogh L, Spittal MJ. Childhood adversity and clinical and psychosocial outcomes in psychosis. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 29:e78. [PMID: 31839014 PMCID: PMC8061294 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796019000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Associations between childhood abuse and various psychotic illnesses in adulthood are commonly reported. We aim to examine associations between several reported childhood adverse events (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and interpersonal loss) among adults with diagnosed psychotic disorders and clinical and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS Within a large epidemiological study, the 2010 Australian National Survey of Psychosis (Survey of High Impact Psychosis, SHIP), we used logistic regression to model childhood adverse events (any and specific types) on 18 clinical and psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS Eighty percent of SHIP participants (1466/1825) reported experiencing adverse events in childhood (sexual abuse, other types of abuse and interpersonal loss). Participants reporting any form of childhood adversity had higher odds for 12/18 outcomes we examined. Significant associations were observed with all psychosocial outcomes (social dysfunction, victimisation, offending and homelessness within the previous 12 months, and definite psychosocial stressor within 12 months of illness onset), with the strongest association for homelessness (odds ratio (OR) = 2.82). Common across all adverse event types was an association with lifetime depression, anxiety and a definite psychosocial stressor within 12 months of illness onset. When adverse event types were non-hierarchically coded, sexual abuse was associated with 11/18 outcomes, other types of abuse 13/18 and, interpersonal loss occurring in the absence of other forms of abuse was associated with fewer of the clinical and psychosocial outcomes, 4/18. When adverse events types were coded hierarchically (to isolate the effect of interpersonal loss in the absence of abuse), interpersonal loss was associated with lower odds of self-reproach (OR = 0.70), negative syndrome (OR = 0.75) and victimisation (OR = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS Adverse childhood experiences among people with psychosis are common, as are subsequent psychosocial stressors. Mental health professionals should routinely enquire about all types of adversities in this group and provide effective service responses. Childhood abuse, including sexual abuse, may contribute to subsequent adversity, poor psychosocial functioning and complex needs among people with psychosis. Longitudinal research to better understand these relationships is needed, as are studies which evaluate the effectiveness of preventative interventions in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Turner
- Quality and Service Improvement, NorthWestern Mental Health, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria3050, Australia
| | - C. Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
- Psychosocial Research Centre, NorthWestern Mental Health, 130 Bell St, Coburg, Victoria3058, Australia
| | - L. Hayes
- Parenting Research Centre, 232 Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria3002, Australia
| | - D. Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3010, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria3065, Australia
| | - C. Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, 33 Park Tce, Gilbertson, South Australia5081, Australia
- North Adelaide Local Health Network, Ward 1G, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Haydown Road, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia5112, Australia
| | - S. Sweeney
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, 33 Park Tce, Gilbertson, South Australia5081, Australia
| | - S. Shah
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia6009, Australia
| | - L. Keogh
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M. J. Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Rijbroek B, Strating MMH, Konijn HW, Huijsman R. Child protection cases, one size fits all? Cluster analyses of risk and protective factors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 95:104068. [PMID: 31301547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide effective tailor made case management in Child Protection Services (CPS) a insight is needed into the specific characteristics of the target group. Using the ecological perspective of maltreatment, this study explored poorly known characteristics of the CPS population. OBJECTIVE To distinguish CPS subgroups based on risk and protective factors enables tailor made case management that fits the specific needs of these subgroups. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We studied 250 Dutch CPS cases of family supervision by court order that had completed the LIRIK and Action Plan checklists in August 2014-March 2015. METHODS This quantitative study analyzed risk and protective factors for children and parents reported in client files. Subgroups were identified by two-step cluster analyses. Chi-square analyses identified relations between parental risk subgroups and other groups. RESULTS Building on the interplay between risk and protective factors on the levels of child, parent and environment, we found five distinct subgroups in the CPS population. The most vulnerable is parents with multiple problems (31%) or socio-economic problems (13%). Parts of both subgroup have limited protective factors. Parents with major life events (16%) or poor parenting (13%) are characterized by single-level problems. One subgroup (28%), the unaccepted, has no parental risk factors registered. CONCLUSIONS Studying client files can lead to a better understanding of the healthcare needs of the CPS population. To develop and implement more effective case management requires constant dialogue between science, policy, and the experiences of both clients and professional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit Rijbroek
