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Hendy DA, Ma Y, Dixon TA, Murphy CT, Pena ES, Carlock MA, Ross TM, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM, Fenton OS. Polymeric cGAMP microparticles affect the immunogenicity of a broadly active influenza mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine. J Control Release 2024; 372:168-175. [PMID: 38844178 PMCID: PMC11283345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Influenza outbreaks are a major burden worldwide annually. While seasonal vaccines do provide protection against infection, they are limited in that they need to be updated every year to account for the constantly mutating virus. Recently, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating mRNA have seen major success as a vaccine platform for SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we applied LNPs to deliver an mRNA encoding a computationally optimized broadly active (COBRA) influenza immunogen. These COBRA mRNA LNPs induced a broadly active neutralizing antibody response and protection after lethal influenza challenge. To further increase the immunogenicity of the COBRA mRNA LNPs, we combined them with acetalated dextran microparticles encapsulating a STING agonist. Contrary to recent findings, the STING agonist decreased the immunogenicity of the COBRA mRNA LNPs which was likely due to a decrease in mRNA translation as shown in vitro. Overall, this work aids in future selection of adjuvants to use with mRNA LNP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Timothy A Dixon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Connor T Murphy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Erik S Pena
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Owen S Fenton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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Hou Y, Wang Z, Chen Z, Shuai L, Pei Y, Sun B, Jiang Y, Wang H. Noninvasive Transdermal Administration of mRNA Vaccines Encoding Multivalent Neoantigens Effectively Inhibits Melanoma Growth. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4587-4600. [PMID: 38869192 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
It is difficult to obtain specific tumor antigens, which is one of the main obstacles in the development of tumor vaccines. The vaccines containing multivalent antigens are thought to be more effective in antitumor therapy. In this study, a mRNA encoding three neoantigens of melanoma were prepared and encapsulated into the mannosylated chitosan-modified ethosomes (EthsMC) to obtain a multivalent mRNA vaccine (MmRV) for transcutaneous immunization (TCI). MmRV can effectively induce maturation of dendritic cells, with a better performance than mRNA of a single neoantigen. TCI patches (TCIPs) loading MmRV or siRNA against PDL1 (siPDL1) were prepared and applied to the skin of melanoma-bearing mice. The results showed that TCIPs significantly increase the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 in both plasma and tumor tissues, inhibit tumor growth, as well as promote infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor tissues. Furthermore, the combination of MmRV and siPDL1 showed much better antitumor effects than either monotherapy, suggesting a synergistic effect between the vaccine and PDL1 blocker. In addition, the treatment with the TCIPs did not cause damage to the skin, blood, and vital organs of the mice, showing good biosafety. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to construct a noninvasive TCI system containing MmRV and siPDL1, providing a convenient and promising approach for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Xuhui District Dental Disease Prevention and Treatment Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lan Shuai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-related Infectious Diseases, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Karan S, Durán-Meza AL, Chapman A, Tanimoto C, Chan SK, Knobler CM, Gelbart WM, Steinmetz NF. In Vivo Delivery of Spherical and Cylindrical In Vitro Reconstituted Virus-like Particles Containing the Same Self-Amplifying mRNA. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2727-2739. [PMID: 38709860 PMCID: PMC11250921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The dramatic effectiveness of recent mRNA (mRNA)-based COVID vaccines delivered in lipid nanoparticles has highlighted the promise of mRNA therapeutics in general. In this report, we extend our earlier work on self-amplifying mRNAs delivered in spherical in vitro reconstituted virus-like particles (VLPs), and on drug delivery using cylindrical virus particles. In particular, we carry out separate in vitro assemblies of a self-amplifying mRNA gene in two different virus-like particles: one spherical, formed with the capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and the other cylindrical, formed from the capsid protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The mRNA gene is rendered self-amplifying by genetically fusing it to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of Nodamura virus, and the relative efficacies of cell uptake and downstream protein expression resulting from their CCMV- and TMV-packaged forms are compared directly. This comparison is carried out by their transfections into cells in culture: expressions of two self-amplifying genes, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and Renilla luciferase (Luc), packaged alternately in CCMV and TMV VLPs, are quantified by fluorescence and chemiluminescence levels, respectively, and relative numbers of the delivered mRNAs are measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The cellular uptake of both forms of these VLPs is further confirmed by confocal microscopy of transfected cells. Finally, VLP-mediated delivery of the self-amplifying-mRNA in mice following footpad injection is shown by in vivo fluorescence imaging to result in robust expression of EYFP in the draining lymph nodes, suggesting the potential of these plant virus-like particles as a promising mRNA gene and vaccine delivery modality. These results establish that both CCMV and TMV VLPs can deliver their in vitro packaged mRNA genes to immune cells and that their self-amplifying forms significantly enhance in situ expression. Choice of one VLP (CCMV or TMV) over the other will depend on which geometry of nucleocapsid is self-assembled more efficiently for a given length and sequence of RNA, and suggests that these plant VLP gene delivery systems will prove useful in a wide variety of medical applications, both preventive and therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Karan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ana Luisa Durán-Meza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cheylene Tanimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Soo Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles M Knobler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - William M Gelbart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shu and K. C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Kutikuppala LVS, Kourampi I, Kanagala RSD, Bhattacharjee P, Boppana SH. Prospects and Challenges in Developing mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases and Oncogenic Viruses. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:28. [PMID: 38804384 PMCID: PMC11130901 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have emerged as an optimistic technological platform for vaccine innovation in this new scientific era. mRNA vaccines have dramatically altered the domain of vaccinology by offering a versatile and rapid approach to combating infectious diseases and virus-induced cancers. Clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy rates of 94-95% in preventing COVID-19, and mRNA vaccines have been increasingly recognized as a powerful vaccine platform. Although mRNA vaccines have played an essential role in the COVID-19 pandemic, they still have several limitations; their instability and degradation affect their storage, delivery, and over-all efficiency. mRNA is typically enclosed in a transport mechanism to facilitate its entry into the target cell because it is an unstable and negatively charged molecule. For instance, mRNA that is given using lipid-nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems (LNPs) solely enters cells through endocytosis, establishing an endosome without damaging the cell membrane. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of mRNA vaccine platforms used to treat and prevent several infectious diseases. This technology has the potential to change the future course of the disease by providing a safe and effective way to combat infectious diseases and cancer. A single-stranded genetic sequence found in mRNA vaccines instructs host cells to produce proteins inside ribosomes to elicit immunological responses and prepare the immune system to fight infections or cancer cells. The potential applications of mRNA vaccine technology are vast and can lead to the development of a preferred vaccine pattern. As a result, a new generation of vaccinations has gradually gained popularity and access to the general population. To adapt the design of an antigen, and even combine sequences from different variations in response to new changes in the viral genome, mRNA vaccines may be used. Current mRNA vaccines provide adequate safety and protection, but the duration of that protection can only be determined if further clinical research is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Islam Kourampi
- Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ramya S. D. Kanagala
- Department of Medicine, Dr. KNR University of Health Sciences, Warangal 506007, India;
| | | | - Sri Harsha Boppana
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Bullock JL, Hickey TE, Kemp TJ, Metz J, Loftus S, Haynesworth K, Castro N, Luke BT, Lowy DR, Pinto LA. Longitudinal Assessment of BNT162b2- and mRNA-1273-Induced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG Levels and Avidity Following Three Doses of Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:516. [PMID: 38793767 PMCID: PMC11125776 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced protection against infection is likely to be affected by functional antibody features. To understand the kinetics of antibody responses in healthy individuals after primary series and third vaccine doses, sera from the recipients of the two licensed SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines were assessed for circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels and avidity for up to 6 months post-primary series and 9 months after the third dose. Following primary series vaccination, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels declined from months 1 to 6, while avidity increased through month 6, irrespective of the vaccine received. The third dose of either vaccine increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels and avidity and appeared to enhance antibody level persistence-generating a slower rate of decline in the 3 months following the third dose compared to the decline seen after the primary series alone. The third dose of both vaccines induced significant avidity increases 1 month after vaccination compared to the avidity response 6 months post-primary series vaccination (p ≤ 0.001). A significant difference in avidity responses between the two vaccines was observed 6 months post-third dose, where the BNT162b2 recipients had higher antibody avidity levels compared to the mRNA-1273 recipients (p = 0.020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie L. Bullock
