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Aslam N, Alvi F. TRPC3 Channel Activity and Viability of Purkinje Neurons can be Regulated by a Local Signalosome. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:818682. [PMID: 35265671 PMCID: PMC8899209 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.818682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC3) may play a pivotal role in the development and viability of dendritic arbor in Purkinje neurons. This is a novel postsynaptic channel for glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In the cerebellum, TRPC3 appears to regulate functions relating to motor coordination in a highly specific manner. Gain of TRPC3 function is linked to significant alterations in the density and connectivity of dendritic arbor in Purkinje neurons. TRPC3 signals downstream of class I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). Moreover, diacylglycerol (DAG) can directly bind and activate TRPC3 molecules. Here, we investigate a key question: How can the activity of the TRPC3 channel be regulated in Purkinje neurons? We also explore how mGluR1 activation, Ca2+ influx, and DAG homeostasis in Purkinje neurons can be linked to TRPC3 activity modulation. Through systems biology approach, we show that TRPC3 activity can be modulated by a Purkinje cell (PC)–specific local signalosome. The assembly of this signalosome is coordinated by DAG generation after mGluR1 activation. Our results also suggest that purinergic receptor activation leads to the spatial and temporal organization of the TRPC3 signaling module and integration of its key effector molecules such as DAG, PKCγ, DGKγ, and Ca2+ into an organized local signalosome. This signaling machine can regulate the TRPC3 cycling between active, inactive, and desensitized states. Precise activity of the TRPC3 channel is essential for tightly regulating the Ca2+ entry into PCs and thus the balance of lipid and Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje neurons and hence their viability. Cell-type–specific understanding of mechanisms regulating TRPC3 channel activity could be key in identifying therapeutic targeting opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Aslam
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Naveed Aslam,
| | - Farah Alvi
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
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2
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Zhu JW, Jia WQ, Zhou H, Li YF, Zou MM, Wang ZT, Wu BS, Xu RX. Deficiency of TRIM32 Impairs Motor Function and Purkinje Cells in Mid-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:697494. [PMID: 34421574 PMCID: PMC8377415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.697494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the cerebellum is crucial to motor balance and coordination in adult mammals. Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, play essential roles in cerebellar motor function. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in balance activities of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the mammalian brain and in the development of many nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function has never been examined. In this study we found that motor balance and coordination of mid-aged TRIM32 deficient mice were poorer than those of wild-type littermates. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess cerebella morphology and TRIM32 expression in PCs. Golgi staining showed that the extent of dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density of PCs were decreased in the absence of TRIM32. The loss of TRIM32 was also associated with a decrease in the number of synapses between parallel fibers and PCs, and in synapses between climbing fibers and PCs. In addition, deficiency of TRIM32 decreased Type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5A) levels in cerebellum. Overall, this study is the first to elucidate a role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function and a possible mechanism, thereby highlighting the importance of TRIM32 in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Children Special Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Shan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Sitaraman S, Yadav G, Agarwal V, Jabeen S, Verma S, Jadhav M, Thirumalai V. Gjd2b-mediated gap junctions promote glutamatergic synapse formation and dendritic elaboration in Purkinje neurons. eLife 2021; 10:68124. [PMID: 34346310 PMCID: PMC8382294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions between neurons serve as electrical synapses, in addition to conducting metabolites and signaling molecules. During development, early-appearing gap junctions are thought to prefigure chemical synapses, which appear much later. We present evidence for this idea at a central, glutamatergic synapse and provide some mechanistic insights. Loss or reduction in the levels of the gap junction protein Gjd2b decreased the frequency of glutamatergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) in larval zebrafish. Ultrastructural analysis in the molecular layer showed decreased synapse density. Further, mEPSCs had faster kinetics and larger amplitudes in mutant PNs, consistent with their stunted dendritic arbors. Time-lapse microscopy in wild-type and mutant PNs reveals that Gjd2b puncta promote the elongation of branches and that CaMKII may be a critical mediator of this process. These results demonstrate that Gjd2b-mediated gap junctions regulate glutamatergic synapse formation and dendritic elaboration in PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Sitaraman
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Gnaneshwar Yadav
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vandana Agarwal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shaista Jabeen
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivangi Verma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Meha Jadhav
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vatsala Thirumalai
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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4
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Promotion of Dendritic Differentiation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IIα, IIβ and IV and Possible Involvement of CREB Phosphorylation. Neuroscience 2021; 458:87-98. [PMID: 33493619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells develop the most elaborate dendritic trees among neurons in the brain. To examine the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) IIα, IIβ and IV in the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells, we introduced siRNA against these CaMKs into Purkinje cells in cerebellar cell cultures using a single-cell electroporation technique. Single-cell electroporation enables us to transfer siRNA into specific cells within a heterogeneous cell population. In addition, we can easily and reliably transfer multiple types of siRNA into a cell simply by loading them together in one micropipette. Any one of the siRNA against CaMKIIα, IIβ and IV (single knockdown) or any combinations of two of the siRNA against these CaMKs (double knockdown) had no significant effects on the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells. However, the combination of all three siRNA against these CaMKs (triple knockdown) inhibited the branching of Purkinje cell dendrites. Furthermore, the triple knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of CREB in Purkinje cells. These findings suggest the promotion of dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells by CaMKIIα, IIβ and IV and the possible involvement of phosphorylation of CREB as a common substrate of these CaMKs.