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Health Policy and Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Mathilde M H Strating
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Health Policy and Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Helena W Konijn
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Health Policy and Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Robbert Huijsman
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Health Policy and Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Dos Santos Mesquita C, da Costa Maia Â. A Step Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship Between Victimization and Emotional Distress: Indirect Effect of Adult Attachment and Interaction With Household Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:3252-3289. [PMID: 27659683 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516669541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A history of victimization has been linked to the latter development of emotional distress. However, not all victims develop emotional distress in response to victimization, emphasizing the need to identify mediators that can guide intervention, as well as moderators to more targeted preventive actions. Within a developmental psychology framework, we aimed to test two models: (a) the role of adult attachment as a mediator in the relationship between victimization and emotional distress, and (b) the role of household dysfunctions as moderators in the relationship between victimization and emotional distress, in psychiatric patients. Participants were 120 adult psychiatric patients, between ages 20 and 79 years (M = -47.22, SD = 13.102) that responded to questions assessing household dysfunction in the family of origin, victimization, and adult attachment. Results revealed that adult attachment was a significant mediator in the association between victimization and emotional distress. Parental mental disorder and total household adversity were significant moderators for that same association. These results provide important clues for intervention. The focus on promoting secure adult relationships may contribute not only to the psychosocial adjustment of psychiatric patients but also to a healthier family functioning. Reducing the household dysfunction may provide a protective environment for the development of children, promoting a positive psychosocial adjustment, also preventing the intergenerational transmission of violence, insecure attachment, and emotional distress.
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The role of childhood abuse for suicidality in the context of the interpersonal theory of suicide: An investigation in German psychiatric inpatients with depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:788-797. [PMID: 30448764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies provide evidence for a relationship between childhood abuse and suicidality across the lifespan. To examine this association in the context of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS), we investigated whether its constructs thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness and capability for suicide are potential mediators. METHODS Eighty-four German psychiatric inpatients with unipolar depression (M = 37.6 years, 69% female) and current or lifetime suicidal ideation were included. For the assessment we used the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), the Rasch-based Screening for Depression (DESC-I), the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), the German Capability for Suicide Questionnaire (GCSQ), the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS) and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Simple and multiple mediator analyses were applied. RESULTS Most patients (70%) had experienced childhood abuse. Emotional abuse showed an indirect association with suicidal ideation via thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, whereas physical and sexual abuse were indirectly related to suicide risk via capability for suicide. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and the cross-sectional design are limiting factors of the present study. CONCLUSIONS Childhood abuse is a common experience of inpatients with unipolar depression. This study showed its indirect effects on suicidal ideation and risk for suicide, mediated by the constructs of the IPTS. Further research should investigate this issue in other populations and clinicians should be aware of the devastating effects of childhood abuse.
