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Tseng HH, Wu CY, Chang HH, Lu TH, Chang WH, Hsu CF, Lin RY, Yeh DR, Shaw FZ, Yang YK, Chen PS. Posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal excitation-inhibition balance in euthymic bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38825858 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent cognitive deficits and functional impairments are associated with bipolar disorder (BD), even during the euthymic phase. The dysfunction of default mode network (DMN) is critical for self-referential and emotional mental processes and is implicated in BD. The current study aims to explore the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, i.e. glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in hubs of the DMN during the euthymic patients with BD (euBD). METHOD Thirty-four euBD and 55 healthy controls (HC) were recruited to the study. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), glutamate (with PRESS sequence) and GABA levels (with MEGAPRESS sequence) were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (mPFC/ACC) and the posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC). Measured concentrations of excitatory glutamate/glutamine (Glx) and inhibitory GABA were used to calculate the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio. Executive and attentional functions were respectively assessed using the Wisconsin card-sorting test and continuous performance test. RESULTS euBD performed worse on attentional function than controls (p = 0.001). Compared to controls, euBD had higher E/I ratios in the PCC (p = 0.023), mainly driven by a higher Glx level in the PCC of euBD (p = 0.002). Only in the BD group, a marginally significant negative association between the mPFC E/I ratio (Glx/GABA) and executive function was observed (p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS Disturbed E/I balance, particularly elevated Glx/GABA ratio in PCC is observed in euBD. The E/I balance in hubs of DMN may serve as potential biomarkers for euBD, which may also contribute to their poorer executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Ying Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui Hua Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Hsu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Yi Lin
- Mind Research and Imaging Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Ruey Yeh
- Mind Research and Imaging Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Zen Shaw
- Mind Research and Imaging Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Choi J, Kang J, Kim T, Nehs CJ. Sleep, mood disorders, and the ketogenic diet: potential therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1358578. [PMID: 38419903 PMCID: PMC10899493 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1358578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are serious psychiatric conditions that cause a significant reduction in quality of life and shortened life expectancy. Treatments including medications and psychosocial support exist, but many people with these disorders still struggle to participate in society and some are resistant to current therapies. Although the exact pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia remains unclear, increasing evidence supports the role of oxidative stress and redox dysregulation as underlying mechanisms. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species generated by metabolic processes and antioxidant systems that can cause damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Sleep is a critical regulator of metabolic homeostasis and oxidative stress. Disruption of sleep and circadian rhythms contribute to the onset and progression of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and these disorders often coexist with sleep disorders. Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been associated with increased oxidative stress and worsening mood symptoms. Dysfunctional brain metabolism can be improved by fatty acid derived ketones as the brain readily uses both ketones and glucose as fuel. Ketones have been helpful in many neurological disorders including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Recent clinical trials using the ketogenic diet suggest positive improvement in symptoms for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia as well. The improvement in psychiatric symptoms from the ketogenic diet is thought to be linked, in part, to restoration of mitochondrial function. These findings encourage further randomized controlled clinical trials, as well as biochemical and mechanistic investigation into the role of metabolism and sleep in psychiatric disorders. This narrative review seeks to clarify the intricate relationship between brain metabolism, sleep, and psychiatric disorders. The review will delve into the initial promising effects of the ketogenic diet on mood stability, examining evidence from both human and animal models of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The article concludes with a summary of the current state of affairs and encouragement for future research focused on the role of metabolism and sleep in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Choi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jiseung Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Christa J. Nehs
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Ueno F, Sakuma M, Nakajima S, Tsugawa S, Ochi R, Tani H, Noda Y, Graff-Guerrero A, Uchida H, Mimura M, Oshima S, Matsushita S. Acetaldehyde-mediated increase in glutamatergic and N-acetylaspartate neurometabolite levels in the midcingulate cortex of ALDH2*1/*2 heterozygous young adults. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:58-71. [PMID: 38206287 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To elucidate the neurobiology underlying alcohol's effect on the human brain, we examined the acute effects of moderate alcohol administration on levels of glutamatergic neurometabolites and N-acetylaspartate, an amino acid found in neurons, may reflect disordered neuronal integrity. METHODS Eighteen healthy Japanese participants (7 males/11 females) aged 20-30 years who were heterozygous for an inactive allele of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH/*1/*2) were included. Participants underwent an intravenous alcohol infusion using the clamp method at a target blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.50 mg/mL for 90 min within a range of ±0.05 mg/mL. We examined glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and N-acetylaspartate N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA) levels in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) using 3 T 1 H-MRS PRESS at baseline, 90 min, and 180 min (i.e., 90 min after alcohol infusion was finished). A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess longitudinal changes in Glx and NAA levels, with time and sex as within- and between-subject factors, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated among neurometabolite levels and BAC or blood acetaldehyde concentration (BAAC). RESULTS Both Glx (F(2,32) = 8.15, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.15) and NAA (F(2,32) = 5.01, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.07) levels were increased after alcohol injection. There were no sex or time × sex interaction effects observed. NAA levels were positively correlated with BAAC at 90 min (r(13) = 0.77, p = 0.01). There were no associations between neurometabolite levels and BAC. CONCLUSIONS Both Glx and NAA levels in the MCC increased in response to the administration of moderate concentrations of alcohol. Given positive associations between NAA levels and BAAC and the hypothetical glutamate release via dopamine pathways, the effects of drinking on the MCC in the acute phase may be ascribed to acetaldehyde metabolized from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Ueno
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunji Oshima
- Sustainable Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Moriya, Japan
| | - Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Japan
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Vieira JPP, Fleischhart V, Duarte JMN. Taurine and N-acetylcysteine treatments prevent memory impairment and metabolite profile alterations in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed female mice. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1090-1102. [PMID: 36222315 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2131062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Obesity constitutes a risk factor for cognitive impairment. In rodent models, long-term exposure to obesogenic diets leads to hippocampal taurine accumulation. Since taurine has putative cyto-protective effects, hippocampal taurine accumulation in obese and diabetic models might constitute a counteracting response to metabolic stress. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that treatment with taurine or with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which provides cysteine for the synthesis of taurine and glutathione, prevent high-fat diet (HFD)-associated hippocampal alterations and memory impairment. Methods: Female mice were fed either a regular diet or HFD. Some mice had access to 3%(w/v) taurine or 3%(w/v) NAC in the drinking water. After 2 months, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure metabolite profiles. Memory was assessed in novel object and novel location recognition tests. Results: HFD feeding caused memory impairment in both tests, and reduced concentration of lactate, phosphocreatine-to-creatine ratio, and the neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate in the hippocampus. Taurine and NAC prevented HFD-induced memory impairment and N-acetylaspartate reduction. NAC, but not taurine, prevented the reduction of lactate and phosphocreatine-to-creatine ratio. MRS revealed NAC/taurine-induced increase of hippocampal glutamate and GABA levels. Conclusion: NAC and taurine can prevent memory impairment, while only NAC prevents alterations of metabolite concentrations in HFD-exposed female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joao P P Vieira
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Veronika Fleischhart
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Jafarian A, Hughes LE, Adams NE, Lanskey JH, Naessens M, Rouse MA, Murley AG, Friston KJ, Rowe JB. Neurochemistry-enriched dynamic causal models of magnetoencephalography, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120193. [PMID: 37244323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a hierarchical empirical Bayesian framework for testing hypotheses about neurotransmitters' concertation as empirical prior for synaptic physiology using ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (7T-MRS) and magnetoencephalography data (MEG). A first level dynamic causal modelling of cortical microcircuits is used to infer the connectivity parameters of a generative model of individuals' neurophysiological observations. At the second level, individuals' 7T-MRS estimates of regional neurotransmitter concentration supply empirical priors on synaptic connectivity. We compare the group-wise evidence for alternative empirical priors, defined by monotonic functions of spectroscopic estimates, on subsets of synaptic connections. For efficiency and reproducibility, we used Bayesian model reduction (BMR), parametric empirical Bayes and variational Bayesian inversion. In particular, we used Bayesian model reduction to compare alternative model evidence of how spectroscopic neurotransmitter measures inform estimates of synaptic connectivity. This identifies the subset of synaptic connections that are influenced by individual differences in neurotransmitter levels, as measured by 7T-MRS. We demonstrate the method using resting-state MEG (i.e., task-free recording) and 7T-MRS data from healthy adults. Our results confirm the hypotheses that GABA concentration influences local recurrent inhibitory intrinsic connectivity in deep and superficial cortical layers, while glutamate influences the excitatory connections between superficial and deep layers and connections from superficial to inhibitory interneurons. Using within-subject split-sampling of the MEG dataset (i.e., validation by means of a held-out dataset), we show that model comparison for hypothesis testing can be highly reliable. The method is suitable for applications with magnetoencephalography or electroencephalography, and is well-suited to reveal the mechanisms of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including responses to psychopharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Jafarian