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5
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Fujishima K, Kurisu J, Yamada M, Kengaku M. βIII spectrin controls the planarity of Purkinje cell dendrites by modulating perpendicular axon-dendrite interactions. Development 2020; 147:226102. [PMID: 33234719 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the geometrical patterning of axon and dendrite wiring remains elusive, despite its crucial importance in the formation of functional neural circuits. The cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) arborizes a typical planar dendrite, which forms an orthogonal network with granule cell (GC) axons. By using electrospun nanofiber substrates, we reproduce the perpendicular contacts between PC dendrites and GC axons in culture. In the model system, PC dendrites show a preference to grow perpendicularly to aligned GC axons, which presumably contribute to the planar dendrite arborization in vivo We show that βIII spectrin, a causal protein for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, is required for the biased growth of dendrites. βIII spectrin deficiency causes actin mislocalization and excessive microtubule invasion in dendritic protrusions, resulting in abnormally oriented branch formation. Furthermore, disease-associated mutations affect the ability of βIII spectrin to control dendrite orientation. These data indicate that βIII spectrin organizes the mouse dendritic cytoskeleton and thereby regulates the oriented growth of dendrites with respect to the afferent axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kurisu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yamada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Refinement of Cerebellar Network Organization by Extracellular Signaling During Development. Neuroscience 2020; 462:44-55. [PMID: 32502568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum forms regular neural network structures consisting of a few major types of neurons, such as Purkinje cells, granule cells, and molecular layer interneurons, and receives two major inputs from climbing fibers and mossy fibers. Its regular structures consist of three well-defined layers, with each type of neuron designated to a specific location and forming specific synaptic connections. During the first few weeks of postnatal development in rodents, the cerebellum goes through dynamic changes via proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and maturation, to create such a network structure. The development of this organized network structure presumably relies on the communication between developing elements in the network, including not only individual neurons, but also their dendrites, axons, and synapses. Therefore, it is reasonable that extracellular signaling via synaptic transmission, secreted molecules, and cell adhesion molecules, plays important roles in cerebellar network development. Although it is not yet clear as to how overall cerebellar development is orchestrated, there is indeed accumulating lines of evidence that extracellular signaling acts toward the development of individual elements in the cerebellar networks. In this article, we introduce what we have learned from many studies regarding the extracellular signaling required for cerebellar network development, including our recent study suggesting the importance of unbiased synaptic inputs from parallel fibers.
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Lowe M. The Physiological Functions of the Golgin Vesicle Tethering Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:94. [PMID: 31316978 PMCID: PMC6611411 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The golgins comprise a family of vesicle tethering proteins that act in a selective manner to tether transport vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. Tethering is followed by membrane fusion to complete the delivery of vesicle-bound cargo to the Golgi. Different golgins are localized to different regions of the Golgi, and their ability to selectively tether transport vesicles is important for the specificity of vesicle traffic in the secretory pathway. In recent years, our mechanistic understanding of golgin-mediated tethering has greatly improved. We are also beginning to appreciate how the loss of golgin function can impact upon physiological processes through the use of animal models and the study of human disease. These approaches have revealed that loss of a golgin causes tissue-restricted phenotypes, which can vary in severity and the cell types affected. In many cases, it is possible to attribute these phenotypes to a defect in vesicular traffic, although why certain tissues are sensitive to loss of a particular golgin is still, in most cases, unclear. Here, I will summarize recent progress in our understanding of golgins, focusing on the physiological roles of these proteins, as determined from animal models and the study of disease in humans. I will describe what these in vivo analyses have taught us, as well as highlight less understood aspects, and areas for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang R, Tan J, Guo J, Zheng Y, Han Q, So KF, Yu J, Zhang L. Aberrant Development and Synaptic Transmission of Cerebellar Cortex in a VPA Induced Mouse Autism Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:500. [PMID: 30622458 PMCID: PMC6308145 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autistic spectral disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disease that affects multiple brain regions. Both clinical and animal studies have revealed the possible involvement of the cerebellum in ASD pathology. In this study, we generated a rodent ASD model through a single prenatal administration of valproic acid (VPA) into pregnant mice, followed by cerebellar morphological and functional studies of the offspring. Behavioral studies showed that VPA exposure led to retardation of critical motor reflexes in juveniles and impaired learning in a tone-conditioned complex motor task in adults. These behavioral phenotypes were associated with premature migration and excess apoptosis of the granular cell (GC) precursor in the cerebellar cortex during the early postnatal period, and the decreased cell density and impaired dendritic arborization of the Purkinje neurons. On acute cerebellar slices, suppressed synaptic transmission of the Purkinje cells were reported in the VPA-treated mice. In summary, converging evidence from anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral abnormalities in the VPA-treated mice suggest cerebellar pathology in ASD and indicate the potential values of motor dysfunction in the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanna Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Tan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxiu Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Han
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Seki T, Sato M, Konno A, Hirai H, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Katsuki H. d-Cysteine promotes dendritic development in primary cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells via hydrogen sulfide production. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 93:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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10
