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Jia Z, Yue W, Zhang X, Xue B, He J. Erianin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting microglial cell polarization and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112915. [PMID: 39146784 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, with limited therapeutic options available. Erianin, a natural compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Erianin in CI/RI and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that Erianin could target the PI3K/AKT pathway, which are closely associated with CI/RI. In vivo experiments using a rat model of CI/RI demonstrated that Erianin treatment significantly alleviated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume, and attenuated neuronal damage. Mechanistically, Erianin inhibited microglial cell polarization towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, as evidenced by the modulation of specific markers. Furthermore, Erianin suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2, while enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory factors, including Arg1, CD206, IL-4 and IL-10. In vitro studies using oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-stimulated microglial cells corroborated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of Erianin. Notably, Erianin inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting p65 phosphorylation and preventing the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. Collectively, these findings suggest that Erianin represents a promising therapeutic candidate for CI/RI by targeting microglial cell polarization and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqiang Jia
- Department of Neurointerventional, Dongying People's Hospital, No. 317 Dongcheng South Road, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Wenfeng Yue
- Department of Neurointerventional, Dongying People's Hospital, No. 317 Dongcheng South Road, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Dongying People's Hospital, No. 317 Dongcheng South Road, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Bingxia Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dongying People's Hospital, No. 317 Dongcheng South Road, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Jinchao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying People's Hospital, No. 317 Dongcheng South Road, Dongying 257091, China.
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2
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Wang L, Wang Y, Wu M, Jin X, Chen Y, Guo Z, Meng X, Zhang J, Ji F. Minocycline alleviates microglia ferroptosis by inhibiting HO-1 during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1727-1745. [PMID: 39112649 PMCID: PMC11445363 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals worldwide. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) typically results in severe secondary injury and complications following reperfusion therapy. Microglia play critical roles in the inflammatory reaction of CIRI. However, less attention has been given to microglial death in this process. Our study aims to explore microglial death in CIRI and the effects and mechanism of minocycline treatment on microglia. METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was applied to induce CIRI in rats. At 0 h, 24 h and 48 h post-operation, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 45 mg/kg minocycline. Neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, assessment of activated microglia and examination of mitochondrial structure were conducted and checked at 72 h after reperfusion. Additionally, an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established. BV-2 cells were treated with various pharmacological inhibitors of cell death or minocycline. Cell viability, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial structure and function, and labile Fe2+ and ferroptosis-associated gene/protein levels were measured. Hemin was used for further validation after transcriptome analysis. RESULTS In the MCAO and OGD/R models, ferroptosis was identified as a major form of microglial death. Minocycline inhibited microglia ferroptosis by reducing HO-1 expression. In addition, minocycline improved mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial structures and microglial survival in vivo. Minocycline also decreased labile Fe2+ levels, lipid peroxidation, and expression of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and it improved mitochondrial structure and function in vitro. Upregulation of HO-1 counteracted the protective effect of minocycline. CONCLUSION Ferroptosis is a major form of microglial death in CIRI. The protective mechanism of minocycline in CIRI partially hinges on its ability to effectively ameliorate microglia ferroptosis by downregulating HO-1 expression. Consequently, targeting microglia ferroptosis is a promising treatment for CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyue Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhuan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianyou Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225012, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao R, Zhou X, Zhao Z, Liu W, Lv M, Zhang Z, Wang C, Li T, Yang Z, Wan Q, Xu R, Cui Y. Farrerol Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Neuronal Survival and Reducing Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7239-7255. [PMID: 38376762 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a key influencing factor in the outcome of stroke. Inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis are among the main factors that affect the progression of I/R injury. Farrerol (FAR) is a natural compound that can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. However, the role of FAR in cerebral I/R injury remains unknown. In this study, we found that FAR reduced brain injury and neuronal viability after cerebral I/R injury. Meanwhile, administration of FAR also reduced the inflammatory response of microglia after brain injury. Mechanistically, FAR treatment directly reduced neuronal death after oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) through enhancing cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activation to increase the expression of downstream neurotrophic factors and anti-apoptotic genes. Moreover, FAR decreased the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, inhibited microglia activation, and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines in microglia after OGD/R treatment or LPS stimulation. The compromised inflammatory response by FAR directly promoted the survival of neurons after OGD/R. In conclusion, FAR exerted a protective effect on cerebral I/R injury by directly decreasing neuronal death through upregulating CREB expression and attenuating neuroinflammation. Therefore, FAR could be a potentially effective drug for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Changxin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tianli Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zixiong Yang
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Bai X, Qiu Y, Wang J, Dong Y, Zhang T, Jin H. Panax quinquefolium saponins attenuates microglia activation following acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via Nrf2/miR-103-3p/TANK pathway. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:201-215. [PMID: 37885132 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability among adults worldwide. Intravenous thrombolysis is the only approved pharmacological treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, reperfusion by thrombolysis will lead to the rapid activation of microglia cells which induces interferon-inflammatory response in the ischemic brain tissues. Panax quinquefolium saponins (PQS) has been proven to be effective in acute ischemic stroke, but there is no unified understanding about its specific mechanism. Here, we will report for the first time that PQS can significantly inhibit the activation of microglia cells in cerebral of MCAO rats via activation of Nrf2/miR-103-3p/TANK axis. Our results showed that PQS can directly bind to Nrf2 protein and inhibit its ubiquitination, which result in the indirectly enhancing the expression of TANK protein via transcriptional regulation on miR-103-3p, and finally to suppress the nuclear factor kappa-B dominated rapid activation of microglial cells induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation vitro and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. In conclusion, our study not only revealed the new mechanism of PQS in protecting against the inflammatory activation of microglia cells caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but also suggested that Nrf2 is a potential target for development of new drugs of ischemic stroke. More importantly, our study also reminded that miR-103-3p might be used as a prognostic biomarker for patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafen Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Zhang L, Li G, Li Y. TRIM59 suppresses the brain ischaemia/reperfusion injury and pyroptosis of microglial through mediating the ubiquitination of NLRP3. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2511. [PMID: 38291200 PMCID: PMC10828378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induces irreversible brain injury and causes functional impairment. Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in protein degradation, but its role in cerebral I/R injury remains unclear. Differentially expressed genes in stroke were identified by analysing the microarray dataset GSE119121. Cerebral I/R was simulated in vitro by treating human microglial HMC3 cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assays, and pyroptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and inflammatory cytokine secretion were measured by LDH cytotoxicity assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The cerebral I/R animal model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in rats. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) is downregulated in stroke, which was verified in cerebral I/R models. The upregulation of TRIM59 promoted viability and inhibited pyroptosis in OGD/R-treated microglia and alleviated cerebral I/R injury in vivo. TRIM59 attenuated NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) protein expression through ubiquitination, thus degrading NLRP3 and alleviating OGD/R-induced injury. TRIM59 relieves cerebral I/R injury in vivo and in vivo. Mechanistically, TRIM59 directly interacts with NLRP3 and inhibits NLRP3 through ubiquitination. Targeting the TRIM59/NLRP3 signalling axis may be an effective therapeutic strategy for cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtian Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gang Li
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Special Inspection, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453, Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.