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Laura E Hughes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Natalie E Adams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Juliette H Lanskey
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michelle Naessens
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Matthew A Rouse
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alexander G Murley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl J Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom.
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Fenn-Moltu S, Deakin B, Drake R, Howes OD, Lawrie SM, Lewis S, Nikkheslat N, Walters JTR, MacCabe JH, Mondelli V, Egerton A. The association between peripheral inflammation, brain glutamate and antipsychotic response in Schizophrenia: Data from the STRATA collaboration. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:343-351. [PMID: 37182555 PMCID: PMC7615624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and increased inflammation have been separately implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the extent of clinical response to antipsychotic treatment. Despite the mechanistic links between pro-inflammatory and glutamatergic pathways, the relationships between peripheral inflammatory markers and brain glutamate in schizophrenia have not yet been investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines would be positively associated with brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia. Secondary analyses determined whether this relationship differed according to antipsychotic treatment response. The sample consisted of 79 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 40 were rated as antipsychotic responders and 39 as antipsychotic non-responders. Brain glutamate levels were assessed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and caudate using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and blood samples were collected for cytokine assay on the same study visit (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- α and IFN-γ). Across the whole patient sample, there was a positive relationship between interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and caudate glutamate levels (r = 0.31, p = 0.02). In the antipsychotic non-responsive group only, there was a positive relationship between interleukin-8 (IL-8) and caudate glutamate (r = 0.46, p = 0.01). These findings provide evidence to link specific peripheral inflammatory markers and caudate glutamate in schizophrenia and may suggest that this relationship is most marked in patients who show a poor response to antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Fenn-Moltu
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Bill Deakin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Drake
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Shôn Lewis
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, UK
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Świątkiewicz M, Gaździński S, Madeyski M, Kossowski B, Langfort J, Bogorodzki P, Zawadzka-Bartczak E, Sklinda K, Walecki J, Grieb P. Increased brain 1H-MRS glutamate and lactate signals following maximal aerobic capacity exercise in young healthy males: an exploratory study. Biol Sport 2023; 40:665-673. [PMID: 37398967 PMCID: PMC10286605 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise involves increased neuronal activity of many brain structures, but 1H-MRS investigations on the effects of human brain glutamate (Glu) concentrations on acute exercise have been sparse. Previous studies consistently found increases in brain lactate (Lac) concentrations following graded exercise up to 85% of the predicted maximal heart rate. However, the reported effects on brain concentrations of glutamine and glutamate were not consistent. This study aimed to determine the effect of acute intense graded maximal exercise on 1H-MRS signals related to concentrations of Glu, glutamate+glutamine (Glx), and Lac. Young adult males were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to 1H-MRS when resting (NE) or shortly after cessation of the intense graded exercise intended to pass the anaerobic threshold (E). 1H-MRS spectra were acquired from the large voxel encompassing the occipito-parietal cortex only once. Estimates of Glu, Glx, and Lac concentrations were calculated in institutional units by normalizing to a spectroscopic signal originating from creatine-containing compounds (Cr). Concentrations of Glu, Glx, and Lac were respectively 11%, 12.6%, and 48.5% higher in E than in NE (p < 0.001). The increased brain Lac signal in the exercising group indicated that in our experiment, vigorous exercise resulted in passing the anaerobic threshold and lactate apparently entered the brain. Concomitantly glutamate-related resonance signals from the vicinity of the occipito-parietal cortex were significantly increased; physiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena require further study. Future studies should evaluate whether the normalization rate of these concentrations is a marker of general physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Świątkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Gaździński
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI (CNSLab), Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Kossowski
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI (CNSLab), Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Bogorodzki
- Faculty of Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI (CNSLab), Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jerzy Walecki
- Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Golub A, Ordak M, Nasierowski T, Bujalska-Zadrozny M. Advanced Biomarkers of Hepatotoxicity in Psychiatry: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for New Psychoactive Substances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119413. [PMID: 37298365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the factors that increase the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy used in patients abusing various types of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) is the proper functioning of the liver. However, the articles published to date on NPS hepatotoxicity only address non-specific hepatic parameters. The aim of this manuscript was to review three advanced markers of hepatotoxicity in psychiatry, namely, osteopontin (OPN), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and glutathione dehydrogenase (GDH, GLDH), and, on this basis, to identify recommendations that should be included in future studies in patients abusing NPSs. This will make it possible to determine whether NPSs do indeed have a hepatotoxic effect or whether other factors, such as additional substances taken or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, are responsible. NPS abusers are at particular risk of HCV infection, and for this reason, it is all the more important to determine what factors actually show a hepatotoxic effect in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Golub
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Ordak
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Nasierowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27 Str., 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrozny
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Fizíková I, Dragašek J, Račay P. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Altered Mitochondrial Oxygen, and Energy Metabolism Associated with the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097991. [PMID: 37175697 PMCID: PMC10178941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant complexity of the brain can lead to the development of serious neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. A number of mechanisms are involved in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia, pointing to its complexity and opening a new perspective on studying this disorder. In this review of currently published studies, we focused on the contribution of mitochondria to the process, with an emphasis on oxidative damage, ROS, and energy metabolism. In addition, we point out the influence of redox imbalance, which can lead to the occurrence of oxidative stress with increased lipid peroxidation, linked to the formation of toxic aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and HNE protein adducts. We also analysed the role of lactate in the process of energy metabolism and cognitive functions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Fizíková
- Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic, 965 01 Žiar nad Hronom, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Dragašek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Račay
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
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10
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The Association of the Oral Microbiota with the Effects of Acid Stress Induced by an Increase of Brain Lactate in Schizophrenia Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020240. [PMID: 36830777 PMCID: PMC9953675 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered cerebral energy metabolism central to schizophrenia can be linked to lactate accumulation. Lactic acid is produced by gastrointestinal bacteria, among others, and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, leading to the brain acidity. This study aimed to examine the association of the oral microbiota with the effects of acid stress induced by an increase of brain lactate in schizophrenia patients. The study included patients with a diagnosis of acute polyphasic psychotic disorder meeting criteria for schizophrenia at 3-month follow-up. Results: Individuals with a significantly higher total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale had statistically significantly lower lactate concentrations compared to those with a lower total score and higher brain lactate. We observed a positive correlation between Actinomyces and lactate levels in the anterior cingulate cap and a negative correlation between bacteria associated with lactate metabolism and some clinical assessment scales. Conclusions: Shifts in the oral microbiota in favour of lactate-utilising bacterial genera may represent a compensatory mechanism in response to increased lactate production in the brain. Assessment of neuronal function mediated by ALA-LAC-dependent NMDA regulatory mechanisms may, thus, support new therapies for schizophrenia, for which acidosis has become a differentiating feature of individuals with schizophrenia endophenotypes.
