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Mahjoob DM, Teunissen DAM, van Koeveringe GA, Leusink P, Blanker MH, Knol-de Vries GE. Depressive feelings as mediator in the relation between adverse childhood events and lower urinary tract symptoms in males and females. Neurourol Urodyn 2024; 43:479-485. [PMID: 38108493 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood events (ACEs) are prevalent and lead to well-established adverse health sequelae in adulthood. Recent literature has claimed that exposure to trauma in early life may worsen lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) because emotion can alter the perception of bodily distress in the brain. Specifically, depressive symptoms might influence the association between ACEs and LUTS. We aimed to describe the associations between ACEs and LUTS among males and females and to determine whether depressive symptoms mediated these associations. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of the Coevorden observational cohort study (n = 1691, age ≥16 years). For this observational study participants filled in the male or female modules of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for LUTS (ICIQ-MLUTS and ICIQ-FLUTS, respectively), the NEMESIS Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (emotional neglect, psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse within the family), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression. RESULTS Overall, 564 males and 811 females answered all required items related to LUTS and ACEs. A series of regression models were then estimated to test for mediation: LUTS on ACEs, depression on ACEs, and LUTS on both ACEs and depression. The models were also adjusted for the following covariates: age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, current smokers, educational level, and vaginal delivery (if female). Depressive symptoms were shown to mediate the association between ACEs and LUTS in both males and females. CONCLUSION Childhood adversity and depression are areas of interest during the clinical assessment of patients with LUTS. Early detection of these conditions might help to manage risk, aid in the prevention of LUTS, and facilitate trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Mahjoob
- Department of Urology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Doreth A M Teunissen
- Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gommert A van Koeveringe
- Department of Urology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco H Blanker
- Department of Primary and Long-term Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje E Knol-de Vries
- Department of Primary and Long-term Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Roman-Juan J, Solé E, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Castarlenas E, Jensen MP, Miró J. Adverse Childhood Events and Chronic Pain in Adolescents: The Role of Sleep Disturbance. J Pediatr Psychol 2023; 48:931-939. [PMID: 37743052 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to (1) examine the extent to which the association between exposure to adverse childhood events (ACEs) and having chronic pain in adolescents is explained by the association between exposure to ACEs and sleep disturbance and (2) explore the role of sleep disturbance in the association between exposure to ACEs and anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with chronic pain. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 469 adolescents aged 13-18 years old were drawn from an epidemiological study on pediatric chronic pain conducted in Catalonia (Spain). Participants provided self-reports of demographic characteristics, exposure to ACEs, pain characteristics, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Mediation and moderation models were conducted. RESULTS Sleep disturbance explained a significant amount of the variance in the association between exposure to ACEs and the presence of chronic pain. Moreover, sleep disturbance explained a significant amount of the variance in the association between exposure to ACEs and depressive symptoms and moderated the association between exposure to ACEs and anxiety in adolescents with chronic pain. CONCLUSION The study findings suggest the possibility that addressing sleep disturbance in adolescents exposed to ACEs may help to prevent the development of chronic pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in those adolescents who already have chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Roman-Juan
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Spain
| | - Ester Solé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Spain
| | - Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Spain
| | - Elena Castarlenas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Spain
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Jordi Miró
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain-ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Spain
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Hartwell M, Hendrix-Dicken A, Terry R, Schiffmacher S, Conway L, Croff JM. Trends and forecasted rates of adverse childhood experiences among adults in the United States: an analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. J Osteopath Med 2023; 123:357-363. [PMID: 36947857 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2022-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many studies have shown increases in negative social aspects in the United States that may increase the likelihood of a child experiencing adversity. These rising trends include household dysfunction, poor mental health and substance use, crime rates, and incarceration. Additionally, the pathway of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may also perpetuate intergenerational trauma. OBJECTIVES Given these increased trends, our objective was to determine the mean ACEs reported among adults by year of birth to assess trends of ACEs over time. METHODS To assess ACEs trends in the United States, we utilized data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a nationally representative survey. We summed individuals' reported ACEs and then calculated the mean ACE score within age cohorts (in 1-year increments) by year of birth. We utilized an auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast mean ACEs through 2030. RESULTS Respondents to the ACEs module (n=116,378) represented 63,076,717 adults in the United States, with an average age cohort of 1715 individuals. The mean reported ACEs among individuals 80 years or older (born in or before 1940) was 0.79, while the highest mean ACEs (2.74) were reported among the cohort born in 1998-an average increase of 0.022 ACEs per year. The ARIMA model forecasted that individuals born in 2018 will, on average, surpass a cumulative of three ACEs. CONCLUSIONS Given the connection of ACEs to poor health outcomes and quality of life, this trend is alarming and provides evidence for the necessity of child maltreatment prevention. Multigenerational trauma-informed care and education are warranted for individuals with ACEs and may even prevent the cycle from recurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Hartwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Amy Hendrix-Dicken