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You M, Gu W, Li M, Qiu Z, Li S, Jiang Z, Yao D, Xu Y, Wang Y. Perinatal exposure to nonylphenol impairs dendritic outgrowth of cerebellar Purkinje cells in progeny. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:758-766. [PMID: 30099160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a commercially produced nonionic surfactant that has become a global environmental pollutant due to poor biodegradability. Many studies have confirmed that NP has detrimental effects on the central nervous system. However, the damaging roles of NP on the cerebellum and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of perinatal exposure to NP on cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) dendrites and explored the potential mechanism involved. The animal model of perinatal exposure to NP was established by orally administering dams with either corn oil or NP (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring subjected to NP exposure during pregnancy and lactation had shorter and fewer cerebellar PC dendritic branches in childhood (postnatal day (PND)21) and adulthood (PND80). Contrary to expectations, perinatal NP treatment increased phosphorylation of protein kinase C gamma on PND21, but not on PND80. However, perinatal exposure to NP decreased phosphorylation of stathmin and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), as well as the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cerebellar PCs on PND21 and PND80. These results indicate that perinatal exposure to NP irreversibly inhibited dendritic growth of PCs in the cerebella of offspring. Furthermore, the irreversible damage to PC dendrites in the cerebella of offspring subjected to perinatal NP exposure may be due to increased stathmin activity mediated by BDNF-TrkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Weijia Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Siyao Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dianqi Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Shimobayashi E, Kapfhammer JP. Calcium Signaling, PKC Gamma, IP3R1 and CAR8 Link Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:151-159. [PMID: 28554312 PMCID: PMC5883377 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170529104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of cerebellar diseases characterized by progressive ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. Several forms of SCAs are caused by missense mutations or deletions in genes related to calcium signaling in Purkinje cells. Among them, spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is caused by missense mutations in PRKCG gene which encodes protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ). It is remarkable that in several cases in which SCA is caused by point mutations in an individual gene, the affected genes are involved in the PKCγ signaling pathway and calcium signaling which is not only crucial for proper Purkinje cell function but is also involved in the control of Purkinje cell dendritic development. In this review, we will focus on the PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes then discuss their role for both Purkinje cell dendritic development and cerebellar ataxia. Methods Research related to SCAs and Purkinje cell dendritic development is reviewed. Results PKCγ dysregulation causes abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and SCA14. Carbonic anhydrase related protein 8 (Car8) encoding CAR8 and Itpr1 encoding IP3R1were identified as upregulated genes in one of SCA14 mouse model. IP3R1, CAR8 and PKCγ proteins are strongly and specifically expressed in Purkinje cells. The common function among them is that they are involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in Purkinje cells and their dysfunction causes ataxia in mouse and human. Furthermore, disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis caused by mutations in some calcium channels in Purkinje cells links to abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and the pathogenesis of several SCAs. Conclusion Once PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes are disturbed, the normal dendritic development of Purkinje cells is impaired as well as the integration of signals from other neurons, resulting in abnormal development, cerebellar dysfunction and eventually Purkinje cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Shimobayashi
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef P Kapfhammer
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
With the growing recognition of the extent and prevalence of human cerebellar disorders, an understanding of developmental programs that build the mature cerebellum is necessary. In this chapter we present an overview of the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs of cerebellar development. These include early patterning of the cerebellar territory, the genesis of cerebellar cells from multiple spatially distinct germinal zones, and the extensive migration and coordinated cellular rearrangements that result in the formation of the exquisitely foliated and laminated mature cerebellum. This knowledge base is founded on extensive analysis of animal models, particularly mice, due in large part to the ease of genetic manipulation of this important model organism. Since cerebellar structure and function are largely conserved across species, mouse cerebellar development is highly relevant to humans and has led to important insights into the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar disorders. Human fetal cerebellar development remains largely undescribed; however, several human-specific developmental features are known which are relevant to human disease and underline the importance of ongoing human fetal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Derek Dang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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13
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Xiao R, Yu D, Li X, Huang J, Jing S, Bao X, Yang T, Fan X. Propofol Exposure in Early Life Induced Developmental Impairments in the Mouse Cerebellum. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:373. [PMID: 29249940 PMCID: PMC5715384 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used anesthetic in the clinic while several studies have demonstrated that propofol exposure may cause neurotoxicity in the developing brain. However, the effects of early propofol exposure on cerebellar development are not well understood. Propofol (30 or 60 mg/kg) was administered to mice on postnatal day (P)7; Purkinje cell dendritogenesis and Bergmann glial cell development were evaluated on P8, and granule neuron migration was analyzed on P10. The results indicated that exposure to propofol on P7 resulted in a significant reduction in calbindin-labeled Purkinje cells and their dendrite length. Furthermore, propofol induced impairments in Bergmann glia development, which might be involved in the delay of granule neuron migration from the external granular layer (EGL) to the internal granular layer (IGL) during P8 to P10 at the 60 mg/kg dosage, but not at the 30 mg/kg dosage. Several reports have suggested that the Notch signaling pathway plays instructive roles in the morphogenesis of Bergmann glia. Here, it was revealed that propofol treatment decreased Jagged1 and Notch1 protein levels in the cerebellum on P8. Taken together, exposure to propofol during the neonatal period impairs Bergmann glia development and may therefore lead to cerebellum development defects. Our results may aid in the understanding of the neurotoxic effects of propofol when administrated to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Zanjani HS, Vogel MW, Mariani J. Deletion of the GluRδ2 Receptor in the Hotfoot Mouse Mutant Causes Granule Cell Loss, Delayed Purkinje Cell Death, and Reductions in Purkinje Cell Dendritic Tree Area. