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Deepika NP, Krishnamurthy PT, Varshini MS, Naik MR, Sajini DV, Kiran AVR, Garikapati KK, Duraiswamy B, Sharma R. Ethnopharmacological validation of Karkataka Taila-An edible crab Rasayana in rotenone-induced in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118691. [PMID: 39134229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 'Karkataka Taila (KT), an ancient Ayurvedic Rasayana comprising the edible freshwater crab Scylla serrata Forskal flesh, is still used by local traditional practitioners in Kerala state to treat tremors and palsy. In the scientific community, it becomes less exposed due to the lack of adequate scientific validations and brief reports. There has been no published research on the effectiveness of KT in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). PURPOSE The purpose of the current research work was to investigate the anti-Parkison's potential of KT against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell lines and rat model of PD and investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The components of KT have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The neuroprotective activity of KT was assessed using SH-SY5Y cell lines and rats against rotenone-induced PD. The parameters used for asses the neuroprotection are antioxidant markers (ROS and SOD), anti-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and dopamine levels. Behavioral evaluation and rat brain histopathology were carried out to further support the neuroprotection. RESULT Analysis using GC-MS revealed 36 constituents in KT. In vitro, the KT displayed considerable neuroprotective effects in terms of decreasing oxidative stress (ROS and SOD), neuroinflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and elevating dopamine concentration. In vivo data showing improvements in histopathological and biochemical parameters confirmed the in vitro study findings, and in terms of behavioral assays, KT displayed significant activity. CONCLUSION GC-MS profiling was used to identify the bioactive compounds of KT with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. As a result, they may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of KT on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Deepika
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Magham Sai Varshini
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mudavath Ravi Naik
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Deepak Vasudevan Sajini
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ammu Vvv Ravi Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kusuma Kumari Garikapati
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Basavan Duraiswamy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Currim F, Shukla S, Singh J, Gohel D, Mane M, Shinde A, Roy M, Goyani S, Vasiyani H, Chandran A, Rochet JC, Cannon J, Singh R. Neuronal exosomal miRNAs modulate mitochondrial functions and cell death in bystander neuronal cells under Parkinson's disease stress conditions. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:102-116. [PMID: 38401688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra part of the brain. Pathology spread to numerous brain regions and cell types suggests that intercellular communication is essential to PD progression. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication between neurons, glia, and other cell types throughout PD-relevant brain regions. However, the mechanism remains unclear, and its implication in PD pathology, is not well understood. In the current study, we explored the role of exosomes in modulating the response to PD-relevant toxicants. In cellular models of PD, neuronal cell-derived exosomes are readily internalized by recipient neuronal cells as intact vesicles. Internalized exosomes in bystander neuronal cells localize to mitochondria and dysregulate mitochondrial functions, leading to cell death under PD stress conditions. NGS analysis of exosomes released by neuronal cells subjected to PD stress conditions showed that levels of specific miRNAs were altered in exosomes under PD stress conditions. Bioinformatic analysis of the miRNA targets revealed enriched pathways related to neuronal processes and morphogenesis, apoptosis and ageing. Levels of two miRNAs, hsa-miR-30a-5p and hsa-miR-181c-5p, were downregulated in exosomes under PD stress conditions. Expression of the identified miRNAs in neuronal cells led to their enrichment in exosomes, and exosome uptake in neuronal cells ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction induced by PD stress conditions and rescued cell death. In conclusion, loss of enrichment of specific miRNAs, including miR-30a-5p and miR-181c-5p, under PD stress conditions causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death, and hence may lead to progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Currim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India; School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shatakshi Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Dhruv Gohel
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Minal Mane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Anjali Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Milton Roy
- Institute for Cell Engineering, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, MRB 731, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shani Goyani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Hitesh Vasiyani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Aswathy Chandran
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jason Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
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3