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11
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Fišar Z. Biological hypotheses, risk factors, and biomarkers of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110626. [PMID: 36055561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the discovery of biomarkers of schizophrenia and the verification of biological hypotheses of schizophrenia are an essential part of the process of understanding the etiology of this mental disorder. Schizophrenia has long been considered a neurodevelopmental disease whose symptoms are caused by impaired synaptic signal transduction and brain neuroplasticity. Both the onset and chronic course of schizophrenia are associated with risk factors-induced disruption of brain function and the establishment of a new homeostatic setpoint characterized by biomarkers. Different risk factors and biomarkers can converge to the same symptoms of schizophrenia, suggesting that the primary cause of the disease can be highly individual. Schizophrenia-related biomarkers include measurable biochemical changes induced by stress (elevated allostatic load), mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and circadian rhythm disturbances. Here is a summary of selected valid biological hypotheses of schizophrenia formulated based on risk factors and biomarkers, neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, brain chemistry, and antipsychotic medication. The integrative neurodevelopmental-vulnerability-neurochemical model is based on current knowledge of the neurobiology of the onset and progression of the disease and the effects of antipsychotics and psychotomimetics and reflects the complex and multifactorial nature of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Czech Republic.
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12
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McGuigan BN, Santini T, Keshavan MS, Prasad KM. Gene Expressions Preferentially Influence Cortical Thickness of Human Connectome Project Atlas Parcellated Regions in First-Episode Antipsychotic-Naïve Psychoses. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2023; 4:sgad019. [PMID: 37621304 PMCID: PMC10445951 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Altered gene expressions may mechanistically link genetic factors with brain morphometric alterations. Existing gene expression studies have examined selected morphometric features using low-resolution atlases in medicated schizophrenia. We examined the relationship of gene expression with cortical thickness (CT), surface area (SA), and gray matter volume (GMV) of first-episode antipsychotic-naïve psychosis patients (FEAP = 85) and 81 controls, hypothesizing that gene expressions often associated with psychosis will differentially associate with different morphometric features. We explored such associations among schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia subgroups within FEAP group compared to controls. We mapped 360 Human Connectome Project atlas-based parcellations on brain MRI on to the publicly available brain gene expression data from the Allen Brain Institute collection. Significantly correlated genes were investigated using ingenuity pathway analysis to elucidate molecular pathways. CT but not SA or GMV correlated with expression of 1137 out of 15 633 genes examined controlling for age, sex, and average CT. Among these ≈19%, ≈39%, and 8% of genes were unique to FEAP, schizophrenia, and non-schizophrenia, respectively. Variants of 10 among these 1137 correlated genes previously showed genome-wide-association with schizophrenia. Molecular pathways associated with CT were axonal guidance and sphingosine pathways (common to FEAP and controls), selected inflammation pathways (unique to FEAP), synaptic modulation (unique to schizophrenia), and telomere extension (common to NSZ and healthy controls). We demonstrate that different sets of genes and molecular pathways may preferentially influence CT in different diagnostic groups. Genes with altered expressions correlating with CT and associated pathways may be targets for pathophysiological investigations and novel treatment designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget N McGuigan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tales Santini
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konasale M Prasad
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Dabiri M, Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Yang K, Barker PB, Lee RR, Yousem DM. Neuroimaging in schizophrenia: A review article. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1042814. [PMID: 36458043 PMCID: PMC9706110 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1042814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article we have consolidated the imaging literature of patients with schizophrenia across the full spectrum of modalities in radiology including computed tomography (CT), morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). We look at the impact of various subtypes of schizophrenia on imaging findings and the changes that occur with medical and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy. Our goal was a comprehensive multimodality summary of the findings of state-of-the-art imaging in untreated and treated patients with schizophrenia. Clinical imaging in schizophrenia is used to exclude structural lesions which may produce symptoms that may mimic those of patients with schizophrenia. Nonetheless one finds global volume loss in the brains of patients with schizophrenia with associated increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume and decreased gray matter volume. These features may be influenced by the duration of disease and or medication use. For functional studies, be they fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), rs-fMRI, task-based fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or MEG there generally is hypoactivation and disconnection between brain regions. However, these findings may vary depending upon the negative or positive symptomatology manifested in the patients. MR spectroscopy generally shows low N-acetylaspartate from neuronal loss and low glutamine (a neuroexcitatory marker) but glutathione may be elevated, particularly in non-treatment responders. The literature in schizophrenia is difficult to evaluate because age, gender, symptomatology, comorbidities, therapy use, disease duration, substance abuse, and coexisting other psychiatric disorders have not been adequately controlled for, even in large studies and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dabiri
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Psychiatry Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter B. Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R. Lee
- Department of Radiology, UCSD/VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David M. Yousem
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: David M. Yousem,
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14
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Ravanfar P, Syeda WT, Jayaram M, Rushmore RJ, Moffat B, Lin AP, Lyall AE, Merritt AH, Yaghmaie N, Laskaris L, Luza S, Opazo CM, Liberg B, Chakravarty MM, Devenyi GA, Desmond P, Cropley VL, Makris N, Shenton ME, Bush AI, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. In Vivo 7-Tesla MRI Investigation of Brain Iron and Its Metabolic Correlates in Chronic Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:86. [PMID: 36289238 PMCID: PMC9605948 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain iron is central to dopaminergic neurotransmission, a key component in schizophrenia pathology. Iron can also generate oxidative stress, which is one proposed mechanism for gray matter volume reduction in schizophrenia. The role of brain iron in schizophrenia and its potential link to oxidative stress has not been previously examined. In this study, we used 7-Tesla MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and structural T1 imaging in 12 individuals with chronic schizophrenia and 14 healthy age-matched controls. In schizophrenia, there were higher QSM values in bilateral putamen and higher concentrations of phosphocreatine and lactate in caudal anterior cingulate cortex (caCC). Network-based correlation analysis of QSM across corticostriatal pathways as well as the correlation between QSM, MRS, and volume, showed distinct patterns between groups. This study introduces increased iron in the putamen in schizophrenia in addition to network-wide disturbances of iron and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Ravanfar
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Warda T Syeda
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahesh Jayaram
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - R Jarrett Rushmore
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis (CMA), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford Moffat
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda E Lyall
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia H Merritt
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Negin Yaghmaie
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liliana Laskaris