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:755-766. [PMID: 26607150 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that in the cerebellum, the δ2 glutamate receptor (GluRδ2) plays a key role in regulating the differentiation of parallel fiber-Purkinje synapses and mediating key physiological functions in the granule cell-Purkinje cell circuit. In the hotfoot mutant or GluRδ2 knockout mice, the absence of GluRδ2 expression results in impaired motor-related tasks, ataxia, and disruption of long-term depression at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. The goal of this study was to determine the long-term consequences of deletion of GluRδ2 expression in the hotfoot mutant (GluRδ2 ho/ho ) on Purkinje and granule cell survival and Purkinje cell dendritic differentiation. Quantitative estimates of Purkinje and granule cell numbers in 3-, 12-, and 20-month-old hotfoot mutants and wild-type controls showed that Purkinje cell numbers are within control values at 3 and 12 months in the hotfoot mutant but reduced by 20 % at 20 months compared with controls. In contrast, the number of granule cells is significantly reduced from 3 months onwards in GluRδ2 ho/ho mutant mice compared to wild-type controls. Although the overall structure of Purkinje cell dendrites does not appear to be altered, there is a significant 27 % reduction in the cross-sectional area of Purkinje cell dendritic trees in the 20-month-old GluRδ2 ho/ho mutants. The interpretation of the results is that the GluRδ2 receptor plays an important role in the long-term organization of the granule-Purkinje cell circuit through its involvement in the regulation of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptogenesis and in the normal functioning of this critical cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Zanjani
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, B2A, 75005, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8256, B2A, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael W Vogel
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Jean Mariani
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ. Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, B2A, 75005, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8256, B2A, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut de la Longévité, APHP, DHU Fast, 94205, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
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15
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Sherkhane P, Kapfhammer JP. Chronic pharmacological blockade of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger modulates the growth and development of the Purkinje cell dendritic arbor in mouse cerebellar slice cultures. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2108-2120. [PMID: 28715135 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a bidirectional plasma membrane antiporter involved in Ca2+ homeostasis in eukaryotes. NCX has three isoforms, NCX1-3, and all of them are expressed in the cerebellum. Immunostaining on cerebellar slice cultures indicates that NCX is widely expressed in the cerebellum, including expression in Purkinje cells. The pharmacological blockade of the forward mode of NCX (Ca2+ efflux mode) by bepridil moderately inhibited growth and development of Purkinje cell dendritic arbor in cerebellar slice cultures. However, the blockade of the reverse mode (Ca2+ influx mode) by KB-R7943 severely reduced the dendritic arbor and induced a morphological change with thickened distal dendrites. The effect of KB-R7943 on dendritic growth was unrelated to the activity of voltage-gated calcium channels and was also apparent in the absence of bioelectrical activity indicating that it was mediated by NCX expressed in Purkinje cells. We have used additional NCX inhibitors including CB-DMB, ORM-10103, SEA0400, YM-244769, and SN-6 which have higher specificity for NCX isoforms and target either the forward, reverse, or both modes. These inhibitors caused a strong dendritic reduction similar to that seen with KB-R7943, but did not elicit thickening of distal dendrites. Our findings indicate that disturbance of the NCX-dependent calcium transport in Purkinje cells induces a reduction of dendritic arbor, which is presumably caused by changes in the calcium handling, and underline the importance of the calcium equilibrium for the dendritic development in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sherkhane
- Department of Biomedicine, Anatomical Institute, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef P Kapfhammer
- Department of Biomedicine, Anatomical Institute, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Tanaka M, Senda T, Hirashima N. Expression of the GluA2 subunit of glutamate receptors is required for the normal dendritic differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neurosci Lett 2017; 657:22-26. [PMID: 28774570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells differentiate the most elaborate dendritic trees among neurons in the brain and constitute the principal part of cerebellar neuronal circuitry. In the present study, we examined the role of the GluA2 subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors in the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells. Since mature Purkinje cells express the GluA2 subunit, AMPA receptors on them exhibit a low Ca2+ permeability. Does this expression of GluA2, leading to the loss of Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors, have a positive significance in the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells? To answer this question, we introduced GluA2 siRNA into immature Purkinje cells in cerebellar cell cultures using a single-cell electroporation technique. The dendritic elongation and branching, as well as spine formation, were inhibited by GluA2 knockdown in Purkinje cells. GluA2 knockdown augmented the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and a higher incidence of oscillation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in response to glutamate. These findings suggest that excessive elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations has a negative effect on the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells and that the expression of GluA2 inhibits this negative effect in the development of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Senda
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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17
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Lui NC, Tam WY, Gao C, Huang JD, Wang CC, Jiang L, Yung WH, Kwan KM. Lhx1/5 control dendritogenesis and spine morphogenesis of Purkinje cells via regulation of Espin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15079. [PMID: 28516904 PMCID: PMC5454373 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells (PCs) receive signals from different inputs through their extensively branched dendrites and serve as an integration centre. Defects in the dendritic development of PCs thus disrupt cerebellar circuitry and cause ataxia. Here we report that specific inactivation of both Lhx1 and Lhx5 in postnatal PCs results in ataxic mutant mice with abnormal dendritic development. The PCs in the mutants have reduced expression of Espin, an F-actin cytoskeleton regulator. We show that Espin expression is transcriptionally activated by Lhx1/5. Downregulation of Espin leads to F-actin mislocalization, thereby impairing dendritogenesis and dendritic spine maturation in the PCs. The mutant PCs therefore fail to form proper synapses and show aberrant electrophysiological properties. By overexpressing Espin, we can successfully rescue the defects in the mutant PCs. Our findings suggest that Lhx1/5, through regulating Espin expression, control dendritogenesis and spine morphogenesis in postnatal PCs. Purkinje cells (PCs) receive signals from different inputs through their extensively branched dendrites and dysregulation of this process leads to ataxia and other diseases. Here the authors show that the LIM-homeodomain transcription factors Lhx1 and Lhx5 govern dendritogenesis and dendritic spine morphogenesis in postnatal PCs through regulating Espin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Chu Lui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Yip Tam