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Rachel Terry
- Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Office of Medical Student Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Sadie Schiffmacher
- Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Lauren Conway
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Julie M Croff
- Oklahoma State University Centre for Health Sciences, National Centre for Wellness and Recovery, Tulsa, OK, USA
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4
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Krolak M, Hämmerli Keller K, Schmidt R, Nobel G, Germann N, Schmid D, Hornung R. Prevalence of medically induced psychological trauma and its influence on women's health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 161:568-573. [PMID: 36700371 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was three-fold. One, to assess the prevalence of medical traumatization in outpatients of a gynecologic department; two, to analyze the relationship of medical traumatization with adverse childhood events; and three, to investigate the extent to which medical traumatization affects the health outcomes of woman. METHODS Between January and September 2022, a prospective cross-sectional study recruited patients of a gynecologic outpatient clinic at St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital in Switzerland. Medical trauma was a self-reported item. The presence of adverse childhood events was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The severity of post-traumatic stress was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale Revised questionnaire. RESULTS In total, 227 patients were recruited. Medical trauma was reported by 20% of the interviewees and it was strongly associated with obesity (A = 0.005). Undergoing surgery was most commonly the source of psychological distress (5.7%) followed by delivery (4.8%), pregnancy loss (4.8%), and cancer diagnosis (4.0%). Yet, fewer than 1% of the patients reached the threshold suggesting post-traumatic stress disorder. CONCLUSIONS We found no relationship between the medical trauma, adverse childhood events, cardiovascular disease, or substance abuse. The presence of medical trauma was associated with the patient's body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krolak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katja Hämmerli Keller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Nobel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Germann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Schmid
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - René Hornung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Abstract
Objectives This study examined the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment in later life and explored the potential moderation effect of gender and race. Methods The study sample included 15,133 participants of the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2016 surveys) who had complete data on key study measures and were more than 50. The outcome variable is a dichotomous indicator of cognitive impairment as assessed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status for self-respondents and the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly for proxies. A total of six childhood adversity indicators included grade retention, parental substance abuse, physical abuse, trouble with the police, moving due to financial hardship, and receipt of help due to financial hardship in early life. The estimation of the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment involved Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Grade retention had the largest effect on incident cognitive impairment (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.23-1.38, p < 0.001), followed by physical abuse by a parent (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00-1.20, p = 0.001). The impact of grade retention was more detrimental to women than men (interaction term HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80-1.00, p = 0.048, female as the reference). Parental substance abuse was associated with a lower risk of incident cognitive impairment for most racial groups (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83-0.95, p = 0.001), but this association was reversed in "non-Hispanic other" race, consisting mainly of Asians (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.05-2.26, p = 0.025). Discussion Some aspects of childhood adversity continue to harm cognitive functioning in later life, while some events may have the opposite effect, with evidence of heterogeneity across gender and race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xiang
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joonyoung Cho
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yihang Sun
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiafei Wang
- School of Social Work, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, New York, NY, United States
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AlHemyari AH, Al-Zamil NA, Shaikh AY, Al-Eidi DA, Al-Dahlan HW, Al-Shamekh SS. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to mental and physical illnesses in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2668. [PMID: 35762088 PMCID: PMC9304840 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are widely prevalent and interrelated. They affect multiple domains of health while having a dose-response effect. These effects are biologically plausible, where ACEs are found to be highly associated with physical and mental comorbidities. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to measure the magnitude of ACE and its relationship to mental and physical illnesses in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia by assessing its prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study that took place in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia in 2020. SETTING It was applied to a population-based, random adult sample from both genders, different educational levels and socioeconomic statuses. PARTICIPANTS Those who were 19 years old and above and living in the Eastern region were included. Everyone under the age of 19, those not currently living in the Eastern Region, and those who did not complete the questionnaire were excluded. RESULTS The total sample size was 611 respondents, but after applying the exclusion criteria, 507 respondents were included. Most participants were females (65.1%). The mean age of the participants was 29.7 years, with a standard deviation of 11.2 years. Regarding educational level, 69.6% were college/university graduates. Most study respondents (81.8%) were exposed to four or more types of ACEs, with emotional neglect being the most common type (82.2%). Having four or more ACEs increases the risk of having physical illnesses compared to those with only one. Furthermore, female respondents who had four or more ACEs had the highest likelihood of having depressed mood (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-1.07), stress (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.11-7.3), and insomnia (AOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07). CONCLUSION Our study showed that in the Eastern Region, ACEs are highly prevalent and are associated with an increased risk of mental and physical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahad Yasir Shaikh