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6
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Yang L, Gao Y, Huang J, Yang H, Zhao P, Li C, Yang Z. LncRNA Gm44206 Promotes Microglial Pyroptosis Through NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Axis and Aggravate Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:554-562. [PMID: 37566540 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the inflammatory response triggered by microglial pyroptosis inflammatory activation may be one of the effective ways to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the specific mechanism of which remains unclear. In this study, BV-2 microglia with or without oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) or long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Gm44206 knockdown were used as cell models to conduct an in vitro study. Detection of lactate dehydrogenase release and pyroptosis-related protein levels was performed using a corresponding kit and western blotting, respectively. Proliferation of microglia was evaluated by CCK8 assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for measuring levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This study verified the involvement of microglial pyroptosis as well as upregulation of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, and Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, knockdown of lncRNA Gm44206 could alleviate OGD/R-induced microglial pyroptosis and cell proliferation inhibition through the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway, thus decreasing the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In conclusion, this study established a correlation between microglial pyroptosis and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and identified lncRNA Gm44206 as a potential regulator of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD axis-mediated microglial pyroptosis, which could be considered a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hantao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Puyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine of China, Shanghai, China
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Moya-Gómez A, Font LP, Burlacu A, Alpizar YA, Cardonne MM, Brône B, Bronckaers A. Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Stimulation (ELF-EMS) Improves Neurological Outcome and Reduces Microglial Reactivity in a Rodent Model of Global Transient Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11117. [PMID: 37446295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic stimulation (ELF-EMS) was demonstrated to be significantly beneficial in rodent models of permanent stroke. The mechanism involved enhanced cerebrovascular perfusion and endothelial cell nitric oxide production. However, the possible effect on the neuroinflammatory response and its efficacy in reperfusion stroke models remains unclear. To evaluate ELF-EMS effectiveness and possible immunomodulatory response, we studied neurological outcome, behavior, neuronal survival, and glial reactivity in a rodent model of global transient stroke treated with 13.5 mT/60 Hz. Next, we studied microglial cells migration and, in organotypic hippocampal brain slices, we assessed neuronal survival and microglia reactivity. ELF-EMS improved the neurological score and behavior in the ischemia-reperfusion model. It also improved neuronal survival and decreased glia reactivity in the hippocampus, with microglia showing the first signs of treatment effect. In vitro ELF-EMS decreased (Lipopolysaccharide) LPS and ATP-induced microglia migration in both scratch and transwell assay. Additionally, in hippocampal brain slices, reduced microglial reactivity, improved neuronal survival, and modulation of inflammation-related markers was observed. Our study is the first to show that an EMF treatment has a direct impact on microglial migration. Furthermore, ELF-EMS has beneficial effects in an ischemia/reperfusion model, which indicates that this treatment has clinical potential as a new treatment against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Moya-Gómez
- BIOMED, UHasselt, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ingeniería Informática, Telecomunicaciones y Biomédica, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90 400, Cuba
| | - Lena Pérez Font
- Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90 400, Cuba
| | | | | | - Miriam Marañón Cardonne
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ingeniería Informática, Telecomunicaciones y Biomédica, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90 400, Cuba
| | - Bert Brône
- BIOMED, UHasselt, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ingeniería Informática, Telecomunicaciones y Biomédica, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90 400, Cuba
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8
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Xie K, Mo Y, Yue E, Shi N, Liu K. Exosomes derived from M2-type microglia ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced HT22 cell injury by regulating miR-124-3p/NCOA4-mediated ferroptosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17592. [PMID: 37424595 PMCID: PMC10328844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although it has been reported that miRNA carried by M2 microglial exosomes protects neurons from ischemia-reperfusion brain injury, the mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the miRNA signaling pathway by which M2-type microglia-derived exosomes (M2-exosomes) ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. Methods BV2 microglia were induced by M2 polarization. Then, M2-exosomes were identified via transmission electron microscopy and special biomarker detection and co-cultured with HT22 cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Intracellular concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and biochemical determination. miR-124-3p levels were determined using qRT-PCR, and protein expressions were examined via western blotting. Results OGD/R suppressed the proliferation and induced the accumulation of Fe2+, ROS, and MDA and reduction of GSH in mouse HT22 cells, suggesting ferroptosis of HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced changes in the above mentioned indexes was ameliorated by M2-exosomes but restored by the exosome inhibitor GW4869. M2-exosomes with (mimic-exo) or without miR-124-3p (inhibitor-exo) promoted and suppressed proliferation and ferroptosis-associated indexes of HT22 cells, respectively. Moreover, mimic-exo and inhibitor-exo inhibited and enhanced NCOA4 expression in HT22 cells, respectively. NCOA4 overexpression reversed the protective effects of miR-124-3p mimic-exo in OGD/R-conditioned cells. NCOA4 was targeted and regulated by miR-124-3p. Conclusions M2-exosome protects HT22 cells against OGD/R-induced ferroptosis injury by transferring miR-124-3p and NCOA4 into HT22 cells, with the latter being a target gene for miR-124-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yun Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Erli Yue
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Kangyong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No. 1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201318, China
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9
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Yu Z, Zheng L, Geng Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, You G, Cai M, Li M, Cheng X, Zan J. FTO alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing cGAS mRNA stability in an m6A-dependent manner. Cell Signal 2023:110751. [PMID: 37321527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammation is a major contributor to the brain damage in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, and N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) has been implicated in cerebral I/R injury. Here, we explored whether m6A modification is associated with microglia-mediated inflammation in cerebral I/R injury and its underlying regulatory mechanism using an in vivo mice model of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in vitro models of primary isolated microglia and BV2 microglial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used. We found microglial m6A modification increased and microglial fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) expression decreased in cerebral I/R injury in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of m6A modification by intraperitoneal injection of Cycloleucine (Cyc) in vivo or transfection of FTO plasmid in vitro significantly alleviated brain injury and microglia-mediated inflammatory response. Through Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq), RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and western blotting, we found that m6A modification promoted cerebral I/R-induced microglial inflammation via increasing cGAS mRNA stability to aggravate Sting/NF-κB signaling. In conclusion, this study deepens our understanding on the relationship of m6A modification and microglia-mediated inflammation in cerebral I/R injury, and insights a novel m6A-based therapeutic for inhibiting inflammatory response against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linbo Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510310, China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Geng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guoxing You
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510310, China.
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Wang C, Peng L, Wang Y, Xue Y, Chen T, Ji Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yu S. Integrative Analysis of Single-Cell and Bulk Sequencing Data Depicting the Expression and Function of P2ry12 in Microglia Post Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076772. [PMID: 37047745 PMCID: PMC10095011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P2ry12 is a microglial marker gene. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that its expression levels can vary in response to different CNS disorders and can affect microglial functions, such as polarization, plasticity, and migration. However, the expression and function of P2ry12 in microglia during ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) remain unclear. Here, we developed a computational method to obtain microglia-specific P2ry12 genes (MSPGs) using sequencing data associated with IRI. We evaluated the change in comprehensive expression levels of MSPGs during IRI and compared it to the expression of P2ry12 to determine similarity. Subsequently, the MSPGs were used to explore the P2ry12 functions in microglia through bioinformatics. Moreover, several animal experiments were also conducted to confirm the reliability of the results. The expression of P2ry12 was observed to decrease gradually within 24 h post injury. In response, microglia with reduced P2ry12 expression showed an increase in the expression of one receptor-encoding gene (Flt1) and three ligand-encoding genes (Nampt, Igf1, and Cxcl2). Furthermore, double-labeling immunofluorescence staining revealed that inhibition of P2ry12 blocked microglial migration towards vessels during IRI. Overall, we employ a combined computational and experimental approach to successfully explore P2ry12 expression and function in microglia during IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanyan Ji
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yishan Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine Diagnostic and Testing Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Zhao Z, Li Y, Chi F, Ma L, Li Y, Hou Z, Wang Q. Sevoflurane postconditioning ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:10153-10170. [PMID: 36585924 PMCID: PMC9831726 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether sevoflurane postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury and its potential mechanism, we employed bioinformatic analysis, neurological assessments, and western blot analysis, as well as triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and immunofluorescence staining. We identified 103 differentially expressed genes induced by cerebral I/R, including 75 upregulated genes and 28 downregulated genes enriched for certain biological processes (involving regulation of inflammatory responses, cellular responses to interleukin 1, and chemokine activity) and signaling pathways (such as transcriptional misregulation in cancer, interleukin-17 signaling, rheumatoid arthritis, MAPK signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling). As a typical path in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, in the current study, we investigated the protective effect of sevoflurane postconditioning in cerebral I/R rats and further explore the role of TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway in it. The results showed cerebral I/R-induced neurological deficits were comparatively less severe following sevoflurane postconditioning. In addition, TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway-related proteins and neuropathic damage were ameliorated in aged rats following sevoflurane postconditioning, while the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide aggravated these changes. Together, these findings suggest that sevoflurane postconditioning ameliorates cerebral I/R injury by a mechanism involving inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling pathway to suppress neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China,Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050047, Hebei, China
| | - Yishuai Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050047, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Chi
- Department of Oncology, Hebei Provincial Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050047, Hebei, China
| | - Li Ma
- Surgical Department of Clinical Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Medical College, Shijiazhuang 050091, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyong Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
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Zhang WJ, Hu DX, Lin SJ, Fang XQ, Ye ZF. Contribution of P2X purinergic receptor in cerebral ischemia injury. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:42-49. [PMID: 36113681 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of cerebral ischemia involves brain damage and abnormal changes in brain function, which can cause neurosensory and motor dysfunction, and bring serious consequences to patients. P2X purinergic receptors are expressed in nerve cells and immune cells, and are mainly expressed in microglia. The P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in the P2X purinergic receptors play a significant role in regulating the activity of microglia. Moreover, ATP-P2X purine information transmission is involved in the progression of neurological diseases, including the release of pro-inflammatory factors, driving factors and cytokines after cerebral ischemia injury, inducing inflammation, and aggravating cerebral ischemia injury. P2X receptors activation can mediate the information exchange between microglia and neurons, induce neuronal apoptosis, and aggravate neurological dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. However, inhibiting the activation of P2X receptors, reducing their expression, inhibiting the activation of microglia, and has the effect of protecting nerve function. In this paper, we discussed the relationship between P2X receptors and nervous system function and the role of microglia activation inducing cerebral ischemia injury. Additionally, we explored the potential role of P2X receptors in the progression of cerebral ischemic injury and their potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Si-Jian Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China.