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Center for Cell &Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Center for Cell &Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology (CUHK), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Yu Y, Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Min H, Shan Z, Teng W, Chen J. Maternal marginal iodine deficiency limits dendritic growth of cerebellar purkinje cells in rat offspring by NF-κB signaling and MAP1B. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1241-1251. [PMID: 27444543 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency (ID) during early pregnancy had an adverse effect on children's psychomotor and motor function. It is worth noting that maternal marginal ID tends to be a common public health problem. Whether marginal ID potentially had adverse effects on the development of cerebellum and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, our aim was to study the effects of marginal ID on the dendritic growth in filial cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we established Wistar rat models by feeding dam rats with a diet deficient in iodine and deionized water supplemented with potassium iodide. We examined the total dendritic length using immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis was conducted to investigate the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B). Our results showed that marginal ID reduced the total dendritic length of cerebellar PCs, slightly down-regulated the activity of NF-κB signaling and decreased MAP1B in cerebellar PCs on postnatal day (PN) 7, PN14, and PN21. Our study may support the hypothesis that decreased T4 induced by marginal ID limits PCs dendritic growth, which may involve in the disturbance of NF-κB signaling and MAP1B on the cerebellum. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1241-1251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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20
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The Dendritic Differentiation of Purkinje Neurons: Unsolved Mystery in Formation of Unique Dendrites. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:227-30. [PMID: 25015299 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Zhu JW, Li YF, Wang ZT, Jia WQ, Xu RX. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Impairs Motor Coordination. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:33. [PMID: 26909014 PMCID: PMC4754460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an essential role in balance and motor coordination. Purkinje cells (PCs) are the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical for the execution of its functions, including motor coordination. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is involved in the innate immune response and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system; however, little is known about its role in cerebellum-related motor functions. To address this question, we evaluated motor behavior in TLR4 deficient mice. We found that TLR4(-∕-) mice showed impaired motor coordination. Morphological analyses revealed that TLR4 deficiency was associated with a reduction in the thickness of the molecular layer of the cerebellum. TLR4 was highly expressed in PCs but not in Bergmann glia or cerebellar granule cells; however, loss of TLR4 decreased the number of PCs. These findings suggest a novel role for TLR4 in cerebellum-related motor coordination through maintenance of the PC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Southern Medical University Beijing, China
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22
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Perez-Pouchoulen M, VanRyzin JW, McCarthy MM. Morphological and Phagocytic Profile of Microglia in the Developing Rat Cerebellum. eNeuro 2015; 2:ENEURO.0036-15.2015. [PMID: 26464992 PMCID: PMC4596010 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0036-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are being increasingly recognized as playing important roles in neurodevelopment. The cerebellum matures postnatally, undergoing major growth, but the role of microglia in the developing cerebellum is not well understood. Using the laboratory rat we quantified and morphologically categorized microglia throughout the vermis and across development using a design-based unbiased stereology method. We found that microglial morphology changed from amoeboid to ramified during the first 3 postnatal weeks in a region specific manner. These morphological changes were accompanied by the sudden appearance of phagocytic cups during the third postnatal week from P17 to P19, with an approximately fourfold increase compared with the first week, followed by a prompt decline at the end of the third week. The microglial phagocytic cups were significantly higher in the granular layer (∼69%) than in the molecular layer (ML; ∼31%) during a 3 d window, and present on ∼67% of microglia with thick processes and ∼33% of microglia with thin processes. Similar proportions of phagocytic cups associated to microglia with either thick or thin processes were found in the ML. We observed cell nuclei fragmentation and cleaved caspase-3 expression within some microglial phagocytic cups, presumably from dying granule neurons. At P17 males showed an approximately twofold increase in microglia with thin processes compared with females. Our findings indicate a continuous process of microglial maturation and a nonuniform distribution of microglia in the cerebellar cortex that implicates microglia as an important cellular component of the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Perez-Pouchoulen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jonathan W. VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Margaret M. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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23
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Jaudon F, Raynaud F, Wehrlé R, Bellanger JM, Doulazmi M, Vodjdani G, Gasman S, Fagni L, Dusart I, Debant A, Schmidt S. The RhoGEF DOCK10 is essential for dendritic spine morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2112-27. [PMID: 25851601 PMCID: PMC4472020 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
By regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics, Rho GTPases and their activators RhoGEFs are implicated in various aspects of neuronal differentiation, including dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellum, by developing spectacular dendrites covered with spines, represent an attractive model system in which to decipher the molecular signaling underlying these processes. To identify novel regulators of dendritic spine morphogenesis among members of the poorly characterized DOCK family of RhoGEFs, we performed gene expression profiling of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified murine PCs at various stages of their postnatal differentiation. We found a strong increase in the expression of the Cdc42-specific GEF DOCK10. Depleting DOCK10 in organotypic cerebellar cultures resulted in dramatic dendritic spine defects in PCs. Accordingly, in mouse hippocampal neurons, depletion of DOCK10 or expression of a DOCK10 GEF-dead mutant led to a strong decrease in spine density and size. Conversely, overexpression of DOCK10 led to increased spine formation. We show that DOCK10 function in spinogenesis is mediated mainly by Cdc42 and its downstream effectors N-WASP and PAK3, although DOCK10 is also able to activate Rac1. Our global approach thus identifies an unprecedented function for DOCK10 as a novel regulator of dendritic spine morphogenesis via a Cdc42-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Jaudon
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS-UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Raynaud
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS-UMR 5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Rosine Wehrlé
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS-UMR 7102, Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Bellanger
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS-UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS-UMR 7102, Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guilan Vodjdani
- PROTECT, Neuroprotection du cerveau en développement, UMR1141-INSERM, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Gasman
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS-UPR 3212, Centre de Neurochimie, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Fagni
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS-UMR 5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS-UMR 7102, Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS-UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS-UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
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24
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Dong J, Wei W, Song B, Min H, Teng W, Chen J. Developmental hypothyroxinaemia and hypothyroidism limit dendritic growth of cerebellar Purkinje cells in rat offspring: involvement of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and stathmin. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:398-415. [PMID: 23841869 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Iodine deficiency (ID)-induced hypothyroxinaemia and hypothyroidism during developmental period contribute to impairments of function in the brain, such as psychomotor and motor alterations. However, the mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, the present research is to study the effects of developmental hypothyroxinaemia caused by mild ID and developmental hypothyroidism caused by severe ID or methimazole (MMZ) on dendritic growth in filial cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A maternal hypothyroxinaemia model was established in Wistar rats using a mild ID diet, and two maternal hypothyroidism models were developed with either severe ID diet or MMZ water. We examined the total dendritic length using immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis was conducted to investigate the activity of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), stathmin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). RESULTS Hypothyroxinaemia and hypothyroidism reduced the total dendritic length of cerebellar PCs, decreased MAP2 and its phosphorylation, increased stathmin but reduced its phosphorylation and down-regulated the activity of CaMKII and its phosphorylation in cerebellar PCs on postnatal day (PN) 7, PN14 and PN21. CONCLUSION Developmental hypothyroxinaemia induced by mild ID and hypothyroidism induced by severe ID or MMZ limit PCs dendritic growth, which may involve in the disturbance of MAP2 and stathmin in a CaMKII-dependent manner. It suggests a potential mechanism of motor coordination impairments caused by developmental hypothyroxinaemia and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Paraneoplastic CDR2 and CDR2L antibodies affect Purkinje cell calcium homeostasis. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:835-52. [PMID: 25341622 PMCID: PMC4231287 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is characterized by loss of Purkinje cells (PCs) associated with progressive pancerebellar dysfunction in the presence of onconeural Yo antibodies. These antibodies recognize the cerebellar degeneration-related antigens CDR2 and CDR2L. Response to PCD therapy is disappointing due to limited understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms. Here, we report the pathological role of CDR antibodies on the calcium homeostasis in PCs. We developed an antibody-mediated PCD model based on co-incubation of cerebellar organotypic slice culture with human patient serum or rabbit CDR2 and CDR2L antibodies. The CDR antibody-induced pathology was investigated by high-resolution multiphoton imaging and biochemical analysis. Both human and rabbit CDR antibodies were rapidly internalized by PCs and led to reduced immunoreactivity of calbindin D28K (CB) and L7/Pcp-2 as well as reduced dendritic arborizations in the remaining PCs. Washout of the CDR antibodies partially recovered CB immunoreactivity, suggesting a transient structural change in CB calcium-binding site. We discovered that CDR2 and CB co-immunoprecipitate. Furthermore, the expression levels of voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.1, protein kinase C gamma and calcium-dependent protease, calpain-2, were increased after CDR antibody internalization. Inhibition of these signaling pathways prevented or attenuated CDR antibody-induced CB and L7/Pcp-2 immunoreactivity loss, morphological changes and increased protein expression. These results signify that CDR antibody internalization causes dysregulation of cell calcium homeostasis. Hence, drugs that modulate these events may represent novel neuroprotective therapies that limit the damaging effects of CDR antibodies and prevent PC neurodegeneration.
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Optimization of single-cell electroporation protocol for forced gene expression in primary neuronal cultures. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:824-32. [PMID: 24794046 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development and function of the central nervous system (CNS) are realized through interactions between many neurons. To investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development and function of the CNS, it is thus crucial to be able to manipulate the gene expression of single neurons in a complex cell population. We recently developed a technique for gene silencing by introducing small interfering RNA into single neurons in primary CNS cultures using single-cell electroporation. However, we had not succeeded in forced gene expression by introducing expression plasmids using single-cell electroporation. In the present study, we optimized the experimental conditions to enable the forced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons using single-cell electroporation. We succeeded in strong GFP expression in Purkinje neurons by increasing the inside diameter of micropipettes or by making the size of the original plasmid smaller by digestion and cyclizing it by ligation. Strong GFP expression in Purkinje neurons electroporated under the optimal conditions continued to be observed for more than 25 days after electroporation. Thus, this technique could be used for forced gene expression in single neurons to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development, function, and disease of the CNS.