- Department of psychiatry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Bravo LG, Nagy GA, Stafford AM, McCabe BE, Gonzalez-Guarda RM. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depressive Symptoms among Young Adult Hispanic Immigrants: Moderating and Mediating Effects of Distinct Facets of Acculturation Stress. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2022; 43:209-219. [PMID: 34524941 PMCID: PMC10955679 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.1972190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hispanic immigrants experience more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depressive symptom chronicity/severity than non-Hispanic peers. Acculturation stress relates to both depressive symptoms and ACEs, but the mechanism is not well-understood. We conducted a secondary data analysis of baseline data, from an ongoing longitudinal study to test theoretically-based mediating and moderating effects of acculturation stress on the relationship between ACEs and depression in a sample of young adult Hispanic immigrants (N = 391). Results indicated ACEs predicted depressive symptoms. Mediation and moderation effects were significant for cumulative and distinct facets of acculturation stress. Implications for mental health nurses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G. Bravo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing
| | - Gabriela A. Nagy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
- Duke University School of Nursing
| | | | - Brian E. McCabe
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University
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8
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Sobotka SA, Ross LF. 50 Years Ago in TheJournalofPediatrics: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Contextualized. J Pediatr 2021; 237:58. [PMID: 34563323 PMCID: PMC9006142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Soares S, Rocha V, Kelly-Irving M, Stringhini S, Fraga S. Adverse Childhood Events and Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:649825. [PMID: 34490175 PMCID: PMC8417002 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.649825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This systematic review aimed to summarize evidence reporting epigenetic and/or neuro-immuno-endocrine embedding of adverse childhood events (ACEs) in children, with a particular focus on the short-term biological effect of those experiences. Methods: A search was conducted in PsycINFO®, PubMed®, Isi Web of Knowledge and Scopus, until July 2019, to identify papers reporting the short-term biological effects of exposure to ACEs. Results: The search identified 58 studies, that were included in the review. Regarding exposure, the type of ACE more frequently reported was sexual abuse (n = 26), followed by life stressors (n = 20) and physical abuse (n = 19). The majority (n = 17) of studies showed a positive association between ACEs and biomarkers of the immune system. Regarding DNA methylation 18 studies showed more methylation in participants exposed to ACEs. Two studies presented the effect of ACEs on telomere length and showed that exposure was associated with shorter telomere length. Conclusion: Overall the associations observed across studies followed the hypothesis that ACEs are associated with biological risk already at early ages. This is supporting evidence that ACEs appear to get “under the skin” and induce physiological changes and these alterations might be strongly associated with later development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soares
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Rocha
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michelle Kelly-Irving
- Faculty of Medicine Purpan, LEASP UMR 1027, Inserm-Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sílvia Fraga
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Pollock JS. Adverse childhood events and cardiovascular diseases: the potential role of Sirt1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H577-H579. [PMID: 34448640 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00452.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Willie TC, Kershaw T, Sullivan TP. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Sexual and Mental Health of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:5145-5166. [PMID: 30280634 PMCID: PMC6447472 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518802852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) are at an increased risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviors and experiencing depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) can put women at increased risk of poor sexual and mental health. Women experiencing IPV report ACEs, but few studies have examined the heterogeneity in women's experiences of ACEs and its effects on sexual and mental health. Therefore, the current study used latent profile analysis to identify profiles of ACEs (i.e., witnessing maternal and paternal IPV victimization; childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; and physical and emotional neglect) and their association with sexual risk behaviors and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women experiencing IPV aged 18 to 58 years (N = 212) were recruited from community establishments and completed face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews. Three profiles were identified: Low ACEs class (n = 115), Moderate ACEs class (n = 62), and High ACEs class (n = 35). Path analyses revealed that profiles of ACEs directly predicted women's IPV victimization severity and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary and tertiary mental health interventions may be more effective if the heterogeneity in women's ACEs is addressed by integrating intervention strategies specific to these ACE subgroups.
