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Hatzenbuehler ML, Lattanner MR, McKetta S, Pachankis JE. Structural stigma and LGBTQ+ health: a narrative review of quantitative studies. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e109-e127. [PMID: 38307678 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Health disparities related to sexual orientation and gender identity exist across multiple outcomes. Scholarship has begun to evaluate whether structural stigma-ie, societal-level conditions, cultural norms, and institutional policies that constrain opportunities, resources, and wellbeing-contributes to health burdens among LGBTQ+ individuals. We conducted a comprehensive review of quantitative studies examining this hypothesis. We found 98 articles that linked objective (ie, non-self-reported) measures of structural stigma to mental (n=57), behavioural (ie, substance use; n=27; HIV/AIDS or sexually transmitted infection; n=20), and physical (n=20) health outcomes. There was generally consistent evidence that structural stigma increases risk of poor health among LGBTQ+ individuals. Several methodological strengths were identified, including the use of multiple measures (eg, laws or policies [59%, 58 of 98]), designs (eg, quasi-experiments [21%, 21 of 98]), and samples (eg, probability-based [56%, 55 of 98]). However, important gaps exist. Just over half of studies included area-level covariates or non-LGBTQ+ comparison groups, which are necessary to address alternative explanations for the observed associations. Additionally, while studies (n=90) have begun to identify candidate mechanisms, only nine (10%) formally tested mediation. We offer suggestions for future research to advance this literature, which has implications not only for the identification of structural determinants of LGBTQ+ health but also for the development of public health interventions that reduce LGBTQ+ health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Micah R Lattanner
- Department of Public Health, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Sarah McKetta
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E Pachankis
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Brooks BD, Kaniuka A, Job SA, Hodgkinson N, Kelliher Rabon J, Williams SL, Hirsch JK. Anticipated Sexual Minority Stress and Mental Health after the 2016 Presidential Election: Examining a Psychological Mediation Framework. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:3125-3148. [PMID: 35759638 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2087481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minorities are at an increased risk for psychopathology, compared to heterosexual counterparts, in part due to stressors unique to their sexual minority identity. The greater socio-political climate may exacerbate sexual minority stress, and the context of the 2016 United States presidential election infringed upon the rights and well-being of LGBQ individuals. In our sample of sexual minorities (n = 253), we examined the association between anticipated stigma in response to the 2016 presidential election and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the potential mediating role of self-compassion, hopelessness and social support. Greater anticipated stigma was associated with less self-compassion, less perceived social support, and greater hopelessness, and, in turn, greater symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anticipated stigma may erode feelings of environmental support and may be internalized as negative views of the self and future. From a public health perspective, policy-makers should be aware that the discussion and/or enactment of policies which discriminate against LGBQ persons may negatively impact mental health. Clinically, bolstering self-compassion and interpersonal functioning, and targeting hopelessness, through strategies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion-Focused Therapy, may buffer the impact of minority stress among sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron D Brooks
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinios, USA
- Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea Kaniuka
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah A Job
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Nicole Hodgkinson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinios, USA
| | - Jessica Kelliher Rabon
- Division of Pediatric Psychology, Prisma Health - Upstate, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey L Williams
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jameson K Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Ramos N, Marr MC. Traumatic Stress and Resilience Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:667-682. [PMID: 37739627 PMCID: PMC10914351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic stress increases the risk for mental health conditions and adversely impacts health, academic performance, and coping. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth experience higher rates of abuse and maltreatment and interpersonal and community-embedded discrimination than their cisgender peers. Neurobiologic stress responses and social stress theory provide useful frameworks for understanding the effects of discrimination, stigma, and rejection. Despite facing higher rates of interpersonal trauma, TGD youth are quite resilient when able to access supports and affirming trauma-informed services. Clinicians play an important role in identifying and addressing traumatic stress impacting TGD youth and bolstering resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ramos
- University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Mollie C Marr
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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4
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Brown LA, Webster JL, Tran JT, Wolfe JR, Golinkoff J, Patel E, Arcomano AC, Ben Nathan J, Azat O'Connor A, Zhu Y, Oquendo M, Brown GK, Mandell D, Mowery D, Bauermeister JA. A Suicide Prevention Intervention for Emerging Adult Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: Protocol for a Pilot Hybrid Effectiveness Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e48177. [PMID: 37773618 PMCID: PMC10576233 DOI: 10.2196/48177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide attempts and suicide death disproportionately affect sexual and gender minority emerging adults (age 18-24 years). However, suicide prevention strategies tailored for emerging adult sexual and gender minority (EA-SGM) groups are not widely available. The Safety Planning Intervention (SPI) has strong evidence for reducing the risk for suicide in the general population, but it is unclear how best to support EA-SGM groups in their use of a safety plan. Our intervention (Supporting Transitions to Adulthood and Reducing Suicide [STARS]) builds on content from an existing life skills mobile app for adolescent men who have sex with men (iREACH) and seeks to target core risk factors for suicide among EA-SGM groups, namely, positive affect, discrimination, and social disconnection. The mobile app is delivered to participants randomized to STARS alongside 6 peer mentoring sessions to support the use of the safety plan and other life skills from the app to ultimately reduce suicide risk. OBJECTIVE We will pilot-test the combination of peer mentoring alongside an app-based intervention (STARS) designed to reduce suicidal ideation and behaviors. STARS will include suicide prevention content and