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13
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Zeng Y, Zhang W, Xue T, Zhang D, Lv M, Jiang Y. Sphk1-induced autophagy in microglia promotes neuronal injury following cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4287-4303. [PMID: 35766986 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglial hyperactivation mediated by sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) signalling and the consequent inflammatory mediator production serve as the key drivers of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Although SphK1 reportedly controls autophagy and microglial activation, it remains uncertain as to whether SphK1 is similarly capable of regulating damage mediated by CIRI-activated microglia. In the current study, we adopted both in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGDR) models and in vivo rat models of focal CIRI to ascertain this possibility. It was found that CIRI upregulated SphK1 and induced autophagy in microglia, while inhibiting these changes significantly impaired to prevented neuronal apoptosis. Results of mechanistic investigation revealed that SphK1 promoted autophagy via the tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) pathway. Altogether, our findings unfolded to reveal a novel mechanism, whereby SphK1-induced autophagy in microglia contributed to the pathogenesis of CIRI, potentially highlighting novel avenues for future therapeutic intervention in ischaemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tengteng Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of New Media and Arts, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Manhua Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongjia Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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14
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Jeon J, Kim SH, Kong E, Kim SJ, Yang JM, Lee JY, Lee J, Kim YM, Kim P. Establishment of the reproducible branch retinal artery occlusion mouse model and intravital longitudinal imaging of the retinal CX3CR1-GFP+ cells after spontaneous arterial recanalization. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897800. [PMID: 35911406 PMCID: PMC9334526 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) have been widely used in many studies. However, most of these studies prefer using a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) which is a typical global ischemia model of the retina, due to the technical limitation of producing single vessel targeted modeling with real-time imaging. A focal ischemia model, such as branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), is also needed for explaining interactions, including the immunological reaction between the ischemic retina and adjacent healthy retina. Accordingly, a relevant model for clinical RAO patients has been demanded to understand the pathophysiology of the RAO disease. Herein, we establish a convenient BRAO mouse model to research the focal reaction of the retina. As a photo-thrombotic agent, Rose bengal was intravenously injected into 7 week-old transgenic mice (CX3CR1-GFP) for making embolism occlusion, which causes pathology similarly to clinical cases. In an optimized condition, a 561 nm laser (13.1 mw) was projected to a targeted vessel to induce photo-thrombosis for 27 s by custom-built retinal confocal microscopy. Compared to previous BRAO models, the procedures of thrombosis generation were naturally and minimal invasively generated with real-time retinal imaging. In addition, by utilizing the self-remission characteristics of Rose bengal thrombus, a reflow of the BRAO with immunological reactions of the CX3CR1-GFP+ inflammatory cells such as the retinal microglia and monocytes was monitored and analyzed. In this models, reperfusion began on day 3 after modeling. Simultaneously, the activation of CX3CR1-GFP+ inflammatory cells, including the increase of activation marker and morphologic change, was confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and quantitative real-time PCR. CD86 and Nox2 were prominently expressed on day 3 after the modeling. At day 7, blood flow was almost restored in the large vessels. CX3CR1-GFP+ populations in both superficial and deep layers of the retina also increased around even in the BRAO peri-ischemic area. In summary, this study successfully establishes a reproducible BRAO modeling method with convenient capabilities of easily controllable time points and selection of a specific single vessel. It can be a useful tool to analyze the behavior of inflammatory cell after spontaneous arterial recanalization in BRAO and further investigate the pathophysiology of BRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehwi Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, South Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junyeop Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Pilhan Kim,
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15
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Steiner K, Humpel C. Effects of Ischemia on the Migratory Capacity of Microglia Along Collagen Microcontact Prints on Organotypic Mouse Cortex Brain Slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:858802. [PMID: 35783100 PMCID: PMC9243317 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.858802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe insult in the brain causing cell death, inflammation, and activation of microglia. Microglia are the immune cells of the brain and play a role in any inflammatory process during neurodegeneration. Microglia are round ameboid and migrate to the lesion site, where they differentiate into ramified forms and activated phagocytic microglia. On the other hand, microglia can also release growth factors to repair degeneration. The aim of the present study is to explore the migratory capacity of microglia after ischemic insults. Organotypic brain slices of the mouse cortex (300 μm) were prepared. In order to study migration, the slices were connected to collagen-loaded microcontact prints (with or without monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) on the membranes. Slices were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for maximal microglial activation. Ischemic insults were simulated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and acidosis (pH 6.5) for 3 days. After 3 weeks in culture, slices were fixed and immunohistochemically stained for the microglial markers Iba1, CD11b and macrophage-like antigen. Our data show that Iba1+ microglia migrated along the microcontact prints, differentiate and phagocyte 1.0 μm fluorescent microbeads. LPS significantly enhanced the number of round ameboid migrating microglia, while OGD and acidosis enhanced the number of ramified activated microglia. The effect was not visible on slices without any μCP and was most potent in μCP with MCP-1. We conclude that OGD and acidosis activate ramification and exhibit a similar mechanism, while LPS only activates round ameboid microglia. Collagen-loaded microcontact prints connected to mouse brain slices are a potent method to study activation and migration of microglia ex vivo.
