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Marselli G, Favieri F, Forte G, Corbo I, Agostini F, Guarino A, Casagrande M. The protective role of cognitive reserve: an empirical study in mild cognitive impairment. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:334. [PMID: 38849930 PMCID: PMC11157959 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes an aging profile characterized by a cognitive decline that is worse than expected in normal aging but less pervasive and critical than full-blown dementia. In the absence of an effective treatment strategy, it is important to identify factors that can protect against progression to dementia. In this field, it is hypothesized that one aspect that may be a protective factor against the neurotypical outcome of dementia is cognitive reserve (CR). Cognitive reserve is the ability to maintain cognitive functionality despite accumulating brain pathology. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to identify and analyze the differences in CR between healthy adults and patients with MCI. Specifically, it is hypothesized that (i) healthy older adult people have higher CR than older adult people diagnosed with MCI, and (II) CR could predict the classification of subjects into people with or without MCI. METHODS Two hundred forty-three adults (mean age = 60.4, SD = 7.4) participated in the present study and were classified into three groups based on Petersen's MCI criteria: healthy controls (HC), amnestic MCI (aMCI), and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) was administered to assess the level of CR, FINDINGS: Results showed that HC had significantly higher CR scores than participants diagnosed with aMCI and naMCI. Moreover, a binomial logistic regression suggested that low CR was a significant risk factor for the MCI diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The clinical picture that emerged from the results showed that lower CR could be considered a characteristic of pathological aging, such as MCI.Public significance statement, Since the brain attempts to cope with life-related changes or pathologies, it is fundamental for both clinicians and researchers to investigate further the factors that contribute to brain resilience. As an indirect expression of brain reserve, cognitive reserve may be both a marker and a predictor of adaptive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marselli
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corbo
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, 00184, Italy.
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Saywell I, Foreman L, Child B, Phillips-Hughes AL, Collins-Praino L, Baetu I. Influence of cognitive reserve on cognitive and motor function in α-synucleinopathies: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105672. [PMID: 38608829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve has shown promise as a justification for neuropathologically unexplainable clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests this effect may be replicated in conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, the relationships between cognitive reserve and different cognitive abilities, as well as motor outcomes, are still poorly understood in these conditions. Additionally, it is unclear whether the reported effects are confounded by medication. This review analysed studies investigating the relationship between cognitive reserve and clinical outcomes in these α-synucleinopathy cohorts, identified from MEDLINE, Scopus, psycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. 85 records, containing 176 cognition and 31 motor function effect sizes, were pooled using multilevel meta-analysis. There was a significant, positive association between higher cognitive reserve and both better cognition and motor function. Cognition effect sizes differed by disease subtype, cognitive reserve measure, and outcome type; however, no moderators significantly impacted motor function. Review findings highlight the clinical implications of cognitive reserve and importance of engaging in reserve-building behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Saywell
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Lauren Foreman
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Brittany Child
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | | | | | - Irina Baetu
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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Ourry V, Binette AP, St-Onge F, Strikwerda-Brown C, Chagnot A, Poirier J, Breitner J, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Rabin JS, Buckley R, Gonneaud J, Marchant NL, Villeneuve S. How Do Modifiable Risk Factors Affect Alzheimer's Disease Pathology or Mitigate Its Effect on Clinical Symptom Expression? Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1006-1019. [PMID: 37689129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that modifiable risk factors account for approximately 40% of the population variability in risk of developing dementia, including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings suggest that these factors may also modify disease trajectories of people with autosomal-dominant AD. With positron emission tomography imaging, it is now possible to study the disease many years before its clinical onset. Such studies can provide key knowledge regarding pathways for either the prevention of pathology or the postponement of its clinical expression. The former "resistance pathway" suggests that modifiable risk factors could affect amyloid and tau burden decades before the appearance of cognitive impairment. Alternatively, the resilience pathway suggests that modifiable risk factors may mitigate the symptomatic expression of AD pathology on cognition. These pathways are not mutually exclusive and may appear at different disease stages. Here, in a narrative review, we present neuroimaging evidence that supports both pathways in sporadic AD and autosomal-dominant AD. We then propose mechanisms for their protective effect. Among possible mechanisms, we examine neural and vascular mechanisms for the resistance pathway. We also describe brain maintenance and functional compensation as bases for the resilience pathway. Improved mechanistic understanding of both pathways may suggest new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alexa Pichet Binette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lunds Universitet, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Frédéric St-Onge
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cherie Strikwerda-Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Audrey Chagnot
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judes Poirier
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Breitner
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- Environment and Health over the Lifecourse Programme, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer S Rabin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Buckley
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Natalie L Marchant
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Wei W, Wang K, Shi J, Li Z. Instruments to Assess Cognitive Reserve Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review of Measurement Properties. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:511-529. [PMID: 37115436 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve explains the differences in the susceptibility to cognitive impairment related to brain aging, pathology, or insult. Given that cognitive reserve has important implications for the cognitive health of typically and pathologically aging older adults, research needs to identify valid and reliable instruments for measuring cognitive reserve. However, the measurement properties of current cognitive reserve instruments used in older adults have not been evaluated according to the most up-to-date COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN). This systematic review aimed to critically appraise, compare, and summarize the quality of the measurement properties of all existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant studies published up to December 2021, which was conducted by three of four researchers using 13 electronic databases and snowballing method. The COSMIN was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies and the quality of measurement properties. Out of the 11,338 retrieved studies, only seven studies that concerned five instruments were eventually included. The methodological quality of one-fourth of the included studies was doubtful and three-seventh was very good, while only four measurement properties from two instruments were supported by high-quality evidence. Overall, current studies and evidence for selecting cognitive reserve instruments suitable for older adults were insufficient. All included instruments have the potential to be recommended, while none of the identified cognitive reserve instruments for older adults appears to be generally superior to the others. Therefore, further studies are recommended to validate the measurement properties of existing cognitive reserve instruments for older adults, especially the content validity as guided by COSMIN.Systematic Review Registration numbers: CRD42022309399 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrui Wei
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Shi
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba Da Chu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, China.
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Li Y, Dekhtyar S, Grande G, Kalpouzos G, Gregorio C, Laukka EJ, Qiu C. Association of cognitive reserve with transitions across cognitive states and death in older adults: A 15-year follow-up study. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38779828 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the association of cognitive reserve (CR) with transitions across cognitive states and death. METHODS This population-based cohort study included 2631 participants (age ≥60 years) who were dementia-free at baseline and regularly examined up to 15 years. Data were analyzed using the Markov multistate models. RESULTS Each 1-point increase in the composite CR score (range: -4.25 to 3.46) was significantly associated with lower risks of transition from normal cognition to cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) (multivariable-adjusted hazards ratio = 0.78; 95% confidence interval = 0.72-0.85) and death (0.85; 0.79-0.93), and from CIND to death (0.82; 0.73-0.91), but not from CIND to normal cognition or dementia. A greater composite CR score was associated with a lower risk of transition from CIND to death in people aged 60-72 but not in those aged ≥ 78 years. DISCUSSION CR contributes to cognitive health by delaying cognitive deterioration in the prodromal phase of dementia. HIGHLIGHTS We use Markov multistate model to examine the association between cognitive reserve and transitions across cognitive states and death. A great cognitive reserve contributes to cognitive health by delaying cognitive deterioration in the prodromal phase of dementia. A great cognitive reserve is associated with a lower risk of transition from cognitive impairment, no dementia to death in people at the early stage of old age, but not in those at the late stage of old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Li
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Giulia Grande
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Caterina Gregorio
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste TS, Italy
- MOX - Modeling and Scientific Computing Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika J Laukka
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
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Leung Y, Eramudugolla R, Cherbuin N, Peters R, Mortby ME, Kiely KM, Anstey KJ. Estimating Gender Differences in the Association between Cognitive Resilience and Mild Cognitive Impairment Incidence. Gerontology 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38697040 DOI: 10.1159/000538615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that the influence of verbal intelligence and education on the onset of subjective cognitive decline may be modulated by gender, where education contributes less to cognitive resilience (CR) in women than in men. This study aimed to examine gender differences in the association between CR and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) incidence in an Australian population-based cohort. METHODS We included 1,806 participants who had completed at least the first two waves and up to four waves of assessments in the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life study (baseline: 49% female, male = 62.5, SD = 1.5, age range = 60-66 years). CR proxies included measures of educational attainment, occupation skill, verbal intelligence, and leisure activity. Discrete-time survival analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in the association between CR proxies and MCI risk, adjusting for age and apolipoprotein E4 status. RESULTS Gender differences were only found in the association between occupation and MCI risk, where lower occupation skill was more strongly associated with higher risk in men than in women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.07, 1.57]). In both genders, after adjusting for education and occupation, one SD increase in leisure activity was associated with lower MCI risk by 32% (OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.65, 0.89]). Higher scores in verbal intelligence assessment were associated with reduced risk of MCI by 28% (OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.69, 0.89]). CONCLUSION Occupational experience may contribute to CR differently between genders. Life course cognitive engagement and verbal intelligence may be more protective against MCI than education and occupation for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Leung