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Abstract
Trauma is not limited to adverse childhood events or abuse, but also a host of situations of loss, chronic stressors, and now the COVID-19 pandemic. Interprofessional teams must be able to recognize and treat trauma on the frontlines and behind the scenes. Understanding, assessing, and educating staff and patients on trauma, its physical and mental effects, and using trauma-informed approaches in practices throughout the health care system is vital for nursing and the multidisciplinary team. We provide an overview of trauma and its effects and how to help patients at all levels of recovery moving forward.
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13
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Cusimano MD, Korman MB, Carpino M, Feher A, Puvirajasingam J, Zhang S, Hwang SW, Tepperman L. The Temporal Relations of Traumatic Brain Injury, Victimization, Aggression, and Homelessness: A Developmental Trajectory. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:103-114. [PMID: 33748815 PMCID: PMC7968566 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs more frequently in homeless persons than the general public. Both homelessness and TBI have been linked to experiences of violence (e.g., aggression and victimization). This study aimed to understand the temporal occurrences of events over the life course that contribute to vulnerabilities to TBI, victimization, aggression, and homelessness. A life-course perspective was used in this thematic analysis of in-person interviews with homeless persons. A total of 33 homeless persons met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-five of 33 (76%) participants had a self-reported history of TBI. Seventy-six percent of TBI events occurred before the onset of homelessness. Assault was the most common mechanism of TBI. During childhood, TBI was a frequently reported event, and parent- or guardian-related physical and sexual abuse were also accentuated with peer abuse, which may have contributed to a unique developmental trajectory. Aggressive behaviors were reported more commonly in persons who previously endured physical, sexual, and emotional victimization early in childhood. The cumulative effect of early adverse events, including TBI and other forms of victimization, subsequent aggression, and further TBI occurring later in life, may create an “at-risk” or vulnerable state preceding homelessness. Precipitating events during adulthood may contribute to a state of homelessness. Homelessness itself may facilitate the context for recurring physical and emotional injury, some of which may be preventable. Future studies should examine the temporality of events related to victimization by physical trauma, such as TBI, aggression, and homelessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa B Korman
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Carpino
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Feher
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeevithaa Puvirajasingam
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanley Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Hwang
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorne Tepperman
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Cusimano MD, Zhang S, Mei XY, Kennedy D, Saha A, Carpino M, Wolfe D. Traumatic Brain Injury, Abuse, and Poor Sustained Attention in Youth and Young Adults Who Previously Experienced Foster Care. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:94-102. [PMID: 33748814 PMCID: PMC7962689 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth and young adults who previously experienced foster care are prone to negative life events, such as physical injuries, and adverse childhood experiences (ACE), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to identify the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), ACE, and poor sustained attention and the associations of these events in this group of vulnerable persons. Participants completed standardized questionnaires on the prevalence of self-reported TBI (TBI) and ACE and performed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) test to measure sustained attention. Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum tests were used to assess demographic differences and associations between TBI and ACE. Sustained attention was assessed using analysis of variance and linear modeling. Seventy-one participants-46 youth and young adults who previously experienced foster care (vulnerable group) and 25 age-matched healthy controls-completed the standardized questionnaires. Analyses indicated that vulnerable participants reported markedly higher rates of TBI and ACE than healthy controls. Vulnerable persons with TBI reported significantly higher Total ACE scores (p = 0.02), were more likely to have a history of family dysfunction (p = 0.02), and were more likely to have lived with a mentally ill guardian (p = 0.01) than vulnerable persons with no TBI. TBI was significantly associated with Total Errors (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02) and Omission Errors (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01) in all participants and in vulnerable participants, respectively, after adjusting for education level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cusimano
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanley Zhang
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Y Mei
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Kennedy
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashirbani Saha
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Carpino
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Trauma and Neurosurgery Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wolfe