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Zhang ZX, Zhou YJ, Gu P, Zhao W, Chen HX, Wu RY, Zhou LY, Cui QZ, Sun SK, Zhang LQ, Zhang K, Xu HJ, Chai XQ, An SJ. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate Parkinson's disease and neuronal damage through inhibition of microglia. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2291-2300. [PMID: 37056150 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.368300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammatory responses have been shown to play a crucial role in Parkinson's disease. In addition, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have shown anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, whether they can protect neurons in Parkinson's disease by inhibiting microglia-mediated inflammatory responses is not yet known. In this study, exosomes were isolated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and injected into a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. We found that the exosomes injected through the tail vein and lateral ventricle were absorbed by dopaminergic neurons and microglia on the affected side of the brain, where they repaired nigral-striatal dopamine system damage and inhibited microglial activation. Furthermore, in an in vitro cell model, pretreating lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells with exosomes reduced interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion, prevented the adoption of pyroptosis-associated morphology by BV2 cells, and increased the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells. Potential targets for treatment with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes were further identified by high-throughput microRNA sequencing and protein spectrum sequencing. Our findings suggest that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes are a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease, and that their neuroprotective effects may be mediated by inhibition of excessive microglial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhou
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong-Xu Chen
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wu
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lu-Yang Zhou
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Cui
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shao-Kang Sun
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lin-Qi Zhang
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Xu
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xi-Qing Chai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sheng-Jun An
- Research Center, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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4
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Citterio LA, Mancuso R, Agostini S, Meloni M, Clerici M. Serum and Exosomal miR-7-1-5p and miR-223-3p as Possible Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050865. [PMID: 37238734 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood, and is strongly suspected to include both genetic and environmental factors. In this context, it is essential to investigate possible biomarkers for both prognostic and diagnostic purposes. Several studies reported dysregulated microRNA expression in neurodegenerative disorders, including PD. Using ddPCR, we investigated the concentrations of miR-7-1-5p, miR-499-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-223-5p-miRNAs involved in the α-synuclein pathway and in inflammation-in the serum and serum-isolated exosomes of 45 PD patients and 49 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). While miR-499-3p and miR-223-5p showed no differences (1), serum concentration of miR-7-1-5p was significantly increased (p = 0.0007 vs. HC) and (2) miR-223-3p serum (p = 0.0006) and exosome (p = 0.0002) concentrations were significantly increased. ROC curve analysis showed that miR-223-3p and miR-7-1-5p serum concentration discriminates between PD and HC (p = 0.0001, in both cases). Notably, in PD patients, both miR-223-3p serum (p = 0.0008) and exosome (p = 0.006) concentrations correlated with levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD). Finally, serum α-synuclein was increased in PD patients compared to HC (p = 0.025), and in patients correlated with serum miR-7-1-5p in (p = 0.05). Our results suggest that both miR-7-1-5p and miR-223-3p, distinguishing PD from HC, have the potential to be useful and non-invasive biomarkers in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Meloni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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5
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Elangovan A, Venkatesan D, Selvaraj P, Pasha MY, Babu HWS, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Subramaniam MD, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. miRNA in Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to theranostic approaches. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:329-354. [PMID: 36502506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age associated neurological disorder which is specified by cardinal motor symptoms such as tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, postural instability, and non-motor symptoms. Dopaminergic neurons degradation in substantia nigra region and aggregation of αSyn are the classic signs of molecular defects noticed in PD pathogenesis. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNA) predicted to have a pivotal part in various processes regarding regularizing the cellular functions. Studies on dysregulation of miRNA in PD pathogenesis has recently gained the concern where our review unravels the role of miRNA expression in PD and its necessity in clinical validation for therapeutic development in PD. Here, we discussed how miRNA associated with ageing process in PD through molecular mechanistic approach of miRNAs on sirtuins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, dopamine loss, oxidative stress and autophagic dysregulation. Further we have also conferred the expression of miRNAs affected by SNCA gene expression, neuronal differentiation and its therapeutic potential with PD. In conclusion, we suggest more rigorous studies should be conducted on understanding the mechanisms and functions of miRNA in PD which will eventually lead to discovery of novel and promising therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Elangovan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Priyanka Selvaraj
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Md Younus Pasha
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Harysh Winster Suresh Babu
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India.,Department of Zoology, Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming, & Bioresources Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Department of Zoology, Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, Vellore, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India.,Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Punjab, Bathinda, India
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6