will target positive affect, discrimination, and social support. After an in-person SPI with a clinician, STARS users can access content and activities to increase their intention to use SPI and overcome obstacles to its use. EA-SGM groups will be randomized to receive either SPI alone or STARS and will be assessed for 6 months. METHODS Guided by the RE-AIM (reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework, we will recruit and enroll a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 60 EA-SGM individuals reporting past-month suicidal ideation. Using a type-1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid design, participants will be randomized to receive SPI (control arm) or to receive SPI alongside STARS (intervention arm). We will follow the participants for 6 months, with evaluations at 2, 4, and 6 months. Preliminary effectiveness outcomes (suicidal ideation and behavior) and hypothesized mechanisms of change (positive affect, coping with discrimination, and social support) will serve as our primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include key implementation indicators, including participants' willingness and adoption of SPI and STARS and staff's experiences with delivering the program. RESULTS Study activities began in September 2021 and are ongoing. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Pennsylvania (protocol number 849500). Study recruitment began on October 14, 2022. CONCLUSIONS This project will be among the first tailored, mobile-based interventions for EA-SGM groups at risk for suicide. This project is responsive to the documented gaps for this population: approaches that address chosen family, focus on a life-course perspective, web approaches, and focus on health equity and provision of additional services relevant to sexual and gender minority youth. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05018143; https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05018143. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/48177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L Webster
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer T Tran
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James R Wolfe
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jesse Golinkoff
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esha Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda C Arcomano
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Ben Nathan
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Azat O'Connor
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yiqin Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gregory K Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Mandell
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Danielle Mowery
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - José A Bauermeister
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Janssen T, Gamarel KE, Mereish EH, Colby SM, Haikalis M, Jackson KM. Associations Among Enacted Stigma, Perceived Chances for Success, Life Satisfaction, and Substance Use Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1121-1131. [PMID: 37216278 PMCID: PMC10388366 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2212282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sexual minority youth report high rates of substance use compared to heterosexual youth. Stigma can diminish perceptions of future success and life satisfaction and contribute to elevated substance use. This study examined whether experiences of enacted stigma (i.e., discrimination) and substance use among sexual minority and heterosexual youth were indirectly associated through perceived chances for success and life satisfaction. Method: In a sample of 487 adolescents who indicated their sexual identity (58% female, M age = 16.0, 20% sexual minority), we assessed substance use status and factors that might explain sexual minority disparities in substance use. Using structural equation modeling, we examined indirect associations between sexual minority status and substance use status through these factors. Results: Compared to heterosexual youth, sexual minority youth reported greater stigma, which was associated with both lower perceived chances for success and life satisfaction, which were in turn associated with greater likelihood of substance use. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of attending to stigma, perceived chances for success, and general life satisfaction to understand and intervene to prevent substance use among sexual minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Kristi E. Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | - Ethan H. Mereish
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Health Studies, American University
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Michelle Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
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Lau BHP, Huang YT, Forth MW, Gietel-Basten S. Does Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Make Gay Men Want to Have Children? Findings from a Panel Study in Taiwan. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2023; 20:1-9. [PMID: 36817701 PMCID: PMC9913036 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-023-00801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This study capitalized on prospective legal change in Taiwan to capture changes in gay men's desires and attitudes toward parenthood as a function of the legalization of same-sex marriage (SSM). Methods A panel of 731 gay men (mean age = 26.8 years ± 5.81) completed an online survey between 2019 and 2020, shortly before and 1½ years after the legalization of SSM, to report their parenting desire, marital status, and attitudes toward parenthood and marriage. Results This study found that fewer participants in the follow-up survey expressed a parenting desire (59.0% vs. 74.2%), and the perceived importance of parenthood dropped mildly (3.48 to 3.26, Cohen's d = 0.269). Those who expressed a consistent parenting desire attached greater importance to SSM. The perceived importance of SSM was modestly and positively related to the perceived importance of having a child. Conclusion Although the decrease in parenting desire and its perceived importance may be attributable to a lack of access to family-building options (e.g., surrogacy and adoption) and the COVID-19 pandemic, our findings illustrate that parenthood might become a next step for some Taiwanese male same-sex couples who married or considered marriage. Policy Implications The study findings provide information for policymakers to gauge the possible number of sexual minority men who might want to have a child and consider resource allocation and deliberation on policy changes related to reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Hi-Po Lau
- Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, HKU, Rm515, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marty W. Forth
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, HKU, Rm515, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stuart Gietel-Basten
- Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Shenkman G. Winds of change: Will current amendments to Israeli laws discriminating against LGBTQ+ individuals positively affect their mental health? Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114607. [PMID: 35561534 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geva Shenkman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University (IDC Herzliya), Herzliya 4610101, Israel.