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Ohashi R, Sakata SI, Naito A, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. Dendritic differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells is promoted by ryanodine receptors expressed by Purkinje and granule cells. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:467-80. [PMID: 24123915 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells have the most elaborate dendritic trees among neurons in the brain. We examined the roles of ryanodine receptor (RyR), an intracellular Ca(2+) release channel, in the dendrite formation of Purkinje cells using cerebellar cell cultures. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells express RyR1 and RyR2, whereas granule cells express RyR2. When ryanodine (10 µM), a blocker of RyR, was added to the culture medium, the elongation and branching of Purkinje cell dendrites were markedly inhibited. When we transferred small interfering RNA (siRNA) against RyR1 into Purkinje cells using single-cell electroporation, dendritic branching but not elongation of the electroporated Purkinje cells was inhibited. On the other hand, transfection of RyR2 siRNA into granule cells also inhibited dendritic branching of Purkinje cells. Furthermore, ryanodine reduced the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the culture medium. The ryanodine-induced inhibition of dendritic differentiation was partially rescued when BDNF was exogenously added to the culture medium in addition to ryanodine. Overall, these results suggest that RyRs expressed by both Purkinje and granule cells play important roles in promoting the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells and that RyR2 expressed by granule cells is involved in the secretion of BDNF from granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohashi
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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Type 1 inositol trisphosphate receptor regulates cerebellar circuits by maintaining the spine morphology of purkinje cells in adult mice. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12186-96. [PMID: 23884927 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0545-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural maintenance of neural circuits is critical for higher brain functions in adulthood. Although several molecules have been identified as regulators for spine maintenance in hippocampal and cortical neurons, it is poorly understood how Purkinje cell (PC) spines are maintained in the mature cerebellum. Here we show that the calcium channel type 1 inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) in PCs plays a crucial role in controlling the maintenance of parallel fiber (PF)-PC synaptic circuits in the mature cerebellum in vivo. Significantly, adult mice lacking IP3R1 specifically in PCs (L7-Cre;Itpr1(flox/flox)) showed dramatic increase in spine density and spine length of PCs, despite having normal spines during development. In addition, the abnormally rearranged PF-PC synaptic circuits in mature cerebellum caused unexpectedly severe ataxia in adult L7-Cre;Itpr1(flox/flox) mice. Our findings reveal a specific role for IP3R1 in PCs not only as an intracellular mediator of cerebellar synaptic plasticity induction, but also as a critical regulator of PF-PC synaptic circuit maintenance in the mature cerebellum in vivo; this mechanism may underlie motor coordination and learning in adults.
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Audouard E, Schakman O, Ginion A, Bertrand L, Gailly P, Clotman F. The Onecut transcription factor HNF-6 contributes to proper reorganization of Purkinje cells during postnatal cerebellum development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:159-68. [PMID: 23669529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Onecut (OC) family of transcription factors comprises three members in mammals, namely HNF-6 (or OC-1), OC-2 and OC-3. During embryonic development, these transcriptional activators control cell differentiation in pancreas, in liver and in the nervous system. Adult Hnf6 mutant mice exhibit locomotion defects characterized by hindlimb muscle weakness, abnormal gait and defective balance and coordination. Indeed, HNF-6 is required in spinal motor neurons for proper formation of the hindlimb neuromuscular junctions, which likely explain muscle weakness observed in corresponding mutant animals. The goal of the present study was to determine the cause of the balance and coordination defects in Hnf6 mutant mice. Coordination and balance deficits were quantified by rotarod and runway tests. Hnf6 mutant animals showed an increase in the fall frequency from the beam and were unable to stay on the rotarod even at low speed, indicating a severe balance and coordination deficit. To identify the origin of this abnormality, we assessed whether the development of the main CNS structure involved in the control of balance and coordination, namely the cerebellum, was affected by the absence of HNF-6. Firstly, we observed that Hnf6 was expressed transiently during the first week after birth in the Purkinje cells of wild type newborn mice. Secondly, we showed that, in Hnf6-/- mice, the organization of Purkinje cells became abnormal during a second phase of their development. Indeed, Purkinje cells were produced normally but part of them failed to reorganize as a regular continuous monolayer at the interface between the molecular and the granular layer of the cerebellum. Thus, the Onecut factor HNF-6 contributes to the reorganization of Purkinje cells during a late phase of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Audouard
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
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Fujishima K, Horie R, Mochizuki A, Kengaku M. Principles of branch dynamics governing shape characteristics of cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites. Development 2012; 139:3442-55. [PMID: 22912417 PMCID: PMC3491647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic arbors in cell type-specific patterns. Using growing Purkinje cells in culture as a model, we performed a long-term time-lapse observation of dendrite branch dynamics to understand the rules that govern the characteristic space-filling dendrites. We found that dendrite architecture was sculpted by a combination of reproducible dynamic processes, including constant tip elongation, stochastic terminal branching, and retraction triggered by contacts between growing dendrites. Inhibition of protein kinase C/protein kinase D signaling prevented branch retraction and significantly altered the characteristic morphology of long proximal segments. A computer simulation of dendrite branch dynamics using simple parameters from experimental measurements reproduced the time-dependent changes in the dendrite configuration in live Purkinje cells. Furthermore, perturbation analysis to parameters in silico validated the important contribution of dendritic retraction in the formation of the characteristic morphology. We present an approach using live imaging and computer simulations to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of dendrite patterning in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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31