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Thomas E. Hickey
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Jordan Metz
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Sarah Loftus
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Katarzyna Haynesworth
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Nicholas Castro
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Brian T. Luke
- Bioinformatics and Computational Science Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Douglas R. Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
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6
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Sedlmayr VL, Schobesberger S, Spitz S, Ertl P, Wurm DJ, Quehenberger J, Spadiut O. Archaeal ether lipids improve internalization and transfection with mRNA lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114213. [PMID: 38346479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Neutral and positively charged archaeal ether lipids (AEL) have been studied for their utilization as novel delivery systems for pDNA, showing efficient immune response with a strong memory effect while lacking noticeable toxicity. Recent technological advances placed mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) at the forefront of next-generation delivery systems; however, no study has examined AELs in mRNA delivery yet. In this study, we investigated either a crude lipid extract or the purified tetraether lipid caldarchaeol from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius as potential novel excipients for mRNA LNPs. Depending on their molar share in the respective LNP, particle uptake, and mRNA expression levels could be increased by up to 10-fold in in vitro transfection experiments using both primary cell sources (HSMM) and established cell lines (Caco-2, C2C12) compared to a well-known reference formulation. This increased efficiency might be linked to a substantial effect on endosomal escape, indicating fusogenic and lyotropic features of AELs. This study shows the high value of archaeal ether lipids for mRNA delivery and provides a solid foundation for future in vivo experiments and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Laurin Sedlmayr
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Silvia Schobesberger
- Research Division Organic & Biological Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Research Division Organic & Biological Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Research Division Organic & Biological Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | | | - Julian Quehenberger
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna 1060, Austria; NovoArc GmbH, Pottendorfer Straße 23-25, Vienna 1120, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Integrated Bioprocess Development, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Vienna 1060, Austria.
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Zhai J, Cote T, Chen Y. Challenges and advances of the stability of mRNA delivery therapeutics. NUCLEIC ACID INSIGHTS 2024; 1:101-113. [PMID: 38903876 PMCID: PMC11189690 DOI: 10.18609/nai.2024.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
mRNA therapeutics have garnered significant attention in the biomedical realm, showing immense potential across a spectrum of applications from COVID-19 to cancer treatments. Their ability to trigger precise protein expression, particularly in genome editing, is pivotal in minimizing off-target effects. At the core of mRNA therapy lies a dual-component system, comprising the mRNA itself and a delivery vehicle. The breakthrough success of novel COVID-19 vaccines has catapulted lipid nanoparticles to prominence as the preferred delivery vehicle. However, despite their US FDA approval and efficacy, lipid nanoparticles face a significant challenge: poor stability at room temperature, which limits their applications in various geographic regions with disparities in infrastructure and technology. This review aims to dissect the issue of stability inherent in lipid nanoparticles and other mRNA delivery platforms such as polymer-based materials and protein derivative materials. We herein endeavor to unravel the factors contributing to their instability and explore potential strategies to enhance their stability. By doing so, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of mRNA delivery systems, highlighting both their successes and limitations, and paving the way for future advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Trystin Cote
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Selzler M, de Almeida AM, Neves MB, Gonçalves ADF, Aydos RD, Ramalho RT. Use of nanoparticles in animal models for prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e385923. [PMID: 37909596 PMCID: PMC10637342 DOI: 10.1590/acb385923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review of nanoparticles' use in the treatment of prostate cancer in animals. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, and the descriptors were chosen based on terms indexed in Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS)/Medical Subject Headings (MESH), which are: nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and prostate cancer. The systematic review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with ID CRD42021271008. RESULTS A total of 3,897 articles was chosen; after reading the inclusion and exclusion criteria, six scientific articles with themes involving nanoparticles carrying medications were reached. Among the nanoparticles found, there were carboxymethylcellulose polymer, micellar casein nanoparticles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, serum albumin nanoparticles, and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (mPEG-PLA) conjugated nanoparticles encapsulating cabazitaxel, docetaxel, and flutamide, which were nanoparticles used to treat prostate cancer in animals. CONCLUSIONS Through using nanoparticles to encapsulate medications for treating prostate cancer in animals, studies show a decrease in weight and tumor reduction, with nanoparticles resulting in greater survival time than free medications. The improved permeability and retention effect of nanoparticles in the bloodstream contribute to their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Selzler
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul – Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region – Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira de Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul – Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region – Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
| | - Marcelo Barbosa Neves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences – Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
| | - Alessandra de Figueiredo Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul – Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region – Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dutra Aydos
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul – Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region – Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
| | - Rondon Tosta Ramalho
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul – Postgraduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region – Campo Grande (MS), Brazil
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9
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Abstract
RNA modification is manifested as chemically altered nucleotides, widely exists in diverse natural RNAs, and is closely related to RNA structure and function. Currently, mRNA-based vaccines have received great attention and rapid development as novel and mighty fighters against various diseases including cancer. The achievement of RNA vaccines in clinical application is largely attributed to some methodological innovations including the incorporation of modified nucleotides into the synthetic RNA. The selection of optimal RNA modifications aimed at reducing the instability and immunogenicity of RNA molecules is a very critical task to improve the efficacy and safety of mRNA vaccines. This review summarizes the functions of RNA modifications and their application in mRNA vaccines, highlights recent advances of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy, and provides perspectives for future development of mRNA vaccines in the context of personalized tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Mei
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Perrotta C, Fenizia C, Carnovale C, Pozzi M, Trabattoni D, Cervia D, Clementi E. Updated Considerations for the Immunopharmacological Aspects of the "Talented mRNA Vaccines". Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1481. [PMID: 37766157 PMCID: PMC10534931 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines belong to a new class of medications, RNA therapeutics, including both coding and non-coding RNAs. The use of mRNA as a therapy is based on the biological role of mRNA itself, namely its translation into a functional protein. The goal of mRNA vaccines is to produce a specific antigen in cells to elicit an immune response that might be prophylactic or therapeutic. The potential of mRNA as vaccine has been envisaged for years but its efficacy has been clearly demonstrated with the approval of COVID-19 vaccines in 2021. Since then, mRNA vaccines have been in the pipeline for diseases that are still untreatable. There are many advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines, including easy and cost-effective production, high safety, and high-level antigen expression. However, the nature of mRNA itself and some technical issues pose challenges associated with the vaccines' development and use. Here we review the immunological and pharmacological features of mRNA vaccines by discussing their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and safety, with a particular attention on the advantages and challenges related to their administration. Furthermore, we present an overview of the areas of application and the clinical trials that utilize a mRNA vaccine as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Carla Carnovale
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (C.C.); (D.T.)