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Profiles of childhood trauma and psychopathology: US National Epidemiologic Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1207-1219. [PMID: 29725700 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood trauma may increase vulnerability to numerous specific psychiatric disorders, or a generalised liability to experience dimensions of internalising or externalising psychopathology. We use a nationally representative sample (N = 34,653) to examine the long-term consequences of childhood trauma and their combined effect as predictors of subsequent psychopathology. METHODS Data from the US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used. Latent class analysis was used to identify childhood trauma profiles and multinomial logistic regression to validate and explore these profiles with a range of associated demographic and household characteristics. We used Structural Equation Modelling to substantiate initial latent class analysis findings by investigating a range of mental health diagnoses. Internalising and externalising domains of psychopathology were regressed on trauma profiles and associated demographic and household characteristics. We used Differential Item Functioning to examine associations between the trauma groups and a number of psychiatric disorders within internalising and externalising dimensions of mental health. RESULTS We found a 3-class model of childhood trauma in which 85% of participants were allocated to a low trauma class; 6% to a multi-type victimization class (reporting exposures for all the child maltreatment criteria); and 9% to a situational trauma class (exposed to a range of traumas). Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed an internalising-externalising spectrum was used to represent lifetime reporting patterns of mental health disorders. Both trauma groups showed specific gender and race/ethnicity differences, related family discord and increased psychopathology. Additionally, we found significant associations between the trauma groups and specific diagnoses within the internalising-externalising spectrum of mental health. CONCLUSIONS The underlying patterns in the exposure to types of interpersonal and non-interpersonal traumas and associated mental health highlight the need to screen for particular types of childhood traumas when individuals present with symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Cho H, Kwon I. Intimate Partner Violence, Cumulative Violence Exposure, and Mental Health Service Use. Community Ment Health J 2018; 54:259-266. [PMID: 29177723 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-017-0204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) leaves victims with serious mental healthconsequences; some victims do not seek help even though they suffer from adverse mental health symptoms. Victims' use of mental health services seems to be affected by sociocultural factors and their history of experiences with violence. This study used the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys to examine the effects of cumulative violence on IPV victims' mental health service use. The results showed that victims' mental health needs were the most prominent predictor of their use of mental health services, and that cumulative violence exposure also predicted mental health service use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkag Cho
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 254 Baker Hall, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ilan Kwon
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 254 Baker Hall, 655 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Davis KC, Masters NT, Casey E, Kajumulo KF, Norris J, George WH. How Childhood Maltreatment Profiles of Male Victims Predict Adult Perpetration and Psychosocial Functioning. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:915-937. [PMID: 26590221 PMCID: PMC4874905 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515613345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study used latent class analysis to empirically identify subgroups of men based on their exposure to childhood maltreatment (i.e., emotional neglect and abuse, physical neglect and abuse, and sexual abuse). It then examined subgroups' differential perpetration of adult intimate partner violence (IPV; both psychological and physical), violence against peers, and sexual assault. Finally, we compared sociodemographic variables and psychosocial functioning across profiles to characterize the adult experiences of men in different maltreatment groups. The community sample consisted of 626 heterosexually active 21- to 30-year-old men. We identified four subgroups: Low Maltreatment (80% of the sample), Emotional and Physical Maltreatment (12%), Emotional and Sexual Maltreatment (4%), and Poly-Victimized (4%). The Low Maltreatment group had significantly lower IPV perpetration rates than the Emotional and Physical Maltreatment group, but groups did not significantly differ on peer violence or sexual assault perpetration rates. Overall, Poly-Victimized men were significantly worse off than the Low Maltreatment group regarding income, education level, and incarceration history. Their rates of recent anxiety and depression symptoms were also higher than those of Low Maltreatment men. Findings support the use of person-oriented techniques for deriving patterns of childhood maltreatment and how these patterns relate to psychological, behavioral, and social factors in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin Casey
- 1 University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Weiss JA, Fardella MA. Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:203. [PMID: 29887806 PMCID: PMC5980973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the self-reported experiences of childhood and adult victimization and perpetration in adults with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) compared to a matched sample, and how victimization and perpetration are associated with autism-related difficulties. Forty-five adults with ASC and 42 adults without ASC completed questionnaires regarding violence victimization and perpetration, emotion regulation, and sociocommunicative competence. Participants with ASC reported experiencing, as children, more overall victimization; specifically, more property crime, maltreatment, teasing/emotional bullying, and sexual assault by peers, compared to participants without ASC. Participants with ASC also reported experiencing more teasing/emotional bullying in adulthood and greater sexual contact victimization. No significant differences were found between groups on perpetration. Sociocommunicative ability and emotion regulation deficits did not explain the heightened risk for victimization. Individuals with ASC have an increased vulnerability to violence victimization, which speaks to the need for interventions, and proactive prevention strategies.