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ranmalee Eramudugolla
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ruth Peters
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Moyra E Mortby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim M Kiely
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Health and Society, and School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Pereira ML, Caramelli P, Sá VMD, Rocha PHM, Oliveira JPGD, Amorim RPD, Silva EVD, Delboni VS, Barbosa MT, Miranda LFJRD, de Souza LC. Memory complaint in a middle-income country: a four-year longitudinal study in a cohort with low-education. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2024; 82:1-9. [PMID: 38849124 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory complaints are frequent in older adults and are associated with higher risk of cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional outcome of individuals with memory complaints followed up at primary care centers. METHODS Data were collected between 2016 e 2020 in primary health care centers in Brazil. Patients underwent the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery, and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. RESULTS The initial sample (2016) comprised 91 individuals classified into those with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 15), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 45), or dementia (n = 31). During follow-up, 8 individuals (8.8% of the initial sample) died and 26 (28.5% of the initial sample) were not found. Fifty-seven participants underwent clinical reassessment. Of 15 individuals with SCD, 7 were not found (46.7%), 4 (26.7%) progressed to MCI, and 4 (26.7%) remained stable. Of 45 individuals with MCI, 11 were not found (24.4%), 2 (4.4%) died, 6 (13.4%) progressed to dementia, 12 (26.7%) regressed to SCD, and 14 (31.1%) remained stable. Of 31 individuals with dementia, 8 were not found (25.8%), 6 (19.4%) died, 2 (6.5%) regressed to SCD, 7 (22.6%) regressed to MCI, and 8 remained stable (25.8%). Clinical improvement was due to the treatment of reversible causes, such as B12 hypovitaminosis and mood disorders. Older age, lower Mini-Mental State Examination, and higher scores of memory complaint, but not the use of benzodiazepines and of proton pump inhibitors, were predictors of functional status. CONCLUSION Despite their limits (short sample size, missing data), these results support the idea that adequate screening, follow-up, and treatment of reversible causes of dementia in primary care are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Leandro Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
- Khronus Saúde e Educação Ltda, Instituto Khronus de Desenvolvimento Humano, Patos de Minas MG, Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Curso de Medicina, Patos de Minas MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Vannessa Marinara de Sá
- Khronus Saúde e Educação Ltda, Instituto Khronus de Desenvolvimento Humano, Patos de Minas MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Elvis Vieira da Silva
- Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas, Curso de Medicina, Patos de Minas MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Tonidandel Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Coors A, Lee S, Gazes Y, Gacheru M, Habeck C, Stern Y. Brain reserve affects the expression of cognitive reserve networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26658. [PMID: 38520368 PMCID: PMC10960550 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) explains differential susceptibility of cognitive performance to neuropathology. However, as brain pathologies progress, cognitive decline occurs even in individuals with initially high CR. The interplay between the structural brain health (= level of brain reserve) and CR-related brain networks therefore requires further research. Our sample included 142 individuals aged 60-70 years. National Adult Reading Test intelligence quotient (NART-IQ) was our CR proxy. On an in-scanner Letter Sternberg task, we used ordinal trend (OrT) analysis to extract a task-related brain activation pattern (OrT slope) for each participant that captures increased expression with task load (one, three, and six letters). We assessed whether OrT slope represents a neural mechanism underlying CR by associating it with task performance and NART-IQ. Additionally, we investigated how the following brain reserve measures affect the association between NART-IQ and OrT slope: mean cortical thickness, total gray matter volume, and brain volumes proximal to the areas contained in the OrT patterns. We found that higher OrT slope was associated with better task performance and higher NART-IQ. Further, the brain reserve measures were not directly associated with OrT slope, but they affected the relationship between NART-IQ and OrT slope: NART-IQ was associated with OrT slope only in individuals with high brain reserve. The degree of brain reserve has an impact on how (and perhaps whether) CR can be implemented in brain networks in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Coors
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Mental Health Data ScienceNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and BiostatisticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Margaret Gacheru
- Mental Health Data ScienceNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and BiostatisticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Christian Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of NeurologyColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging BrainColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Kim JH, Shin JC, Kim AR, Seo BN, Park GC, Kang BK, Lee JS. Safety and efficacy of acupuncture for mild cognitive impairment: a study protocol for clinical study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1346858. [PMID: 38560732 PMCID: PMC10979737 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1346858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediary condition between typical cognitive decline that occurs owing to aging and dementia. It is necessary to implement an intervention to slow the progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease. This manuscript reports the protocol for a clinical trial on the effect of acupuncture in patients with MCI. Methods The trial will be a randomized, prospective, parallel-arm, active-controlled trial. Sixty-four patients with MCI will be randomized to the Rehacom or acupuncture group (n = 32 each). The participants in the acupuncture group will receive electroacupuncture at GV24 (Shenting) and GV20 (Baihui) and acupuncture at EX-HN1 (Sishencong) once (30 min) a day, twice per week for 12 weeks. The patients in the Rehacom group will receive computerized cognitive rehabilitation using RehaCom software once (30 min) daily, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the change in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale score. The secondary outcome measures are the Geriatric Depression Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Korean version-cognitive subscale-3 scores, and European Quality of Life Five Dimensions Five Level Scale. The safety outcomes will include the incidence of adverse events, blood pressure, blood chemistry parameters, and pulse rate. The efficacy outcome will be assessed at baseline and at six weeks, 13 weeks, and 24 weeks after baseline. Discussion The findings of this protocol will provide information regarding the effects of acupuncture on MCI. Clinical trial registration https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?search_lang=E&focus=reset_12&search_page=M&pageSize=10&page=undefined&seq=25579&status=5&seq_group=25579, KCT0008861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Center, Dongshin University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Cheol Shin
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Nam Seo
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Cheon Park
- Clinical Research Center, Dongshin University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kab Kang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soon Lee
- Department of Nursing, Christian College of Nursing, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Feldberg C, Barreyro JP, Tartaglini MF, Hermida PD, Moya García L, Benetti L, Somale MV, Allegri R. Estimation of cognitive reserve and its impact on cognitive performance in older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:117-127. [PMID: 34870538 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.2002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive reserve provides evidence in the search for answers regarding the role that lifestyle has in the protection of cognition in old age. Through a structural equations model, different things were analyzed: the relative weight of education, occupational complexity, free time activities and the intelligence quotient in cognitive reserve; and its impact on three cognitive domains: memory, language and executive functions. DESIGN A trail analysis was executed, using structural equations procedure. PARTICIPANTS 167 older participants (mean = 76.74 years, standard deviation = 6.8 years). MEASUREMENTS Participants were assessed with: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Occupational Activity Agency Questionnaire, Social Participation Questionnaire and Neuropsychological Evaluation Battery for: memory, language and executive functions. RESULTS The cognitive reserve factor is well represented by the measures included, with values between .43 and .86, and shows a direct effect on language (β = .52, p < .001), executive functions (β = .77, p <.001), and memory (β = .36, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, lifestyle factors, such as education, occupational complexity, leisure time activities and intelligence quotient have an impact on the conformation of cognitive reserve and performance in some psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Feldberg
- National Scientific and Technical, Research Council- INEBA, CONICET-INEBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Barreyro
- National Scientific and Technical, Research Council- University of Buenos Aires, CONICET- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Paula Daniela Hermida
- National Scientific and Technical, Research Council in the Investigations Institute IAT IMET-UBACONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lydia Moya García
- Cognitive Neurology Service of the Buenos Aires Neuroscience Institute, INEBA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laureana Benetti
- Cognitive Neurology Service of the Buenos Aires Neuroscience Institute, INEBA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Somale
- Cognitive Neurology Service of the Buenos Aires Neuroscience Institute, INEBA Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Cognitive Neurology Service of the FLENI Foundation, Foundation for Childhood Neurological Disorders, Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychology and Neuropsychiatry Section (CONICET-FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentine
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Levin F, Grothe MJ, Dyrba M, Franzmeier N, Teipel SJ. Longitudinal trajectories of cognitive reserve in hypometabolic subtypes of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 135:26-38. [PMID: 38157587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated resilience to AD-related neuropathology in a form of cognitive reserve (CR). In this study we investigated a relationship between CR and hypometabolic subtypes of AD, specifically the typical and the limbic-predominant subtypes. We analyzed data from 59 Aβ-positive cognitively normal (CN), 221 prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 174 AD dementia participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) from ADNI and ADNIGO/2 phases. For replication, we analyzed data from 5 Aβ-positive CN, 89 prodromal AD and 43 AD dementia participants from ADNI3. CR was estimated as standardized residuals in a model predicting cognition from temporoparietal grey matter volumes and covariates. Higher CR estimates predicted slower cognitive decline. Typical and limbic-predominant hypometabolic subtypes demonstrated similar baseline CR, but the results suggested a faster decline of CR in the typical subtype. These findings support the relationship between subtypes and CR, specifically longitudinal trajectories of CR. Results also underline the importance of longitudinal analyses in research on CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Levin
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Rostock, Germany.