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Luza
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlos M Opazo
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Benny Liberg
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikos Makris
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Morphometric Analysis (CMA), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Joe P, Clemente JC, Piras E, Wallach DS, Robinson-Papp J, Boka E, Remsen B, Bonner M, Kimhy D, Goetz D, Hoffman K, Lee J, Ruby E, Fendrich S, Gonen O, Malaspina D. An integrative study of the microbiome gut-brain-axis and hippocampal inflammation in psychosis: Persistent effects from mode of birth. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:101-115. [PMID: 34625336 PMCID: PMC8980116 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism producing psychosis appears to include hippocampal inflammation, which could be associated with the microbiome-gut-brain-axis (MGBS). To test this hypothesis we are conducting a multidisciplinary study, herein described. The procedures are illustrated with testing of a single subject and group level information on the impact of C-section birth are presented. METHOD Study subjects undergo research diagnostic interviews and symptom assessments to be categorized into one of 3 study groups: psychosis, nonpsychotic affective disorder or healthy control. Hippocampal volume and metabolite concentrations are assessed using 3-dimensional, multi-voxel H1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRSI) encompassing all gray matter in the entire hippocampal volume. Rich self-report information is obtained with the PROMIS interview, which was developed by the NIH Commons for research in chronic conditions. Early trauma is assessed and cognition is quantitated using the MATRICS. The method also includes the most comprehensive autonomic nervous system (ANS) battery used to date in psychiatric research. Stool and oral samples are obtained for microbiome assessments and cytokines and other substances are measured in blood samples. RESULTS Group level preliminary data shows that C-section birth is associated with higher concentrations of GLX, a glutamate related hippocampal neurotransmitter in psychotic cases, worse symptoms in affective disorder cases and smaller hippocampal volume in controls. CONCLUSION Mode of birth appears to have persistent influences through adulthood. The methodology described for this study will define pathways through which the MGBA may influence the risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Joe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrica Piras
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Wallach
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emeka Boka
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke Remsen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mharisi Bonner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kimhy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Goetz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Hoffman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jakleen Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugene Ruby
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Fendrich
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Health Care Incentives & Behavioral Economics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oded Gonen
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
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16
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McCunn P, Chen X, Gimi B, Green AI, Khokhar JY. Glutamine and GABA alterations in cingulate cortex may underlie alcohol drinking in a rat model of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia: an 1H-MRS study. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:67. [PMID: 35999232 PMCID: PMC9399110 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder commonly occurs in patients with schizophrenia and significantly worsens the clinical course of the disorder. The neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol drinking are not well understood. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to assess the neurochemical substrates that may be associated with alcohol drinking in patients; however, the causal impact of these findings remains elusive, highlighting the need for studies in animal models. This study performed MRS in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesioned (NVHL) rat model, a model of co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders. NVHL lesions (or sham surgeries) were performed on post-natal day 7 and animals were given brief exposure to alcohol during adolescence (10% v/v in a 2-bottle choice design). Animals were re-exposed to alcohol during adulthood (20% v/v) until a stable drinking baseline was established, and then forced into abstinence to control for the effects of differential alcohol drinking. Animals were scanned for MRS after one month of abstinence. NVHL rats consumed significantly more alcohol than sham rats and in the cingulate cortex showed significantly higher levels of GABA and glutamine. Significantly lower GABA levels were observed in the nucleus accumbens. No differences between the NVHL and sham animals were observed in the hippocampus. Correlation analysis revealed that GABA and glutamine concentrations in the cingulate cortex significantly correlated with the rats' alcohol drinking prior to 30 days of forced abstinence. These findings suggest that a potential dysfunction in the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle may contribute to alcohol drinking in a rat model of schizophrenia, and this dysfunction could be targeted in future treatment-focused studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McCunn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical NMR Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barjor Gimi
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical NMR Research Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alan I Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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17
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Yue W, Huang H, Duan J. Potential diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:385-416. [PMID: 37724326 PMCID: PMC10388817 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a complex and severe mental disorder with high prevalence, disability, mortality and carries a heavy disease burden, the lifetime prevalence of SCH is around 0.7%-1.0%, which has a profound impact on the individual and society. In the clinical practice of SCH, key problems such as subjective diagnosis, experiential treatment, and poor overall prognosis are still challenging. In recent years, some exciting discoveries have been made in the research on objective biomarkers of SCH, mainly focusing on genetic susceptibility genes, metabolic indicators, immune indices, brain imaging, electrophysiological characteristics. This review aims to summarize the biomarkers that may be used for the prediction and diagnosis of SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Austin MC, De Simone G, Barone A. Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070909. [PMID: 35883465 PMCID: PMC9312470 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with synaptic alterations and aberrant cortical–subcortical connections. Antipsychotics are the mainstay of schizophrenia treatment and nearly all share the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, whereas glutamatergic abnormalities are not targeted by the presently available therapies. D-amino acids, acting as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators, have emerged in the last few years as a potential augmentation strategy in those cases of schizophrenia that do not respond well to antipsychotics, a condition defined as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), affecting almost 30–40% of patients, and characterized by serious cognitive deficits and functional impairment. In the present systematic review, we address with a direct and reverse translational perspective the efficacy of D-amino acids, including D-serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine, in poor responders. The impact of these molecules on the synaptic architecture is also considered in the light of dendritic spine changes reported in schizophrenia and antipsychotics’ effect on postsynaptic density proteins. Moreover, we describe compounds targeting D-amino acid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase enzymes. Finally, other drugs acting at NMDAR and proxy of D-amino acids function, such as D-cycloserine, sarcosine, and glycine, are considered in the light of the clinical burden of TRS, together with other emerging molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463673 or +39-081-7463884 or +39-3662745592; Fax: +39-081-7462644
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Mark C. Austin
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Program, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA;
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Annarita Barone
- Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (G.D.S.); (A.B.)