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18
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Grady MD, Levenson JS, Bolder T. Linking Adverse Childhood Effects and Attachment: A Theory of Etiology for Sexual Offending. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2017; 18:433-444. [PMID: 26809586 DOI: 10.1177/1524838015627147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence continues to be a significant public health problem affecting significant portions of the population. Unfortunately, an agreed upon theory of etiology remains elusive leading to challenges in developing effective prevention and treatment interventions. Recently, there is a growing body of literature examining the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the development of sexually violent behavior. This research has begun to explore the rates of various types of child maltreatments and family dysfunction in individuals who have been convicted of a sexual crime. These empirical inquiries have been primarily descriptive in nature and have not yet provided a cohesive theoretical model as to why the presence of ACEs might contribute to sexually abusive behavior. This article suggests that attachment theory offers an explanatory link between early adversity and sexually abusive behavior in adulthood. We first summarize important attachment theory concepts, then integrate them with research in the area of developmental psychopathology and ACEs, and finally propose a model by which attachment can be used as an explanatory theory for subsequent sexualized coping and sexually abusive behaviors. Finally, this article explores the implications for practice, policy, and research using this explanatory theory as a framework for understanding sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tess Bolder
- 3 Wendt Center for Loss and Healing, Washington, DC, USA
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Gallo EAG, De Mola CL, Wehrmeister F, Gonçalves H, Kieling C, Murray J. Childhood maltreatment preceding depressive disorder at age 18 years: A prospective Brazilian birth cohort study. J Affect Disord 2017; 217:218-224. [PMID: 28431382 PMCID: PMC5469396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is linked with increased risk for mental illness in adolescence and adulthood. However, little evidence is available on whether different forms of maltreatment have specific effects, and no prospective studies in low- or middle-income countries have addressed this issue. METHODS Participants in a population-based, birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil (N=3715) self-reported exposure to maltreatment (emotional abuse, physical neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence) in confidential questionnaires at age 15 years, and were assessed for major depression in interviews at age 18 years, using the MINI. Confounding variables concerning family characteristics were measured in interviews with mothers in the perinatal period and at age 11 years. RESULTS Females exposed to emotional abuse (OR=2.7; 95%CI=1.9, 3.8) and domestic violence (OR=1.9; 95%CI=1.2, 2.9) were at increased risk for depression after adjustment for confounders and other types of maltreatment. Females exposed to two or more forms of maltreatment were at particularly high risk for depression (OR=4.1; 95%Cl=2.8, 6.1) compared with females not exposed to maltreatment. In adjusted analyses, maltreatment was not associated with depression for males. LIMITATIONS Detailed information about maltreatment such as timing and frequency was not available, and 1534 individuals were not included in the analyses, who had poorer and less educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS Emotional abuse and domestic violence are strong risk factors for major depression for females. Early intervention to prevent maltreatment and its consequences is critical, especially for girls exposed to poly-maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Alejandra Giraldo Gallo
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160-3° Piso. Pelotas RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Wehrmeister
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160-3° Piso. Pelotas RS, Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160-3° Piso. Pelotas RS, Brazil
| | - Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160-3° Piso. Pelotas RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, England.
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Charak R, Byllesby BM, Roley ME, Claycomb MA, Durham TA, Ross J, Armour C, Elhai JD. Latent classes of childhood poly-victimization and associations with suicidal behavior among adult trauma victims: Moderating role of anger. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 62:19-28. [PMID: 27780110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were first to identify discrete patterns of childhood victimization experiences including crime, child maltreatment, peer/sibling victimization, sexual violence, and witnessing violence among adult trauma victims using latent class analysis; second, to examine the association between class-membership and suicidal behavior, and third to investigate the differential role of dispositional anger on the association between class-membership and suicidal behavior. We hypothesized that those classes with accumulating exposure to different types of childhood victimization (e.g., poly-victimization) would endorse higher suicidal behavior, than the other less severe classes, and those in the most severe class with higher anger trait would have stronger association with suicidal behavior. Respondents were 346 adults (N=346; Mage=35.0years; 55.9% female) who had experienced a lifetime traumatic event. Sixty four percent had experienced poly-victimization (four or more victimization experiences) and 38.8% met the cut-off score for suicidal behavior. Three distinct classes emerged namely, the Least victimization (Class 1), the Predominantly crime and sibling/peer victimization (Class 2), and the Poly-victimization (Class 3) classes. Regression analysis controlling for age and gender indicated that only the main effect of anger was significantly associated with suicidal behavior. The interaction term suggested that those in the Poly-victimization class were higher on suicidal behavior as a result of a stronger association between anger and suicidal behavior in contrast to the association found in Class 2. Clinical implications of findings entail imparting anger management skills to facilitate wellbeing among adult with childhood poly-victimization experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Charak
- Department of Psychological Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, United States.