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8
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Leal D, Gato J, Coimbra S, Tasker F, Tornello S. The Prospective Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (PCRS) for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual People: Preliminary Validation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106345. [PMID: 35627882 PMCID: PMC9141784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The coparenting relationship begins with a process of planning and negotiation about having children. Available psychological instruments have not been adapted to sexual minority people, which compromises their ecological validity. This mixed method study aimed to adapt and validate a prospective version of the Co-Parenting Relationship Scale in a Portuguese sample of sexual minority and heterosexual adults who did not have children and who were in a dyadic relationship. In study 1, cognitive interviews were used to gather participants’ reflections about the original items and the role played by the family of origin and anticipated stigma in coparenting (n = 6). In study 2, using a sample of individuals from 18 to 45 years old, two Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were conducted separately for sexual minority (n = 167) and heterosexual persons (n = 198), and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted for heterosexual persons (n = 176). Results showed underscored the importance of families of origin independent of sexual orientation. Different factorial structures for sexual minority and heterosexual persons were observed. Among sexual minority persons, the role of stigma was also highlighted. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leal
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jorge Gato
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Susana Coimbra
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Fiona Tasker
- Birkbeck University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK;
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9
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What We Know and What Remains to Be Explored about LGBTQ Parent Families in Israel: A Sociocultural Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074355. [PMID: 35410036 PMCID: PMC8998647 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews research on gay and lesbian parent families in Israel through cultural lenses while recognizing the diversity of these families. The major aims of the review are: (1) to provide an overview of the situation of LGBTQ parent families in Israel, as well as of the sociocultural background of the Israeli context and its effects on sexual minorities and LGBTQ parent families; and (2) to identify the limitations and lacunas in the existing research and shed light on what remains to be explored. We searched numerous databases for relevant studies, adopting a narrative approach to summarize the main findings while taking into account the literature on the socio-cultural context in Israel and its impact on sexual minorities and LGBTQ parent families. The search yielded empirical results only for gay and lesbian parent families, with studies emphasizing the challenges they face and the factors related to their well-being and that of LGB individuals aspiring to become parents. In addition, it revealed that research on children’s psychosocial adjustment as a function of parental sexual orientation is quite scarce in Israel. Moreover, it indicated the absence of investigations of bisexual, transgender, or queer parents. We conclude that the sociocultural context of Israel, including its pronatalist and familistic orientation, may play an important role in shaping the experiences of LGBTQ parent families, and should be taken into consideration when studying LGBTQ parents.
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10
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Berrahou IK, Snow A, Swanson M, Obedin-Maliver J. Representation of Sexual and Gender Minority People in Patient Nondiscrimination Policies of Cancer Centers in the United States. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:253-259. [PMID: 35168202 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.7078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people are an underserved population who face high rates of discrimination in healthcare, including receipt of cancer treatment. Several national organizations have identified the importance of patient nondiscrimination policies that explicitly recognize SGM people in creating safe healthcare environments. METHODS We performed a web-based analysis of NCI-designated Cancer Centers to evaluate the landscape of patient nondiscrimination policies in major cancer centers with regard to representation of SGM people. RESULTS We found that 82% of cancer centers had a patient nondiscrimination policy on their website. The most commonly mentioned SGM-related term was "sex" (n=48; 89%), followed by "sexual orientation" (n=37; 69%) and "gender identity" (n=36; 67%). None of the policies included "sex assigned at birth" or "LGBTQ/SGM identity." Of the policies reviewed, 65% included protections for both sexual orientation and gender identity. Cancer centers with academic affiliations were significantly more likely to have policies that included both of these protections compared with nonacademic institutions (100% vs 79%; P=.005). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that patient nondiscrimination policies across NCI-designated Cancer Centers are not always accessible to patients and their families online and do not consistently represent SGM people in their content. Because the SGM population is both at higher risk for cancer and for discrimination in the healthcare setting, it is crucial to create inclusive, safe, and equitable cancer care environments for this group. Administrators and clinicians should view the patient nondiscrimination policy as an opportunity to offer expansive protections to SGM people that extend beyond those offered in federal and state laws. Additionally, the patient nondiscrimination policy should be visible and accessible to patients seeking cancer care as a signal of safety and inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman K Berrahou
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Ava Snow
- 2Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford
| | - Megan Swanson
- 3Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; and
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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11