| | - Michel J Grothe
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Martin Dyrba
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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12
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Lu L, Qin L, Zhao X, Liu Z, Qiu X, Yang S, Song H, Yang J. Metabolites of intestinal fora can be used as diagnostic and progressive markers for mild cognitive impairment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351523. [PMID: 38404286 PMCID: PMC10885801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the work was to analyze the metabolites of the intestinal microbiota from the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and progressive MCI due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method Two cohorts were established. The first one included 87 subjects with 30 healthy controls (NC), 22 patients with MCI due to AD, and 35 patients with AD. The second cohort included 87 patients with MCI due to AD, who were followed up for 2 years and finally were divided into progressive MCI due to AD group (P-G) and unprogressive MCI due to AD group (U-G) according their cognitive levels. Fecal samples were collected to all patients at the baseline time point. Differential metabolites were subjected to pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst. Results In the first cohort, we found 21 different metabolites among the three groups (AD, MCI, and NC). In the second cohort, we identified 19 differential metabolites between the P-G and U-G groups. By machine learning analysis, we found that seven characteristic metabolites [Erythrodiol, alpha-Curcumene, Synephrine, o-Hydroxylaminobenzoate, 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-Deoxystreptamine, and 9(S] were of characteristic significance for the diagnosis of MCI due to AD, and six metabolites (Indolelactate, Indole-3-acetaldehyde, L-Proline, Perillyl, Mesaconate, and Sphingosine) were the characteristic metabolites of early warning for the progression of MCI due to AD. D-Glucuronic acid was negatively correlated with Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4). Perillyl alcohol was negatively correlated with all of the five biomarkers [P-tau181, Neurofilament light chain (NF-light), Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], but Indoleacetaldehyde was positively correlated with three biomarkers (P-tau181, Aβ1-42, and GFAP). Three characteristic metabolites (3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-Deoxystreptamine, and p-Synephrine) were positively correlated with Aβ1-42. 2-Deoxystreptamine, 9(S)-HPOT, and Indoleacetaldehyde were positively correlated with GFAP. L-Proline and Indoleacetaldehyde were positively correlated with NF-light. Conclusion Specific metabolites of intestinal fora can be used as diagnostic and progressive markers for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zanhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Qiu
- Department of Social Work, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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13
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Mattson MP, Leak RK. The hormesis principle of neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Cell Metab 2024; 36:315-337. [PMID: 38211591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Animals live in habitats fraught with a range of environmental challenges to their bodies and brains. Accordingly, cells and organ systems have evolved stress-responsive signaling pathways that enable them to not only withstand environmental challenges but also to prepare for future challenges and function more efficiently. These phylogenetically conserved processes are the foundation of the hormesis principle, in which single or repeated exposures to low levels of environmental challenges improve cellular and organismal fitness and raise the probability of survival. Hormetic principles have been most intensively studied in physical exercise but apply to numerous other challenges known to improve human health (e.g., intermittent fasting, cognitive stimulation, and dietary phytochemicals). Here we review the physiological mechanisms underlying hormesis-based neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Approaching natural resilience from the lens of hormesis may reveal novel methods for optimizing brain function and lowering the burden of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ernyey AJ, Kassai F, Kozma K, Plangár I, Somfai Z, Miklya I, Gyertyán I. Age-related decline of various cognitive functions in well-experienced male rats treated with the putative anti-aging compound (2R)-1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-propylpentane-2-amine ((-)BPAP). GeroScience 2024; 46:417-429. [PMID: 37306892 PMCID: PMC10828437 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated cognitive disorders lack proper medication. To meet this need translation-wise, modification of the animal models is also required. In the present study, effect of the putative anti-aging compound (2R)-1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-propylpentane-2-amine ((-)BPAP, a deprenyl derivative) on age-related cognitive decline was investigated in experienced, aged Long-Evans rats. During their lifetime, animals had acquired knowledge in various cognitive assays. Their performance in these tests was then parallel followed from the age of 27 months until their death meanwhile half of them were treated with BPAP. Cognitive performance in various tasks showed different sensitivities/resistances to age-related impairment. Pot jumping performance (motor skill-learning) started to impair first, at 21 months of age, followed by decreasing performance in five-choice serial reaction time task (attention) at 26 months. Navigation performance in Morris water maze (spatial learning) started to decline at 31 months. Performance in a cooperation task (social cognition) started to decline the latest, at 34 months. Our findings suggest that in this process, the primary factor was the level of motivation to be engaged with the task and not losing the acquired knowledge. The average lifespan of the tested rat population was 36 months. BPAP could not improve the cognitive performance; neither could it prolong lifespan. A possible reason might be that dietary restriction and lifelong cognitive engagement had beneficial effects on cognitive capabilities and lifespan creating a "ceiling effect" for further improvement. The results confirmed that experienced animals provide a translationally relevant model to study age-related cognitive decline and measure the effect of putative anti-aging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliz Judit Ernyey
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Kassai
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kozma
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Plangár
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Somfai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Miklya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Pinto JO, Peixoto B, Dores AR, Barbosa F. Measures of cognitive reserve: An umbrella review. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:42-115. [PMID: 37073431 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recently, there has been a growing interest in operationalizing and measuring cognitive reserve (CR) for clinical and research purposes. This umbrella review aims to summarize the existing systematic and meta-analytic reviews about measures of CR. Method: A literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the guidelines of Aromataris et al. (2015) to identify the systematic reviews and meta-analysis involving the assessment of CR. The methodological quality of the papers included in this umbrella review was assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) and Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE). Results: Thirty-one reviews were identified, sixteen of which were systematic reviews, and fifteen were meta-analyses. Most of the reviews had a critically low quality, according to AMSTAR-2. The reviews included between two and 135 studies. Most of the papers focused on older adults, mainly those with dementia. CR was measured using one to six proxies, but most considered each proxy separately. The most assessed proxies of CR were education on its own, combined with occupation and/or engagement in activities or combined with parental education, bilingualism, and engagement in activities when four CR proxies were studied. Most of the studies included in higher quality reviews focused on three proxies, with education and engagement in activities being the most evaluated using CR questionnaires. Conclusion: Despite the growing interest in measuring CR, its operationalization did not improve since the last umbrella review in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana O Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
- NeuroGen - Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Ekdahl N, Möller MC, Deboussard CN, Stålnacke BM, Lannsjö M, Nordin LE. Investigating cognitive reserve, symptom resolution and brain connectivity in mild traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:450. [PMID: 38124076 PMCID: PMC10731820 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A proportion of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) suffer long-term consequences, and the reasons behind this are still poorly understood. One factor that may affect outcomes is cognitive reserve, which is the brain's ability to maintain cognitive function despite injury. It is often assessed through educational level or premorbid IQ tests. This study aimed to explore whether there were differences in post-concussion symptoms and symptom resolution between patients with mTBI and minor orthopedic injuries one week and three months after injury. Additional aims were to explore the relationship between cognitive reserve and outcome, as well as functional connectivity according to resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHOD Fifteen patients with mTBI and 15 controls with minor orthopedic injuries were recruited from the emergency department. Assessments, including Rivermead Post-Concussion Questionnaire (RPQ), neuropsychological testing, and rs-fMRI scans, were conducted on average 7 days (SD = 2) and 122 days (SD = 51) after injury. RESULTS At the first time point, significantly higher rates of post-concussion symptoms (U = 40.0, p = 0.003), state fatigue (U = 56.5, p = 0.014), and fatigability (U = 58.5, p = 0.025) were observed among the mTBI group than among the controls. However, after three months, only the difference in post-concussion symptoms remained significant (U = 27.0, p = 0.003). Improvement in post-concussion symptoms was found to be significantly correlated with cognitive reserve, but only in the mTBI group (Spearman's rho = -0.579, p = .038). Differences in the trajectory of recovery were also observed for fatigability between the two groups (U = 36.5, p = 0.015). Moreover, functional connectivity differences in the frontoparietal network were observed between the groups, and for mTBI patients, functional connectivity differences in an executive control network were observed over time. CONCLUSION The findings of this pilot study suggest that mTBI, compared to minor orthopedic trauma, is associated to both functional connectivity changes in the brain and concussion-related symptoms. While there is improvement in these symptoms over time, a small subgroup with lower cognitive reserve appears to experience more persistent and possibly worsening symptoms over time. This, however, needs to be validated in larger studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05593172. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Ekdahl
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/ County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marika C Möller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Nygren Deboussard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Stålnacke
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marianne Lannsjö
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/ County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Love Engström Nordin
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Physics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mondini S, Pucci V, Pastore M, Gaggi O, Tricomi PP, Nucci M. s-CRIq: the online short version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2903-2910. [PMID: 37733229 PMCID: PMC10721653 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wide use of the term Cognitive Reserve (CR) is in need of a clear and shared definition of its concept and of the development of new tools, quick and easy to use and updated for the people of today. This study describes the online short CRIq (s-CRIq), the new shorter version of the CRIq, following an item analysis revision, and compares the data distribution of different samples. METHODS The s-CRIq was administered online to 435 people while another 440 filled out the s-CRIq in self-administration. A further 588 participants had been administered the original paper-and-pencil long CRIq and 344 the online long CRIq. RESULTS The major difference in the databases of s-CRIq versus the long versions is an increased score in education and in leisure activity. However, the density distributions of the total score of CRI in the 4 databases share 64% of their areas, and at least two of them share 84%. CONCLUSION The s-CRIq proved to be a simple and easy-to-administer tool. Similarly, to the original version, the s-CRIq is freely available on the web, and it is our hope that it will be of fruitful use for researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, FISPPA, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ombretta Gaggi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Tricomi
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Nucci
- Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, DPG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Sato K, Matsui M, Ono Y, Miyagishi Y, Tsubomoto M, Naito N, Kikuchi M. The relationship between cognitive reserve focused on leisure experiences and cognitive functions in bipolar patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21661. [PMID: 38027814 PMCID: PMC10661430 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is characterized by cognitive decline. Individual differences exist in maintaining cognitive function due to daily physical activity and sleep. We examined the relationship between leisure experiences as proxies for cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive function in patients with bipolar disorder after adjusting for daily physical activity and sleep. The CR of patients with BP (n = 24) and healthy study controls (HC) (n = 24) was assessed using premorbid IQ, years of education, and leisure activity history. Performance-based neuropsychological tests were performed to evaluate cognitive function. A self-reported scale was used to assess resilience. Physical activity and sleep were measured using an activity meter. Verbal fluency, story memory, and verbal memory were significantly positively correlated with the kinds of leisure experiences in patients with BP. A hierarchical regression analysis accounting for confounding factors showed that verbal fluency and memory were associated with the kinds of leisure experiences. Neither years of education nor resilience were significantly associated with neuropsychological scores. Various leisure experiences in patients with BP are associated with higher language-related cognitive functioning. Engaging in various leisure experiences may affect higher cognitive functions related to language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ono
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyocyo, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8224, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Miyagishi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubomoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Nobushige Naito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Ourry V, Rehel S, André C, Mary A, Paly L, Delarue M, Requier F, Hendy A, Collette F, Marchant NL, Felisatti F, Palix C, Vivien D, de la Sayette V, Chételat G, Gonneaud J, Rauchs G. Effect of cognitive reserve on the association between slow wave sleep and cognition in community-dwelling older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9275-9292. [PMID: 37770186 PMCID: PMC10564409 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, especially slow wave sleep (SWS), is essential for cognitive functioning and is reduced in aging. The impact of sleep quality on cognition is variable, especially in aging. Cognitive reserve (CR) may be an important modulator of these effects. We aimed at investigating this question to better identify individuals in whom sleep disturbances might have greater behavioral consequences. Polysomnography and neuropsychological assessments were performed in 135 cognitively intact older adults (mean age ± SD: 69.4 ± 3.8y) from the Age-Well randomized controlled trial (baseline data). Two measures of cognitive engagement throughout life were used as CR proxies. Linear regression analyses were performed between the proportion of SWS, and executive function and episodic memory composite scores. Then, interaction analyses between SWS and CR proxies on cognition were conducted to assess the possible impact of CR on these links. SWS was positively associated with episodic memory, but not with executive function. CR proxies modulated the associations between SWS and both executive and episodic memory performance. Specifically, individuals with higher CR were able to maintain cognitive performance despite low amounts of SWS. This study provides the first evidence that CR may protect against the deleterious effects of age-related sleep changes on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ourry
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Rehel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Claire André
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Alison Mary
- Neuropsychology and Functional Imaging Research Group (UR2NF), Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Léo Paly
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Marion Delarue
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Florence Requier
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Hendy
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Collette
- University of Liege, GIGA CRC Vivo Imaging, Liege, Belgium
- University of Liege, Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Francesca Felisatti
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Cassandre Palix
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
- Département de Recherche Clinique, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Vincent de la Sayette
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Gaël Chételat
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, France
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20
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Jester DJ, Palmer BW, Thomas ML, Brown LL, Tibiriçá L, Jeste DV, Gilmer T. Impact of educational attainment on time to cognitive decline among marginalized older adults: Cohort study of 20,311 adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:2913-2923. [PMID: 37073606 PMCID: PMC10523883 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of years of education on the maintenance of healthy cognitive functioning may differ by race and ethnicity given historical and ongoing inequities in educational quality. METHODS We examined 20,311 Black, Latinx, and White adults aged 51-100 from the Health and Retirement Study (2008-2016). Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-27 data was used to measure cognitive functioning. Generalized additive mixed models were stratified by race and ethnicity and educational attainment (≥12 vs. <12 years). Selected social determinants of health, all-cause mortality, time-varying health and healthcare utilization characteristics, and study wave were included as covariates. RESULTS On average, Black and Latinx adults scored lower at baseline compared to White adults regardless of educational attainment (p < 0.001), with a significant overlap in the distributions of scores. The rate of cognitive decline was non-linear for Black, Latinx, and White adults (p < 0.001), and a period of stability was witnessed for those with higher educational attainment irrespective of race and ethnicity. Compared to Black, Latinx, and White adults with lower educational attainment, higher-educated White adults received the greatest protection from cognitive decline (13 years; 64 vs. 51), followed by Latinx (12 years; 67 vs. 55), and Black adults (10 years; 61 vs. 51). Latinx adults experienced cognitive decline beginning at a later age. CONCLUSIONS The extent to which higher educational attainment protects adults from cognitive decline differs by race and ethnicity, such that higher-educated White adults received a greater benefit than higher-educated Black or Latinx adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Jester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Psychology Division, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Lauren L. Brown
- Division of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Lize Tibiriçá
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Todd Gilmer
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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21
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Maffezzini S, Pucci V, Riccardi A, Montemurro S, Puthenparampil M, Perini P, Rinaldi F, Gallo P, Arcara G, Mondini S. Clinical Profiles in Multiple Sclerosis: Cognitive Reserve and Motor Impairment along Disease Duration. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:708. [PMID: 37753986 PMCID: PMC10525733 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(i) Background: Cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been studied in relation to certain clinical variables (e.g., motor disability and disease duration) and lifestyle factors such as cognitive reserve (CR). However, only very few studies have considered the interaction of clinical variables and cognitive reserve in preserving the integrity of the neuropsychological profile. In this paper, we hypothesised that a higher level of CR might predict good cognitive efficiency by modulating the clinical outcome of the disease. (ii) Methods: A sample of 100 participants with MS (age range 30-74), was recruited and assessed remotely with a questionnaire to measure CR and a cognitive screening test. Data were analysed through generalized additive models. (iii) Results: We found that the model analysing the interaction between CR and disease duration, and between CR and motor disability, was able to explain a significant percentage of cognitive performance. In particular, higher levels of CR predicted a better cognitive performance despite a long disease duration, unless the motor disability was severe. (iv) Conclusion: This study highlights the crucial role of CR in modulating cognitive efficiency in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maffezzini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Veronica Pucci
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Riccardi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
| | | | - Marco Puthenparampil
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Perini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.M.); (A.R.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (F.R.); (P.G.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arcara
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy; (S.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Human Inspired Technology Centre (HIT), University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
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22
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Nelson ME, Andel R, Hort J. Cognitive reserve, neuropathology, and progression towards Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5963-5965. [PMID: 37450412 PMCID: PMC10373956 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica E. Nelson
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Sun Y, Wang Z, Sun S, Cui L, Zhu X, Ho SY, Qi S. Cognitive Activities, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Cognitive Impairment, with an Analysis of the Apolipoprotein Epsilon 4 Genotype. Gerontology 2023; 69:1137-1146. [PMID: 37276850 DOI: 10.1159/000531109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive stimulating activities and a healthy lifestyle are associated with less cognitive impairment. However, whether the association is varied by Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE ε4) allele carrier status remains inconclusive. We aimed to investigate whether the association of cognitively stimulating activities and a healthy lifestyle with the risk of cognitive impairment varied by APOE ε4 allele carrier status. METHODS A case-control study was conducted for adults aged 60 years and above. Six province administrative units (Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan) were included using stratified multistage cluster sampling. A total of 1,300 individuals were identified with cognitive impairment (cases) at enrollment and were matched 1:2 on sex, age (±2 years), and residential district with controls who were cognitively normal at the time of the evaluation. We used a standardized questionnaire to collect information on cognitive stimulating activities, lifestyle factors, demographics, and comorbidity. Cognitive stimulating activities included reading books or newspapers, playing cards or mahjong, using the Internet, socializing with neighbors, and community activities. Lifestyle factors included smoking, alcohol drinking, daily tea drinking, and regular exercise. We used logistic regression to assess the interaction between cognitive stimulating activities, lifestyle factors, and APOE ε4 allele carrier status (yes/no) on the risk of cognitive impairment. We tested for additive interaction by estimating relative excess risk (RERI) due to interaction and multiplicative interaction employing the p value of the interaction term of each lifestyle factor and APOE ε4 into the model. RESULTS Four cognitive stimulating activities were associated with less cognitive impairment regardless of APOE ε4 status. Using the Internet (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.95), daily tea drinking (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63-0.98), and regular exercise (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65-0.94) were associated with less cognitive impairment only in noncarriers. Multiplicative and additive interactions were found between community activities and APOE ε4 carrier status (multiplicative p value = 0.03; RERI 0.738, 95% CI: 0.201-1.275). CONCLUSION The associations between cognitive activities and cognitive impairment were robust regardless of the APOE ε4 carrier status, while the associations between lifestyle factors and cognitive impairment varied by APOE ε4 carrier status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sun
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Cui
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sai Yin Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shige Qi
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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24