- Centre for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cusimano MD, Zhang S, Huang G, Wolfe D, Carpino M. Associations between Traumatic Brain Injury, Drug Abuse, Alcohol Use, Adverse Childhood Events, and Aggression Levels in Individuals with Foster Care History. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:241-252. [PMID: 33409507 PMCID: PMC7774879 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 50,000 Canadian children live in foster care. Compared with their peers, foster children experience greater independence and decreased guidance, predisposing them to harmful exposures such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), illicit drugs, and alcohol. Foster children also report a higher level of childhood abuse compared with the general population. This study aimed to: 1) investigate substance/alcohol use disorder, adverse childhood events (ACE), TBI, aggression levels, and the difference between normalized percentages of brain regions of interest (ROIs) in a sample of Canadian youths with and without foster care history; 2) determine the prevalence of substance/alcohol use disorder, ACE, and aggression levels within individuals with foster care history when stratified by likelihood of TBI; and 3) determine the significant correlates of elevated aggression levels within this population. Participants completed standardized questionnaires that measured the prevalence of TBI, substance and alcohol use disorder, ACE, and aggression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure differences in brain ROI. Regression and network analysis were used to study interactions between variables. Seventy-four participants (51 individuals with foster care history and 23 age-matched controls from the general population) completed standardized questionnaires. Fifty-five of these individuals (39 foster participants and 16 controls) underwent brain MRI. Foster participants had higher prevalence of substance use disorder (p < 0.001), alcohol use disorder (p = 0.003), ACE (p < 0.001), and elevated aggression levels (p < 0.001) than healthy controls. No significant difference was found among brain ROI. The prevalence of TBI in foster participants was 65%. Foster participants with moderate or high likelihood of TBI exposure had higher levels of drug use and aggression than those with no or low likelihood of exposure. Brain volumes were not associated with substance/alcohol use disorder or ACE. No significant associations were found between aggression levels and the studied variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cusimano
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanley Zhang
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Huang
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wolfe
- Center for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Carpino
- Injury Prevention Research Office, Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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West AN, Diaz-Thomas AM, Shafi NI. Evidence Limitations in Determining Sexually Dimorphic Outcomes in Pediatric Post-Traumatic Hypopituitarism and the Path Forward. Front Neurol 2020; 11:551923. [PMID: 33324312 PMCID: PMC7726201 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.551923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine dysfunction can occur as a consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and disruptions to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis can be especially consequential to children. The purpose of our review is to summarize current literature relevant to studying sex differences in pediatric post-traumatic hypopituitarism (PTHP). Our understanding of incidence, time course, and impact is constrained by studies which are primarily small, are disadvantaged by significant methodological challenges, and have investigated limited temporal windows. Because hormonal changes underpin the basis of growth and development, the timing of injury and PTHP testing with respect to pubertal stage gains particular importance. Reciprocal relationships among neuroendocrine function, TBI, adverse childhood events, and physiological, psychological and cognitive sequelae are underconsidered influencers of sexually dimorphic outcomes. In light of the tremendous heterogeneity in this body of literature, we conclude with the common path upon which we must collectively arrive in order to make progress in understanding PTHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Nico West
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alicia M Diaz-Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nadeem I Shafi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked with negatively impacting child and adult health outcomes. Clinicians are integral in identifying childhood adversities and offering supportive measures to minimize negative effects. This systematic literature review included 13 ACE studies that examined the acceptability, feasibility, and implementation of ACE screenings from the perspectives of clinicians and patients. The findings of this review can assist clinicians in considering the appropriateness of ACE screenings for their patients and the ethical and practical issues that must be addressed for effective screening implementation.
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18
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Suglia SF, Campo RA, Brown AGM, Stoney C, Boyce CA, Appleton AA, Bleil ME, Boynton-Jarrett R, Dube SR, Dunn EC, Ellis BJ, Fagundes CP, Heard-Garris NJ, Jaffee SR, Johnson SB, Mujahid MS, Slopen N, Su S, Watamura SE. Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health: Early Life Adversity as a Contributor to Disparities in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Pediatr 2020; 219:267-273. [PMID: 32111376 PMCID: PMC7883398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Campo
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alison G M Brown
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Catherine Stoney
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cheryl A Boyce
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY
| | - Maria E Bleil
- Department of Family and Child Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Renée Boynton-Jarrett
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Shanta R Dube
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce J Ellis
- Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX; Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Waco, TX