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Xiong Y, Song J, Huang X, Pan Z, Goldbrunner R, Stavrinou L, Lin S, Hu W, Zheng F, Stavrinou P. Exosomes Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Novel Effects in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:899887. [PMID: 35585925 PMCID: PMC9108502 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.899887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is defined as an infarction in the brain, caused by impaired cerebral blood supply, leading to local brain tissue ischemia, hypoxic necrosis, and corresponding neurological deficits. At present, revascularization strategies in patients with acute ischemic stroke include intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical endovascular treatment. However, due to the short treatment time window (<4.5 h) and method restrictions, clinical research is focused on new methods to treat ischemic stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells, containing DNA, complex RNA, and protein (30-150 nm). They are released into surrounding extracellular fluid upon fusion between multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. Exosomes have the characteristics of low immunogenicity, good innate stability, high transmission efficiency, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, making them potential therapeutic modalities for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The seed sequence of miRNA secreted by exosomes is base-paired with complementary mRNA to improve the microenvironment of ischemic tissue, thereby regulating downstream signal transduction activities. With exosome research still in the theoretical and experimental stages, this review aims to shed light on the potential of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Regional Medical Center, Fudan University Huashan Hospital Fujian Campus, The First Affiliated Hospital Binhai Campus, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lampis Stavrinou
- 2nd Department of Neurosurgery, Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pantelis Stavrinou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Hu C, Zhang S, Chen Q, Wang R. Ovatodiolide protects ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronal injury via microglial neuroinflammation via mediating SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Brain Res Bull 2022; 180:97-107. [PMID: 34968641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovatodiolide (OVA), a bioactive substance extracted from the bioactive component of Anisomeles indica, is reported to be endowed with anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, its function in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced neurological deficits and microglial inflammation remains unclear. METHOD A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was set up in SD rats, which were then dealt with varying doses of OVA. The rats' neurological functions were estimated at diverse periods postoperatively. The dry and wet method, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and Nissl's staining were conducted to measure brain edema, cerebral infarction area and neuronal damage, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation, and the profiles of inflammatory factors in the cerebral tissues were estimated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In-vitro assays were implemented on HT22 neuronal cells and BV2 microglia to elaborate the effect of OVA against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-mediated effects. RESULTS OVA relieved HT22 cell apoptosis and eased inflammation in BV2 microglia, which were induced by OGD. OVA mitigated NF-κB phosphorylation in BV2 cells, whereas boosted SIRT1 expression. However, inhibiting SIRT1 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of OVA in BV2 microglia under OGD stimulation. The condition medium (CM) of OGD-treated BV2 cells enhanced HT22 cell apoptosis and damage. OVA treatment in BV2 cells relieved BV2-mediated injury on HT22 cells, which was reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor. In-vivo results revealed that OVA dose-dependently attenuated I/R rats' neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, cerebral infarction area, neuronal apoptosis and microglial overactivation. Additionally, OVA inactivated the NF-κB pathway and up-regulated SIRT1 in the I/R rat model. CONCLUSION OVA prevented rats from brain I/R damage by hampering neuronal apoptosis and microglial inflammation via the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway. DATA AVAILABILITY The data sets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Hu
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang 641300, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Fan Q, Wu M, Li C, Li J. MiR-107 Aggravates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation (OGD/R)-Induced Injury Through Inactivating PI3K-AKT Signalling Pathway by Targeting FGF9/FGF12 in PC12 Cells. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106295. [PMID: 35093630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aberrant expression of miR-107 has been confirmed in some neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke (IS). However, the function of miR-107 and underlying mechanisms are ambiguous. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced PC12 cells were used to mimic IS condition. MiR-107 expression and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responding to IS were analyzed by GSE97532 and GSE61616 datasets, respectively. The target genes of miR-107 were predicted by TargetScan and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Cell counting kit-8 and apoptosis assays were conducted to explore the role of miR-107 in biological behaviors of OGD/R-induced PC12 cells. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-107 expression was elevated in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which was confirmed in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Notably, miR-107 strongly inhibited the proliferation of OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. As most DEGs were enriched in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which was critical for IS, DEGs in this pathway was compared with the down-regulated genes and the predicted genes to obtain potential target genes of miR-107, and ultimately fibroblast growth factor (FGF)9 and FGF12 stood out. The experiments demonstrated that miR-107 inhibited viability and promoted apoptosis of OGD/R-treated PC12 cells by down-regulating FGF9/FGF12 level. Mechanically, for the first time, we clarified the mechanism via which miR-107 inactivated PI3K-AKT signaling pathway by targeting FGF9/FGF12. CONCLUSIONS We summarized that miR-107 aggravates OGD/R-induced injury through inactivating PI3K-AKT signaling pathway via targeting FGF9/FGF12. Therefore, our study elucidates the neurotoxicity of miR-107 in IS development and provides a new promising therapy strategy for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijiang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 251700, China
| | - Mingxin Wu
- Third Inpatient Ward of Department of Neurology, Gaotang County People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252800, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- ICU, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Jurong Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, China.
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The Influence of Mitochondrial-DNA-Driven Inflammation Pathways on Macrophage Polarization: A New Perspective for Targeted Immunometabolic Therapy in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010135. [PMID: 35008558 PMCID: PMC8745401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to inflammation driven by free mitochondrial DNA. At the same time, the pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, that is, polarization in the M1 direction, aggravates the cycle of inflammatory damage. They promote each other and eventually transform macrophages/microglia into neurotoxic macrophages by improving macrophage glycolysis, transforming arginine metabolism, and controlling fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, we propose targeting the mtDNA-driven inflammatory response while controlling the metabolic state of macrophages in brain tissue to reduce the possibility of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Li X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Pan R, Liang X, Huang L, Yang C. Exosomes derived from mesenchyml stem cells ameliorate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced neuronal injury via transferring MicroRNA-194 and targeting Bach1. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101651. [PMID: 34600339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective function of miR-194 on neurovascular endothelial cell injury is perceived as a novel method for clinical therapy. So are exosomes (EXs), being attractive in neurofunctional recovery. However, whether EXs derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) perform the same efficacy by transferring miR-194 and the underlying mechanism remain vague. This study rooted in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. MSCs were isolated by gradient centrifugation and identified by flow cytometry. EXs were obtained through ultracentrifugation, whereas protein levels of specific markers (CD63, TGS101), together with Bach1, Nrf2 and HO-1 were measured by western blot. The relative mRNA expressions of Bach1, NOX1, AGSL4, GPX4 and miR-194 were measured by RT-qPCR assays. Cell viability was measured by cell counting kit-8, and cell migration was detected by wound healing assay. The interaction between miR-194 and Bach1 was predicted by starBase and confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay. OGD/R dampened cell viability and miR-194 expression. Bach1 could bind with miR-194. miR-194 mimic attenuated the effect of OGD/R on cell viability and protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and Bach1, whereas Bach1 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-194 mimics. MSC-EXs could merge with HBMECs. Based on this, MSC-EXs loaded with miR-194 downregulated Bach1 protein level and iron content and the mRNA expressions of NOX1 and ACSL4, yet upregulated miR-194 and GPX4 expressions and Nrf2/HO-1 protein level in OGD/R-injured cells, whereas those carrying ShmiR-194 had the opposite effects. Our study suggested MSC-EXs loaded with miR-194 attenuated OGD/R-induced injury via targeting Bach1, providing a new therapeutic strategy for cerebral injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Ruihan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Lifa Huang
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgey, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China.