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Colombo B, Hamilton A, Telazzi I, Balzarotti S. The relationship between cognitive reserve and the spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023:10.1007/s40520-023-02424-9. [PMID: 37142942 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies reported cognitive reserve (CR) as an important factor in promoting healthy aging within a non-clinical aging population. AIMS The main goal of the present study is to investigate the link between higher levels of CR and more effective emotion regulation. In more detail, we examine the association between a number of CR proxies and the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression. METHODS Three hundred and ten older adults aged between 60 and 75 (mean = 64.45, SD = 4.37; 69.4% female) joined this cross-sectional study by filling out self-report measures of CR and emotion regulation.² RESULTS: Reappraisal and suppression use were correlated. Practicing different leisure activities constantly over many years, being more original and having a higher education promoted more frequent use of cognitive reappraisal. These CR proxies were also significantly related to suppression use, even though the percentage of variance explained was lower. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Exploring the role played by the cognitive reserve on different emotion regulation techniques can be useful in understanding which variables predict the use of antecedent-focused (reappraisal) or response-focused (suppression) emotion regulation strategies in aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colombo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Champlain College, 163 S Willard St, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | - Adam Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Champlain College, 163 S Willard St, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Ilaria Telazzi
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzarotti
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Research Center in Communication Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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25
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Caldwell JZ, Isenberg N. The aging brain: risk factors and interventions for long term brain health in women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 35:169-175. [PMID: 36912325 PMCID: PMC10023345 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Poor cognitive aging and dementia pose a significant public health burden, and women face unique risks compared to men. Recent research highlights the role of genetics, menopause, chronic disease, and lifestyle in risk and resilience in women's cognitive aging. This work suggests avenues for clinical action at midlife that may change the course of brain health in aging. RECENT FINDINGS Studies indicate women's risk for poor cognitive aging relates in part to hormone changes at menopause, a time when memory, brain structure and function, and Alzheimer's pathology may be observed in women and not men. Medical and lifestyle risks including diabetes, hypertension, and low physical activity also contribute to women's unique risks. At the same time, literature on resilience suggests women may benefit from lifestyle and chronic disease intervention, possibly more than men. Current studies emphasize the importance of interacting genetic and lifestyle risks, and effects of social determinants of health. SUMMARY Women have greater risk than men for poor cognitive aging; however, by treating the whole person, including genetics, lifestyle, and social environment, clinicians have an opportunity to support healthy cognitive aging in women and reduce the future public health burden of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z.K. Caldwell
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W. Bonneville Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89106
| | - Nancy Isenberg
- Providence Swedish Center for Healthy Aging, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 1600 E. Jefferson St. A Level, Seattle, WA 98122
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Pettigrew C, Nazarovs J, Soldan A, Singh V, Wang J, Hohman T, Dumitrescu L, Libby J, Kunkle B, Gross AL, Johnson S, Lu Q, Engelman C, Masters CL, Maruff P, Laws SM, Morris JC, Hassenstab J, Cruchaga C, Resnick SM, Kitner-Triolo MH, An Y, Albert M. Alzheimer's disease genetic risk and cognitive reserve in relationship to long-term cognitive trajectories among cognitively normal individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36978190 PMCID: PMC10045505 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk factors and indices of cognitive reserve (CR) influence risk of cognitive decline, but it remains unclear whether they interact. This study examined whether a CR index score modifies the relationship between AD genetic risk factors and long-term cognitive trajectories in a large sample of individuals with normal cognition. METHODS Analyses used data from the Preclinical AD Consortium, including harmonized data from 5 longitudinal cohort studies. Participants were cognitively normal at baseline (M baseline age = 64 years, 59% female) and underwent 10 years of follow-up, on average. AD genetic risk was measured by (i) apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genetic status (APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 vs. APOE-ε3; N = 1819) and (ii) AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRS; N = 1175). A CR index was calculated by combining years of education and literacy scores. Longitudinal cognitive performance was measured by harmonized factor scores for global cognition, episodic memory, and executive function. RESULTS In mixed-effects models, higher CR index scores were associated with better baseline cognitive performance for all cognitive outcomes. APOE-ε4 genotype and AD-PRS that included the APOE region (AD-PRSAPOE) were associated with declines in all cognitive domains, whereas AD-PRS that excluded the APOE region (AD-PRSw/oAPOE) was associated with declines in executive function and global cognition, but not memory. There were significant 3-way CR index score × APOE-ε4 × time interactions for the global (p = 0.04, effect size = 0.16) and memory scores (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.22), indicating the negative effect of APOE-ε4 genotype on global and episodic memory score change was attenuated among individuals with higher CR index scores. In contrast, levels of CR did not attenuate APOE-ε4-related declines in executive function or declines associated with higher AD-PRS. APOE-ε2 genotype was unrelated to cognition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APOE-ε4 and non-APOE-ε4 AD polygenic risk are independently associated with global cognitive and executive function declines among individuals with normal cognition at baseline, but only APOE-ε4 is associated with declines in episodic memory. Importantly, higher levels of CR may mitigate APOE-ε4-related declines in some cognitive domains. Future research is needed to address study limitations, including generalizability due to cohort demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Pettigrew
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Jurijs Nazarovs
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Anja Soldan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vikas Singh
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Timothy Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Julia Libby
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Brian Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sterling Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Corinne Engelman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health and Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Edith Cowan University, 270 Jundaloop Drive, Jundaloop, WA, 6027, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - John C Morris
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Melissa H Kitner-Triolo
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yang An
- National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1600 McElderry St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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27
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O'Brien C, Holtzer R. Physical reserve: construct development and predictive utility. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:1055-1062. [PMID: 36848030 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical reserve (PR) refers to one's ability to maintain physical functioning despite age, illness, or injury. The measurement and predictive utility of PR, however, are not well established. AIMS We quantified PR using a residual measurement approach by extracting standardized residuals from gait speed, while accounting for demographic and clinical/disease variables, and used it to predict fall-risk. METHODS Participants (n = 510; age ≥ 70ys) were enrolled in a longitudinal study. Falls were assessed annually (in-person) and bimonthly (via structured telephone interview). RESULTS General Estimating Equations (GEE) revealed that higher baseline PR was associated with reduced odds of reporting falls over repeated assessments in the total sample, and incident falls among those without fall's history. The protective effect of PR against fall risk remained significant when adjusting for multiple demographic and medical confounders. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION We propose a novel framework to assessing PR and demonstrate that higher PR is protective against fall-risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O'Brien
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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28
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The Protective Role of Cognitive Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051759. [PMID: 36902545 PMCID: PMC10002518 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) represents the ability to optimize performance and functioning to cope with brain damage or disease. CR reflects the capability to adaptively and flexibly use cognitive processes and brain networks to compensate for the deterioration typical of aging. Several studies have investigated the potential role of CR in aging, especially from the perspective of preventing and protecting against dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This systematic literature review aimed to investigate the role of CR as a protective factor against MCI and associated cognitive decline. The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. For this purpose, ten studies were analyzed. The results of this review show that high CR is significantly associated with a reduced risk of MCI. In addition, a significant positive relationship between CR and cognitive functioning is observed when comparing subjects with MCI and healthy subjects and within people with MCI. Thus, the results confirm the positive role of cognitive reserve in mitigating cognitive impairment. The evidence from this systematic review is consistent with the theoretical models of CR. Indeed, previous research hypothesized that specific individual experiences (such as leisure activities) allow a person to acquire successful neural resources over the years to cope with cognitive decline.
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29
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Da D, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Wu W, Zeng X, Liang X, Jiang Y, Xiao Z, Yu J, Ding S, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Xu X, Ding D. Oral microbiome in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2173544. [PMID: 36742284 PMCID: PMC9897770 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2173544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between the oral microbiome and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate such an association among Chinese older adults. Participants without dementia were recruited from the community. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to evaluate the cognitive function. The diagnosis of MCI was based on Peterson's criteria. The non-stimulated saliva was collected to extract sequences of the oral microbiome. Forty-seven MCI and 47 cognitively normal participants were included. There was significant difference in alpha diversity and insignificant difference in beta diversity between the two groups of participants. Compared with the cognitively normal group, Gemella haemolysans and Streptococcus gordonii were two significantly decreased species while Veillonella unclassified_Veillonella and Fusobacterium sp._HMT_203 were two significantly increased species in the MCI group. The richness of Gemella haemolysans presented the best discriminate value for MCI with the AUC (Area Under Curve) of 0.707, a cut-off value of 0.008 for relative abundance, the sensitivity of 63.8% and specificity of 70.2%. The dysbiosis of oral microbiome and relative abundance of Gemella haemolysans was significantly associated with MCI. Further studies were needed to develop new treatment strategies targeting the oral microbiome for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Da
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saineng Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Ying Zhang Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Xiaogang, Xu Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Ding Ding National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Dobyns L, Zhuang K, Baker SL, Mungas D, Jagust WJ, Harrison TM. An empirical measure of resilience explains individual differences in the effect of tau pathology on memory change in aging. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:229-237. [PMID: 37118122 PMCID: PMC10148952 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Accurately measuring resilience to preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is essential to understanding an important source of variability in cognitive aging. In a cohort of cognitively normal older adults (n = 123, age 76.75 ± 6.15 yr), we built a multifactorial measure of resilience which moderated the effect of AD pathology on longitudinal cognitive change. Linear residuals-based measures of resilience, along with other proxy measures (education and vocabulary), were entered into a hierarchical partial least-squares path model defining a putative consolidated resilience latent factor (model goodness of fit = 0.77). In a set of validation analyses using linear mixed models predicting longitudinal cognitive change, there was a significant three-way interaction among consolidated resilience, tau and time on episodic memory change (P = 0.001) such that higher resilience blunted the effect of tau pathology on episodic memory decline. Interactions between consolidated resilience and amyloid pathology on non-memory cognition decline suggested that resilience moderates pathology-specific effects on different cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Dobyns