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19
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Matrone M, Kotzalidis GD, Romano A, Bozzao A, Cuomo I, Valente F, Gabaglio C, Lombardozzi G, Trovini G, Amici E, Perrini F, De Persis S, Iasevoli F, De Filippis S, de Bartolomeis A. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Addressing white matter integrity, intracortical glutamate levels, clinical and cognitive profiles between early- and adult-onset patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110493. [PMID: 34883221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment-resistance in schizophrenia is 30-40%. Its neurobiology remains unclear; to explore it, we conducted a combined spectrometry/tractography/cognitive battery and psychopathological rating study on patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), dividing the sample into early-onset (N = 21) and adult-onset TRS (N = 20). Previous studies did not differentiate between early- (onset 13-18 years) and adult-onset (>18 years at formal diagnosis of schizophrenia) TRS. METHODS We evaluated cross-sectionally 41 TRS patients (26 male and 15 female) and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs) with psychopathological and cognitive testing prior to participating in brain imaging scanning using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging to determine the relationship between their symptoms and their glutamate levels and white matter integrity. RESULTS TRS patients scored lower than HCs on all cognitive domains; early-onset patients performed better than adult-onset patients only on the Symbol Coding domain. TRS correlated with symptom severity, especially negative symptoms. Glutamate levels and glutamate/creatine were increased in anterior cingulate cortex. Diffusion tensor imaging showed low fractional anisotropy in TRS patients in specific white matter tracts compared to HCs (bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, cortico-spinal tract, forceps minor, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and right uncinate fasciculus). CONCLUSIONS We identified specific magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging alterations in TRS patients. Adult-onset TRS differed little from early-onset TRS on most measures; this points to alterations being present since the outset of schizophrenia and may constitute a biological signature of treatment-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matrone
- Section of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Romano
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bozzao
- NESMOS (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cuomo
- UOC SM I Distretto ASL ROMA 1, C.C. Regina Cœli, Via della Lungara 29, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Valente
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Institute of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gabaglio
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Ginevra Lombardozzi
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Giada Trovini
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Emanuela Amici
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Filippo Perrini
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy; UOC SMREE Distretto ASL ROMA 6, TSMREE, Via S. Biagio, 12, 00049, Velletri, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone De Persis
- UOSD Attività Terapeutiche Riabilitative per i Disturbi da uso di Sostanze e nuove Dipendenze, ASL Rieti, Via Salaria per Roma 36, 02100 Rieti, Italy.
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Sergio De Filippis
- Clinica Neuropsichiatrica Villa von Siebenthal, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Via della Madonnina 1, 00045 Genzano di Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Hangel G, Niess E, Lazen P, Bednarik P, Bogner W, Strasser B. Emerging methods and applications of ultra-high field MR spectroscopic imaging in the human brain. Anal Biochem 2022; 638:114479. [PMID: 34838516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) of the brain enables insights into the metabolic changes and fluxes in diseases such as tumors, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, or hepatic encephalopathy, as well as insights into general brain functionality. However, the routine application of MRSI is mostly hampered by very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) due to the low concentrations of metabolites, about 10000 times lower than water. Furthermore, MRSI spectra have a dense information content with many overlapping metabolite resonances, especially for proton MRSI. MRI scanners at ultra-high field strengths, like 7 T or above, offer the opportunity to increase SNR, as well as the separation between resonances, thus promising to solve both challenges. Yet, MRSI at ultra-high field strengths is challenged by decreased B0- and B1-homogeneity, shorter T2 relaxation times, stronger chemical shift displacement errors, and aggravated lipid contamination. Therefore, to capitalize on the advantages of ultra-high field strengths, these challenges must be overcome. This review focuses on the challenges MRSI of the human brain faces at ultra-high field strength, as well as the possible applications to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Hangel
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Niess
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Lazen
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Bednarik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Mandal PK, Guha Roy R, Samkaria A, Maroon JC, Arora Y. In Vivo 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Assessing Brain Biochemistry in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1183-1201. [PMID: 35089504 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that contributes to the elucidation of brain biochemistry. 13C MRS enables the detection of specific neurochemicals and their neuroenergetic correlation with neuronal function. The synergistic outcome of 13C MRS and the infusion of 13C-labeled substrates provide an understanding of neurometabolism and the role of glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, 13C MRS provides a window into the altered flux rate of different pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the glutamate/glutamine/GABA cycle, in health and in various diseases. Notably, the metabolic flux rate of the TCA cycle often decreases in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, 13C MRS can be used to investigate several psychiatric and neurological disorders as it directly reflects the real-time production and alterations of key brain metabolites. This review aims to highlight the chronology, the technological advancements, and the applications of 13C MRS in various brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
| | - Joseph C Maroon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
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22
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Wang T, Li P, Meng X, Zhang J, Liu Q, Jia C, Meng N, Zhu K, Lv D, Sun L, Shang T, Lin Y, Niu W, Lin S. An integrated pathological research for precise diagnosis of schizophrenia combining LC-MS/ 1H NMR metabolomics and transcriptomics. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 524:84-95. [PMID: 34863699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of clinically specific biomarkers has impeded the precise diagnosis of schizophrenia, meanwhile, limited comprehending of pathogenesis for schizophrenia has restricted the effective treatment. METHOD An integrated multi-omic approach, combining metabolomic platform (LC-MS and 1H NMR) and transcriptomic platform, was established to differentiate healthy subjects from schizophrenia patients. Based on filtered metabolites and genes, characteristic spectrums were further built. Then, representative metabolites and genes were screened out through Boruta algorithm. Moreover, characteristic diagnostic formulas were established via LASSO regression analysis. RESULT As a result, 86 differential metabolites (in line with amino acid metabolism, etc.) and 189 differential expression genes (involving in amino acid metabolic process, etc.) were obtained as potential biomarkers for schizophrenia. The latent interaction between metabolites with genes, such as HMGCLL1 with energy metabolism, etc., was further studied through the analysis of pathway-based integration. Moreover, fine predictive ability was attributed to characteristic metabolomic/transcriptomic diagnostic spectrums/formulas. CONCLUSION The functional relationships of filtered metabolites and genes were studied, which could elaborate the pathological process of schizophrenia more systemically, supplying more precise information on mechanism description and diagnostic evidence of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Baiyupao Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150000, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Research Institute of Medicine & Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Research Institute of Medicine & Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Cuicui Jia
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Nana Meng
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Kunjie Zhu
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Dan Lv
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Tinghuizi Shang
- School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China
| | - Weipan Niu
- Baiyupao Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150000, China
| | - Song Lin
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161006, China.