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
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11
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Abstract
The different technology platforms used to make poultry vaccines are reviewed. Vaccines based on classical technologies are either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Genetic engineering is applied to design by deletion, mutation, insertion, or chimerization, genetically modified target microorganisms that are used either as live or inactivated vaccines. Other vaccine platforms are based on one or a few genes of the target pathogen agent coding for proteins that can induce a protective immune response ("protective genes"). These genes can be expressed in vitro to produce subunit vaccines. Alternatively, vectors carrying these genes in their genome or nucleic acid-based vaccines will induce protection by in vivo expression of these genes in the vaccinated host. Properties of these different types of vaccines, including advantages and limitations, are reviewed, focusing mainly on vaccines targeting viral diseases and on technologies that succeeded in market authorization.
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Guterres A, Abrahim M, da Costa Neves PC. The role of immune subtyping in glioma mRNA vaccine development. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:1057-1072. [PMID: 37431617 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2023-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the development of mRNA vaccines for central nervous system tumors have used gene expression profiles, clinical data and RNA sequencing from sources such as The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas to identify effective antigens. These studies revealed several immune subtypes of glioma, each one linked to unique prognoses and genetic/immune-modulatory changes. Potential antigens include ARPC1B, BRCA2, COL6A1, ITGB3, IDH1, LILRB2, TP53 and KDR, among others. Patients with immune-active and immune-suppressive phenotypes were found to respond better to mRNA vaccines. While these findings indicate the potential of mRNA vaccines in cancer therapy, further research is required to optimize administration and adjuvant selection, and precisely identify target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mayla Abrahim
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina da Costa Neves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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13
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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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14
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Kwak G, Lee D, Suk JS. Advanced approaches to overcome biological barriers in respiratory and systemic routes of administration for enhanced nucleic acid delivery to the lung. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1531-1552. [PMID: 37946533 PMCID: PMC10872418 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2282535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous delivery strategies, primarily novel nucleic acid delivery carriers, have been developed and explored to enable therapeutically relevant lung gene therapy. However, its clinical translation is yet to be achieved despite over 30 years of efforts, which is attributed to the inability to overcome a series of biological barriers that hamper efficient nucleic acid transfer to target cells in the lung. AREAS COVERED This review is initiated with the fundamentals of nucleic acid therapy and a brief overview of previous and ongoing efforts on clinical translation of lung gene therapy. We then walk through the nature of biological barriers encountered by nucleic acid carriers administered via respiratory and/or systemic routes. Finally, we introduce advanced strategies developed to overcome those barriers to achieve therapeutically relevant nucleic acid delivery efficiency in the lung. EXPERT OPINION We are now stepping close to the clinical translation of lung gene therapy, thanks to the discovery of novel delivery strategies that overcome biological barriers via comprehensive preclinical studies. However, preclinical findings should be cautiously interpreted and validated to ultimately realize meaningful therapeutic outcomes with newly developed delivery strategies in humans. In particular, individual strategies should be selected, tailored, and implemented in a manner directly relevant to specific therapeutic applications and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijung Kwak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daiheon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Huang Y, Zhu X, Guo X, Zhou Y, Liu D, Mao J, Xiong Y, Deng Y, Gao X. Advances in mRNA vaccines for viral diseases. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28924. [PMID: 37417396 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the onset of the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated outstanding performance. mRNA vaccines offer significant advantages over conventional vaccines in production speed and cost-effectiveness, making them an attractive option against other viral diseases. This article reviewed recent advances in viral mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems to provide references and guidance for developing mRNA vaccines for new viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuerui Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongying Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingrui Mao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongai Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Youcai Deng
- Department of Hematology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xinghong Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Provincial Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease & Bio-Safety, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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16
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Pallavi P, Harini K, Elboughdiri N, Gowtham P, Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. Infections associated with SARS-CoV-2 exploited via nanoformulated photodynamic therapy. ADMET AND DMPK 2023; 11:513-531. [PMID: 37937246 PMCID: PMC10626507 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the need for managing infectious diseases, which spreads by airborne transmission leading to serious health, social, and economic issues. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a 60-140 nm diameter and particle-like features, which majorly accounts for this disease. Expanding diagnostic capabilities, developing safe vaccinations with long-lasting immunity, and formulating effective medications are the strategies to be investigated. Experimental approach For the literature search, electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were used as the source. Search terms like 'Nano-mediated PDT,' 'PDT for SARS-CoV-2', and 'Nanotechnology in treatment for SARS-CoV-2' were used. Out of 275 initially selected articles, 198 were chosen after the abstract screening. During the full-text screening, 80 papers were excluded, and 18 were eliminated during data extraction. Preference was given to articles published from 2018 onwards, but a few older references were cited for their valuable information. Key results Synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) have a close structural resemblance to viruses and interact greatly with their proteins due to their similarities in the configurations. NPs had previously been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. In this way, with nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a viable alternative to antibiotics in fighting against microbial infections. The protocol of PDT includes the activation of photosensitizers using specific light to destroy microorganisms in the presence of oxygen, treating several respiratory diseases. Conclusion The use of PDT in treating COVID-19 requires intensive investigations, which has been reviewed in this manuscript, including a computational approach to formulating effective photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pallavi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Karthick Harini
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineers Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia
| | - Pemula Gowtham
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
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Di J, Hou P, Corpstein CD, Wu K, Xu Y, Li T. Multiphysics modeling and simulation of local transport and absorption kinetics of intramuscularly injected lipids nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 359:S0168-3659(23)00369-3. [PMID: 37295730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical applications of mRNA vaccines highlight the critical role of drug delivery, especially when using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as the carrier for genetic payloads. However, kinetic and transport mechanisms for locally injected LNPs, such as lymphatic or cellular uptake and drug release, remain poorly understood. Herein, we developed a bottom-up multiphysics computational model to simulate the injection and absorption processes of LNPs in muscular tissues. Our purpose was to seek underlying connections between formulation attributes and local exposure kinetics of LNPs and the delivered drug. We were also interested in modeling the absorption kinetics from the local injection site to the systemic circulation. In our model, the tissue was treated as the homogeneous, poroelastic medium in which vascular and lymphatic vessel densities are considered. Tissue deformation and interstitial fluid flow (modeled using Darcy's Law) were also implemented. Transport of LNPs was described based on diffusion and advection; local disintegration and cellular uptake were also integrated. Sensitivity analyses of LNP and drug properties and tissue attributes were conducted using the simulation model. It was found that intrinsic tissue porosity and lymphatic vessel density affect the local transport kinetics; diffusivity, lymphatic permeability, and intracellular update kinetics also play critical roles. Simulated results were commensurate with experimental observations. This study could shed light on the development of LNP formulations and enable further development of whole-body pharmacokinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Industrial & Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Peng Hou
- Industrial & Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kangzeng Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Dali, China.