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Rodrigues-Costa M, Fernandes MSDS, Jurema-Santos GC, Gonçalves LVDP, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS. Nutrigenomics in Parkinson's disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:72-84. [PMID: 36625764 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.2017662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease (PD) is not completely understood, there is a consensus that it can be caused by multifactorial mechanisms involving genetic susceptibility, epigenetic modifications induced by toxins and mitochondrial dysfunction. In the past 20 years, great efforts have been made in order to clarify molecular mechanisms that are risk factors for this disease, as well as to identify bioactive agents for prevention and slowing down of its progression. Nutraceutical products have received substantial interest due to their nutritional, safe and therapeutic effects on several chronic diseases. The aim of this review was to gather the main evidence of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of phenolic compounds currently under investigation for the treatment of toxin-induced PD. These studies confirm that the neuroprotective actions of polyphenols involve complex epigenetic modulations, demonstrating that the intake of these natural compounds can be a promising, low-cost, pharmacogenomic strategy against the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moara Rodrigues-Costa
- Programa de Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Programa de Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
- Programa de Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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7
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Lang M, Grünewald A, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Pichler I. A genome on shaky ground: exploring the impact of mitochondrial DNA integrity on Parkinson's disease by highlighting the use of cybrid models. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:283. [PMID: 35513611 PMCID: PMC9072496 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play important roles in the regulation of key cellular processes, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, and signaling towards cell death or survival, and are distinguished by carrying their own genome (mtDNA). Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a prominent cellular mechanism involved in neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the occurrence of proteinaceous Lewy body inclusions. The contribution of mtDNA variants to PD pathogenesis has long been debated and is still not clearly answered. Cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell models provided evidence for a contribution of mtDNA variants to the PD phenotype. However, conclusive evidence of mtDNA mutations as genetic cause of PD is still lacking. Several models have shown a role of somatic, rather than inherited mtDNA variants in the impairment of mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. Accordingly, several nuclear genes driving inherited forms of PD are linked to mtDNA quality control mechanisms, and idiopathic as well as familial PD tissues present increased mtDNA damage. In this review, we highlight the use of cybrids in this PD research field and summarize various aspects of how and to what extent mtDNA variants may contribute to the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lang
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
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8
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Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020175. [PMID: 35203939 PMCID: PMC8870303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear etiology and no disease-modifying treatment to date. PD is considered a multifactorial disease, since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms linking these two key disease modifiers remain obscure. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modifications, and non-coding RNAs may represent the key mediators of the genetic–environmental interactions underlying PD pathogenesis. Environmental exposures may cause chemical alterations in several cellular functions, including gene expression. Emerging evidence has highlighted that smoking, coffee consumption, pesticide exposure, and heavy metals (manganese, arsenic, lead, etc.) may potentially affect the risk of PD development at least partially via epigenetic modifications. Herein, we discuss recent accumulating pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PD development, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis and stimulate future research.
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Sundaramoorthy TH, Castanho I. The Neuroepigenetic Landscape of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657221135848. [PMID: 36353727 PMCID: PMC9638687 DOI: 10.1177/25168657221135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been paramount to our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions; however, the brain epigenetic landscape is less well established in these disease models. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are among commonly studied mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Genome-wide studies and candidate studies of specific methylation marks, histone marks, and microRNAs have demonstrated the dysregulation of these mechanisms in models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the studies to date are scarce and inconclusive and the implications of many of these changes are still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize epigenetic changes reported to date in the brain of vertebrate and invertebrate models used to study neurodegenerative diseases, specifically diseases affecting the aging population. We also discuss caveats of epigenetic research so far and the use of disease models to understand neurodegenerative diseases, with the aim of improving the use of model organisms in this context in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Castanho
- University of Exeter Medical School,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
- Isabel Castanho, University of Exeter
Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. Emails:
;
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10