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21
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Li JY, Li QQ, Sheng R. The role and therapeutic potential of exosomes in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105194. [PMID: 34582960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a disease caused by insufficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain, which is mainly due to intracranial arterial stenosis and middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exosomes play an important role in cerebral ischemia. Nucleic acid substances such as miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA in exosomes can play communication roles and improve cerebral ischemia by regulating the development and regeneration of the nervous system, remodeling of blood vessels and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Furthermore, exosomes modulate stroke through various mechanisms, including improving neural communication, promoting the development of neuronal cells and myelin synapses, neurovascular unit remodeling and maintaining homeostasis of the nervous system. At the same time, exosomes are also a good carrier of bioactive substances, which can be modified and targeted to the lesion site. Here, we review the roles of exosomes in cerebral ischemia, and discuss the possible mechanisms and potentials of modification of exosomes for targeting stroke, providing a new idea for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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22
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Surinkaew P, Apaijai N, Sawaddiruk P, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Mitochondrial Fusion Promoter Alleviates Brain Damage in Rats with Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:993-1003. [PMID: 32804148 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induces brain damage through increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, microglial hyperactivity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, amyloid-β deposition, loss of dendritic spines, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. Previous studies demonstrated that mitochondrial fusion promoter reduced cardiac damage from cardiac I/R injury; however, following cardiac I/R injury, the roles of mitochondrial dynamics on the brain have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of pharmacological modulation using mitochondrial fusion promoter (M1) in the brain of rats following cardiac I/R injury. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were separated into two groups; 1) sham-operation (n = 8) and 2) cardiac I/R injury (n = 16). Rats in the cardiac I/R injury group were randomly received either normal saline solution as a vehicle or a mitochondrial fusion promoter (M1, 2 mg/kg) intravenously. Both treatments were given to the rats 15 minutes before cardiac I/R injury. At the end of the reperfusion protocol, the brain was rapidly removed to investigate brain mitochondrial function, mitochondrial dynamics proteins, microglial activity, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) related proteins. RESULTS Cardiac I/R injury induced brain mitochondrial dynamics imbalance as indicated by reduced mitochondrial fusion proteins expression without alteration in mitochondrial fission, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, BBB breakdown, increased macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and AD-related proteins. Pretreatment with M1 effectively increased the expression of mitofusin 2, a mitochondrial outer membrane fusion protein, reduced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, BBB breakdown, macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and AD-related proteins in rats following cardiac I/R injury. CONCLUSION This mitochondrial fusion promoter significantly protected rats with cardiac I/R injury against brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomarin Surinkaew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lamphun Hospital, Lamphun, Thailand.,Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Passakorn Sawaddiruk
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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23
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Howard-Quijano K, Yamaguchi T, Gao F, Kuwabara Y, Puig S, Lundquist E, Salavatian S, Taylor B, Mahajan A. Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces Ventricular Arrhythmias by Attenuating Reactive Gliosis and Activation of Spinal Interneurons. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:1211-1225. [PMID: 34454884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated spinal cord neuronal and glial cell activation during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-triggered ventricular arrhythmias and neuromodulation therapy by spinal cord stimulation (SCS). BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia induces changes in cardiospinal neural networks leading to sudden cardiac death. Neuromodulation with SCS decreases cardiac sympathoexcitation; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS Yorkshire pigs (n = 16) were randomized to Control, IR, or IR+SCS groups. A 4-pole SCS lead was placed in the T1-T4 epidural space with stimulation for 30 minutes before IR (50 Hz, 0.4-ms duration, 90% motor threshold). Cardiac electrophysiological mapping and Ventricular Arrhythmia Score (VAS) were recorded. Immunohistochemistry of thoracic spinal sections was used to map and identify Fos-positive neuronal and glial cell types during IR with and without SCS. RESULTS IR increased cardiac sympathoexcitation and arrhythmias (VAS = 6.2 ± 0.9) that were attenuated in IR + SCS (VAS = 2.8 ± 0.5; P = 0.017). IR increased spinal cellular Fos expression (#Fos+ cells Control = 23 ± 2 vs IR = 88 ± 5; P < 0.0001) in T1-T4, with the greatest increase localized to T3, and the greatest %Fos+ cells being microglia and astrocytes. Fos expression was attenuated by IR + SCS (62 ± 4; P < 0.01), primarily though a reduction in Fos+ microglia and astrocytes, as SCS also led to increase in Fos+ neurons in deep dorsal laminae. CONCLUSIONS In a porcine model, cardiac IR was associated with astrocyte and microglial cell activation. Our results suggest that preemptive thoracic SCS decreased IR-induced cardiac sympathoexcitation and ventricular arrhythmias through attenuation of reactive gliosis and activation of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn of spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Howard-Quijano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tomoki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Puig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eevanna Lundquist
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Siamak Salavatian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bradley Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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24
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Almohaimeed HM, Batawi AH, Mohammedsaleh ZM, Al Jaouni S, Mutlq Alsawat SA, Abd El Wahab MG, AbdElfattah AA, Ayuob NN. Musk ( Moschus moschiferus) Attenuates Changes in Main Olfactory Bulb of Depressed Mice: Behavioral, Biochemical, and Histopathological Evidence. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:704180. [PMID: 34512285 PMCID: PMC8430345 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.704180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musk (Moschus moschiferus) has been described to have a significant impact on the central nervous system, as well as anticonvulsion and antidepressant effects. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of musk in alleviating alterations induced in olfactory bulb of depressed mice exposed to chronic stress and identify the mechanism behind it. METHODS Fifty male albino mice were divided into five groups (n = 10 each): control, musk, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), fluoxetine-treated, and musk-treated groups were included in this study. Behavioral changes and serum levels of corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokines included tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and oxidant/antioxidant profile were assessed at the end of the experiment. Main olfactory bulb (MOB) has been processed for histopathological examination. Gene expression of caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Ki67 were assessed in the MOB using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The study showed that musk inhalation significantly reduced (p < 0.001) corticosterone level, immobility time, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers in CUMS-exposed mice compared to the untreated CUMS group. Musk lessened CUMS-associated neuronal alterations in the MOB and significantly reduced apoptosis and enhanced neural cell proliferation (p < 0.001) comparable to fluoxetine. Musk significantly enhanced the level of antioxidants in the serum and significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of musk and its constituents seemed to be behind its neuroprotective effect observed in this study. CONCLUSION Musk effectively ameliorated the chronic stress-induced behavioral, biochemical, and neuronal structural changes in MOB mostly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailah M. Almohaimeed
- Department of Basic Science, Medical College, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq H. Batawi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medical Applications, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Manal G. Abd El Wahab
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Nurses, National Gard, King Saud University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany A. AbdElfattah
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nasra N. Ayuob
- Department of Medical Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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25
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Xia Q, Tu Z, Sun J, Jing Q, Chen P, Zhao X. Propofol Mediated Protection of the Brain From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the Regulation of Microglial Connexin 43. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637233. [PMID: 34169070 PMCID: PMC8217990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious condition that leads to increased apoptosis of microglial and neurons in the brain. In this study, we identified that Cx43 expression level is significantly increased in the microglial cells during I/R injury. Using an in vitro model (hypoxia/reoxygenation-H/R injury), we observed that H/R injury leads to an increase in activation of microglial cells and increase in levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, we could also observe significant increase in phosphorylation of Cx43 and Cav3.2 levels. To assess the role of H/R injured microglial cells on neuronal population, we cultured the neurons with conditioned media (MCS) from H/R injured microglial cells. Interestingly, we observed that microglial H/R injury significantly decreased Map2 expression and affected neuronal morphology. Further, we aimed to assess the effects of propofol on cerebral H/R injury, and observed that 40 μM propofol significantly decreased Cx43, Cx43 phosphorylation, and CaV3.2 levels. Additionally, propofol decreased apoptosis and increased Map2 expression levels in H/R injured neurons. Using silencing experiments, we confirmed that siCx43 could significantly improve the propofol's rescue after H/R injury in both microglia and neurons. We further developed an in vivo MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) rat model to understand the effect of propofol in I/R injury. Interestingly, propofol treatment and downregulation of Cx43 significantly decreased the infract volume and apoptosis in these MCAO rats. Thus, this study clearly establishes that propofol protects the brain against I/R injury through the downregulation of Cx43 in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Zhang R, Liu C, Li Y, Chen L, Xiang J. Tenacissoside H promotes neurological recovery of cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress via TrkB pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:757-769. [PMID: 32799328 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute brain injury remains a troublesome condition in clinical practice. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of tenacissoside H (TH) on I/R-induced cerebral injury in mice. Here, a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established by an improved Longa-Zea method. TH was given by intraperitoneal injection once a day within 1 week before establishing the mouse MCAO model. The neurological functions of mice were evaluated and the apoptosis of neurons was also detected by the TUNEL method and Nissl's staining. ELISA and western blot were used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors, oxidation factors and proteins in the cerebral ischaemic cortex. The results revealed that TH dose-dependently reduced neurological impairment, neuron apoptosis and brain oedema induced by MCAO. Furthermore, TH attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α), iNOS and nuclear factor (NF)-κB while increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and BDNF) and proteins of tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB) and PPARγ. Nevertheless, after the addition of TrkB inhibitor, the effects of TH above were mostly restrained. In conclusion, TH can protect mice against I/R-induced neurological impairments via modulating inflammation and oxidative stress through TrkB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of NICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of NICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Interventional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus (Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xiang
- Interventional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus (Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital), Shanghai, China
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27