| | | | - Michelle E Roley
- Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, OH, United States
| | | | - Tory A Durham
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jana Ross
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Cherie Armour
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, OH, United States
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Logan-Greene P, Nurius PS, Hooven C, Thompson EA. Life Course Associations between Victimization and Aggression: Distinct and Cumulative Contributions. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2015; 32:269-279. [PMID: 26190899 PMCID: PMC4504828 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-014-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The connections between early maltreatment and later aggression are well established in the literature, however gaps remain in our understanding of developmental processes. This study investigates the cascading lifecourse linkages between victimization experiences from childhood through early adulthood andlater aggressive behavior. The diverse, at-risk sample is of particular importance to child and adolescent specialists, as it represents highly vulnerable youth accessible through conventional school settings. In addition to direct pathways from proximal life periods, path analysis revealed significant indirect mediated pathways through which earlier life victimizationcontributes to aggressive behaviors in later life periods as well as revictimization. Multivariateregressions support theorized cumulative effects of multi-form victimization as well as distinct contributions of victimization domains (emotional, witnessing, physical, property, and sexual) in explaining aggressive behavior.Consistent with theorizing about the developmental impact of early maltreatment, results bolster the importance of interrupting pathways from victimization to revictimization and later aggression. Findings are evaluated in light of implications for early identification and prevention programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Logan-Greene
- School of Social Work University at Buffalo 685 Baldy Hall Buffalo, NY 14228 Tel: 716-645-1533
| | - Paula S Nurius
- School of Social Work University of Washington Campus Box: 354900 Seattle, WA 98105-6299
| | - Carole Hooven
- Psychosocial & Community Health University of Washington Box 358732 Seattle, WA 98195-8732
| | - Elaine Adams Thompson
- Psychosocial & Community Health University of Washington Box 358732 Seattle, WA 98195-8732
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Logan-Greene P, Nurius PS, Hooven C, Thompson EA. Life Course Associations between Victimization and Aggression: Distinctive and Cumulative Contributions. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2015; 32:269-279. [PMID: 26190900 PMCID: PMC4504846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The connections between early maltreatment and later aggression are well established in the literature, however gaps remain in our understanding of developmental processes. This study investigates the cascading life course linkages between victimization experiences from childhood through early adulthood and later aggressive behavior. The diverse, at-risk sample is of particular importance to child and adolescent specialists, as it represents highly vulnerable youth accessible through conventional school settings. In addition to direct pathways from proximal life periods, path analysis revealed significant indirect mediated pathways through which earlier life victimization contributes to aggressive behaviors in later life periods as well as revictimization. Multivariate regressions support theorized cumulative effects of multi-form victimization as well as distinct contributions of victimization domains (emotional, witnessing, physical, property, and sexual) in explaining aggressive behavior. Consistent with theorizing about the developmental impact of early maltreatment, results bolster the importance of interrupting pathways from victimization to revictimization and later aggression. Findings are evaluated in light of implications for early identification and prevention programming.