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kailin Zhuang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Dan Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Harrison
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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31
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Burgos-Morelos LP, Rivera-Sánchez JDJ, Santana-Vargas ÁD, Arreola-Mora C, Chávez-Negrete A, Lugo JE, Faubert J, Pérez-Pacheco A. Effect of 3D-MOT training on the execution of manual dexterity skills in a population of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36697411 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2169884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Computerized cognitive training tools are an alternative to preventive treatments related to cognitive impairment and aging. In this study, the transfer of 3D multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) training on manual dexterity concerning fine and gross motor skills in 38 elderly participants, half of them with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the other half with mild dementia (MD) was explored. A total of 36 sessions of the 3D-MOT training program were administered to the subjects. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test was used to assess the baseline cognitive status of the participants. Two batteries of manual motor skills (GPT and MMDT) were applied before and after the 3D-MOT training program. The results showed an interaction effect of training and improvement in manual dexterity tests, from the first training session until the fifteenth session, and after this range of sessions, the interaction effect was lost. However, the training effect continued to the end of the thirty-six-session program. The experimental results show the effect of cognitive training on the improvement of motor skills in older adults. This type of intervention could have a broad impact on the aging population in terms of their attention, executive functions, and therefore, their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Burgos-Morelos
- Directorate of Research, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Claudia Arreola-Mora
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Chávez-Negrete
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Eduardo Lugo
- Faubert Lab, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla Pue, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Faubert Lab, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Argelia Pérez-Pacheco
- Directorate of Research, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
- Research and Technological Development Unit (UIDT), Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
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Ebina K, Matsui M, Kinoshita M, Saito D, Nakada M. The effect of damage to the white matter network and premorbid intellectual ability on postoperative verbal short-term memory and functional outcome in patients with brain lesions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280580. [PMID: 36662758 PMCID: PMC9858468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve is the capacity to cope with cognitive decline due to brain damage caused by neurological diseases. Premorbid IQ has been investigated as a proxy for cognitive reserve. To date, no study has focused on the effects of premorbid IQ in patients with brain tumors, considering the damage to white matter tracts. We investigated whether a higher premorbid IQ has a beneficial impact on postoperative verbal short-term memory and functional outcomes in patients with brain tumors. A total of 65 patients with brain tumors (35 right and 30 left hemisphere lesions) and 65 healthy subjects participated in the study. We used multiple regression analysis to examine whether white matter tract damage and premorbid IQ affect postoperative verbal short-term memory, and the interaction effects of premorbid IQ with damage to white matter tract on postoperative verbal short-term memory. Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between damage to the white matter tract and premorbid IQ on postoperative functional ability. Our results showed that damage to the left arcuate fasciculus affected postoperative functional ability through verbal short-term memory, working memory, and global cognition in patients with left hemisphere lesions. In the right hemisphere lesion group, high premorbid IQ had a positive effect on functional ability by mediating verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and global cognition. We found that damage to the eloquent pathway affected postoperative verbal short-term memory regardless of the premorbid IQ level. However, a higher premorbid IQ was associated with better postoperative verbal short-term memory and functional outcomes when the brain lesions were not located in a crucial pathway. Our findings suggest that premorbid IQ and damage to the white matter tracts should be considered predictors of postoperative functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ebina
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Psychology, Yasuda Women’s University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Basagni B, Di Rosa E, Bertoni D, Mondini S, De Tanti A. Long term effects of severe acquired brain injury: A follow-up investigation on the role of cognitive reserve on cognitive outcomes. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36639360 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2160251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study we showed that Cognitive Reserve (CR) did not significantly predict the neuropsychological outcomes of patients with severe Acquired Brain Injury (sABI), after a rehabilitation program. The present study aims to extend the previous results by assessing the role of CR on long-term neuropsychological outcomes of a subgroup (N = 27) of that same population. Patients took part in a telephone interview, where Tele-Global Examination Mental State (Tele-GEMS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) were administered. A linear regression model was conducted considering Tele-GEMS and GOS-E as dependent variables, while the scores on Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), Disability Rating Scale (DRS), and Level of Cognitive Functioning (LCF), administered at discharge, were considered as predictors. Results show that higher levels of CR and LCF, significantly predicted cognitive performance 4 years later. However, in the same follow-up, CR did not predict functional outcome, which was only predicted by lower disability scores at discharge. Thus, even if CR seems not showing an effect on cognitive efficiency when tested after the first rehabilitation intervention, current results show that CR has significant effects on long-term cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Debora Bertoni
- Centro Cardinal Ferrari, Santo Stefano Riabilitazione, KOS Care, Fontanellato, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Mondini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and applied Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padua
| | - Antonio De Tanti
- Centro Cardinal Ferrari, Santo Stefano Riabilitazione, KOS Care, Fontanellato, Parma, Italy
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Zijlmans JL, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Luik AI. The role of cognitive and brain reserve in late-life depressive events: The Rotterdam Study. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:211-217. [PMID: 36183828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive and brain reserve aim to explain individual differences in susceptibility to dementia and may also affect the risk of late-life depressive events. We assessed whether higher cognitive and brain reserve are associated with lower risk of a late-life depressive event. METHODS This study included 4509 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age: 63.4 ± 10.2 years, 55 % women) between 2005 and 2019. Participants completed cognitive testing and brain-MRI at baseline. Cognitive reserve was defined as the common variance across cognitive tests, while adjusting for demographic factors and brain MRI-markers. Brain reserve was defined as total brain volume divided by intracranial volume. Depressive events (depressive symptoms/depressive syndrome/major depressive disorder) were repeatedly measured (follow-up: 6.6 ± 3.9 years) with validated questionnaires, clinical interviews, and follow-up of medical records. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox-regressions. RESULTS Higher cognitive (HR: 0.91/SD, 95%CI: 0.84; 1.00) and brain reserve (HR: 0.88/SD, 95%CI: 0.77; 1.00) were associated with a lower risk of a depressive event after adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms. These associations attenuated when participants with clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baseline were excluded (HR: 0.95/SD, 95%CI: 0.86; 1.05, HR: 0.89/SD, 95%CI: 0.76; 1.03, respectively). LIMITATIONS No data was available on depression in early-life and the number of participants with major depressive disorder was relatively low (n = 105). CONCLUSIONS Higher cognitive and brain reserve may be protective factors for late-life depressive events, particularly in those who have experienced clinical relevant depressive symptoms before. Further research is needed to determine whether cognitive and brain reserve could be used as targets for the prevention of late-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jendé L Zijlmans
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Da D, Ge S, Zhang H, Zeng X, Jiang Y, Yu J, Wang H, Wu W, Xiao Z, Liang X, Zhao Q, Ding D, Zhang Y. Association between occlusal support and cognitive impairment in older Chinese adults: a community-based study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1146335. [PMID: 37139086 PMCID: PMC10149703 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The loss of occlusal support due to tooth loss is associated with systemic diseases. However, there was little about the association between occlusal support and cognitive impairment. The cross-sectional study aimed to investigate their association. Methods Cognitive function was assessed and diagnosed in 1,225 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years or older in Jing'an District, Shanghai. Participants were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by Peterson's criteria, or dementia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. We determined the number of functional occlusal supporting areas according to Eichner classifications. We used multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between occlusal support and cognitive impairment and mediation effect models to analyze the mediation effect of age. Results Six hundred sixty participants were diagnosed with cognitive impairment, averaging 79.92 years old. After adjusting age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, individuals with poor occlusal support had an OR of 3.674 (95%CI 1.141-11.829) for cognitive impairment compared to those with good occlusal support. Age mediated 66.53% of the association between the number of functional occlusal supporting areas and cognitive impairment. Discussion In this study, cognitive impairment was significantly associated with the number of missing teeth, functional occlusal areas, and Eichner classifications with older community residents. Occlusal support should be a significant concern for people with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Da
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyu Ge
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huning Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ding Ding,
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhang,
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Devos H, Gustafson KM, Liao K, Ahmadnezhad P, Kuhlmann E, Estes BJ, Martin LE, Mahnken JD, Brooks WM, Burns JM. Effect of Cognitive Reserve on Physiological Measures of Cognitive Workload in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:141-151. [PMID: 36710677 PMCID: PMC10023364 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve may protect against cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study investigated the association between cognitive reserve and physiological measures of cognitive workload in older adults with cognitive impairment. METHODS 29 older adults with cognitive impairment (age: 75±6, 11 (38%) women, MoCA: 20±7) and 19 with normal cognition (age: 74±6; 11 (58%) women; MoCA: 28±2) completed a working memory test of increasing task demand (0-, 1-, 2-back). Cognitive workload was indexed using amplitude and latency of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) at electrode sites Fz, Cz, and Pz, and changes in pupillary size, converted to an index of cognitive activity (ICA). The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) evaluated Education, Work Activity, and Leisure Time as a proxy of cognitive reserve. Linear mixed models evaluated the main effects of cognitive status, CRIq, and the interaction effect of CRIq by cognitive status on ERP and ICA. RESULTS The interaction effect of CRIq total score by cognitive status on P3 ERP and ICA was not significant. However, higher CRIq total scores were associated with lower ICA (p = 0.03). The interaction effects of CRIq subscores showed that Work Activity affected P3 amplitude (p = 0.03) and ICA (p = 0.03) differently between older adults with and without cognitive impairments. Similarly, Education affected ICA (p = 0.02) differently between the two groups. No associations were observed between CRIq and P3 latency. CONCLUSION Specific components of cognitive reserve affect cognitive workload and neural efficiency differently in older adults with and without cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Devos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Pedram Ahmadnezhad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Emily Kuhlmann