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Known and Unexplored Post-Translational Modification Pathways in Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:75-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Ouyang L, Zheng W, Ma X, Yuan L, He Y, Chen X. Abnormal neurobiochemical metabolites in the first - episode schizophrenia and clinical high -risk population. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:1090-1095. [PMID: 34911838 PMCID: PMC10930238 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the metabolite characteristics in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and clinical high-risk (CHR) people. METHODS A total of 46 patients with the first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 49 people with clinical high risk (CHR), 61 people with genetic high risk (GHR), and 58 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. The levels of N-acetylaspartylglutamate+N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho) and myo-inositol (MI), glutamate+glutamine (Glx) in medial prefrontal cortex were measured by single-voxel 1H-MRS. The clinical symptoms were evaluated in the FES group and the CHR group. Continuous performance test (CPT) were carried out to assess the visual and auditory accuracy and reaction time in the 4 groups. RESULTS There were significant differences in Glx, tNAA, and MI concentrations among 4 groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the HC group, the FES group showed lower level of MI and Glx. The levels of Glx and tNAA in the CHR group were significantly lower than those in the GHR group (all P<0.05). The visual and auditory accuracies of CPT in the FES group were significantly lower than those in the HC group (P<0.05). In the FES group, Glx was negatively correlated with the reaction time of vision (r=-0.41, P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS The decreased levels of MI and Glx in the FES patients suggest that there may be glial functional damage and glutamatergic transmitter dysfunction in the early stage of the disease. The compensatory increase of metabolites may be a protective factor for schizophrenia in the genetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ouyang
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Wenxiao Zheng
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Liu Yuan
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ying He
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health; Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha 410011, China.
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Rajendran R, Menon KN, Nair SC. Nanotechnology Approaches for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery in the Management of Schizophrenia. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 12:490-508. [PMID: 35935056 PMCID: PMC9348538 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2022.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder mainly affecting the central nervous system, presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion and withdrawal from society. Abnormal dopamine levels mainly characterise the disease; various theories of neurotransmitters explain the pathophysiology of the disease. The current therapeutic approach deals with the systemic administration of drugs other than the enteral route, altering the neurotransmitter levels within the brain and providing symptomatic relief. Fluid biomarkers help in the early detection of the disease, which would improve the therapeutic efficacy. However, the major challenge faced in CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier. Nanotherapeutic approaches may overcome these limitations, which will improve safety, efficacy, and targeted drug delivery. This review article addresses the main challenges faced in CNS drug delivery and the significance of current therapeutic strategies and nanotherapeutic approaches for a better understanding and enhanced drug delivery to the brain, which improve the quality of life of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishnakumar Neelakandha Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
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Murray AJ, Rogers JC, Katshu MZUH, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703452. [PMID: 34366935 PMCID: PMC8339376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant defences to combat them. Evidence has suggested that whilst not the likely primary cause of schizophrenia, increased oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes associated with schizophrenia. Here we discuss how oxidative stress may be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia and examine how current understanding relates associations with symptoms, potentially via lipid peroxidation induced neuronal damage. We argue that oxidative stress may be a good target for future pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and suggest a multi-step model of illness progression with oxidative stress involved at each stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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O’Neill A, Annibale L, Blest-Hopley G, Wilson R, Giampietro V, Bhattacharyya S. Cannabidiol modulation of hippocampal glutamate in early psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:814-822. [PMID: 33860709 PMCID: PMC8278563 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence supports the antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, in people with psychosis. Preclinical findings suggest that this antipsychotic effect may be related to cannabidiol modulating glutamatergic signalling in the brain. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cannabidiol on the neurochemical mechanisms underlying psychosis. METHODS We investigated the effects of a single oral dose of cannabidiol (600 mg) in patients with psychosis, using a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures, within-subject cross-over design. After drug administration, 13 patients were scanned using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure left hippocampal glutamate levels. Symptom severity was rated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 60 min before drug administration (pre-scan), and 270 min after drug administration (post-scan). Effects of cannabidiol on hippocampal glutamate levels, symptom severity, and correlations between hippocampal glutamate and symptoms were investigated. RESULTS Compared to placebo, there was a significant increase in hippocampal glutamate (p=0.035), and a significantly greater decrease in symptom severity (p=0.032) in the psychosis patients under cannabidiol treatment. There was also a significant negative relationship between post-treatment total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score and hippocampal glutamate (p=0.047), when baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score, treatment (cannabidiol vs placebo), and interaction between treatment and glutamate levels were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS These findings may suggest a link between the increase in glutamate levels and concomitant decrease in symptom severity under cannabidiol treatment observed in psychosis patients. Furthermore, the findings provide novel insight into the potential neurochemical mechanisms underlying the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling O’Neill
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luciano Annibale
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robin Wilson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK,Sagnik Bhattacharyya, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, M6.01.04, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Pan Y, Dempster K, Jeon P, Théberge J, Khan AR, Palaniyappan L. Acute conceptual disorganization in untreated first-episode psychosis: a combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion imaging study of the cingulum. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E337-E346. [PMID: 33904669 PMCID: PMC8327974 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorganized thinking is a core feature of acute psychotic episodes that is linked to social and vocational functioning. Several lines of evidence implicate disrupted cognitive control, excitatory overdrive and oxidative stress relating to the anterior cingulate cortex as mechanisms of conceptual disorganization (CD). We examined 3 candidate mechanistic markers related to CD in firstepisode psychosis: glutamate excess, cortical antioxidant (glutathione) status and the integrity of the cingulum bundle that connects regions implicated in cognitive control. METHODS We used fractional anisotropy maps from 7 T diffusion-weighted imaging to investigate the bilateral cingulum based on a probabilistic white matter atlas. We compared high CD, low CD and healthy control groups and performed probabilistic fibre tracking from the identified clusters (regions of interest within the cingulum) to the rest of the brain. We quantified glutamate and glutathione using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS We found a significant fractional anisotropy reduction in a cluster in the left cingulum in the high CD group compared to the low CD group (Cohen's d = 1.39; p < 0.001) and controls (Cohen's d = 0.86; p = 0.009). Glutamate levels did not vary among groups, but glutathione levels were higher in the high CD group than in the low CD group. We also found higher glutathione related to lower fractional anisotropy in the cingulum cluster in the high CD group. LIMITATIONS The MRS measures of glutamine were highly uncertain, and MRS was acquired from a single voxel only. CONCLUSION Acute CD relates to indicators of oxidative stress, as well as reduced white matter integrity of the cingulum, but not to MRI-based glutamatergic excess. We propose that both oxidative imbalance and structural dysconnectivity underlie acute disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Pan
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
| | - Kara Dempster
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
| | - Peter Jeon
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
| | - Jean Théberge
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
| | - Ali R Khan
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Pan, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada (Théberge, Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Jeon, Théberge, Khan, Palaniyappan); the Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada (Palaniyappan, Théberge); the Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (Dempster); the China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); the Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan); and the Institute of Mental Health of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Pan)
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Candidate metabolic biomarkers for schizophrenia in CNS and periphery: Do any possible associations exist? Schizophr Res 2020; 226:95-110. [PMID: 30935700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of analytical techniques and the complicity of schizophrenia, nowadays it is still a challenge to diagnose and stratify schizophrenia patients accurately. Many attempts have been made to identify and validate available biomarkers for schizophrenia from CSF and/or peripheral blood in clinical studies with consideration to disease stages, antipsychotic effects and even gender differences. However, conflicting results handicap the validation and application of biomarkers for schizophrenia. In view of availability and feasibility, peripheral biomarkers have superior advantages over biomarkers in CNS. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is considered to be a devastating neuropsychiatric disease mainly taking place in CNS featured by widespread defects in multiple metabolic pathways whose dynamic interactions, until recently, have been difficult to difficult to investigate. Evidence for these alterations has been collected piecemeal, limiting the potential to inform our understanding of the interactions among relevant biochemical pathways. Taken these points together, it will be interesting to investigate possible associations of biomarkers between CNS and periphery. Numerous studies have suggested putative correlations within peripheral and CNS systems especially for dopaminergic and glutamatergic metabolic biomarkers. In addition, it has been demonstrated that blood concentrations of BDNF protein can also reflect its changes in the nervous system. In turn, BDNF also interacts with glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Therefore, this review will summarize metabolic biomarkers identified both in the CNS (brain tissues and CSF) and peripheral blood. Further, more attentions will be paid to discussing possible physical and functional associations between CNS and periphery, especially with respect to BDNF.