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Betts LR, Houston JE, Steer OL. Development of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale-Revised (MPVS-R) and the Multidimensional Peer Bullying Scale (MPVS-RB). J Genet Psychol 2015; 176:93-109. [PMID: 25775213 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2015.1007915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peer victimization is a frequent occurrence for many adolescents; however, some of the psychometric properties of self-report scales assessing these experiences remain unclear. Furthermore, with an increase in access to technology, electronic aggression should also be considered. The authors examined the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (MPVS; Mynard & Joseph, 2000), and developed versions to include the assessment of electronic aggression according to whether the adolescent was the target or perpetrator of peer victimization. A total of 371 (191 girls and 180 boys; Mage = 13 years 4 months, SDage = 1 year 2 months) adolescents in the United Kingdom completed the MPVS including five newly developed items assessing electronic aggression, a version of the MPVS designed to assess victimization perpetration, and a measure of self-esteem. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded a five-factor structure comprising: Physical, social manipulation, verbal, attacks on property, and electronic for both scales. Convergent validity was established through negative associations between the victimization scales and self-esteem. Sex differences also emerged. One revised scale and one new scale are subsequently proposed: The MPVS-Revised and the Multidimensional Peer Bullying Scale.
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Babchishin LK, Romano E. Evaluating the Frequency, Co-occurrence, and Psychosocial Correlates of Childhood Multiple Victimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2014-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hagan MJ, Roubinov DS, Mistler AK, Luecken LJ. Mental health outcomes in emerging adults exposed to childhood maltreatment: the moderating role of stress reactivity. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2014; 19:156-167. [PMID: 24920249 DOI: 10.1177/1077559514539753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is an established risk factor for varying configurations of psychological problems in emerging adulthood. The current study tested associations between childhood maltreatment, cortisol reactivity, and current mental health symptoms in emerging adulthood. Eighty-eight participants (aged 18-22) completed measures of childhood maltreatment and current internalizing and externalizing symptoms and participated in a 10-min conflict role-play task. Salivary cortisol was sampled throughout the task, and a residualized change score between baseline and peak time points was computed to capture reactivity. Results from robust regression analyses indicated that cortisol reactivity moderated the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health symptoms as hypothesized. Childhood maltreatment was related to greater internalizing problems among participants with higher cortisol reactivity, whereas maltreatment was associated with greater externalizing problems among participants who exhibited lower cortisol reactivity. Results suggest that patterns of cortisol reactivity in emerging adulthood may help elucidate mental health outcomes associated with childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Hagan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Linda J Luecken
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Dement JM, Lipscomb HJ, Schoenfisch AL, Pompeii LA. Impact of hospital type II violent events: use of psychotropic drugs and mental health services. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:627-39. [PMID: 24526348 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While violence can adversely affect mental health of victims, repercussions of violence against workers is not as well characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored relationships between workplace violent events perpetrated by patients or visitors (Type II) against hospital employees and the employee use of psychotropic medications or mental health services using a data system that linked violent events with health claims. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between reported Type II workplace violent events and employee prescription claims for anti-depressants and anxiolytics combined (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.01-2.33) and anti-depressants alone (RR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.10-2.48). No significant association between reported violent events and health claims for treatment of depression or anxiety was observed. CONCLUSIONS Type II violence experienced by hospital workers may lead to increased use of psychotropic drugs, particularly anti-depressants but also anxiolytics. Our results suggest an important role of employee assistance programs in mitigating the psychological consequences of workplace violent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Dement
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Hester J. Lipscomb
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Ashley L. Schoenfisch
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Lisa A. Pompeii
- The University of Texas; School of Public Health; Houston Texas
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McGill TM, Self-Brown SR, Lai BS, Cowart-Osborne M, Tiwari A, Leblanc M, Kelley ML. Effects of Exposure to Community Violence and Family Violence on School Functioning Problems among Urban Youth: The Potential Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Front Public Health 2014; 2:8. [PMID: 24570897 PMCID: PMC3916821 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents who are exposed to violence during childhood are at an increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. The literature suggests that violence exposure might also have negative effects on school functioning, and that PTS might serve as a potential mediator in this association. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend prior research by examining PTS symptoms as a mediator of the relationship between two types of violence exposure and school functioning problems among adolescent youth from an urban setting. Participants included a sample of 121 junior high and high school students (M = 15 years; range = 13–16 years; 60 males, 61 females) within high-crime neighborhoods. Consistent with our hypotheses, community violence and family violence were associated with PTS symptoms and school functioning problems. Our data suggest that community and family violence were indirectly related to school functioning problems through PTS symptoms. Findings from this study demonstrate that PTS symptoms potentially mediate the relationship between violence exposure and school functioning problems across two settings (community and home). Future research should further examine protective factors that can prevent youth violence exposure as well as negative outcomes related to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia M McGill