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Bradley J Estes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Laura E Martin
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mahnken
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - William M Brooks
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Cao X, Liu Q, Liu J, Yang B, Zhou J. The impact of hearing loss on cognitive impairment: The mediating role of depressive symptoms and the moderating role of social relationships. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1149769. [PMID: 37089498 PMCID: PMC10116415 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the potentially negative effects of hearing loss on mental health and cognitive function, it is critical to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the link between hearing loss and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effects of social relationships, including their components in the role of depressive symptoms as a mediator between hearing loss and cognitive impairment. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were conducted with 8,094 Chinese older adults (aged ≥65 years) from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey in 2018. Simple mediation analysis and moderated mediation analysis were conducted to examine the roles of depressive symptoms and social relationships in the association between hearing loss and cognitive impairment. Results There is a significant correlation between hearing loss, depressive symptoms, social relationships, and cognitive function. Depressive symptoms partially mediated the association between hearing loss and cognitive function [standardized regression B-coefficient (B) = -0.114; 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.158, -0.076)]. Social relationships moderated the effect of hearing loss on cognitive function through both path b (depressive symptoms - cognitive function) [B = 0.021; 95% CI: (0.008, 0.034)], and path c' (hearing loss-cognitive function) [B = 0.597; 95% CI: (0.463, 0.730)]. Furthermore, social activities and social networks moderated both the direct and indirect effects of moderated mediation. However, there appeared to be no moderated effect of social support for both the direct and indirect paths. Conclusion Social relationships moderated both the direct and indirect effects of depressive symptoms on the association between hearing loss and cognitive impairment. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between hearing loss and cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults. It might be worthwhile to recommend multidimensional health and social interventions aimed at improving mental health and social inclusion among older adults with hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingfang Yang
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jiansong Zhou,
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Khieukhajee J, Rojana-Udomsart A, Srisarakorn P, Wongsurit T, Aungsumart S. Cognitive Impairment and Risk Factors in Post-COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2023; 13:18-27. [PMID: 37900719 PMCID: PMC10601842 DOI: 10.1159/000531743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous reports regarding cognitive deficits after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), described as "brain fog," have been published. However, the clinical presentations and risk factors of post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment are controversial. This study aimed to assess (a) the prevalence of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 hospitalization, (b) characteristics of the cognitive deficits, (c) risk factors of post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment, and (d) comparison of cognitive function between post-COVID-19 patients and healthy people. Methods The study comprised 34 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, admitted to the Neurological Institute of Thailand during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic in 2021-2022. These patients came for neuropsychological and clinical evaluations at 2-week follow-up visit. The cognitive impairment and characteristics were measured by TMSE and MoCA. Clinical risk factors and post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment were assessed. The comparison of cognitive function in post-acute COVID-19 patients and 22 healthy controls was also performed. Results The prevalence of post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment defined by a total MoCA score below 25 points was 61.76%. Years of education were the only predictive factors related to cognitive impairment. Our multivariate analysis revealed no statistical difference in cognitive outcomes between post-acute COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Conclusion This study showed a moderate prevalence of cognitive dysfunction after COVID-19 hospitalization similar to previous reports. However, there was no significant difference in cognitive measurements between these patients and healthy people. Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection causes cognitive dysfunction is a myth or fact that still has a long way to prove via further longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedsada Khieukhajee
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Tanaphon Wongsurit
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saharat Aungsumart
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Caillaud M, Maltezos S, Hudon C, Mellah S, Belleville S. Hippocampal Volume and Episodic Associative Memory Identify Memory Risk in Subjective Cognitive Decline Individuals in the CIMA-Q Cohort, Regardless of Cognitive Reserve Level and APOE4 Status. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1047-1056. [PMID: 37355896 PMCID: PMC10473077 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was proposed to identify older adults who complain about their memory but perform within a normal range on standard neuropsychological tests. Persons with SCD are at increased risk of dementia meaning that some SCD individuals experience subthreshold memory decline due to an underlying progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Our main goal was to determine whether hippocampal volume and APOE4, which represent typical AD markers, predict inter-individual differences in memory performance among SCD individuals and can be used to identify a meaningful clinical subgroup. METHODS Neuropsychological assessment, structural MRI, and genetic testing for APOE4 were administered to one hundred and twenty-five older adults over the age of 65 from the CIMAQ cohort: 66 SCD, 29 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 30 cognitively intact controls (CTRLS). Multiple regression models were first used to identify which factor (hippocampal volume, APOE4 allele, or cognitive reserve) best predicted inter-individual differences in a Face-name association memory task within the SCD group. RESULTS Hippocampal volume was found to be the only and best predictor of memory performance. We then compared the demographic, clinical and cognitive characteristics of two SCD subgroups, one with small hippocampal volume (SCD/SH) and another with normal hippocampal volume (SCD/NH), with MCI and CTRLS. SCD/SH were comparable to MCI on neuropsychological tasks evaluating memory (i.e., test of delayed word recall), whereas SCD/NH were comparable to CTRLS. CONCLUSION Thus, using hippocampal volume allows identification of an SCD subgroup with a cognitive profile consistent with a higher risk of conversion to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Caillaud
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samantha Maltezos
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carol Hudon
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire en Santé et Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Samira Mellah
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - the Consortium for the Early Identification of Alzheimer’s Disease-Quebec
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire en Santé et Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Arriola-Infante JE, García-Roldán E, Montiel-Herrera F, Maestre-Bravo R, Mendoza-Vázquez G, Marín-Cabañas AM, Méndez-Barrio C, Luque-Tirado A, Rodrigo-Herrero S, Sánchez-Arjona MB, Maillet D, Franco-Macías E. Using Cognitive Reserve to Create Norms for the TMA-93 (Relational Binding of Images). J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:119-129. [PMID: 37482991 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TMA-93 examines relational binding using images. Biomarker validation has demonstrated that it is discriminative for diagnosing early AD. The effect of cognitive reserve on TMA-93 performance remains unexplored and could improve the interpretative framework for using the test. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of cognitive reserve on TMA-93 performance and to provide new norms for the test that include its measurement. METHODS Cognitively unimpaired people aged 55 and over were systematically recruited for this cross-sectional normative study in southern Spain. Age, sex, and scores on the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRQ; maximum score: 25 points) were collected, and the TMA-93 was administered (maximum score: 30 points). Percentile-based reference data that captured combinations of socio-demographics variables with significant effect on TMA-93 performance were calculated. RESULTS 902 participants (62.5% female; age: median = 68, IQR = 61-75, range = 55-90) were included. CRQ total scores were globally low (median = 8, IQR = 5-13, range = 0-24). Cognitive reserve, including modifiable items as reading activity and intellectual gaming activity, and age mainly supported the TMA-93 total score variance. Sex seemed to have some influence in the elderly. TMA-93 total scores medians began to drop from 70-75 years old. Higher total score on the CRQ and, possibly, female sex determined a gentler slope. New norms based on these variables showed wide variations in scores for the 5th and 10th percentiles. CONCLUSION Visual relational binding ability depends on cognitive reserve, including modifiable items. The age-related binding deficit is buffered by higher cognitive reserve and, at older ages, by female sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto García-Roldán
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Fátima Montiel-Herrera
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Rebeca Maestre-Bravo
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlota Méndez-Barrio
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital, Huelva, Spain
| | - Andrea Luque-Tirado
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodrigo-Herrero
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Didier Maillet
- Neurology Service, Hôspital Saint-Louis (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Emilio Franco-Macías
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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Strizhitskaya O, Petrash M, Golubitskaya D, Kuzmina M, Krupina K, Shchukin A, Engelgardt E. Futurization of Aging: Subjective Beliefs and Effects. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 13:bs13010004. [PMID: 36661576 PMCID: PMC9855098 DOI: 10.3390/bs13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging in the face of an increasing population and growing life expectancy is considered one of the major demographic challenges in modern society. Previous research has revealed that quality of life in aging could significantly differ depending on the resources one possesses. However, little attention has been given to the mechanisms of formation of these resources and the role of intentionality. In the present study, we identified 22 strategies that favor a better life quality in aging and analyzed them from the perspective of subjective beliefs and reported performance. Our sample was adults (n = 72) aged 57-65, living in St. Petersburg, Russia. The results showed that although participants were aware of the strategies that favor aging, their reported performance ranged on a scale from average to infrequent use of these strategies. We found that subjective beliefs about the role of psychological resources for better aging predicted higher scores on subjective beliefs about the role of lifestyle resources and the reported performance of psychological resources. Our results suggest that there is a gap between subjective beliefs about the controllability of aging processes and the transformation of these beliefs into real performance.
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Cognitive reserve profiles are associated with outcome in schizophrenia. J Neurol Sci 2022; 443:120496. [PMID: 36410188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR), the brain's ability to cope with brain pathology to minimize symptoms, could explain the heterogeneity of outcomes in neuropsychiatric disorders, however it is still rarely investigated in schizophrenia. Indeed, this study aims to classify CR in this disorder and evaluate its impact on neurocognitive and socio-cognitive performance and daily functioning. A group of 106 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia was enrolled and assessed in these aereas: neurocognition, Theory of Mind (ToM) and daily functioning. A composite CR score was determined through an integration of the intelligence quotient and education and leisure activities. CR profiles were classified with a two-step cluster analysis and differences among clusters were determined with an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The cluster analysis was identified with three CR profiles characterized, respectively, by high, medium and low CR. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences on neurocognition, ToM and daily functioning between the clusters: people with higher CR reached significantly superior scores. This study suggests that greater general cognitive resources could act as a buffer against the effect of brain pathology, allowing patients to have a better cognitive performance, social outcome and quality of life.