| | - Tonglei Li
- Industrial & Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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18
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Truong LB, Medina-Cruz D, Mostafavi E. Current state of RNA delivery using lipid nanoparticles to extrahepatic tissues: A review towards clinical translation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125185. [PMID: 37276899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic medicine, including ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapy, has delivered numerous progresses to the treatment of diseases thanks to the development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as a delivery vehicle. However, RNA therapeutics are still limited by the lack of safe, precise, and efficient delivery outside of the liver. Thus, to fully realize the potential of genetic medicine, strategies to arm LNPs with extrahepatic targeting capabilities are urgently needed. This review explores the current state of next-generation LNPs that can bring RNA biomolecules to their targeted organ. The main approaches commonly used are described, including the modulation of internal lipid chemistries, the use of conjugated targeting moieties, and the designs of clinical administration. This work will demonstrate the advances in each approach and the remaining challenges in the field, focusing on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh B Truong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Medina-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Wang X, Dong H, Chen M, Du N, Wang H, Hu W, Zhang K, Gu L. RT-IVT method allows multiplex real-time quantification of in vitro transcriptional mRNA production. Commun Biol 2023; 6:453. [PMID: 37095292 PMCID: PMC10124930 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past 30 years, in vitro transcription (IVT) technology has been extensively used for RNA production or for basic transcriptional mechanism research. However, methods for mRNA quantification still need to be improved. In this study, we designed a RT-IVT method using binary fluorescence quencher (BFQ) probes and the PBCV-1 DNA ligase to quantify mRNA production in real-time by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and RNA-splinted DNA ligation. Compared with existing methods, the RT-IVT method is inexpensive and non-radioactive, and can detect mRNA production in unpurified systems in real-time and shows high sensitivity and selectivity. The activity of T7 RNA polymerase and Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme was then characterized with this method. We then multiplexed the real-time mRNA quantification for three T7 promoters on a RT-PCR thermocycler by using BFQ probes with different colored fluorophores that were specific for each target. Ultimately, we created an inexpensive multiplexed method to quantify mRNA production in real-time, and future research could use these methods to measure the affinity of transcriptional repressors to their target DNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongjie Dong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 11 Taibaizhong Road, 272033, Jining, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Kundi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China.
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20
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Chang YT, Huang TH, Alalaiwe A, Hwang E, Fang JY. Small interfering RNA-based nanotherapeutics for treating skin-related diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37088710 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2206646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) has demonstrated great potential in treating skin-related diseases, as small interfering RNA (siRNA) can efficiently silence specific genes. The design of skin delivery systems for siRNA is important to protect the nucleic acid while facilitating both skin targeting and cellular ingestion. Entrapment of siRNA into nanocarriers can accomplish these aims, contributing to improved targeting, controlled release, and increased transfection. AREAS COVERED The siRNA-based nanotherapeutics for treating skin disorders are summarized. First, the mechanisms of RNAi are presented, followed by the introduction of challenges for skin therapy. Then, the different nanoparticle types used for siRNA skin delivery are described. Subsequently, we introduce the mechanisms of how nanoparticles enhance siRNA skin penetration. Finally, the current investigations associated with nanoparticulate siRNA application in skin disease management are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The potential application of nanotherapeutic RNAi allows for a novel skin application strategy. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the findings in the cell-based or animal experiments. The capability of large-scale production and reproducibility of nanoparticle products are also critical for translation to commercialization. siRNA delivery by nanocarriers should be optimized to attain cutaneous targeting without the risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Tzu Chang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou and Keelung, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erica Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Hajiaghapour Asr M, Dayani F, Saedi Segherloo F, Kamedi A, Neill AO, MacLoughlin R, Doroudian M. Lipid Nanoparticles as Promising Carriers for mRNA Vaccines for Viral Lung Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041127. [PMID: 37111613 PMCID: PMC10146241 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in deaths due to infectious diseases, most notably in the context of viral respiratory pathogens. Consequently, the focus has shifted in the search for new therapies, with attention being drawn to the use of nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines for targeted delivery to improve the efficacy of these vaccines. Notably, mRNA vaccine technologies denote as a new era in vaccination due to their rapid, potentially inexpensive, and scalable development. Although they do not pose a risk of integration into the genome and are not produced from infectious elements, they do pose challenges, including exposing naked mRNAs to extracellular endonucleases. Therefore, with the development of nanotechnology, we can further improve their efficacy. Nanoparticles, with their nanometer dimensions, move more freely in the body and, due to their small size, have unique physical and chemical properties. The best candidates for vaccine mRNA transfer are lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which are stable and biocompatible and contain four components: cationic lipids, ionizable lipids, polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and cholesterol, which are used to facilitate cytoplasmic mRNA delivery. In this article, the components and delivery system of mRNA-LNP vaccines against viral lung infections such as influenza, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus are reviewed. Moreover, we provide a succinct overview of current challenges and potential future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Hajiaghapour Asr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dayani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saedi Segherloo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Ali Kamedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Andrew O’ Neill
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Limited, Galway Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Mendonça MCP, Kont A, Kowalski PS, O'Driscoll CM. Design of lipid-based nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103505. [PMID: 36708760 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The successful development of nonviral delivery systems for nucleic acids has been reported extensively over the past number of years. Among them, lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced platform. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in LNP technology, focusing on the delivery of a range of nucleic acids. Recent advances in the development of an efficient and safe lipid-based system are critically analyzed with a particular emphasis on the rationale behind the design of LNPs and on attempts to elucidate the resulting molecular assembly and structure, their interactions with cellular proteins and biodistribution. In addition, manufacturing methods including microfluidics and their potential to influence stability and scale-up are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayse Kont
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Piotr S Kowalski
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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23