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Tate DP. United States Normative Attitudes for Pursuing Parenthood as a Function of Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age. Front Psychol 2022; 12:772252. [PMID: 35069352 PMCID: PMC8766332 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions about whether or not to become a parent are significant parts of normative human development. Many studies have shown that married different-sex couples are expected to become parents, and that many social pressures enforce this norm. For same-sex couples, however, much less is known about social norms surrounding parenthood within marriage. This study examined injunctive norms and descriptive norms for the pursuit of parenthood as a function of age, gender, and sexual orientation. Participants in an internet survey included 1020 (522 heterosexual, 498 lesbian/gay) cisgender people from across the United States Findings showed that norms, especially descriptive norms, for the pursuit of parenthood for heterosexual people were much stronger than those for lesbian women and gay men, and that norms for lesbian women were stronger than those for gay men. These differences were more pronounced for older, heterosexual, and male participants. However, lesbian and gay participants, especially gay men, reported that lesbian and gay people ought to become parents to the same extent as heterosexual people. Overall, the results indicated that, regardless of sexual orientation, adults report that lesbian and gay married people ought to become parents, but that they expect only a minority of these couples will pursue parenthood. This research provided a glimpse into how Americans are envisioning family formation among same-sex couples today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyle P. Tate
- Department of Psychology, Penn State Scranton, Dunmore, PA, United States
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12
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Sang JM, Egan JE, Meanley SP, Hawk ME, Markovic N, Bear TM, Matthews DD, Bauermeister JA. Expectations and beliefs: How single young gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men envision romantic relationships. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:1732-1747. [PMID: 33608960 PMCID: PMC8316259 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed measures of relational beliefs and expectations among single young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Data come from an online cross-sectional study YGBM, which ran from July 2012 until January 2013. There were 50 items on relational beliefs and 25 items on relational expectations. We used random split samples and a priori analysis to group items together and applied principal axis factoring with varimax orthogonal rotation. We had a total N = 1582 in our analytical sample and identified six constructs of relational expectations (restrictions, negative break up, masculine and gender norms, optimism, cheating, immediacy) and two constructs of relational beliefs (sex beliefs, equality). Our findings highlight specific relational cognitions among YGBM and offer insight into the beliefs and expectations that may inform their relationships. Findings may be useful for health professionals to help YGBM reflect and understand the health implications of their beliefs and expectations about same-sex relationships to promote healthy decision-making as they seek future partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Sang
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James E. Egan
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven P. Meanley
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Program on Sexuality, Technology & Action Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary E. Hawk
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for LGBT Health Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nina Markovic
- Center for LGBT Health Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd M. Bear
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derrick D. Matthews
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - José A. Bauermeister
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Program on Sexuality, Technology & Action Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Titus AR, Gamarel KE, Thrasher JF, Meza R, Fleischer NL. State-Level Structural Stigma and Smoking Among Sexual Minority Adults in the USA, 2012-2014. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:557-570. [PMID: 33196079 PMCID: PMC8171797 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to structural stigma (i.e., societal norms and policies that constrain access to resources) may help explain poor health outcomes among sexual minority (SM) individuals in the USA. PURPOSE We examined the relationship between structural stigma and smoking prevalence among U.S. SM and heterosexual adults. METHODS We adapted an index to capture multiple state-level structural stigma indicators, including attitudes toward same-sex marriage; the geographical density of same-sex couples; and state-level policies toward SMs. The outcome variable was current smoking, derived from the National Adult Tobacco Survey (2012-2014). Poisson regression models stratified by SM status were used to assess the relationship between structural stigma and the prevalence ratio (PR) of current smoking. We included a squared term for stigma to explore nonlinear relationships between stigma and smoking. Interaction terms were used to examine effect modification by sex. RESULTS Adjusted models suggested a curvilinear PR relationship between stigma and smoking for both SM (linear PR = 1.03 [0.97-1.08]; quadratic PR = 0.98 [0.97-1.00]) and heterosexual (linear PR = 1.00 [0.99-1.02]; quadratic PR = 0.99 [0.988-0.995]) adults. The quadratic term was significant (p < .05) for both SM and heterosexual respondents, however, the change in probability of smoking associated with structural stigma was more pronounced among SM individuals. Specifically, the highest and lowest exposures to stigma were associated with the lowest probabilities of smoking. There was no apparent effect modification by sex. CONCLUSIONS Findings lend support to addressing SM structural stigma as a driver of smoking, particularly among SM adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Titus
- Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bonett S, Meanley S, Elsesser S, Bauermeister J. State-Level Discrimination Policies And HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adoption Efforts In The US. Health Aff (Millwood) 2021; 39:1575-1582. [PMID: 32897779 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a drug regimen recommended for anyone at high risk of getting HIV to prevent them from being infected. Little research exists on how state-level policies might be related to differential PrEP uptake across the United States. To better understand the associations between state-level policies and PrEP uptake, we examined HIV criminalization, nondiscrimination laws for sexual and gender minorities, Medicaid expansion, Ryan White funding, and sociodemographic characteristics in relation to the PrEP-to-need ratio, a measure of PrEP uptake. Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed data from all fifty states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico (all of which we categorize as states here) regarding policy, socioeconomic factors, and PrEP-to-need ratio in 2018. States with HIV criminalization laws had lower PrEP-to-need ratio, and states with more nondiscrimination laws for sexual and gender minorities had higher PrEP-to-need ratio. We found no association between Medicaid expansion, Ryan White funding, percentage Hispanic, percentage uninsured, median household income, percentage with high school education, or state population and PrEP uptake. Legislators should consider how laws concerning HIV and sexual and gender minorities might protect against discrimination and subvert fear and stigma, given the potential impact of these policies on HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bonett