| | - Nia J Heard-Garris
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Mary Ann and J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sara R Jaffee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley CA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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Chatterjee D, McMorris B, Gower AL, Forster M, Borowsky IW, Eisenberg ME. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Initiation of Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Potential Moderating Effects of Internal Assets. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1624-1632. [PMID: 29364764 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1421224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early adolescence is a critical risk period for initiation of substance use. Internal assets (IAs), which are individual qualities guiding positive choices, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are important protective and risk factors, respectively, against substance use. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether IAs modify associations between ACEs and early initiation of alcohol and marijuana use. METHOD Data were from 9th and 11th graders who completed the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (n = 79,339). Students reported on experiences of abuse, household dysfunction, and substance use. Multivariable logistic regressions examined associations between different types of ACEs and substance use. Interactions between IAs and ACEs were added to models to test effect modification. For significant interactions, main effects models were re-estimated at different percentiles of IAs. RESULT IAs moderated associations of both abuse and household dysfunction with early initiation of marijuana (p <.003) and alcohol (p =.007) for females but not for males. For females with low IAs, odds of early initiation of marijuana were approximately twice as high as students without any ACEs. A similar pattern was detected for females' initiation of alcohol use. No effect modification was detected for IAs and experiencing only abuse or household dysfunction on initiation. CONCLUSION Special attention should be paid to improving IAs among girls who have already experienced ACEs. Future research should examine protective factors that buffer the effects of ACEs for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara McMorris
- b School of Nursing, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Amy L Gower
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Myriam Forster
- d Department of Health Sciences , College of Health and Human Development, California State University , Northridge, Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Iris Wagman Borowsky
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Marla E Eisenberg
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
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20
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Abstract
School-age children experience trauma at alarming rates. Children's ability to attend, concentrate, and participate in the educational process can be adversely impacted by trauma. How can school staff, especially school nurses, best listen, support, and encourage a student with trauma in their lives? Link for Schools is an evidence-informed intervention program that provides information and training for school staff. Link provides tools for listening or responding to a traumatized student with a focus on the principles of trauma-informed care, psychological first aid, and elements of motivational interviewing. Link-trained staff are better equipped to develop a relationship with a student, but future research is recommended to supports its evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Immerfall
- Research Clinical/Health Care Research Manager, University of Iowa College of Public Health.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - Marizen R Ramirez
- Associate Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota
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Seng JS, Li Y, Yang JJ, King AP, Kane Low LM, Sperlich M, Rowe H, Lee H, Muzik M, Ford JD, Liberzon I. Gestational and Postnatal Cortisol Profiles of Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Dissociative Subtype. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2018; 47:12-22. [PMID: 29175262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have greater salivary cortisol levels across the diurnal curve and throughout gestation, birth, and the postpartum period than women who do not have PTSD. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal, biobehavioral cohort study. SETTING Prenatal clinics at academic health centers in the Midwest region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS Women expecting their first infants who fit with one of four cohorts: a nonexposed control group, a trauma-exposed control group, a group with PTSD, and a group with the dissociative subtype of PTSD. METHODS In the first half of pregnancy, 395 women provided three salivary cortisol specimens on a single day for diurnal data. A subsample of 111 women provided three salivary cortisol specimens per day, 12 times, from early pregnancy to 6 weeks postpartum for longitudinal data. Trauma history, PTSD, and dissociative symptoms were measured via standardized telephone diagnostic interviews with the use of validated epidemiologic measures. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine group differences. RESULTS Generalized estimating equations showed that women with the dissociative subtype of PTSD had the highest and flattest gestational cortisol level curves. The difference was greatest in early pregnancy, when participants in the dissociative subtype group had cortisol levels 8 times greater in the afternoon and 10 times greater at bedtime than those in the nonexposed control group. CONCLUSION Women with the dissociative subtype of PTSD, a complex form associated with a history of childhood maltreatment, may have toxic levels of cortisol that contribute to intergenerational patterns of adverse health outcomes.