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Sharma S, Nozohouri S, Vaidya B, Abbruscato T. Repurposing metformin to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2021; 274:119343. [PMID: 33716063 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for major central nervous system (CNS) disorders. More specifically, aging can be inked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) because of its deteriorating impact on neurovascular unit (NVU). Metformin, a first line FDA-approved anti-diabetic drug, has gained increasing interest among researchers for its role in improving aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, numerous studies have illustrated metformin's role in ischemic stroke, a cerebrovascular disorder in which the NVU becomes dysfunctional which can lead to permanent life-threatening disabilities. Considering metformin's beneficial preclinical actions on various disorders, and the drug's role in alleviating severity of these conditions through involvement in commonly characterized cellular pathways, we discuss the potential of metformin as a suitable drug candidate for repurposing in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
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28
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Yu Q, Dai H, Jiang Y, Zha Y, Zhang J. Sevoflurane alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury in HT22 cells through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:376. [PMID: 33732349 PMCID: PMC7903476 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev), a volatile anesthetic, has been reported to exhibit beneficial effects on different ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured organs. However, the neuroprotective effect of Sev on cerebral I/R injury is poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of Sev on HT22 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury are investigated. The present study demonstrated that OGD/R suppressed the cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from the cells, and these effects were attenuated by Sev treatment. The results also demonstrated that Sev alleviated OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis via flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity determination. Biochemical analysis results revealed that Sev significantly protected against OGD/R-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS generation and improving antioxidant defense markers. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Sev reactivated the PI3K/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway, which was inhibited by OGD/R. In addition, wortmannin, a selective PI3K inhibitor was used to investigate the underlying pathways. Notably, the neuroprotective effect of Sev on apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production was found to be suppressed by wortmannin. Collectively, these results demonstrated that Sev may protect neuronal cells against OGD/R-induced injury through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The findings from the present study provide a novel insight into understanding the neuroprotective effect of Sev on cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Haofei Dai
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zha
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
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29
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Zhu H, Qiao X, Liu W, Wang C, Zhao Y. Microglia Play an Essential Role in Synapse Development and Neuron Maturation in Tissue-Engineered Neural Tissues. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586452. [PMID: 33328858 PMCID: PMC7717954 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of constructing engineered neural tissues, we often use mixed primary neural cells, which contain microglia in the cell culture. However, the role that microglia play in the construction of engineered neural tissue has not been well studied. Here, we generated three-dimensional (3D) engineered neural tissues by silk fibroin/collagen composite scaffolds and primary mixed cortical cells. We depleted microglial cells by magnetic separation. Then, we analyzed the neural growth, development, mature and synapse-related gene, and protein expressions compared with the control engineered neural tissues with the microglia-depleted engineered neural tissues. We found that the engineered neural tissues constructed by magnetic separation to remove microglia showed a decrease in the number of synaptic proteins and mature neurons. These findings link microglia to neuron and synaptic maturation and suggest the importance of microglia in constructing engineered neural tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Department of Neural Engineering and BiologicalInterdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Department of Neural Engineering and BiologicalInterdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Department of Neural Engineering and BiologicalInterdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Department of Neural Engineering and BiologicalInterdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and Department of Neural Engineering and BiologicalInterdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Voelz C, Habib P, Köberlein S, Beyer C, Slowik A. Alteration of miRNA Biogenesis Regulating Proteins in the Human Microglial Cell Line HMC-3 After Ischemic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1535-1549. [PMID: 33210205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding sequences that control apoptosis, proliferation, and neuroinflammatory pathways in microglia cells. The expression of distinct miRNAs is altered after ischemia in the brain. Only minor information is available about the biogenesis and maturation of miRNAs after ischemia. We aimed at examining the impact of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced stress on the expression of miRNA regulating proteins such as DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, DICER, TARBP2, and AGO2 in the cultured human microglial cell line HMC-3 (human microglial cell line clone 3). OGD duration of 2.5 h or H2O2 stimulation at a concentration of 100 μM for 24 h resulted in a marked increase of the hypoxia sensor hypoxia-inducible factor1-α in HMC-3 cells. These treatments also led to an upregulation of DROSHA, DICER1, and AGO2 detected by semiquantitative real-time PCR (qrtPCR). XPO5 and TARBP2 were only upregulated after stimulation with H2O2, while DGCR8 responded only to OGD. We found elevated DICER1, DROSHA, and AGO2 protein levels by western blot and immunohistochemistry staining. Interestingly, the latter also exposed a colocalization of AGO2 with stress granules (G3BP1) after OGD. Our data indicate that DICER, DROSHA, and AGO2 are induced in microglial cells under hypoxia-like conditions. It might be speculated that their inductions might increase the miRNA synthesis rate. Future studies should investigate this correlation to determine which miRNAs are preferably expressed by microglia cells after ischemia and which functions they could exert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Voelz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Köberlein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Wang J, Xing H, Qin X, Ren Q, Yang J, Li L. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of muscone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113120. [PMID: 32668321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Musk, the dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer (genus Moschus), possesses various pharmacological activities and has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Muscone is the main active ingredient of musk and exerts pharmacological effects similar to those of musk. Although muscone was notably used to treat various disorders and diseases, such as neurological disorders, chronic inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury, most of the mechanisms of the pharmacological action of muscone remain unclear because of slow progress in research before the 21st century. In recent years, the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of muscone have been clarified. The present article summarizes the pharmacological and biological studies on cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, neurological effects, cancer and others and the associated mechanisms of the action of muscone to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Health Management Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Ren
- Health Management Center, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China.
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Liao S, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The possible roles of necroptosis during cerebral ischemia and ischemia / reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108629. [PMID: 33068524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a process consequential to cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent evidence suggest that necroptosis has been involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. The mechanism of necroptosis is initiated by an activation of inflammatory receptors including tumor necrosis factor, toll like receptor, and fas ligands. The signals activate the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, 3, and a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) to instigate necroptosis. RIPK1 inhibitor, necrostatin-1, was developed, and dramatically reduced brain injury following cerebral ischemia in mice. Consequently, necroptosis could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke, which aims to reduce long-term adverse outcomes after cerebral ischemia. Several studies have been conducted to test the roles of necroptosis on cerebral ischemia and cerebral I/R injury, and the efficacy of necrostatin-1 has been tested in those models. Evidence regarding the roles of necroptosis and the effects of necrostatin-1, from in vitro and in vivo studies, has been summarized and discussed. In addition, other therapeutic managements, involving in necroptosis, are also included in this review. We believe that the insights from this review might clarify the clinical perspective and challenges involved in future stroke treatment by targeting the necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchan Liao
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Jin P, Li LH, Shi Y, Hu NB. Salidroside inhibits apoptosis and autophagy of cardiomyocyte by regulation of circular RNA hsa_circ_0000064 in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Gene 2020; 767:145075. [PMID: 32858179 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside (Sal), a natural extract of Rhodiola rosea, shows a latent effect on protecting cardiovascular system. Our study explored the effect of salidroside on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat heart. I/R was performed on Wistar rat hearts, and Sal pretreatment was performed in I/R rats. Cardiac marker enzyme, myocardial infarct size, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content were then measured. Compared with the untreated group, Sal pretreatment observably ameliorated the cardiac function, decreased the myocardial infarct size, reduced the levels of cardiac lactate creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and dehydrogenase (LDH), and inhibited the anti-oxidative stress. In addition, Sal treatment also significantly inhibited autophagy and apoptosis, which could be partially reversed by Rapamycin (RAPA), an autophagic agonist. Furthermore, Sal treatment attenuated autophagy by up-regulating the expression of hsa_circ_0000064 (circ-0000064) and Rapamycin (RAPA) treatment abolished it. Our study showed that Sal protected the heart from I/R injury, which might berelated to the upregulation of circ-0000064 and the inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Liang-Hai Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Emergency, Huai'an Second People's Hospital and the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Nan-Bin Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Lian Shui People's Hospital, Lian Shui, Huan'an, China
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Wu W, Liu J, Yang C, Xu Z, Huang J, Lin J. Astrocyte-derived exosome-transported microRNA-34c is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via TLR7 and the NF-κB/MAPK pathways. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:84-94. [PMID: 32682816 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and microRNAs (miRs) are critical in reducing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the mechanism of astrocyte-derived exosome (ATC-Exo)-transported miR-34c in cerebral I/R injury is unclear. A rat model of cerebral I/R injury was established in this study, and the rats were injected with ATC-Exos. An oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in N2a cells was utilized to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro, and the effects of ATC-Exo-transported miR-34c on the biological episodes of OGD/R-stimulated N2a cells were evaluated. The downstream gene and pathway of miR-34c were verified, and a rescue experiment of the pathway was performed. Consequently, we found that I/R damaged neurons, and ATC-Exo-transported miR-34c alleviated the neuronal injury caused by I/R. In addition, ATC-Exo-transported miR-34c promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in OGD/R-stimulated N2a cells. miR-34c targeted Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and downregulated the NF-κB/MAPK axis. Treatment with NF-κB- or MAPK-specific inhibitors partially restored the impaired protection against I/R that was caused by ATC-Exos with low expression of miR-34c. Overall, ATC-Exo-transported miR-34c targets TLR7 to downregulate the NF-κB/MAPK axis and relieve neurological damage induced by I/R. This study may offer novel insight for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Wu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China
| | - Jiaquan Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China
| | - Jianbao Huang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China
| | - Jiyan Lin
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China.