- Stephen Bonett is a doctoral student in the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Meanley
- Steven Meanley is a research associate in the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Elsesser
- Steven Elsesser is a resident in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - José Bauermeister
- José Bauermeister is the Presidential Professor of Nursing in the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania
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15
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Siegel M, Assenmacher C, Meuwly N, Zemp M. The Legal Vulnerability Model for Same-Sex Parent Families: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review and Theoretical Integration. Front Psychol 2021; 12:644258. [PMID: 33796052 PMCID: PMC8007880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, parents and children in same-sex parent families are impacted by many laws related to the parental sexual orientation. These laws vary considerably from one country to another, ranging from full legal recognition to criminalization. The psychological consequences of living in an ambiguous or hostile legal climate likely interfere with parental health, family functioning, and child development. However, a systematic evidence synthesis of the pertinent literature and its placement within a broader psychological model are currently lacking. The aims of this review were thus (1) to systematically review qualitative and quantitative evidence on the impact of sexual orientation laws on same-sex parent families in key domains and (2) to place these findings within a broader model informed by minority stress and family theories. Our review was preregistered and conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. We searched for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies on the impact of sexual orientation laws on target outcomes (parental health, family functioning, child outcomes) via systematic database search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) and forward-backward searches. Fifty-five studies published between 1999 and 2020 were eligible for inclusion and were synthesized using a data-based convergent synthesis design. Thirteen descriptive and three overarching analytical themes were identified through thematic synthesis. Linking our findings with minority stress and family theories, we propose a novel legal vulnerability model for same-sex parent families. The model posits that legal vulnerability constitutes an increased risk for parental and child health as well as family functioning through individual and shared pathways between family members. Additionally, the model introduces counteractions that families engage in on the personal, familial, and systemic level to mitigate the impact of legal vulnerability, as well as moderators on the contextual, familial, couple, and individual level that modulate this impact. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Siegel
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Meuwly
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Family Research and Counseling, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martina Zemp
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Gato J, Leal D, Coimbra S, Tasker F. Anticipating Parenthood Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Young Adults Without Children in Portugal: Predictors and Profiles. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1058. [PMID: 32587545 PMCID: PMC7298073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenthood is a highly valued life goal, independent of one’s sexual orientation. However, the majority of studies exploring young adults’ parenthood plans have relied exclusively on samples of heterosexual individuals. This study aimed (i) to explore differences in parenthood intentions as a function of sexual orientation, (ii) to investigate to what extent sociodemographic and psychological characteristics predict parenthood intentions of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB), and heterosexual individuals, (iii) to test the mediating effect of stigma between sexual orientation and parenthood intentions, and (iv) to identify and characterize profiles of prospective parenthood (through cluster analysis). Data were gathered using an online survey from 375 self-identified LGB and heterosexual young adults without children in Portugal, with a mean age of 25.83 years old (SD = 4.49). Findings indicated that LGB individuals were less likely to intend to have children than heterosexual individuals; furthermore, among LGB individuals, lesbian women expressed stronger intentions to have children than did gay men. Similarities between heterosexual and LGB young adults were observed concerning the psychological determinants of parenthood intentions. Four distinctive profiles of prospective parenthood were identified: aspiring parents not anticipating stigma, aspiring parents anticipating stigma, childfree intent, and childfree ambivalent. Lesbian and bisexual women mostly populated the childfree ambivalent cluster; in contrast, the aspiring parents anticipating stigma cluster contained an overrepresentation of men, including sexual minority men. Professionals may want to attend to communalities and specificities of prospective parenthood as a function of sexual orientation, in order to provide unbiased and culturally competent support to sexual minority individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gato
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Leal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Coimbra