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Zlotnick C, Finkelstein A, Keinan-Boker L, Agmon M. A matched case-control study comparing the health status of youth village alumni in Israel to the general population. Health Soc Care Community 2017; 25:912-922. [PMID: 27594071 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have noted that disproportionately adults with histories of childhood out-of-home placements, compared to adults without, suffer adulthood psychological and physical problems; however, these findings were based mostly on research investigating adults who were in the US foster care system. Building on this foundation, this study examined adults with histories of living in another type of childhood out-of-home placement, called youth villages, a situation in Israeli society reserved for youths who come from impoverished families with the added challenge of being immigrants, from single-parent families, or having parents who struggle with mental health problems or substance abuse. This study's aim was to examine the longer term adulthood impact of having lived in youth villages on health status, by making comparisons to the general population using a sample matched by age and gender. Youth villages provided lists of alumni, ages 21-55, and telephone questionnaires were administered from November 2014 to December 2015. The adult youth village alumni (n = 152) were compared to a matched sample of the general population (n = 304) drawn from an existing Israeli nationwide data set. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare the health status of the two groups. Youth village alumni were found to have experienced many of the same adverse childhood events as did graduates from the US foster care system; however, after adjusting for confounders, the health status between the two groups did not differ. This dramatically different finding compared to studies on US foster care graduates suggests that the precursors of out-of-home placement and out-of-home placement itself may not always be devastating experiences with adulthood health repercussions. Future studies are needed to examine the context and process of out-of-home placement including: events preceding placement, context of assigning placement, placement itself, stability of placement, placement's fit for the youth's temperament and preparation for exit from the placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Zlotnick
- The Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Finkelstein
- The Administration for Rural Education and Youth-Aliya, Ministry of Education, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lital Keinan-Boker
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maayan Agmon
- The Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Ortiz R, Sibinga EM. The Role of Mindfulness in Reducing the Adverse Effects of Childhood Stress and Trauma. Children (Basel) 2017; 4:E16. [PMID: 28264496 DOI: 10.3390/children4030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that many children are exposed to adverse experiences in childhood. Such adverse childhood exposures may result in stress and trauma, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality into adulthood. In general populations and trauma-exposed adults, mindfulness interventions have demonstrated reduced depression and anxiety, reduced trauma-related symptoms, enhanced coping and mood, and improved quality of life. Studies in children and youth also demonstrate that mindfulness interventions improve mental, behavioral, and physical outcomes. Taken together, this research suggests that high-quality, structured mindfulness instruction may mitigate the negative effects of stress and trauma related to adverse childhood exposures, improving short- and long-term outcomes, and potentially reducing poor health outcomes in adulthood. Future work is needed to optimize implementation of youth-based mindfulness programs and to study long-term outcomes into adulthood.
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Abstract
Human and animal research indicates that exposure to early life adversity increases stress sensitivity later in life. While behavioral markers of adversity-induced stress sensitivity have been suggested, physiological markers remain to be elucidated. It is known that trapezius muscle activity increases during stressful situations. The present study examined to what degree early life adverse events experienced during early childhood (0-11 years) and adolescence (12-17 years) moderate experimentally induced electromyographic (EMG) stress activity of the trapezius muscles, in an experimental setting. In a general population sample (n = 115), an anticipatory stress effect was generated by presenting a single unpredictable and uncontrollable electrical painful stimulus at t = 3 minutes. Subjects were unaware of the precise moment of stimulus delivery and its intensity level. Linear and nonlinear time courses in EMG activity were modeled using multilevel analysis. The study protocol included 2 experimental sessions (t = 0 and t = 6 months) allowing for examination of reliability.Results show that EMG stress reactivity during the stress paradigm was consistently stronger in people with higher levels of early life adverse events; early childhood adversity had a stronger moderating effect than adolescent adversity. The impact of early life adversity on EMG stress reactivity may represent a reliable facet that can be used in both clinical and nonclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosan Luijcks
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: Rosan Luijcks, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB, Maastricht, The Netherlands (e-mail: )
| | - Catherine J. Vossen
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Roggeveen
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hermie J. Hermens
- Roessingh Research and Development
- Telemedicine Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Richel Lousberg
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Küffer AL, O'Donovan A, Burri A, Maercker A. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Adverse Childhood Events, and Buccal Cell Telomere Length in Elderly Swiss Former Indentured Child Laborers. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:147. [PMID: 27630582 PMCID: PMC5005955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased risk for age-related diseases and early mortality. Accelerated biological aging could contribute to this elevated risk. The aim of the present study was to assess buccal cell telomere length (BTL) - a proposed marker of biological age - in men and women with and without PTSD. The role of childhood trauma was assessed as a potential additional risk factor for shorter telomere length. The sample included 62 former indentured Swiss child laborers (age: M = 76.19, SD = 6.18) and 58 healthy controls (age: M = 71.85, SD = 5.97). Structured clinical interviews were conducted to screen for PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to assess childhood trauma exposure. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure BTL. Covariates include age, sex, years of education, self-evaluated financial situation, depression, and mental and physical functioning. Forty-eight (77.42%) of the former indentured child laborers screened positive for childhood trauma, and 21 (33.87%) had partial or full-blown PTSD. Results did not support our hypotheses that PTSD and childhood trauma would be associated with shorter BTL. In fact, results revealed a trend toward longer BTL in participants with partial or full PTSD [F(2,109) = 3.27, p = 0.04, η(2) = 0.06], and longer BTL was marginally associated with higher CTQ scores (age adjusted: β = 0.17 [95% CI: -0.01 to 0.35], t = 1.90, p = 0.06). Furthermore, within-group analyses indicated no significant association between BTL and CTQ scores. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the association between childhood trauma and BTL in older individuals with and without PTSD. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences in BTL between participants with and without PTSD in our adjusted analyses, and childhood adversity was not associated with BTL. Possible explanations and future research possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lorenz Küffer