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Benjanuwattra J, Apaijai N, Chunchai T, Kerdphoo S, Jaiwongkam T, Arunsak B, Wongsuchai S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Metformin preferentially provides neuroprotection following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion in non-diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165893. [PMID: 32621957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following acute myocardial infarction, re-establishment of coronary perfusion aggravates further injuries in the heart and remote organs including the brain as a consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Since pretreatment with metformin attenuated both cardiac and cerebral I/R injury via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, we hypothesized that metformin given after ischemia mitigates both cardiac and brain pathologies following cardiac I/R. Male Wistar rats were subjected to either cardiac I/R (30 min-ischemia/120 min-reperfusion; n = 30) or sham operation (n = 5). Metformin 200 mg/kg was given intravenously to the cardiac I/R group (n = 10/group), either during ischemia (D-MET) or at the onset of reperfusion (R-MET). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and arrhythmia scores were determined. The heart and brain tissues were collected to determine the extent of injury, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. Additionally, microglial morphology, Alzheimer's proteins, and dendritic spine density were determined in the brain. Cardiac I/R led to not only reduced LVEF, cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction, and arrhythmias, but also brain mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, Alzheimer's protein aggregation, microglial activation, and dendritic spine loss. A single dose of metformin did not alter p-AMPK/AMPK in both organs. In the heart, impaired LVEF, arrhythmias, infarct size expansion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis were not alleviated. On the contrary, metformin attenuated brain mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and Alzheimer's protein levels. Microglial morphology and dendritic spine density were additionally preserved in D-MET group. In conclusion, metformin given during ischemia preferentially provides neuroprotection against brain mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, microglial activation, and dendritic spine loss in an AMPK-independent manner following cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthipong Benjanuwattra
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Bussarin Arunsak
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Supawit Wongsuchai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Gao XZ, Ma RH, Zhang ZX. miR-339 Promotes Hypoxia-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Impairs Cell Viability by Targeting FGF9/CACNG2 and Mediating MAPK Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 11:436. [PMID: 32587563 PMCID: PMC7297914 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common cerebrovascular disease characterized by insufficient blood blow to the brain and the second leading cause of death as well as disability worldwide. Recent literatures have indicated that abnormal expression of miR-339 is closely related to IS. In this study, we attempted to assess the biological function of miR-339 and its underlying mechanism in IS. By accessing the GEO repository, the expression of miR-339, FGF9, and CACNG2 in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and non-MCAO was evaluated. PC12 cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment were prepared to mimic in vitro the IS model. The levels of miR-339, FGF9, CACNG2, and MAPK-related markers were quantitatively measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. CCK-8 and flow cytometry analyses were performed to examine cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. IS-related potential pathways were identified using KEGG enrichment analysis and GO annotations. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to predict and verify the possible target of miR-339. Our results showed that miR-339 expression was significantly increased in MCAO and OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Overexpression of miR-339 inhibited cell viability of PC12 cells subjected to OGD/R treatment. FGF9 and CACMG2 are direct targets of miR-339 and can reverse the aggressive effect of miR-339 on the proliferation and apoptosis of OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Moreover, miR-339 mediated the activation of the MAPK pathway, which was inhibited by the FGF9/CACNG2 axis in PC12 cells treated by OGD/R stimulation. In summary, these findings suggested that miR-339 might act as a disruptive molecule to accelerate the IS progression via targeting the FGF9/CACNG2 axis and mediating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zeng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ru-Hua Ma
- Emergency Department, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
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Zhao S, Xiao P, Cui H, Gong P, Lin C, Chen F, Tang Z. Hypothermia-Induced Ubiquitination of Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 3 Protects BV2 Microglia Cells From Cytotoxicity Following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Recovery. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:100. [PMID: 32581711 PMCID: PMC7289978 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypothermia attenuates microglial activation and exerts a potential neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this in vitro study, a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by recovery (OGD/R), was used to investigate whether hypothermia exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties via enhanced ubiquitination and down-regulation of voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) expression. Methods: BV2 microglia were cultured under OGD for 4 h following reperfusion with or without hypothermia for 2, 4, or 8 h. M1 and M2 microglia markers [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase (Arg)1] were detected using immunofluorescence. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL)-1β], and anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was assayed by JC-1 staining using a flow cytometer. Expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and VDAC3 were assessed using western blot analysis. The cellular locations and interactions of ubiquitin and VDAC3 were identified using double immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. Also, the level of the VDAC3 mRNA was determined using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Hypothermia inhibited the OGD/R-induced microglia activation and differentiation into the M1 type with pro-inflammatory effect, whereas it promoted differentiation to the M2 type with anti-inflammatory effect. Hypothermia attenuated OGD/R-induced loss of Δψm, as well as the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. Compared to normothermia, hypothermia increased the level of ubiquitinated VDAC3 in the BV2 microglia at both 2 and 8 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, hypothermia did not attenuate VDAC3 mRNA expression in OGD/R-induced microglia. Conclusions: Hypothermia treatment during reperfusion, attenuated OGD/R-induced inflammation, and apoptosis in BV2 microglia. This might be due to the promotion of VDAC3 ubiquitination, identifying VDAC3 as a new target of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, China
| | - Caijing Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Emergency Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziren Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhao J, Piao X, Wu Y, Liang S, Han F, Liang Q, Shao S, Zhao D. Cepharanthine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via inhibiting 12/15-LOX signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110151. [PMID: 32559840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP) is a potential candidate for treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. To investigate the effect of CEP on cerebral I/R injury, we established a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and a microglia cell model of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Administration of CEP attenuated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume and edema, and decreased microglia activation in MCAO mice. Immunofluorescence staining showed an up-regulation in NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) immunoreactivity in Iba1-labled microglia together with total Iba1 and NLRP3 expression in the brain following tMCAO, while down-regulated by CEP treatment. In both tMCAO-induced mice and OGD/R-treated BV-2 cells, CEP exhibited dose-dependent inhibition on the expression of NLRP3, ASC and cleaved caspase-1. Importantly, CEP attenuated tMCAO or OGD/R-induced overproduction of M1 microglia-regulated pro-inflammation cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, suggesting that CEP might involve in suppressing microglia polarization to M1 phenotype in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, CEP dose-dependently inhibited tMCAO-induced arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase (ALOX15) together with Iba1-labled microglia. The subsequent ALOX15-mediated oxidative stress was decreased by CEP treatment in vivo and in vitro, as evidenced by reduced ROS generation and MDA level, and increased SOD activity. Taken together, we demonstrate that CEP attenuates cerebral I/R injury probably by inhibiting microglia activation and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammation and reducing oxidative stress via suppressing 12/15-LOX signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Piao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker High Throughput Screening and Target Translation of Breast and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, People's Republic of China.