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fiona Tasker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Gato J, Leal D, Moleiro C, Fernandes T, Nunes D, Marinho I, Pizmony-Levy O, Freeman C. "The Worst Part Was Coming Back Home and Feeling Like Crying": Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Students in Portuguese Schools. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2936. [PMID: 32010018 PMCID: PMC6974618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Portugal is one of the most egalitarian countries in Europe in terms of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) individuals' legal rights. However, regarding education Portugal still lacks specific policies, plans and interventions to protect LGBTI students. To assess the perceptions of self-identified LGBTI youth regarding their school context, a total of 663 participants (aged from 15 to 20 years old) filled in an on-line questionnaire about their school climate. One hundred and forty-six of them answered an open-ended question about their personal experiences. A thematic analysis of these answers was conducted, and four main categories were identified: (i) victimization, (ii) coming out experiences, (iii) support networks, and (iv) demands. Most participants reported experiences of discrimination, and several sources of prejudice were identified. Furthermore, participants also recognized a lack of LGBTI information in school curriculum and made several demands. Besides inclusive laws, we suggest that the safety and the well-being of LGBTI youths in Portuguese schools depend upon others measures, such as teacher and school staff training, curricula inclusive of LGBTI diversity, and local strategies, such as Gay-Straight Alliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gato
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Leal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Moleiro
- ISCTE-University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Fernandes
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Nunes
- ISCTE-University Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Marinho
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Cody Freeman
- Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Gamarel KE, Finer Z, Resnicow K, Green-Jones M, Kelley E, Jadwin-Cakmak L, Outlaw A. Associations Between Internalized HIV Stigma and Tobacco Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV: The Moderating Role of Future Orientations. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:165-172. [PMID: 31230176 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV stigma and future orientations impact the health of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYALWH); however, little is known about how these factors may impact tobacco use, and thereby long-term health status. This study examined associations between internalized HIV stigma, future orientations, and smoking behavior using a cross sectional survey of AYALWH ages 18 to 29 (N = 109). Greater levels of stigma were associated with increased odds of smoking, and greater future orientations were associated with a reduced odds of smoking. The interaction was significant, illustrating that stigma was significantly associated with an increased odds of smoking among AYALWH who reported low levels of future orientations, but not for those with high levels of future orientations. Findings underscore the importance of understanding how HIV stigma may undermine future aspirations of AYALWH. Interventions that target HIV stigma and future orientations may be critical for tobacco prevention and cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Zoe Finer
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Kenneth Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Monique Green-Jones
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Erica Kelley
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Laura Jadwin-Cakmak
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Angulique Outlaw
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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19
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Gato J, Leal D, Coimbra S, Tasker F. Anticipating Parenthood Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Young Adults Without Children in Portugal: Predictors and Profiles. Front Psychol 2020. [PMID: 32587545 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01058/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenthood is a highly valued life goal, independent of one's sexual orientation. However, the majority of studies exploring young adults' parenthood plans have relied exclusively on samples of heterosexual individuals. This study aimed (i) to explore differences in parenthood intentions as a function of sexual orientation, (ii) to investigate to what extent sociodemographic and psychological characteristics predict parenthood intentions of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB), and heterosexual individuals, (iii) to test the mediating effect of stigma between sexual orientation and parenthood intentions, and (iv) to identify and characterize profiles of prospective parenthood (through cluster analysis). Data were gathered using an online survey from 375 self-identified LGB and heterosexual young adults without children in Portugal, with a mean age of 25.83 years old (SD = 4.49). Findings indicated that LGB individuals were less likely to intend to have children than heterosexual individuals; furthermore, among LGB individuals, lesbian women expressed stronger intentions to have children than did gay men. Similarities between heterosexual and LGB young adults were observed concerning the psychological determinants of parenthood intentions. Four distinctive profiles of prospective parenthood were identified: aspiring parents not anticipating stigma, aspiring parents anticipating stigma, childfree intent, and childfree ambivalent. Lesbian and bisexual women mostly populated the childfree ambivalent cluster; in contrast, the aspiring parents anticipating stigma cluster contained an overrepresentation of men, including sexual minority men. Professionals may want to attend to communalities and specificities of prospective parenthood as a function of sexual orientation, in order to provide unbiased and culturally competent support to sexual minority individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gato
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Leal
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Coimbra
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fiona Tasker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Leal D, Gato J, Tasker F. Prospective parenting: sexual identity and intercultural trajectories. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2019; 21:757-773. [PMID: 30355177 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2018.1515987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the impact of sexual identity on attitudes towards parenthood among childless individuals from Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). Compared to heterosexuals, lesbians, gay men and bisexuals were less likely to: desire and intend to have children, be concerned about the prospect of childlessness or perceive children as a source of enrichment. They also anticipated more stigma as parents than did heterosexuals. Compared to UK participants, all Portuguese participants, independent of sexual identity, desired and intended more to have children, were more concerned about childlessness, reported higher levels of parental commitment, anticipated less stigma and expected more social support as parents. Portuguese lesbian, gay and bisexual participants expressed greater desire to have children than did those in the UK. Only in the UK did lesbian, gay and bisexual participants perceive children less as a source of enrichment than did heterosexuals and anticipate negative costs associated with parenting. We concluded that the intersectional influence of different cultural climates on parenting aspirations should be taken into account in future research alongside sexual identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leal