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Aldaais EA. A comprehensive review on the COVID-19 vaccine and drug delivery applications of interpenetrating polymer networks. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:738-756. [PMID: 36443634 PMCID: PMC9707272 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An interpenetrating polymer network (IPNs) is a concoction of two or more polymers (natural, synthetic, and/or a combination of both) in which at least one polymer is synthesized or crosslinked in the intimate presence of the other. These three-dimensional networked systems have gained prominence in a series of biomedical applications, especially in the last two decades. The last decades witnessed a surge in the meaningful applications of interpenetrating polymer networks, especially in drug delivery as simple IPN systems advanced and resulted in the formation of highly efficient microspheres, nanoparticles, nanogels, and hydrogels, intelligent enough to sense and respond to changes in external stimuli such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The structure of the polymers, crosslinking agents, crosslinking density, and polymerization method play an integral role in determining the properties and application of IPNs in drug delivery. This review article is a modest effort to highlight the importance and applications of different types of interpenetrating polymer networks for the sustained, site-specific drug delivery of various therapeutic formulations, as witnessed in scientific research literature over the past 22 years (2000-2022). A special section of the manuscript is devoted to studying the efficacy of network polymers in vaccine delivery and highlighting the future scope (if any) of incorporating the IPN system in COVID-related vaccine/drug delivery. Four key focus areas in this review article [1, 2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtisam A Aldaais
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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Samynathan R, Venkidasamy B, Ramya K, Muthuramalingam P, Shin H, Kumari PS, Thangavel S, Sivanesan I. A Recent Update on the Impact of Nano-Selenium on Plant Growth, Metabolism, and Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:853. [PMID: 36840201 PMCID: PMC9964709 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a microelement that plays an important nutrient role by influencing various physiological and biochemical traits in plants. It has been shown to stimulate plant metabolism, enhancing secondary metabolites and lowering abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Globally, the enormous applications of nanotechnology in the food and agricultural sectors have vastly expanded. Nanoselenium is more active than bulk materials, and various routes of synthesis of Se nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been reported in which green synthesis using plants is more attractive due to a reduction in ecological issues and an increase in biological activities. The Se-NP-based biofortification is more significant because it increases plant stress tolerance and positively impacts their metabolism. Se-NPs can enhance plant resistance to various oxidative stresses, promote growth, enhance soil nutrient status, enhance plant antioxidant levels, and participate in the transpiration process. Additionally, they use a readily available, biodegradable reducing agent and are ecologically friendly. This review concentrates on notable information on the different modes of Se-NPs' synthesis and characterization, their applications in plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance, and their influence on the metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Samynathan
- R&D Division, Alchem Diagnostics, No. 1/1, Gokhale Street, Ram Nagar, Coimbatore 641009, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Karthikeyan Ramya
- Department of Biotechnology, CMS College of Science and Commerce, Coimbatore 641049, India
| | - Pandiyan Muthuramalingam
- Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Pandy Saravana Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641402, India
| | - Sivakumar Thangavel
- Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi 626124, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Xie YJ, Liu WQ, Li D, Hou JC, Coghi PS, Fan XX. Overcoming Suppressive Tumor Microenvironment by Vaccines in Solid Tumor. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020394. [PMID: 36851271 PMCID: PMC9964970 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines are widely used to boost human natural ability to defend against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Recently, therapeutic cancer vaccines attracted the most attention for anti-cancer therapy. According to the main components, it can be divided into five types: cell, DNA, RNA, peptide, and virus-based vaccines. They mainly perform through two rationales: (1) it trains the host immune system to protect itself and effectively eradicate cancer cells; (2) these vaccines expose the immune system to molecules associated with cancer that enable the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. In this review, we thoroughly summarized the potential strategies and technologies for developing cancer vaccines, which may provide critical achievements for overcoming the suppressive tumor microenvironment through vaccines in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wen-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Jin-Cai Hou
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (P.S.C.); (X.-X.F.)
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (P.S.C.); (X.-X.F.)
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da Silva TN, de Lima EV, Barradas TN, Testa CG, Picciani PH, Figueiredo CP, do Carmo FA, Clarke JR. Nanosystems for gene therapy targeting brain damage caused by viral infections. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100525. [PMID: 36619201 PMCID: PMC9816812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human pathogens can cause long-lasting neurological damage. Despite the increasing clinical knowledge about these conditions, most still lack efficient therapeutic interventions. Gene therapy (GT) approaches comprise strategies to modify or adjust the expression or function of a gene, thus providing therapy for human diseases. Since recombinant nucleic acids used in GT have physicochemical limitations and can fail to reach the desired tissue, viral and non-viral vectors are applied to mediate gene delivery. Although viral vectors are associated to high levels of transfection, non-viral vectors are safer and have been further explored. Different types of nanosystems consisting of lipids, polymeric and inorganic materials are applied as non-viral vectors. In this review, we discuss potential targets for GT intervention in order to prevent neurological damage associated to infectious diseases as well as the role of nanosized non-viral vectors as agents to help the selective delivery of these gene-modifying molecules. Application of non-viral vectors for delivery of GT effectors comprise a promising alternative to treat brain inflammation induced by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuelle V. de Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Thaís Nogueira Barradas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Carla G. Testa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Paulo H.S. Picciani
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Claudia P. Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Flavia A. do Carmo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Julia R. Clarke
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Chavda VP, Soni S, Vora LK, Soni S, Khadela A, Ajabiya J. mRNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Future Pandemics. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122150. [PMID: 36560560 PMCID: PMC9785933 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An unheard mobilization of resources to find SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies has been sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Two years ago, COVID-19's launch propelled mRNA-based technologies into the public eye. Knowledge gained from mRNA technology used to combat COVID-19 is assisting in the creation of treatments and vaccines to treat existing illnesses and may avert pandemics in the future. Exploiting the capacity of mRNA to create therapeutic proteins to impede or treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer, is the main goal of the quickly developing, highly multidisciplinary field of biomedicine. In this review, we explore the potential of mRNA as a vaccine and therapeutic using current research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (L.K.V.)
| | - Shailvi Soni
- Massachussets College of Pharmacy and Health Science, 19 Foster Street, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (L.K.V.)