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Cumming P, Abi-Dargham A, Gründer G. Molecular imaging of schizophrenia: Neurochemical findings in a heterogeneous and evolving disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:113004. [PMID: 33197459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past four decades have seen enormous efforts placed on a search for molecular markers of schizophrenia using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this narrative review, we cast a broad net to define and summarize what researchers have learned about schizophrenia from molecular imaging studies. Some PET studies of brain energy metabolism with the glucose analogue FDGhave have shown a hypofrontality defect in patients with schizophrenia, but more generally indicate a loss of metabolic coherence between different brain regions. An early finding of significantly increased striatal trapping of the dopamine synthesis tracer FDOPA has survived a meta-analysis of many replications, but the increase is not pathognomonic of the disorder, since one half of patients have entirely normal dopamine synthesis capacity. Similarly, competition SPECT studies show greater basal and amphetamine-evoked dopamine occupancy at post-synaptic dopamine D2/3 receptors in patients with schizophrenia, but the difference is likewise not pathognomonic. We thus propose that molecular imaging studies of brain dopamine indicate neurochemical heterogeneity within the diagnostic entity of schizophrenia. Occupancy studies have established the relevant target engagement by antipsychotic medications at dopamine D2/3 receptors in living brain. There is evidence for elevated frontal cortical dopamine D1 receptors, especially in relation to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There is a general lack of consistent findings of abnormalities in serotonin markers, but some evidence for decreased levels of nicotinic receptors in patients. There are sparse and somewhat inconsistent findings of reduced binding of muscarinic, glutamate, and opioid receptors ligands, inconsistent findings of microglial activation, and very recently, evidence of globally reduced levels of synaptic proteins in brain of patients. One study reports a decline in histone acetylase binding that is confined to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In most contexts, the phase of the disease and effects of past or present medication can obscure or confound PET and SPECT findings in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Stony Brook University, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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31
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Air Pollution-Related Brain Metal Dyshomeostasis as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links air pollution (AP) exposure to effects on the central nervous system structure and function. Particulate matter AP, especially the ultrafine (nanoparticle) components, can carry numerous metal and trace element contaminants that can reach the brain in utero and after birth. Excess brain exposure to either essential or non-essential elements can result in brain dyshomeostasis, which has been implicated in both neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs; autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and neurodegenerative diseases (NDGDs; Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This review summarizes the current understanding of the extent to which the inhalational or intranasal instillation of metals reproduces in vivo the shared features of NDDs and NDGDs, including enlarged lateral ventricles, alterations in myelination, glutamatergic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, inflammation, microglial activation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered social behaviors, cognitive dysfunction, and impulsivity. Although evidence is limited to date, neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are reproduced by numerous metals. Understanding the specific contribution of metals/trace elements to this neurotoxicity can guide the development of more realistic animal exposure models of human AP exposure and consequently lead to a more meaningful approach to mechanistic studies, potential intervention strategies, and regulatory requirements.
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32
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Collo G, Mucci A, Giordano GM, Merlo Pich E, Galderisi S. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Dopaminergic Transmission: Translational Models and Perspectives Opened by iPSC Techniques. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:632. [PMID: 32625059 PMCID: PMC7315891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative symptoms (NS) represent a heterogeneous dimension of schizophrenia (SCZ), associated with a poor functional outcome. A dysregulated dopamine (DA) system, including a reduced D1 receptor activation in the prefrontal cortex, DA hypoactivity in the caudate and alterations in D3 receptor activity, seems to contribute to the pathogenesis of NS. However, failure to take into account the NS heterogeneity has slowed down progress in research on their neurobiological correlates and discoveries of new effective treatments. A better neurobiological characterization of NS is needed, and this requires objective quantification of their features that can be applied in translational models, such as animal models and human inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). In this review we summarize the evidence for dopaminergic alterations relevant to NS in translational animal models focusing on dysfunctional motivation, a core aspect of NS. Among others, experiments on mutant rodents with an overexpression of DA D2 or D3 receptors and the dopamine deficient mice are discussed. In the second part we summarize the findings from recent studies using iPSC to model the pathogenesis of SCZ. By retaining the genetic background of risk genetic variants, iPSC offer the possibility to study the effect of de novo mutations or inherited polymorphisms from subgroups of patients and their response to drugs, adding an important tool for personalized psychiatry. Given the key role of DA in NS, we focus on findings of iPSC-derived DA neurons. Since implementation of iPSC-derived neurons to study the neurobiology of SCZ is a relatively recent acquisition, the available data are limited. We highlight some methodological aspects of relevance in the interpretation of in vitro testing results, including limitations and strengths, offering a critical viewpoint for the implementation of future pharmacological studies aimed to the discovery and characterization of novel treatments for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia M Giordano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Research & Development, Alfasigma Schweiz, Zofingen, Switzerland.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Dehghani M, Do KQ, Magistretti P, Xin L. Lactate measurement by neurochemical profiling in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 7T: accuracy, precision, and relaxation times. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1895-1908. [PMID: 31729080 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This assesses the potential of measuring lactate in the human brain using three non-editing MRS methods at 7T and compares the accuracy and precision of the methods. METHODS 1 H MRS data were measured in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using a semi-adiabatic spin-echo full-intensity acquired localized sequence with three different protocols: (I) TE = 16 ms, (II) TE = 110 ms, and (III) TE = 16 ms, TI = 300 ms. T1 and T2 relaxation times of lactate were also measured. Simulated spectra were generated for three protocols with known concentrations, using a range of spectral linewidths and SNRs to assess the effect of data quality on the measurement precision and accuracy. RESULTS Lactate was quantified in all three protocols with mean Cramér-Rao lower bound of 8% (I), 13% (II), and 7% (III). The T1 and T2 relaxation times of lactate were 1.9 ± 0.2 s and 94 ± 13 ms, respectively. Simulations predicted a spectral linewidth-associated underestimation of lactate measurement. Simulations, phantom and in vivo results showed that protocol II was most affected by this underestimation. In addition, the estimation error was insensitive to a broad range of spectral linewidth with protocol I. Within-session coefficient of variances of lactate were 6.1 ± 7.9% (I), 22.3 ± 12.3% (II), and 5.1 ± 5.4% (III), respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that protocols I and III have the potential to measure lactate at 7T with good reproducibility, whereas the measurement accuracy and precision depend on spectral linewidth and SNR, respectively. Moreover, simulation is valuable for the optimization of measurement protocols in future study design and the correction for measurement bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Dehghani