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Peng C, Yan S, Ye J, Shen L, Xu T, Tao W. Vps18 deficiency inhibits dendritogenesis in Purkinje cells by blocking the lysosomal degradation of Lysyl Oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:715-20. [PMID: 22699122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendrite development occupies a central position in the formation of nervous system. However, whether lysosomal degradative function is required for dendritogenesis of neurons remains unknown. We have recently demonstrated the critical role of Vps18 in the lysosomal degradation pathway in mice. Here, we report that Vps18 deficiency severely blocks the dendrite development of Pukinje cells but not cerebral cortical neurons. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the lysyl oxidase (Lox) protein is degraded through lysosome and accumulated in the Vps18 deficient cerebellum but not in cerebral cortices. Our results suggest that lysosome regulates dendritogenesis of Purkinje cells though degrading Lox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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32
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Ichikawa-Tomikawa N, Ogawa J, Douet V, Xu Z, Kamikubo Y, Sakurai T, Kohsaka S, Chiba H, Hattori N, Yamada Y, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Laminin α1 is essential for mouse cerebellar development. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:17-28. [PMID: 21983115 PMCID: PMC3259268 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laminin α1 (Lama1), which is a subunit of laminin-1 (laminin-111), a heterotrimeric ECM protein, is essential for embryonic development and promotes neurite outgrowth in culture. Because the deletion of Lama1 causes lethality at early embryonic stages in mice, the in vivo role of Lama1 in neural development and functions has not yet been possible to determine. In this study, we generated conditional Lama1 knockout (Lama1(CKO)) mice in the epiblast lineage using Sox2-Cre mice. These Lama1(CKO) mice survived, but displayed behavioral disorders and impaired formation of the cerebellum. Deficiency of Lama1 in the pial basement membrane of the meninges resulted in defects in the conformation of the meninges. During cerebellar development, Lama1 deficiency also caused a decrease in the proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors, disorganization of Bergmann glial fibers and endfeet, and a transient reduction in the activity of Akt. A marked reduction in numbers of dendritic processes in Purkinje cells was observed in Lama1(CKO) mice. Together, these results indicate that Lama1 is required for cerebellar development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ichikawa-Tomikawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Junko Ogawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vanessa Douet
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kohsaka
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Van Hove I, Verslegers M, Buyens T, Delorme N, Lemmens K, Stroobants S, Gantois I, D'Hooge R, Moons L. An aberrant cerebellar development in mice lacking matrix metalloproteinase-3. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 45:17-29. [PMID: 22108898 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are necessary for neuronal patterning and brain wiring during development. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes capable of remodelling the pericellular environment and regulating signaling pathways through cleavage of a large degradome. MMPs have been suggested to affect cerebellar development, but the specific role of different MMPs in cerebellar morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report a role for MMP-3 in the histogenesis of the mouse cerebellar cortex. MMP-3 expression peaks during the second week of postnatal cerebellar development and is most prominently observed in Purkinje cells (PCs). In MMP-3 deficient (MMP-3(-/-)) mice, a protracted granule cell (GC) tangential migration and a delayed GC radial migration results in a thicker and persistent external granular layer, a retarded arrival of GCs in the inner granular layer, and a delayed GABAergic interneuron migration. Importantly, these neuronal migration anomalies, as well as the consequent disturbed synaptogenesis on PCs, seem to be caused by an abnormal PC dendritogenesis, which results in reduced PC dendritic trees in the adult cerebellum. Of note, these developmental and adult cerebellar defects might contribute to the aberrant motor phenotype observed in MMP-3(-/-) mice and suggest an involvement of MMP-3 in mouse cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, K.U.Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Korn MJ, Koppel SJ, Cramer KS. Astrocyte-secreted factors modulate a gradient of primary dendritic arbors in nucleus laminaris of the avian auditory brainstem. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27383. [PMID: 22087304 PMCID: PMC3210166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in nucleus laminaris (NL) receive binaural, tonotopically matched input from nucleus magnocelluaris (NM) onto bitufted dendrites that display a gradient of dendritic arbor size. These features improve computation of interaural time differences, which are used to determine the locations of sound sources. The dendritic gradient emerges following a period of significant reorganization at embryonic day 15 (E15), which coincides with the emergence of astrocytes that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the auditory brainstem. The major changes include a loss of total dendritic length, a systematic loss of primary dendrites along the tonotopic axis, and lengthening of primary dendrites on caudolateral NL neurons. Here we have tested whether astrocyte-derived molecules contribute to these changes in dendritic morphology. We used an organotypic brainstem slice preparation to perform repeated imaging of individual dye-filled NL neurons to determine the effects of astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) on dendritic morphology. We found that treatment with ACM induced a decrease in the number of primary dendrites in a tonotopically graded manner similar to that observed during normal development. Our data introduce a new interaction between astrocytes and neurons in the auditory brainstem and suggest that these astrocytes influence multiple aspects of auditory brainstem maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Korn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Koppel
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Karina S. Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Wu KY, Zhou XP, Luo ZG. Geranylgeranyltransferase I is essential for dendritic development of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Mol Brain 2010; 3:18. [PMID: 20540740 PMCID: PMC2902468 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During cerebellar development, Purkinje cells (PCs) form the most elaborate dendritic trees among neurons in the brain, but the mechanism regulating PC arborization remains largely unknown. Geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGT) is a prenyltransferase that is responsible for lipid modification of several signaling proteins, such as Rho family small GTPase Rac1, which has been shown to be involved in neuronal morphogenesis. Here we show that GGT plays an important role in dendritic development of PCs. Results We found that GGT was abundantly expressed in the developing rat cerebellum, in particular molecular layer (ML), the region enriched with PC dendrites. Inhibition or down-regulation of GGT using small interference RNA (siRNA) inhibited dendritic development of PCs. In contrast, up-regulation of GGT promoted dendritic arborization of PCs. Furthermore, neuronal depolarization induced by high K+ or treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoted membrane association of Rac1 and dendritic development of PCs in cultured cerebellar slices. The effect of BDNF or high K+ was inhibited by inhibition or down-regulation of GGT. Conclusion Our results indicate that GGT plays an important role in Purkinje cell development, and suggest a novel role of GGT in neuronal morphogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Yan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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