| | - Shruti Soni
- PharmD Section, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Jinal Ajabiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics Analysis and Quality Assurance, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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Sfera A, Hazan S, Anton JJ, Sfera DO, Andronescu CV, Sasannia S, Rahman L, Kozlakidis Z. Psychotropic drugs interaction with the lipid nanoparticle of COVID-19 mRNA therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995481. [PMID: 36160443 PMCID: PMC9503827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for COVID-19, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, were authorized in the US on an emergency basis in December of 2020. The rapid distribution of these therapeutics around the country and the world led to millions of people being vaccinated in a short time span, an action that decreased hospitalization and death but also heightened the concerns about adverse effects and drug-vaccine interactions. The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are of particular interest as they form the vanguard of a range of other mRNA therapeutics that are currently in the development pipeline, focusing both on infectious diseases as well as oncological applications. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) has gained additional attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically regarding the rollout of mRNA therapeutics. However, for VAERS, absence of a reporting platform for drug-vaccine interactions left these events poorly defined. For example, chemotherapy, anticonvulsants, and antimalarials were documented to interfere with the mRNA vaccines, but much less is known about the other drugs that could interact with these therapeutics, causing adverse events or decreased efficacy. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 exploitation of host cytochrome P450 enzymes, reported in COVID-19 critical illness, highlights viral interference with drug metabolism. For example, patients with severe psychiatric illness (SPI) in treatment with clozapine often displayed elevated drug levels, emphasizing drug-vaccine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sabine Hazan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Anton
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Leah Rahman
- Department of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Gu Y, Duan J, Yang N, Yang Y, Zhao X. mRNA vaccines in the prevention and treatment of diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e167. [PMID: 36033422 PMCID: PMC9409637 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines made their successful public debut in the effort against the COVID-19 outbreak starting in late 2019, although the history of mRNA vaccines can be traced back decades. This review provides an overview to discuss the historical course and present situation of mRNA vaccine development in addition to some basic concepts that underly mRNA vaccines. We discuss the general preparation and manufacturing of mRNA vaccines and also discuss the scientific advances in the in vivo delivery system and evaluate popular approaches (i.e., lipid nanoparticle and protamine) in detail. Next, we highlight the clinical value of mRNA vaccines as potent candidates for therapeutic treatment and discuss clinical progress in the treatment of cancer and coronavirus disease 2019. Data suggest that mRNA vaccines, with several prominent advantages, have achieved encouraging results and increasing attention due to tremendous potential in disease management. Finally, we suggest some potential directions worthy of further investigation and optimization. In addition to basic research, studies that help to facilitate storage and transportation will be indispensable for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhuo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University; Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Jiangyao Duan
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Na Yang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University; Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center/School of Basic Medical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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30
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Corey KB, Koo G, Phillips EJ. Adverse Events and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: What's New and What's Next. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2254-2266. [PMID: 35550878 PMCID: PMC9085443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Just over 1 year following rollout of the first vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019, 572 million doses have been administered in the United States. Compared with the number of vaccines administered, adverse effects such as anaphylaxis have been rare, and seemingly, the more serious the effect, the rarer the occurrence. Despite these adverse effects, there are few, if any, true contraindications to coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and most individuals recover without further sequelae. This review provides guidance for the allergist/immunologist regarding appropriate next steps based on patient's known allergy history or adverse reaction after receipt of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine to assist in safe global immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Corey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Grace Koo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Sung J, Alghoul Z, Long D, Yang C, Merlin D. Oral delivery of IL-22 mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles targeting the injured intestinal mucosa: A novel therapeutic solution to treat ulcerative colitis. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121707. [PMID: 35953326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral mRNA delivery is a promising yet understudied approach for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inspired by the colon-targeting ability of ginger-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs), we reversely engineered lipid nanoparticles that comprise the three major lipids identified in GDNPs. When mixed at the ratio found in GDNPs, the selected lipids (phosphatidic acid, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol; 5:2:3) self-assembled into new lipid nanoparticles (nLNPs) in phosphate-buffered saline. We encapsulated IL-22-mRNA within the nLNPs, as enhanced IL-22 expression in the colon is known to have potent anti-inflammatory efficacy against ulcerative colitis (UC). The IL-22 mRNA-loaded nLNPs (IL-22/nLNPs) were found to be about 200 nm in diameter and have a zeta potential of -18 mV. Oral delivery of IL-22/nLNPs elevated the protein expression level of IL-22 in the colonic mucosa of mice. In a mouse model of acute colitis, mice fed with IL-22/nLNPs experienced an accelerated healing process, as indicated by the recovery of more body weight and colon length as well as reduction of the histological index, colonic MPO activity, fecal lipocalin concentration, and mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). Our results suggest that our reversely engineered nLNPs is an excellent mRNA delivery platform for treating ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsik Sung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Group, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Zahra Alghoul
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Group, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Dingpei Long
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Group, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Group, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Group, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30302, USA
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Waheed S, Li Z, Zhang F, Chiarini A, Armato U, Wu J. Engineering nano-drug biointerface to overcome biological barriers toward precision drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:395. [PMID: 36045386 PMCID: PMC9428887 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of nanomedicine and nanoparticle (NP) materials presents novel solutions potentially capable of revolutionizing health care by improving efficacy, bioavailability, drug targeting, and safety. NPs are intriguing when considering medical applications because of their essential and unique qualities, including a significantly higher surface to mass ratio, quantum properties, and the potential to adsorb and transport drugs and other compounds. However, NPs must overcome or navigate several biological barriers of the human body to successfully deliver drugs at precise locations. Engineering the drug carrier biointerface can help overcome the main biological barriers and optimize the drug delivery in a more personalized manner. This review discusses the significant heterogeneous biological delivery barriers and how biointerface engineering can promote drug carriers to prevail over hurdles and navigate in a more personalized manner, thus ushering in the era of Precision Medicine. We also summarize the nanomedicines' current advantages and disadvantages in drug administration, from natural/synthetic sources to clinical applications. Additionally, we explore the innovative NP designs used in both non-personalized and customized applications as well as how they can attain a precise therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saquib Waheed
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Fangyingnan Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, 37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, 37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, 37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
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Shukla S, Larsen KP, Ou C, Rose K, Hurley JH. In vitro reconstitution of calcium-dependent recruitment of the human ESCRT machinery in lysosomal membrane repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205590119. [PMID: 35994655 PMCID: PMC9436306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205590119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is centrally involved in the repair of damage to both the plasma and lysosome membranes. ESCRT recruitment to sites of damage occurs on a fast time scale, and Ca2+ has been proposed to play a key signaling role in the process. Here, we show that the Ca2+-binding regulatory protein ALG-2 binds directly to negatively charged membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Next, by monitoring the colocalization of ALIX with ALG-2 on negatively charged membranes, we show that ALG-2 recruits ALIX to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that ALIX recruitment to the membrane orchestrates the downstream assembly of late-acting CHMP4B, CHMP3, and CHMP2A subunits along with the AAA+ ATPase VPS4B. Finally, we show that ALG-2 can also recruit the ESCRT-III machinery to the membrane via the canonical ESCRT-I/II pathway. Our reconstitution experiments delineate the minimal sets of components needed to assemble the entire membrane repair machinery and open an avenue for the mechanistic understanding of endolysosomal membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Shukla
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kevin P. Larsen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chenxi Ou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kevin Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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The Big Potential of Small Particles: Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Exosomes in Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071119. [PMID: 35891282 PMCID: PMC9320421 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most significant medical achievements in recent history are the development of distinct and effective vaccines, and the improvement of the efficacy of previously existing ones, which have contributed to the eradication of many dangerous and life-threatening diseases. Immunization depends on the generation of a physiological memory response and protection against infection. It is therefore crucial that antigens are delivered in an efficient manner, to elicit a robust immune response. The recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines containing lipid nanoparticles encapsulating mRNA demonstrates the broad potential of lipid-based delivery systems. In light of this, the present review article summarizes currently synthesized lipid-based nanoparticles such as liposomes, lipid-nano particles, or cell-derived exosomes.