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience (CNP), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.,BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yang J, Guo H, Sun D, Duan J, Rao X, Xu F, Manyande A, Tang Y, Wang J, Wang F. Elevated glutamate, glutamine and GABA levels and reduced taurine level in a schizophrenia model using an in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance method. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5919-5931. [PMID: 31632560 PMCID: PMC6789232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that brain metabolic changes may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have found glutamatergic and GABAergic abnormalities in different brain regions of individuals with schizophrenia. We report a longitudinal behavioral study in a methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rat model of schizophrenia at three different age periods: prepuberty, late-puberty and early-adulthood. MAM-treated rats showed stable hypolocomotive activity, anxiety and cognitive deficits from late-puberty to early-adulthood. Therefore we detected the metabolites changes of adult MAM-treated rats using an in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method. In the MAM-treated rats, glutamate was increased in the thalamus and hypothalamus, glutamine was increased in the hippocampus and GABA was increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, while taurine showed a decrease in the striatum, temporal cortex and parietal cortex. These abnormalities may be helped further understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jia Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
- 2nd Hospital of ShijiazhuangShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Kim Y, Vadodaria KC, Lenkei Z, Kato T, Gage FH, Marchetto MC, Santos R. Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Redox Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:275-317. [PMID: 30585734 PMCID: PMC6602118 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms causing psychiatric disorders is modest, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are central to the etiology of these conditions. Autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder show genetic gene risk overlap and share symptoms and metabolic comorbidities. The identification of such common features may provide insights into the development of these disorders. Recent Advances: Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that brain energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions and redox balance are impaired to various degrees in psychiatric disorders. Since mitochondrial metabolism and redox signaling can integrate genetic and environmental environmental factors affecting the brain, it is possible that they are implicated in the etiology and progression of psychiatric disorders. Critical Issue: Evidence for direct links between cellular mitochondrial dysfunction and disease features are missing. Future Directions: A better understanding of the mitochondrial biology and its intracellular connections to the nuclear genome, the endoplasmic reticulum and signaling pathways, as well as its role in intercellular communication in the organism, is still needed. This review focuses on the findings that implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, the resultant metabolic changes and oxidative stress as important etiological factors in the context of psychiatric disorders. We also propose a model where specific pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders depend on circuit-specific impairments of mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling at specific developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Kim
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.,2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Krishna C Vadodaria
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- 3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- 4 Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Fred H Gage
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Renata Santos
- 2 Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.,3 Laboratory of Dynamic of Neuronal Structure in Health and Disease, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (UMR_S1266 INSERM, University Paris Descartes), Paris, France
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Park JH, Hong JS, Kim SM, Min KJ, Chung US, Han DH. Effects of Amisulpride Adjunctive Therapy on Working Memory and Brain Metabolism in the Frontal Cortex of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography Investigation. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:250-260. [PMID: 30905125 PMCID: PMC6478094 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Dopamine plays a significant role in working memory by acting as a key neuromodulator between brain networks. Additionally, treatment of patients with schizophrenia using amisulpride, a pure dopamine class 2/3 receptor antagonist, improves their clinical symptoms with fewer side effects. We hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia treated with amisulpride and aripiprazole show increased working memory and glucose metabolism compared with those treated with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and aripiprazole instead. Methods Sixteen patients with schizophrenia (eight in the amisulpride group [aripiprazole+amisulpride] and eight in the CBT group [aripiprazole+CBT]) and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were recruited for a 12-week-long prospective trial. An [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computerized tomography scanner was used to acquire the images. Results After 12 weeks of treatment, the amisulpride group showed greater improvement in the Letter-Number Span scores than the CBT group. Additionally, although brain metabolism in the left middle frontal gyrus, left occipital lingual gyrus, and right inferior parietal lobe was increased in all patients with schizophrenia, the amisulpride group exhibited a greater increase in metabolism in both the right superior frontal gyrus and right frontal precentral gyrus than the CBT group. Conclusion This study suggests that a small dose of amisulpride improves the general psychopathology, working memory performance, and brain glucose metabolism of patients with schizophrenia treated with aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ha Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital
| | - Ji Son Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital
| | | | - Un Sun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Children's
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital
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Lizarbe B, Soares AF, Larsson S, Duarte JMN. Neurochemical Modifications in the Hippocampus, Cortex and Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to Long-Term High-Fat Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:985. [PMID: 30670942 PMCID: PMC6331468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes impact brain function and metabolism. While it is well established that rodents exposed to diets rich in saturated fat develop brain dysfunction, contrasting results abound in the literature, likely as result of exposure to different high-fat diet (HFD) compositions and for varied periods of time. In the present study, we investigated alterations of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by measuring Y-maze spontaneous alternation, metabolic profiles of the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and levels of proteins specific to synaptic and glial compartments in mice exposed for 6 months to different amounts of fat (10, 45, or 60% of total energy intake). Increasing the dietary amount of fat from 10 to 45% or 60% resulted in obesity accompanied by increased leptin, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and reduced glucose tolerance. In comparison to controls (10%-fat), only mice fed the 60%-fat diet showed increased fed glycemia, as well as plasma corticosterone that has a major impact on brain function. HFD-induced metabolic profile modifications measured by 1H MRS were observed across the three brain areas in mice exposed to 60%- but not 45%-fat diet, while both HFD groups displayed impaired hippocampal-dependent memory. HFD also affected systems involved in neuro- or gliotransmission in the hippocampus. Namely, relative to controls, 60%-fat-fed mice showed reduced SNAP-25, PSD-95 and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity, while 45%-fat-fed mice showed reduced gephyrin and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity. For both HFD levels, reductions of the vesicular glutamate transporter vGlut1 and levels of the vesicular GABA transporter were observed in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, relative to controls. Immunoreactivity against GFAP and/or Iba-1 in the hypothalamus was higher in mice exposed to HFD than controls, suggesting occurrence of gliosis. We conclude that different levels of dietary fat result in distinct neurochemical alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Francisca Soares
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Larsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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