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Das T, Das TK, Khodarkovskaya A, Dash S. Non-coding RNAs and their bioengineering applications for neurological diseases. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11675-11698. [PMID: 34756133 PMCID: PMC8810045 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of cellular biomolecules is an emerging landscape presenting creative therapeutic opportunities. Recently, several strategies such as biomimetic materials, drug-releasing scaffolds, stem cells, and dynamic culture systems have been developed to improve specific biological functions, however, have been confounded with fundamental and technical roadblocks. Rapidly emerging investigations on the bioengineering prospects of mammalian ribonucleic acid (RNA) is expected to result in significant biomedical advances. More specifically, the current trend focuses on devising non-coding (nc) RNAs as therapeutic candidates for complex neurological diseases. Given the pleiotropic and regulatory role, ncRNAs such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are deemed as attractive therapeutic candidates. Currently, the list of non-coding RNAs in mammals is evolving, which presents the plethora of hidden possibilities including their scope in biomedicine. Herein, we critically review on the emerging repertoire of ncRNAs in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, neuroinflammation and drug abuse disorders. Importantly, we present the advances in engineering of ncRNAs to improve their biocompatibility and therapeutic feasibility as well as provide key insights into the applications of bioengineered non-coding RNAs that are investigated for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- Quanta Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,RayBiotech, Inc, 3607 Parkway Lane, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Tushar Kanti Das
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anne Khodarkovskaya
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024 India
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11
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Evans B, Furlong HA, de Lencastre A. Parkinson's disease and microRNAs - Lessons from model organisms and human studies. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111585. [PMID: 34634413 PMCID: PMC8596463 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, age-associated neurodegenerative disorder that affects an estimated 10 million people worldwide. PD is characterized by proteinaceous, cytoplasmic inclusions containing α-synuclein, called Lewy Bodies, which form in dopaminergic neurons in an age-dependent manner, and are associated with the emergence of characteristic PD symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, slow movements and postural instability. Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in identifying genetic and environmental factors that are associated with PD, early diagnosis and therapeutic options remain severely lacking. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel therapeutic targets in various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. MiRNAs have been shown to play roles in various aging and neurodegenerative disease models across phyla. More recently, studies have identified specific roles for miRNAs and their targets in the pathogenesis and progression of PD in several model organisms. Here, we discuss the evolving field of miRNAs, their association with PD, and the outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Howard A Furlong
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA
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12
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Mesnage R, Mahmud N, Mein CA, Antoniou MN. Alterations in small RNA profiles in liver following a subchronic exposure to a low-dose pesticide mixture in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 2021; 353:20-26. [PMID: 34626815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs have emerged as a promising new type of biomarker to monitor health status and track the development of diseases. Here we report changes in the levels of small RNAs in the liver of rats exposed to a mixture of six pesticides frequently detected in foodstuffs (azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, imidacloprid and thiabendazole). Multivariate analysis with OPLS-DA methods showed that small RNA profiles can discriminate samples from pesticide treated rats from their concurrent controls. A total of 9 miRNAs were found to have their levels altered in the liver of the pesticide-treated rats in comparison to the controls, which included 7 that were downregulated (miR-22-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-32-5p, miR-33-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-130a-3p) and 2 that were upregulated (miR-486-5p, miR-146a-5p). These miRNAs were predicted to regulate genes, which were found to have their expression altered by the pesticide mixture and have known health implications in the regulation of hepatic metabolism. This supports and extends our recent conclusions that high- throughput 'omics' analyses can reveal molecular perturbations, which can potentially act as sensitive and accurate markers of health risks arising from exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nadiya Mahmud
- Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Mein
- Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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13
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miR-132-5p regulates apoptosis and autophagy in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease by targeting ULK1. Neuroreport 2021; 31:959-965. [PMID: 32658123 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Numerous investigations have focused on the underlying mechanism involved in the progression of PD in recent decades. miR-132 is abnormal expression in many diseases including PD. However, the functional role and molecular mechanism of miR-132-5p in PD pathogenesis are still not elucidated. In our study, we found miR-132-5p was upregulated in 1-methyl-4-pheny-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that inhibition of miR-132-5p increased cell survival ability and reduced MPTP-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-132-5p could significantly suppressed mRNA and protein expression levels of LC3 and Beclin 1, indicating inhibition of miR-132-5p might restrain autophagy in PD. Subsequently, ULK1 was identified as a target of miR-132-5p and positively regulated by miR-132-5p at both mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, ectopic expression of ULK1 was able to reverse the effects of miR-132-5p inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-132-5p inhibition might exert a protective role in MPTP-treated PD models by targeting ULK1, indicating that miR-132-5p may be a prospective therapeutic target for PD.
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14