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Wu Z. Editorial of Special Issue "Cytoplasmic Delivery of Bioactives". Pharm Res 2022; 39:1031-1034. [PMID: 35606599 PMCID: PMC9126431 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Wu
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Shinn J, Kwon N, Lee SA, Lee Y. Smart pH-responsive nanomedicines for disease therapy. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 52:427-441. [PMID: 35573320 PMCID: PMC9083479 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Currently nanomedicines are the focus of attention from researchers and clinicians because of the successes of lipid-nanoparticles-based COVID-19 vaccines. Nanoparticles improve existing treatments by providing a number of advantages including protection of cargo molecules from external stresses, delivery of drugs to target tissues, and sustained drug release. To prevent premature release-related side effects, stable drug loading in nanoformulations is required, but the increased stability of the formulation could also lead to a poor drug-release profile at the target sites. Thus, researchers have exploited differences in a range of properties (e.g., enzyme levels, pH, levels of reduced glutathione, and reactive oxygen species) between non-target and target sites for site-specific release of drugs. Among these environmental stimuli, pH gradients have been widely used to design novel, responsive nanoparticles. Area covered In this review, we assess drug delivery based on pH-responsive nanoparticles at the levels of tissues (tumor microenvironment, pH ~ 6.5) and of intracellular compartments (endosome and lysosome, pH 4.5-6.5). Upon exposure to these pH stimuli, pH-responsive nanoparticles respond with physicochemical changes to their material structure and surface characteristics. These changes include swelling, dissociation, or surface charge switching, in a manner that favors drug release at the target site (the tumor microenvironment region and the cytosol followed by endosomal escape) rather than the surrounding tissues. Expert opinion Lastly, we consider the challenges involved in the development of pH-responsive nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyoon Shinn
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Nuri Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Seon Ah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Yonghyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
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37
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Benedetto A, Kelley EG. Absorption of the [bmim][Cl] Ionic Liquid in DMPC Lipid Bilayers across Their Gel, Ripple, and Fluid Phases. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3309-3318. [PMID: 35472281 PMCID: PMC9082605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lipid bilayers are
a key component of cell membranes and play a
crucial role in life and in bio-nanotechnology. As a result, controlling
their physicochemical properties holds the promise of effective therapeutic
strategies. Ionic liquids (ILs)—a vast class of complex organic
electrolytes—have shown a high degree of affinity with lipid
bilayers and can be exploited in this context. However, the chemical
physics of IL absorption and partitioning into lipid bilayers is yet
to be fully understood. This work focuses on the absorption of the
model IL [bmim][Cl] into 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DMPC) lipid bilayers across their gel, ripple, and fluid phases.
Here, by small-angle neutron scattering, we show that (i) the IL cations
are absorbed in the lipid bilayer in all its thermodynamic phases
and (ii) the amount of IL inserted into the lipid phase increased
with increasing temperature, changing from three to four IL cations
per 10 lipids with increasing temperature from 10 °C in the gel
phase to 40 °C in the liquid phase, respectively. An explicative
hypothesis, based on the entropy gain coming from the IL hydration
water, is presented to explain the observed temperature trend. The
ability to control IL absorption with temperature can be used as a
handle to tune the effect of ILs on biomembranes and can be exploited
in bio-nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benedetto
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy.,School of Physics, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth G Kelley
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Domazet-Lošo T. mRNA Vaccines: Why Is the Biology of Retroposition Ignored? Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:719. [PMID: 35627104 PMCID: PMC9141755 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major advantage of mRNA vaccines over more conventional approaches is their potential for rapid development and large-scale deployment in pandemic situations. In the current COVID-19 crisis, two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have been conditionally approved and broadly applied, while others are still in clinical trials. However, there is no previous experience with the use of mRNA vaccines on a large scale in the general population. This warrants a careful evaluation of mRNA vaccine safety properties by considering all available knowledge about mRNA molecular biology and evolution. Here, I discuss the pervasive claim that mRNA-based vaccines cannot alter genomes. Surprisingly, this notion is widely stated in the mRNA vaccine literature but never supported by referencing any primary scientific papers that would specifically address this question. This discrepancy becomes even more puzzling if one considers previous work on the molecular and evolutionary aspects of retroposition in murine and human populations that clearly documents the frequent integration of mRNA molecules into genomes, including clinical contexts. By performing basic comparisons, I show that the sequence features of mRNA vaccines meet all known requirements for retroposition using L1 elements-the most abundant autonomously active retrotransposons in the human genome. In fact, many factors associated with mRNA vaccines increase the possibility of their L1-mediated retroposition. I conclude that is unfounded to a priori assume that mRNA-based therapeutics do not impact genomes and that the route to genome integration of vaccine mRNAs via endogenous L1 retroelements is easily conceivable. This implies that we urgently need experimental studies that would rigorously test for the potential retroposition of vaccine mRNAs. At present, the insertional mutagenesis safety of mRNA-based vaccines should be considered unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Domazet-Lošo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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39
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Wambani J, Okoth P. Scope of SARS-CoV-2 variants, mutations, and vaccine technologies. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022; 34:34. [PMID: 35368846 PMCID: PMC8962228 DOI: 10.1186/s43162-022-00121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is disseminated by respiratory aerosols. The virus uses the spike protein to target epithelial cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor on the host cells. As a result, effective vaccines must target the viral spike glycoprotein. However, the appearance of an Omicron variant with 32 mutations in its spike protein raises questions about the vaccine's efficacy. Vaccines are critical in boosting immunity, lowering COVID-19-related illnesses, reducing the infectious burden on the healthcare system, and reducing economic loss, according to current data. An efficient vaccination campaign is projected to increase innate and adaptive immune responses, offering better protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Main body The presence of altered SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating around the world puts the effectiveness of vaccines already on the market at risk. The problem is made even worse by the Omicron variant, which has 32 mutations in its spike protein. Experts are currently examining the potential consequences of commercial vaccines on variants. However, there are worries about the vaccines' safety, the protection they provide, and whether future structural changes are required for these vaccines to be more effective. As a result of these concerns, new vaccines based on modern technology should be developed to guard against the growing SARS-CoV-2 variations. Conclusion The choice of a particular vaccine is influenced by several factors including mode of action, storage conditions, group of the vaccinee, immune response mounted, cost, dosage protocol, age, and side effects. Currently, seven SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms have been developed. This comprises of inactivated viruses, messenger RNA (mRNA), DNA vaccines, protein subunits, nonreplicating and replicating vector viral-like particles (VLP), and live attenuated vaccines. This review focuses on the SARS-CoV-2 mutations, variants of concern (VOCs), and advances in vaccine technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Wambani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) HIV Laboratory-Alupe, P.O Box 3-50400, Busia, Kenya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190, Kakamega, 50100 Kenya