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Li G, Xiao L, Qin H, Zhuang Q, Zhang W, Liu L, Di C, Zhang Y. Exosomes-carried microRNA-26b-5p regulates microglia M1 polarization after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1022-1035. [PMID: 32208888 PMCID: PMC7217376 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1743912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome and microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) process. In this study, I/R mouse model was established, and exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) were isolated, identified, and injected to I/R mice to observe nerve injury and microglia M1 polarization. The differentially expressed genes in I/R microglia from databases were analyzed, and miRs differentially expressed in exosomes-treated microglia were analyzed by microarray. miR-26b-5p expression in hUCMSCs was intervened. Besides, microglia was extracted and co-cultured with SH-SY5Y or PC12 cells in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) models to simulate I/R in vivo. Additionally, Toll-like receptor (TLR) activator GS-9620 was added to microglia. Exosomes alleviated nerve injury and inhibited M1 polarization in microglia. After I/R modeling, CH25H expression in microglia was upregulated but decreased after exosome treatment. miR-26b-5p was upregulated in microglia after exosome treatment and could target CH25H. Reduction in exosomal miR-26b-5p reversed the effects of hUCMSCs-exos on microglia. TLR pathway was activated in microglia after I/R but exosomes prevented its activation. Exosomal miR-26b-5p could repress M1 polarization of microglia by targeting CH25H to inactivate the TLR pathway, so as to relieve nerve injury after cerebral I/R. This investigation may offer new approaches for I/R treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Longhai Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao Di
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yabo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong, P.R. China
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Protection of the Geum japonicum Thunb. var. chinense extracts against oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation induced astrocytes injury via BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110123. [PMID: 32361162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Geum japonicum Tunb. var. chinense (GJ) is a traditional Chinese medicine usually used for the alleviation of dizziness and headache. Previous studies have reported that the GJ extracts could alleviate cerebral I/R injury by reducing apoptosis in vivo. To further elucidate the positive role and underlying mechanism of the GJ extracts in cerebral I/R injury, the current study investigated the effects of the GJ extracts on oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced astrocytes injury in light of BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling pathway with seropharmacological method. In the present study, the LC-MS profiling of the GJ extracts, obtain by reflux extraction, led to the identification of three possible active components were 5-desgalloylstachyurin, tellimagrandin II (TG II) and 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde (THBA). Drug-containing serum was collected from rats given different doses of the GJ extracts (0, 1.75 g/kg, 7 g/kg). Data indicated that the GJ extracts could increase the cell viability and decrease apoptosis and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in OGD/R-induced astrocytes. In addition, the detection of apoptosis-related factors showed that the GJ extracts could obviously increase the expression of Bcl-2 and reduce the expression of Bax, Caspase-3 and cleaved-Caspase-3. Furthermore, the GJ extracts markedly increased the expression of BDNF, TrkB, PI3K, p-Akt and p-CREB. All these effects of the GJ extracts could be significantly reversed by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. These data indicated that the GJ extracts could protect astrocytes against OGD/R-induced injury by inhibiting astrocytes reactivity and apoptosis, owing to the activation of the BDNF/PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway. The results support the application of the GJ extracts in the treatment of ischemic stroke and other ischemic encephalopathy.
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Gao Y, Nan G, Chi L. MicroRNA miR-505-5p Promotes Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Neuronal Injury via Negative Regulation of CREG1 in Cultured Neuron-Like Cells. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-020-09835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Anna R, Rolf R, Mark C. Update of the organoprotective properties of xenon and argon: from bench to beside. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:11. [PMID: 32096000 PMCID: PMC7040108 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of the elderly population has led to an increase in patients with myocardial infarction and stroke (Wajngarten and Silva, Eur Cardiol 14: 111–115, 2019). Patients receiving treatment for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) highly profit from early reperfusion therapy under 3 h from the onset of symptoms. However, mortality from STEMI remains high due to the increase in age and comorbidities (Menees et al., N Engl J Med 369: 901–909, 2013). These factors also account for patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Reperfusion therapy has been established as the gold standard within the first 4 to 5 h after onset of symptoms (Powers et al., Stroke 49: e46-e110, 2018). Nonetheless, not all patients are eligible for reperfusion therapy. The same is true for traumatic brain injury patients. Due to the complexity of acute myocardial and central nervous injury (CNS), finding organ protective substances to improve the function of remote myocardium and the ischaemic penumbra of the brain is urgent. This narrative review focuses on the noble gases argon and xenon and their possible cardiac, renal and neuroprotectant properties in the elderly high-risk (surgical) population. The article will provide an overview of the latest experimental and clinical studies. It is beyond the scope of this review to give a detailed summary of the mechanistic understanding of organ protection by xenon and argon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roehl Anna
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52072, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rossaint Rolf
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Coburn Mark
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52072, Aachen, Germany
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43
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Wu GQ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Recent insights into eukaryotic translation initiation factors 5A1 and 5A2 and their roles in human health and disease. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32368188 PMCID: PMC7191727 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A1 (eIF5A1) and its homolog eIF5A2 are the only two human proteins containing the unique post-translational modification-hypusination, which is essential for the function of these two proteins. eIF5A1 was initially identified as a translation initiation factor by promoting the first peptide bond formation of protein during translation; however, recent results suggest that eIF5A1 also functions as a translation elongation factor. It has been shown that eIF5A1 is implicated in certain human diseases, including diabetes, several human cancer types, viral infections and diseases of neural system. Meanwhile, eIF5A2 is overexpressed in many cancers, and plays an important role in the development and progression of cancers. As multiple roles of these two factors were observed among these studies, therefore, it remains unclear whether they act as oncogene or tumor suppressor. In this review, the recent literature of eIF5As and their roles in human diseases, especially in human cancers, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Qi Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
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Ren Q, Hu Z, Jiang Y, Tan X, Botchway BOA, Amin N, Lin G, Geng Y, Fang M. SIRT1 Protects Against Apoptosis by Promoting Autophagy in the Oxygen Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion-Induced Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 31920915 PMCID: PMC6915092 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) contributes to cellular regulation. Previous studies have reported SIRT1 to be abnormally expressed in the ischemic penumbra of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury rat model. We investigated the effect of SIRT1 on oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) cell injury. Over-expressed or silenced SIRT1 pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells were exposed to an in-vitro OGD/R injury. Western blot, TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to assess apoptosis and autophagy. We found autophagy and apoptosis to be up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, following the over-expression of SIRT1 in the OGD/R-induced PC12 cells. We also found the silencing of SIRT1 to culminate in the down-regulation and up-regulation of autophagy and apoptosis, respectively. On the basis of our results, we surmise that SIRT1 can promote autophagy and inhibit apoptosis in-vitro, and thus exhibit potential neuroprotection against OGD/R-induced injury. This could facilitate in the development of therapeutic approaches for cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Ren
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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45
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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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46
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Leech T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The beneficial roles of metformin on the brain with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104261. [PMID: 31170502 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the transient loss, followed by rapid return, of blood flow to the brain. This condition is often caused by strokes and heart attacks. The underlying mechanisms resulting in brain damage during cerebral I/R injury include mitochondrial dysregulation, increased oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species, blood-brain-barrier breakdown, inflammation of the brain, and increased neuronal apoptosis. Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug which has recently been shown to be capable of acting through the aforementioned pathways to improve recovery following cerebral I/R injury. However, some studies have suggested that metformin therapy may have no effect or even worsen recovery following cerebral I/R injury. The present review will compile and examine the available in vivo, in vitro, and clinical data concerning the neuroprotective effects of metformin following cerebral I/R injury. Any contradictory evidence will also be assessed and presented to determine the actual effectiveness of metformin treatment in stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Leech
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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47
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Wang Z, Zhao W, Shen X, Wan H, Yu JM. The role of P2Y6 receptors in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and its improvement of oxidative stress in rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17123-17130. [PMID: 31106899 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of P2Y6 receptors in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and progression of oxidative stress, we investigated the efficacy of the selective P2Y6 receptors antagonist MRS2578 on the antiallodynic effects and improvement of pathological neuropathic pain-induced oxidative stress, thereby finding a potential therapeutic target in neurological disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of rats was observed in rats after chronic constriction injury (CCI). Meanwhile, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of biological parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the SDH of rats were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the mRNA expression and protein levels of P2Y6 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot assay, respectively. Next, the rats subjected to CCI were intrathecally infused with MRS2578 to block the expression of P2Y6 receptors. The positive expression of P2Y6 receptors was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the present study, the results revealed that the P2Y6 expression in the ipsilateral SDH of CCI rats was significantly upregulated. In addition, inhibition of the P2Y6 receptor in SDH increased CCI-induced tactile allodynia. Furthermore, the levels of SOD, GSH, and HO-1 which were correlated with oxidative stress produced by CCI were also decreased. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that inhibition of the P2Y6 receptor can generate antiallodynic effects and improved the pathological neuropathic pain-induced oxidative stress. Thus, this study provides a potential approach for the therapy of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - WenSheng Zhao
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - XinYi Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - HaiFang Wan
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ming Yu
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu C, Guo S, Su J, Zhao W, Xing H. Higenamine protects neuronal cells from oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation‐induced injury. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3757-3764. [PMID: 30270549 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Chuntao Wu
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Wendong Zhao
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Hongxia Xing
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
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