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Su Z, Ren N, Ling Z, Sheng L, Zhou S, Guo C, Ke Z, Xu T, Qin Z. Differential expression of microRNAs associated with neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic nephropathy in protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase-deficient mice. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2316-2330. [PMID: 34314072 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT/PCMT1), an enzyme repairing isoaspartate residues in peptides and proteins that result from the spontaneous decomposition of normal l-aspartyl and l-asparaginyl residues during aging, has been revealed to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms for a putative association of PIMT dysfunction with these diseases have not been clarified. Our study aimed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in the brain and kidneys of PIMT-deficient mice and uncover the epigenetic mechanism of PIMT-involved NDDs and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Differentially expressed miRNAs by sequencing underwent target prediction and enrichment analysis in the brain and kidney of PIMT knockout (KO) mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates. Sequence analysis revealed 40 differentially expressed miRNAs in the PIMT KO mouse brain including 25 upregulated miRNAs and 15 downregulated miRNAs. In the PIMT KO mouse kidney, there were 80 differentially expressed miRNAs including 40 upregulated miRNAs and 40 downregulated miRNAs. Enrichment analysis and a systematic literature review of differentially expressed miRNAs indicated the involvement of PIMT deficiency in the pathogenesis in NDDs and DN. Some overlapped differentially expressed miRNAs between the brain and kidney were quantitatively assessed in the brain, kidney, and serum-derived exosomes, respectively. Despite being preliminary, these results may aid in investigating the pathological hallmarks and identify the potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for PIMT dysfunction-related NDDs and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Su
- Department of Febrile Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ren
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zicheng Ling
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyue Sheng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunji Ke
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxia Qin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Gries M, Christmann A, Schulte S, Weyland M, Rommel S, Martin M, Baller M, Röth R, Schmitteckert S, Unger M, Liu Y, Sommer F, Mühlhaus T, Schroda M, Timmermans JP, Pintelon I, Rappold GA, Britschgi M, Lashuel H, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Niesler B, Schäfer KH. Parkinson mice show functional and molecular changes in the gut long before motoric disease onset. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:34. [PMID: 34078425 PMCID: PMC8170976 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that Parkinson's disease (PD) might start in the gut, thus involving and compromising also the enteric nervous system (ENS). At the clinical onset of the disease the majority of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain is already destroyed, so that the lack of early biomarkers for the disease represents a major challenge for developing timely treatment interventions. Here, we use a transgenic A30P-α-synuclein-overexpressing PD mouse model to identify appropriate candidate markers in the gut before hallmark symptoms begin to manifest. METHODS Based on a gait analysis and striatal dopamine levels, we defined 2-month-old A30P mice as pre-symptomatic (psA30P), since they are not showing any motoric impairments of the skeletal neuromuscular system and no reduced dopamine levels, but an intestinal α-synuclein pathology. Mice at this particular age were further used to analyze functional and molecular alterations in both, the gastrointestinal tract and the ENS, to identify early pathological changes. We examined the gastrointestinal motility, the molecular composition of the ENS, as well as the expression of regulating miRNAs. Moreover, we applied A30P-α-synuclein challenges in vitro to simulate PD in the ENS. RESULTS A retarded gut motility and early molecular dysregulations were found in the myenteric plexus of psA30P mice. We found that i.e. neurofilament light chain, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 and calbindin 2, together with the miRNAs that regulate them, are significantly altered in the psA30P, thus representing potential biomarkers for early PD. Many of the dysregulated miRNAs found in the psA30P mice are reported to be changed in PD patients as well, either in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue. Interestingly, the in vitro approaches delivered similar changes in the ENS cultures as seen in the transgenic animals, thus confirming the data from the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide an interesting and novel approach for the identification of appropriate biomarkers in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gries
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Anne Christmann
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Steven Schulte
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weyland
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rommel
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Monika Martin
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Marko Baller
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmitteckert
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Unger
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Britschgi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Medicine Area, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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Protein Binding Partners of Dysregulated miRNAs in Parkinson's Disease Serum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040791. [PMID: 33918274 PMCID: PMC8065836 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are a contributing factor to neurodegenerative diseases. Although altered miRNA profiles in serum or plasma have been reported for several neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about the interaction between dysregulated miRNAs and their protein binding partners. We found significant alterations of the miRNA abundance pattern in serum and in isolated serum-derived extracellular vesicles of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The differential expression of miRNA in PD patients was more robust in serum than in isolated extracellular vesicles and could separate PD patients from healthy controls in an unsupervised approach to a high degree. We identified a novel protein interaction partner for the strongly dysregulated hsa-mir-4745-5p. Our study provides further evidence for the involvement of miRNAs and HNF4a in PD. The demonstration that miRNA-protein binding might mediate the pathologic effects of HNF4a both by direct binding to it and by binding to proteins regulated by it suggests a complex role for miRNAs in pathology beyond the dysregulation of transcription.