- a Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jorge Gato
- b Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fiona Tasker
- c Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck , University of London , London , UK
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21
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Hammack PL, Frost DM, Meyer IH, Pletta DR. Gay Men's Health and Identity: Social Change and the Life Course. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:59-74. [PMID: 28585157 PMCID: PMC5903851 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to significant historical change in the late 20th and early 21st century related to both health and cultural attitudes toward homosexuality, gay men of distinct birth cohorts may diverge considerably in their health and identity development. We argue that research on gay men's health has not adequately considered the significance of membership in distinct generation-cohorts, and we present a life course paradigm to address this problem. Focusing on the U.S. as an exemplar that can be adapted to other cultural contexts, we identify five generations of gay men alive today and review unique issues related to health and identity development for each. Implications for research, practice, and advocacy on gay men's health and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Hammack
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - David M Frost
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ilan H Meyer
- William Institute, School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David R Pletta
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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22
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Carneiro FA, Tasker F, Salinas-Quiroz F, Leal I, Costa PA. Are the Fathers Alright? A Systematic and Critical Review of Studies on Gay and Bisexual Fatherhood. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1636. [PMID: 28983272 PMCID: PMC5613122 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present systematic and critical review was to assess the findings and to identify the gaps in the literature concerning gay and bisexual fathers. A comprehensive search of relevant literature using electronic databases and reference lists for articles published until December 2016 was conducted. A total of 63 studies, spanning from 1979 to 2016, were collected. More than half of the studies were published after 2011 and the overwhelming majority were conducted in the United States. Nine themes were identified in the studies reviewed: (1) Pathways to fatherhood; (2) Motivations for fatherhood; (3) Parenting experiences and childrearing; (4) Family life and relationship quality; (5) Gender and father identities and gender-role orientation; (6) Disclosure of sexual identity; (7) Social climate; (8) Father's psychosocial adjustment; and (9) Children's psychosocial adjustment. It was found that research on gay fatherhood appears to be more heterogeneous than on lesbian motherhood, perhaps because of the variety of pathways to parenthood (via co-parenting, adoption, fostering, or surrogacy). Two-father families are becoming more visible in research on sexual minority parenting and gradually transforming the conceptualization of parenting in family research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Carneiro
- William James Center for Research, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da VidaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Fiona Tasker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isabel Leal
- William James Center for Research, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da VidaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Costa
- William James Center for Research, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da VidaLisbon, Portugal
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Gato J, Santos S, Fontaine AM. To Have or Not to Have Children? That Is the Question. Factors Influencing Parental Decisions Among Lesbians and Gay Men. SEXUALITY RESEARCH AND SOCIAL POLICY 2017; 14:310-323. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-016-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Perceived importance of childbearing and attitudes toward assisted reproductive technology among Chinese lesbians in Hong Kong: implications for psychological well-being. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1221-1229. [PMID: 27473352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the perceived importance of childbearing and attitudes toward assisted reproductive technology (ART) among Chinese lesbians and the impact on their psychological well-being. DESIGN Survey-based study using a 39-item questionnaire. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 438 Chinese lesbians between the ages of 18 and 35 years. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Perceived importance of childbearing; attitudes toward ART; and levels of anxiety and depression. RESULT(S) Perceived importance of childbearing to Chinese lesbians was negatively associated with age (r = -0.23), relationship length (r = -0.18), and full-time employment (F = 4.29). Compared to heterosexual childless women, Chinese lesbians thought childbearing was significantly less important (3.30 vs. 6.00 on a 1-10 scale, t = 14.6). Most lesbian respondents (92%) supported legalizing same-sex couples' access to ART, although less than half (41%) wanted to use it themselves to have children. Among lesbians who thought childbearing was important to their parents or their partners, not wanting ART was associated with higher anxiety levels. CONCLUSION(S) This is the first quantitative study of childbearing attitudes of lesbians in Asia. The data suggest that Chinese lesbians in the study who perceived childbearing as important to their parents or to their partners but did not want to seek ART reported higher anxiety levels. This study helps raise health care professionals' awareness of Chinese lesbians' attitudes toward childbearing as well as calls for a better delivery system of fertility and mental health services to address the psychological burden of Chinese lesbians in relation to reproductive issues.