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | - Betty S Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | - Ashwini Tiwari
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Monique Leblanc
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University , Hammond, LA , USA
| | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
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Olofsson N. A Life Course Model of Self-Reported Violence Exposure and Ill-health with A Public Health Problem Perspective. AIMS Public Health 2014; 1:9-24. [PMID: 29666824 PMCID: PMC5903398 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2014.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence has probably always been part of the human experience. Its impact can be seen, in various forms, in all parts of the world. In 1996, WHO:s Forty-Ninth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution, declaring violence a major and growing public health problem around the world. Public health work centers around health promotion and disease prevention activities in the population and public health is an expression of the health status of the population taking into account both the level and the distribution of health. Exposure to violence can have many aspects, differing throughout the life course ― deprivation of autonomy, financial exploitation, psychological and physical neglect or abuse — but all types share common characteristics: the use of destructive force to control others by depriving them of safety, freedom, health and, in too many instances, life; the epidemic proportions of the problem, particularly among vulnerable groups; a devastating impact on individuals, families, neighborhoods, communities, and society. There is considerable evidence that stressful early life events influence a variety of physical and/or psychological health problems later in life. Childhood adversity has been linked to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from number of chronic diseases. A model outlining potential biobehavioural pathways is put forward that may be a potential explanation of how exposure to violence among both men and women work as an important risk factor for ill health and should receive greater attention in public health work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Olofsson
- Department of Research and Development, Härnösand, 871 85 Härnösand, Sweden. E-mail: ; Tel: +46-611-80-078
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Logan-Greene P, Green S, Nurius PS, Longhi D. Distinct contributions of adverse childhood experiences and resilience resources: a cohort analysis of adult physical and mental health. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2014; 53:776-97. [PMID: 25255340 PMCID: PMC4273909 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2014.944251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence is rapidly amassing as to the damaging potential of early life adversities on physical and mental health, as yet few investigations provide comparative snapshots of these patterns across adulthood. This population-based study addresses this gap, examining the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to physical and mental health within a representative sample (n = 19,333) of adults, comparing the prevalence and explanatory strength of ACEs among four birth cohorts spanning ages 18-79. This assessment accounts for demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as both direct and moderating effects of resilience resources (social/emotional support, life satisfaction, and sleep quality). Findings demonstrate (1) increasing trends of reported ACEs across younger cohorts, including time period shifts such as more prevalent family incarceration, substance abuse, and divorce, (2) significant bivariate as well as independent associations of ACEs with poor health within every cohort, controlling for multiple covariates (increasing trends in older age for physical health), and (3) robust patterns wherein resilience resources moderated ACEs, indicating buffering pathways that sustained into old age. Theoretical and practice implications for health professionals are discussed.
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Nurius PS, Uehara E, Zatzick DF. Intersection of Stress, Social Disadvantage, and Life Course Processes: Reframing Trauma and Mental Health. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION 2013; 16:91-114. [PMID: 25729337 DOI: 10.1080/15487768.2013.789688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the intersection of converging lines of research on the social structural, psychosocial, and physiological factors involved in the production of stress and implications for the field of mental health. Of particular interest are the stress sensitization consequences stemming from exposure to adversity over the life course. Contemporary stress sensitization theory provides important clinical utility in articulating mechanisms through which these multiple levels exert influence on mental health. Stress sensitization models (a) extend understanding of neurobiological and functional contexts within which extreme stressors operate and (b) make clear how these can influence psychologically traumatic outcomes. The value of interventions that are sensitive to current contexts as well as life course profiles of cumulative stress are illustrated through recent treatment innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Nurius
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edwina Uehara
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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