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17
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Ullah I, Zhao L, Hai Y, Fahim M, Alwayli D, Wang X, Li H. "Metal elements and pesticides as risk factors for Parkinson's disease - A review". Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:607-616. [PMID: 33816123 PMCID: PMC8010213 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential metals including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) with known physiological functions in human body play an important role in cell homeostasis. Excessive exposure to these essential as well as non-essential metals including mercury (Hg) and Aluminum (Al) may contribute to pathological conditions, including PD. Each metal could be toxic through specific pathways. Epidemiological evidences from occupational and ecological studies besides various in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed the possible pathogenic role and neurotoxicity of different metals. Pesticides are substances that aim to mitigate the harm done by pests to plants and crops, and are extensively used to boost agricultural production. This review provides an outline of our current knowledge on the possible association between metals and PD. We have discussed the potential association between these two, furthermore the chemical properties, biological and toxicological aspects as well as possible mechanisms of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Ca, Pb, Hg and Zn in PD pathogenesis. In addition, we review recent evidence on deregulated microRNAs upon pesticide exposure and possible role of deregulated miRNA and pesticides to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Longhe Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yang Hai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | | | | | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, China
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18
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Yang Y, Li Y, Yang H, Guo J, Li N. Circulating MicroRNAs and Long Non-coding RNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:631553. [PMID: 33762908 PMCID: PMC7982809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.631553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the world’s second most common neurodegenerative disease that is associated with age. With the aging of the population, patients with PD are increasing in number year by year. Most such patients lose their ability to self-care with disease progression, which brings an incalculable burden to individual families and society. The pathogenesis of PD is complex, and its clinical manifestations are diverse. Therefore, it is of great significance to screen for circulating biomarkers associated with PD to reveal its pathogenesis and develop objective diagnostic methods so as to prevent, control, and treat the disease. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered to be effective biomarkers for various diseases due to their stability, and resistance to RNAase digestion and extreme conditions in circulating fluids. Here, we review recent advances in the detection of abnormally expressed miRNAs and lncRNAs in PD circulating fluids, and discuss the function and molecular mechanisms of plasma or serum miR-124, miR-132, miR-29, miR-221, miR-7, miR-433, and miR-153 in the regulation and progression of PD. Additionally, application of the differential expression of lncRNAs in circulating fluid in the pathological progression and diagnosis of PD is also reviewed. In short, the determination of abnormally expressed circulating miRNAs and lncRNAs will be valuable for the future diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianxing Guo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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microRNA signatures in prodromal REM sleep behavior disorder and early Parkinson's disease as noninvasive biomarkers. Sleep Med 2021; 78:160-168. [PMID: 33444973 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flow of gene expression or "The central dogma of molecular biology": DNA - RNA - protein, proposed by Watson & Crick sixty years ago, is a tightly controlled cell process. In the middle of this journey, the mRNA molecule is regulated by "RNA interference" (RNAi), a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism. A microRNA is an endogenous short double-stranded RNA that down-regulates hundreds of mRNAs by RNAi, maintaining healthy cell physiology. In contrast, aberrant expressions of microRNAs play a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. The damage may start at an early period of brain degeneration, in the non-motor or "prodromal" stage, where autonomic, mood and sleep changes are often manifested. REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is the prodromal manifestation with the highest odds for conversion into PD, thereby a valuable phenotype for disease prediction. The present review focuses on microRNAs' role in the pathogenesis of PD and RBD, summarizing the state-of-the-art of these RNA molecules as noninvasive biomarkers for non-motor prodromal (RBD) and early PD.
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20
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Grossi I, Radeghieri A, Paolini L, Porrini V, Pilotto A, Padovani A, Marengoni A, Barbon A, Bellucci A, Pizzi M, Salvi A, De Petro G. MicroRNA‑34a‑5p expression in the plasma and in its extracellular vesicle fractions in subjects with Parkinson's disease: An exploratory study. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:533-546. [PMID: 33416118 PMCID: PMC7797475 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an important disabling age-related disorder and is the second most common neuro-degenerative disease. Currently, no established molecular biomarkers exist for the early diagnosis of PD. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), either vesicle-free or encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as potential blood-based biomarkers also for neurodegenerative diseases. In this exploratory study, we focused on miR-34a-5p because of its well-documented involvement in neurobiology. To explore a differential profile of circulating miR-34a-5p in PD, PD patients and age-matched control subjects were enrolled. Serial ultracentrifugation steps and density gradient were used to separate EV subpopulations from plasma according to their different sedimentation properties (Large, Medium, Small EVs). Characterization of EV types was performed using western blotting and atomic force microscopy (AFM); purity from protein contaminants was checked with the colorimetric nanoplasmonic assay. Circulating miR-34a-5p levels were evaluated using qPCR in plasma and in each EV type. miR-34a-5p was significantly up-regulated in small EVs devoid of exogenous protein contaminants (pure SEVs) from PD patients and ROC analysis indicated a good diagnostic performance in discriminating patients from controls (AUC=0.74, P<0.05). Moreover, miR-34a-5p levels in pure SEVs were associated with disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr and Beck Depression Inventory scores. These results under-line the necessity to examine the miRNA content of each EV subpopulation to identify miRNA candidates with potential diagnostic value and lay the basis for future studies to validate the overexpression of circulating miR-34a-5p in PD via the use of pure SEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marengoni
- General Medicine and Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, I‑25123 Brescia, Italy
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21
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Hassouna I. Transplacental neurotoxicity of cypermethrin induced astrogliosis, microgliosis and depletion of let-7 miRNAs expression in the developing rat cerebral cortex. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1608-1615. [PMID: 33312879 PMCID: PMC7721691 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplacental neurotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin DNA alterations and immunohistochemical staining of astrocytes and microglia Cypermethrin induces astrogliosis and microgliosis in cerebral cortex MicroRNAs let7a, b, and c deplete in cerebral cortex of rat pups at postanal days