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Tatum AK. The Interaction of Same-Sex Marriage Access With Sexual Minority Identity on Mental Health and Subjective Wellbeing. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2016; 64:638-653. [PMID: 27269121 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1196991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous psychological and public health research has highlighted the impact of legal recognition of same-sex relationships on individual identity and mental health. Using a sample of U.S. sexual minority (N = 313) and heterosexual (N = 214) adults, participants completed a battery of mental health inventories prior to the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) examining identity revealed sexual minority participants living in states where same-sex marriage was banned experienced significantly higher levels of internalized homonegativity than sexual minority participants living in states where same-sex marriage was legal, even after controlling for state-level political climate. Mental health ANCOVAs revealed sexual minority participants residing in states without same-sex marriage experienced greater anxiety and lower subjective wellbeing compared to sexual minority participants residing in states with same-sex marriage and heterosexual participants residing in states with or without same-sex marriage. Implications for public policy and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Tatum
- a School of Education , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
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Bruce D, Harper GW, Bauermeister JA. MINORITY STRESS, POSITIVE IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESILIENCE AMONG SEXUAL MINORITY MALE YOUTH. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2015; 2:287-296. [PMID: 26478901 PMCID: PMC4603569 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minority stress processes have been shown to have significant associations with negative mental health outcomes among sexual minority populations. Given that adversity may be experienced growing up as a sexual minority in heteronormative, if not heterosexist, environments, our research on resilience among sexual minority male youth proposes that positive identity development may buffer the effects of a range of minority stress processes. METHODS An ethnically diverse sample of 200 sexual minority males ages 16-24 (mean age, 20.9 years) was recruited using mixed recruitment methods. We developed and tested two new measures: concealment stress during adolescence and sexual minority-related positive identity development. We then tested a path model that assessed the effects of minority stressors, positive identity development, and social support on major depressive symptoms. RESULTS Experience of stigma was associated with internalized homophobia (β=.138, p<.05) and major depressive symptoms (β=1.076, OR=2.933, p<.001), and internalized homophobia partially mediated experience's effects on major depression (β=.773, OR=2.167, p<.001). Concealment stress was associated with positive identity development (β=.155, p<.05) and internalized homophobia (β=.418, p<.001), and positive identity development partially mediated concealment stress's effects on internalized homophobia (β=-.527, p<.001). Concealment stress demonstrated a direct effect on major depression (β=1.400, OR=4.056, p<.001), and indirect paths to social support through positive identity development. CONCLUSIONS With these results, we offer an exploratory model that empirically identifies significant paths among minority stress dimensions, positive identity development, and major depressive symptoms. This study helps further our understanding of minority stress, identity development, and resources of resilience among sexual minority male youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Bruce
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary W. Harper
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose A. Bauermeister
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Coulter RWS, Kinsky SM, Herrick AL, Stall RD, Bauermeister JA. Evidence of Syndemics and Sexuality-Related Discrimination Among Young Sexual-Minority Women. LGBT Health 2015; 2:250-7. [PMID: 26788674 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2014.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Syndemics, or the co-occurrence and interaction of health problems, have been examined extensively among young men who have sex with men, but their existence remain unexamined, to our knowledge, among sexual-minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) women. Thus, we investigated if syndemics were present among young sexual-minority women, and if sexual-orientation discrimination was an independent variable of syndemic production. METHODS A total of 467 sexual-minority women between the ages of 18 and 24 completed a cross-sectional online survey regarding their substance use, mental health, sexual behaviors, height, weight, and experiences of discrimination. We used structural equation modeling to investigate the presence of syndemics and their relationship to sexual-orientation discrimination. RESULTS Heavy episodic drinking, marijuana use, ecstasy use, hallucinogen use, depressive symptoms, multiple sexual partners, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) comprised syndemics in this population (chi-square=24.989, P=.201; comparative fit index [CFI]=0.946; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.023). Sexual-orientation discrimination is significantly and positively associated with the latent syndemic variable (unstandardized coefficient=0.095, P<.05), and this model fit the data well (chi-square=33.558, P=.059; CFI=0.914; RMSEA=0.029). The reverse causal model showed syndemics is not an independent variable of sexual-orientation discrimination (unstandardized coefficient=0.602, P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Syndemics appear to be present and associated with sexual-orientation discrimination among young sexual-minority women. Interventions aimed at reducing discrimination or increasing healthy coping may help reduce substance use, depressive symptoms, and sexual risk behaviors in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W S Coulter
- 1 Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Suzanne M Kinsky
- 1 Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy L Herrick
- 1 Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ron D Stall
- 1 Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - José A Bauermeister
- 2 Center for Sexuality & Health Disparities, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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