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Menardi A, Dotti L, Ambrosini E, Vallesi A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of its efficacy as a function of protocol characteristics and degree of personalization. J Neurol 2022; 269:5283-5301. [PMID: 35781536 PMCID: PMC9468063 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder. Although our knowledge on the causes of AD remains limited and no curative treatments are available, several interventions have been proposed in trying to improve patients' symptomatology. Among those, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown a promising, safe and noninvasive intervention to improve global cognitive functioning. Nevertheless, we currently lack agreement between research studies on the optimal stimulation protocol yielding the highest efficacy in these patients. To answer this query, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases and meta-analysis of studies published in the last 10 years (2010-2021) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Differently from prior published meta-analytic work, we investigated whether protocols that considered participants-specific neuroimaging scans for the selection of individualized stimulation targets held more successful outcomes compared to those relying on a generalized targeting selection criteria. We then compared the effect sizes of subsets of studies based on additional protocol characteristics (frequency, duration of intervention, number of stimulation sites, use of concomitant cognitive training and patients' educational level). Our results confirm TMS efficacy in improving global cognitive functioning in mild-to-moderate AD patients, but also highlight the flaws of current protocols characteristics, including a possible lack of sufficient personalization in stimulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Menardi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padua, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Lisa Dotti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ettore Ambrosini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Liu KY, Thambisetty M, Howard R. How can secondary dementia prevention trials of Alzheimer's disease be clinically meaningful? Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:10.1002/alz.12788. [PMID: 36161763 PMCID: PMC10039957 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After clinical trial failures in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD), our field has moved to earlier intervention in cognitively normal individuals with biomarker evidence of AD. This offers potential for dementia prevention, but mainly low and variable rates of progression to AD dementia reduce the usefulness of trials' data in decision making by potential prescribers. With results from several Phase 3 secondary prevention studies anticipated within the next few years and the Food and Drug Administration's recent endorsement of amyloid beta as a surrogate outcome biomarker for AD clinical trials, it is time to question the clinical significance of changes in biomarkers, adequacy of current trial durations, and criteria for treatment success if cognitively unimpaired patients and their doctors are to meaningfully evaluate the potential value of new agents. We argue for a change of direction toward trial designs that can unambiguously inform clinical decision making about dementia risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Y. Liu
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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Tian G, Shuai J, Li R, Zhou T, Shi Y, Cheng G, Yan Y. Association between playing cards/mahjong and risk of incident dementia among the Chinese older adults: a prospective cohort study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:966647. [PMID: 36072484 PMCID: PMC9441854 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.966647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Studies have shown that the frequent participation of the elderly in cognitive stimulation activities is associated with a reduced risk of dementia, but the prospective evidence of this association is limited. Methods: We used data from a prospective cohort study of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), and included 11,821 community-living Chinese individuals aged 65 years or older at 2008 baseline who were free of dementia, and were followed up every 2–3 years until 2018. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to generate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for analyzing the associations between the frequency of playing cards/mahjong and the incidence of dementia. Results: A total of 821 participants were diagnosed with dementia during the 10-year follow-up. The average age of patients with dementia and non dementia were 89 and 90 years old, respectively. Compared with participants who rarely or never played cards/mahjong, participants who played cards/mahjong almost every day had a significantly lower risk of dementia (HR = 0.63; 95%CI, 0.42–0.95) after the multivariable-adjusted model. Similar results were observed in subgroup analyses based on sex (male: HR = 0.52, 0.28–0.96; female: HR = 0.62, 0.36–0.98), age (<85years: HR = 0.55, 0.32–0.89), regularly exercise (yes: HR = 0.44, 0.28–0.87) and MMSE score [above median (25): HR = 0.66, 0.41–0.92]. Conclusions: Playing cards/mahjong in the elderly may contribute to reducing the risk of dementia.
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Holtzer R, Zhu X, Rosso AL, Rosano C. Cognitive reserve and risk of mobility impairment in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:3096-3104. [PMID: 35978534 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) protects against cognitive decline and dementia but its relation to mobility impairment has not been established. To address this important gap in the literature, we conducted a longitudinal investigation to test the hypothesis that higher baseline CR was associated with a lower risk of developing mobility impairment in older adults. METHODS Participants were dementia-free older adults who received brain magnetic resonance imaging and had gait speed assessments during follow-up. Using the residuals approach, CR was computed as the variance in the Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination total score, that was left after accounting for structural brain integrity, education, and race. Mobility impairment was defined using a validated cutoff score in gait speed of 0.8 m/s. Logistic regression models using general estimating equations were utilized to examine longitudinal associations between baseline CR and the risk of developing mobility impairment across repeated assessments. RESULTS Of the participants (n = 237; mean age = 82 years; %female = 56%) who were free of mobility impairment at baseline, 103 developed mobility impairment during follow-up (mean = 3.1 years). Higher CR at baseline was associated with a lower risk of developing incident mobility impairment-odds ratio (OR) = 0.819, 0.67-0.98, p = 0.038 (unadjusted); OR = 0.815, 0.67-0.99, p = 0.04 (adjusted for socio-demographic variables and depression); OR = 0.819, 0.68-0.88, p = 0.035 (adjusted for illness history); OR = 0.824, 0.68-0.99, p = 0.045 (adjusted for white matter hyperintensities); OR = 0.795, 0.65-0.95, p = 0.016 (adjusted for falls history). CONCLUSION Higher CR at baseline was protective against developing incident mobility impairment during follow-up among community-residing older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Holtzer
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L Rosso
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Miao Y, Cui L, Li J, Chen Y, Xie X, Guo Q. Cognitive Improvement After Multi-Domain Lifestyle Interventions in an APOE ɛ4 Homozygous Carrier with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1131-1142. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system with insidious onset and chronic progression. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, which is currently considered to be the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The APOE ɛ4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD and a risk factor for progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. So far, no effective drugs have been found for the progression of MCI. However, the effects of nonpharmacological interventions such as nutrition, cognitive, and physical exercises on early AD have received increasing attention. We followed up cognitive assessment scales, Aβ-PET and MRI examination of a patient with MCI for 4 years, who carried APOE ɛ4 homozygous with a clear family history. After 4 years of multi-domain lifestyle interventions including nutrition, socialization, and physical exercises, the patient’s cognitive function, especially memory function, improved significantly. Intracerebral amyloid deposition was decreased, and hippocampal atrophy improved. Based on this case, this study reviewed and discussed the interaction of APOE ɛ4 with the environment in AD research in recent years, as well as the impact and mechanisms of non-pharmaceutical multi-domain lifestyle interventions on MCI or early AD. Both the literature review and this case showed that multi-domain lifestyle interventions may reduce the risk of disease progression by reducing Aβ deposition in the brain and other different pathologic mechanisms, which offers promise in brain amyloid-positivity or APOE ɛ4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Cui
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- PET Center, Fudan University Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqing Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Thorp JG, Mitchell BL, Gerring ZF, Ong JS, Gharahkhani P, Derks EM, Lupton MK. Genetic evidence that the causal association of educational attainment with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease is driven by intelligence. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 119:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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49
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Berezuk C, Scott SC, Black SE, Zakzanis KK. Cognitive reserve, cognition, and real-world functioning in MCI: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 43:991-1005. [PMID: 35365060 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2047160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize quantitatively the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) literature with respect to the relationship between cognitive reserve and neuropsychological and functional outcomes. METHOD Participants with a diagnosis of MCI (total n = 7,871; 53% female) were included in this random-effects meta-analysis. Neuropsychological measures were combined into composite scores (e.g., overall cognitive functioning, screening measures, memory, language, visuospatial, attention/processing speed/working memory, executive functioning, and motor functioning). Measures assessing real-world abilities were combined into an activities of daily living (ADL) composite. RESULTS Nearly all neuropsychological composite values were significantly correlated with education, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. The effect between overall neuropsychological functioning and occupation was weak and varied by cognitive domain. For cognitively stimulating leisure activity, only overall neuropsychological functioning demonstrated a significant relationship, with a weak effect size (r = .16). In contrast, ADLs were most strongly associated with leisure experience (r = .27), with a negligible relationship with education (r = 0.08) and occupation (r = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Of the cognitive reserve proxies examined in this study, participation in leisure activity had the largest magnitude of effect size with ADL functioning. This was in stark contrast to the negligible relationship found for education and occupation. Although education has been widely considered the most important cognitive reserve proxy with respect to cognition, this work questions whether other lifestyle factors may play a more important role in preserving real world functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Berezuk
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah C Scott
- Departments of Psychology and Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre & University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantine K Zakzanis
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rodriguez M, Knížková K, Keřková B, Siroňová A, Šustová P, Jonáš J, Španiel F. The relationships between cognitive reserve, cognitive functioning and quality of life in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2022; 310:114479. [PMID: 35231876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) has been conceptualized as an individual's ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. As such, CR may contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the relationships between CR, cognition and quality of life in first-episode (FES) patients. A total of 137 patients with either ICD-10 schizophrenia or "acute and transient psychotic disorders" diagnosis, and 62 healthy controls had completed a comprehensive assessment of six cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory/flexibility, verbal memory, visual memory, and abstraction/executive functioning. CR was calculated from the participants' education, premorbid IQ, and socioeconomic status. The results suggested that in patients, CR was positively related to cognitive performance in all domains, explaining 42.6% of the variance observed in cognition overall. Effects of CR in the control group were limited to three domains: speed of processing, abstraction/executive function and working memory/flexibility. These results suggest that CR largely contributes to cognitive variations present in FES patients. In addition, CR was negatively related to the social construct of patients' quality of life, and positively to symptom severity and general functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Rodriguez
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Knížková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Keřková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Siroňová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Šustová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Jonáš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Španiel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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