- Department of Psychology, Division for Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aoife O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Burri
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Waitemata Pain Service, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Department of Psychology, Division for Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased childhood adversity may be affect adult fertility, however, the mechanism through which this occurs is unclear. Menstrual cycle abnormalities are predictive of fertility difficulties, and stress influences menstrual cycle characteristics. Here, we assess whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with fertility difficulties and menstrual cycle dysregulation, offering a plausible mechanism for the link between lifetime stress and fertility. METHODS From April 2012 to February 2014, 742 pregnant and non-pregnant women aged 18-45 years residing in southeastern Louisiana provided information on childhood adversity and reproductive history. Associations between ACEs and fertility difficulties and menstrual cycle patterns were evaluated. RESULTS As the number of ACEs increased, risk of fertility difficulties and amenorrhea increased (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.13 and RR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, respectively), while fecundability decreased [fecundability ratio (FR) = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-1.00]. Compared to women with no adversity, women in the high adversity group were more likely to experience both infertility and amenorrhea (RR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.45-5.21 and RR = 2.54, 95% CI 1.52-4.25, respectively), and reduced fecundability (FR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.56-1.00). Although similar patterns were seen for menstrual cycle irregularity, associations were diminished. Associations did not materially change following adjustment for age, body mass index, race, education, smoking and income. Results are constrained by the self-report nature of the study and the limited generalizability of the study population. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to present evidence of a link between childhood stressors, menstrual cycle disruption and fertility difficulties. The effect of childhood stress on fertility may be mediated through altered functioning of the HPA axis, acting to suppress fertility in response to less than optimal reproductive circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni B. Jacobs
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Renee D. Boynton-Jarrett
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 88 East Newton Street, BUSM, Vose Hall 3, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emily W. Harville
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is a disease process without an obvious etiology. While some evidence suggests that adverse experiences in childhood contribute to its development, specific evidence has been equivocal. METHODS A total of 36 patients with fibromyalgia from the greater New York area were recruited and surveyed using the Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, and questions from the section on adverse childhood experiences were administered. The results were compared to those obtained from over 400,000 people surveyed by the Centers for Disease control each year, and were monitored for statistically significant differences. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was noted among the control group, suggesting that individuals reported growing up with someone who was depressed when the respondents were between the ages of 0 and 18 years old. Moreover, respondents reported that they were hit by their parents in some way, were insulted or cursed at by their parents, and had been forced to have sex with someone at least 5 years older than them or with an adult. No correlation was found with the following variables and the development of fibromyalgia: growing up with divorced or separated parents; growing up with someone sentenced to serve time in jail; or having parents that abused each other. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found for the following categories: lack of emotional support; life dissatisfaction; fair or poor health; physical, mental or emotional disability; and being divorced or not married. DISCUSSION Using this well-validated survey, it became clear that at least six specific adverse childhood experiences were correlated with the development of fibromyalgia. Data pertaining to disability, quality of life, life satisfaction, number of days of depression, emotional support, and marriage status illustrated the extent of subjective disability that these patients feel every day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Dubois
- Department of Pain Management, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Helitzer DL, Lanoue M, Wilson B, de Hernandez BU, Warner T, Roter D. A randomized controlled trial of communication training with primary care providers to improve patient-centeredness and health risk communication. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 82:21-9. [PMID: 20219315 PMCID: PMC3539754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of training to improve primary care providers' patient-centered communication skills and proficiency in discussing their patients' health risks. METHODS twenty-eight primary care providers participated in a baseline simulated patient interaction and were subsequently randomized into intervention and control groups. Intervention providers participated in training focused on patient-centered communication about behavioral risk factors. Immediate efficacy of training was evaluated by comparing the two groups. Over the next 3 years, all providers participated in two more sets of interactions with patients. Longer term effectiveness was assessed using the interaction data collected at 6 and 18 months post-training. RESULTS The intervention providers significantly improved in patient-centered communication and communication proficiencies immediately post-training and at both follow-up time points. CONCLUSIONS this study suggests that the brief training produced significant and large differences in the intervention group providers which persisted 2 years after the training. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS the results of this study suggest that primary care providers can be trained to achieve and maintain gains in patient-centered communication, communication skills and discussion of adverse childhood events as root causes of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Helitzer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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