The use of type II pyrethroids, cypermethrin is becoming a growing concern among environmental research centers. While most studies have attempted to cover the areas of DNA damage and microglia activation following exposure to cypermethin in the adult or postnatal life, less is known about the exact degree of neurotoxicity that results from exposure to transplacental sublethal doses of cypermethrin. To study the transplacental neurotoxicity of cypermethrin, pregnant rats were orally administered 10 % of LD50 (25 mg/kg body weight) cypermethrin, one dose daily for one week during the gestational days 15–21. The pups were investigated at postnatal day7, 14 and 21 after birth. In brain, DNA alterations were detected, astrocytes and microglia quantification were performed and some let7 family member miRNAs are estimated. The results show a gain of three major bands in the range of 350bp to 2100bp with high intensities in cortex exposed to cypermethrin compared with similar pattern indicating unaffected genomic regions in thalamus and hypothalamus at 21days. Moreover, increases in the percentage of GFAP positive astrocytes and IBA1 positive microglia indicate astrogliosis and microgliosis respectively due to cypermethrin treatment in cerebral cortex. For the first time, drastically reduced expression of let7a, b and c members are also associated with gliosis and DNA alterations, which are detected in cerebral cortex, following transplacental neurotoxicity of cypermethrin. Taking together, these results suggest that cypermethrin neurotoxicity may be mediated partly through let7 miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Hassouna
- Physiology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
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22
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Aloizou AM, Siokas V, Sapouni EM, Sita N, Liampas I, Brotis AG, Rakitskii VN, Burykina TI, Aschner M, Bogdanos DP, Tsatsakis A, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E. Parkinson's disease and pesticides: Are microRNAs the missing link? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140591. [PMID: 32721662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that leads to significant morbidity and decline in the quality of life. It develops due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and among its pathogenic factors oxidative stress plays a critical role in disease progression. Pesticides are a broad class of chemicals widely used in agriculture and households for the protection of crops from insects and fungi. Several of them have been incriminated as risk factors for PD, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play an important role in regulating mRNA translation and protein synthesis. miRNA levels have been shown to be affected in several diseases as well. Since the studies on the association between pesticides and PD have yet to reach definitive conclusions, here we review recent evidence on deregulated microRNAs upon pesticide exposure, and attempt to find an overlap between miRNAs deregulated in PD and pesticides, as a missing link between the two, and enhance future research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Efstathia-Maria Sapouni
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Sita
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Brotis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Valerii N Rakitskii
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast' 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana I Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis 40500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast' 141014, Russian Federation; Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University Hospital of Larissa, Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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23
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Najib NH, Nies YH, Abd Halim SA, Yahaya MF, Das S, Lim WL, Teoh SL. Modeling Parkinson’s Disease in Zebrafish. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:386-399. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200708124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that affects
the motor system, and includes cardinal motor symptoms such as resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity,
bradykinesia and postural instability. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide due to the increase in
life span. Although, two centuries since the first description of the disease, no proper cure with regard
to treatment strategies and control of symptoms could be reached. One of the major challenges faced
by the researchers is to have a suitable research model. Rodents are the most common PD models
used, but no single model can replicate the true nature of PD. In this review, we aim to discuss another
animal model, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is gaining popularity. Zebrafish brain has all the major
structures found in the mammalian brain, with neurotransmitter systems, and it also possesses a
functional blood-brain barrier similar to humans. From the perspective of PD research, the zebrafish
possesses the ventral diencephalon, which is thought to be homologous to the mammalian substantia
nigra. We summarize the various zebrafish models available to study PD, namely chemical-induced
and genetic models. The zebrafish can complement the use of other animal models for the mechanistic
study of PD and help in the screening of new potential therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor H.M. Najib
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong H. Nies
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syarifah A.S. Abd Halim
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad F. Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei L. Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seong L. Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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24
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MicroRNA-7: expression and function in brain physiological and pathological processes. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:77. [PMID: 32537124 PMCID: PMC7288475 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play critical roles in regulating physiological function, and are becoming worldwide research hot spot in brain development and diseases. However, the exact value of miRNAs in brain physiological and pathological processes remain to be fully elucidated, which is vital for the application of miRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for brain diseases. MicroRNA-7 (miR-7), as a highly expressed miRNA molecule in the mammalian brain, is well documented to play a critical role in development of various diseases. Importantly, accumulating evidence has shown that miR-7 is involved in a range of developmental and pathological processes of brain. Expressively, miR-7, encoded by three genes located different chromosomes, is dominantly expressed in neurons with sensory or neurosecretory. Moreover, the expression of miR-7 is regulated at three levels including gene transcription, process of primary and precursor sequence and formation of mature sequence. Physiologically, miR-7 principally governs the physiological development of Pituitary gland, Optic nervous system and Cerebral cortex. Pathologically, miR-7 can regulate multiple genes thereby manipulating the process of various brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, and mental disorders and so on. These emerging studies have shown that miR-7, a representative member of miRNA family, might be a novel intrinsic regulatory molecule involved in the physiological and pathological process of brain. Therefore, in-depth studies on the role of miR-7 in brain physiology and pathology undoubtedly not only provide a light on the roles of miRNAs in brain development and diseases, but also are much helpful for ultimate development of therapeutic strategies against brain diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of current scientific knowledge regarding the expression and function of miR-7 in development and disease of brain and raise many issues involved in the relationship between miR-7 and brain physiological and pathological processes.
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25
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Goh SY, Chao YX, Dheen ST, Tan EK, Tay SSW. Role of MicroRNAs in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5649. [PMID: 31718095 PMCID: PMC6888719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease that manifests with resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993, miRNAs have been shown to be important biological molecules involved in diverse processes to maintain normal cellular functions. Over the past decade, many studies have reported dysregulation of miRNA expressions in PD. Here, we identified 15 miRNAs from 34 reported screening studies that demonstrated dysregulation in the brain and/or neuronal models, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Specific miRNAs-of-interest that have been implicated in PD pathogenesis include miR-30, miR-29, let-7, miR-485 and miR-26. However, there are several challenges and limitations in drawing definitive conclusions due to the small sample size in clinical studies, varied laboratory techniques and methodologies and their incomplete penetrance of the blood-brain barrier. Developing an optimal delivery system and unravelling druggable targets of miRNAs in both experimental and human models and clinical validation of the results may pave way for novel therapeutics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh Yee Goh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
| | - Yin Xia Chao
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Medical Education, Research and Evaluation (MERE) department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Shaikali Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders (NBD) department, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Samuel Sam-Wah Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.Y.G.); (S.T.D.)
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26
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A secret that underlies Parkinson's disease: The damaging cycle. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104484. [PMID: 31173779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder, and its common characteristics include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of a special type of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which are more prevalent in the elderly. However, the pathophysiology of PD is still elusive. In this review, we summarized five common factors involved in PD, namely, (i) oxidative stress, (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction, (iii) inflammation, (iv) abnormal α-synuclein, and (v) endogenous neurotoxins, and proposed a hypothesis involving a damaging cycle. Oxidative stress-triggered aldehydes react with biogenic amines to produce endogenous neurotoxins. They cause mitochondrial dysfunction and the formation of inflammasomes, which induce the activation of neuroglial cells and the infiltration of T lymphocytes. The synergistic effect of these processes fosters chronic inflammation and α-synuclein aggregation and further exacerbates the impact of oxidative stress to establish a damaging cycle that eventually results in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. This damaging cycle provides an explanation of progressive neuronal death during the pathogenesis of PD and provides new potential targets beneficial for developing new drugs and approaches for clinical neuroprotection.
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27
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Chiaradia E, Renzone G, Scaloni A, Caputo M, Costanzi E, Gambelunghe A, Muzi G, Avellini L, Emiliani C, Buratta S. Protein carbonylation in dopaminergic cells exposed to rotenone. Toxicol Lett 2019; 309:20-32. [PMID: 30951809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is an environmental neurotoxin that induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the most common features of Parkinson's disease in animal models. It acts as a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that impairs cellular respiration, with consequent increase of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This study evaluates the rotenone-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells, focusing particularly on protein oxidation. The identification of specific carbonylated proteins highlighted putative alterations of important cellular processes possibly associated with Parkinson's disease. Carbonylation of ATP synthase and of enzymes acting in pyruvate and glucose metabolism suggested a failure of mechanisms ensuring cellular energy supply. Concomitant oxidation of cytoskeletal proteins and of enzymes involved in the synthesis of neuroactive molecules indicated alterations of the neurotransmission system. Carbonylation of chaperon proteins as well as of proteins acting in the autophagy-lysosome pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasome system suggested the possible formation of cytosolic unfolded protein inclusions as result of defective processes assisting recovery/degradation of damaged molecules. In conclusion, this study originally evidences specific protein targets of rotenone-induced oxidative damage, suggesting some possible molecular mechanisms involved in rotenone toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Mara Caputo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Muzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Avellini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; CEMIN-Center of Excellence for Innovative Nanostructured Material, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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