| | - Patrick Okoth
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O Box 190, Kakamega, 50100 Kenya
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Amiri A, Bagherifar R, Ansari Dezfouli E, Kiaie SH, Jafari R, Ramezani R. Exosomes as bio-inspired nanocarriers for RNA delivery: preparation and applications. J Transl Med 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35287692 PMCID: PMC8919142 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers as drug/biomolecule delivery systems have been significantly developed during recent decades. Given the stability, reasonable delivery efficiency, and safety of nanocarriers, there are several barriers in the fulfillment of successful clinical application of these delivery systems. These challenges encouraged drug delivery researchers to establish innovative nanocarriers with longer circulation time, high stability, and high compatibility. Exosomes are extracellular nanometer-sized vesicles released through various cells. These vesicles serve as nanocarriers, possessing great potential to overcome some obstacles encountered in gene and drug delivery due to their natural affinity to recipient cells and the inherent capability to shuttle the genes, lipids, proteins, and RNAs between cells. So far, there has been a lot of valuable research on drug delivery by exosomes, but research on RNA delivery, especially mRNA, is very limited. Since mRNA-based vaccines and therapies have recently gained particular prominence in various diseases, it is essential to find a suitable delivery system due to the large size and destructive nature of these nucleic acids. That's why we're going to take a look at the unique features of exosomes and their isolation and loading methods, to embrace this idea that exosome-mediated mRNA-based therapies would be introduced as a very efficient strategy in disease treatment within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Amiri
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ansari Dezfouli
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Byun MJ, Lim J, Kim SN, Park DH, Kim TH, Park W, Park CG. Advances in Nanoparticles for Effective Delivery of RNA Therapeutics. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022; 16:128-145. [PMID: 35261724 PMCID: PMC8891745 DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics, including messenger RNA (mRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are genetic materials that mediate the translation of genetic direction from genes to induce or inhibit specific protein production. Although the interest in RNA therapeutics is rising globally, the absence of an effective delivery system is an obstacle to the clinical application of RNA therapeutics. Additionally, immunogenicity, short duration of protein expression, unwanted enzymatic degradation, and insufficient cellular uptake could limit the therapeutic efficacy of RNA therapeutics. In this regard, novel platforms based on nanoparticles are crucial for delivering RNAs to the targeted site to increase efficiency without toxicity. In this review, the most recent status of nanoparticles as RNA delivery vectors, with a focus on polymeric nanoparticles, peptide-derived nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles, is discussed. These nanoparticular platforms can be utilized for safe and effective RNA delivery to augment therapeutic effects. Ultimately, RNA therapeutics encapsulated in nanoparticle-based carriers will be used to treat many diseases and save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Byun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hwan Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419 Republic of Korea
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Defining Endocytic Pathways of Fucoidan-Coated PIBCA Nanoparticles from the Design of their Surface Architecture. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1135-1150. [PMID: 35233729 PMCID: PMC8887940 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This work investigated the endocytic pathways taken by poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) (PIBCA) nanoparticles differing in their surface composition and architecture, assuming that this might determine their efficiency of intracellular drug delivery. Methods Nanoparticles (A0, A25, A100, R0, R25 ) were prepared by anionic or redox radical emulsion polymerization using mixtures of dextran and fucoidan (0, 25, 100 % in fucoidan). Cell uptake was evaluated by incubating J774A.1 macrophages with nanoparticles. Endocytic pathways were studied by incubating cells with endocytic pathway inhibitors (chlorpromazine, genistein, cytochalasin D, methyl-ß-cyclodextrin and nocodazole) and nanoparticle uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Results The fucoidan-coated PIBCA nanoparticles A25 were internalized 3-fold more efficiently than R25 due to the different architecture of the fucoidan chains presented on the surface. Different fucoidan density and architecture led to different internalization pathway preferred by the cells. Large A100 nanoparticles with surface was covered with fucoidan chains in a loop and train configuration were internalized the most efficiently, 47-fold compared with A0, and 3-fold compared with R0 and R25 through non-endocytic energy-independent pathways and reached the cell cytoplasm. Conclusion Internalization pathways of PIBCA nanoparticles by J774A.1 macrophages could be determined by nanoparticle fucoidan surface composition and architecture. In turn, this influenced the extent of internalization and localization of accumulated nanoparticles within cells. The results are of interest for rationalizing the design of nanoparticles for potential cytoplamic drug delivery by controlling the nature of the nanoparticle surface. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03202-4.
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Nanotechnology for making a paradigm shift in COVID-19 vaccine. CLINICAL COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100017. [PMID: 37520497 PMCID: PMC8884076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccmp.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shin S, Kwon S, Yeo Y. Meta-Analysis of Drug Delivery Approaches for Treating Intracellular Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1085-1114. [PMID: 35146592 PMCID: PMC8830998 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the trend, methodological quality and completeness of studies on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. PubMed, Embase, and reference lists of related reviews were searched to identify original articles that evaluated carrier-mediated intracellular delivery and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial therapeutics against intracellular pathogens in vitro and/or in vivo. A total of 99 studies were included in the analysis. The most commonly targeted intracellular pathogens were bacteria (62.6%), followed by viruses (16.2%) and parasites (15.2%). Twenty-one out of 99 (21.2%) studies performed neither microscopic imaging nor flow cytometric analysis to verify that the carrier particles are present in the infected cells. Only 31.3% of studies provided comparative inhibitory concentrations against a free drug control. Approximately 8% of studies, albeit claimed for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial therapeutics, did not provide any experimental data such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry, and in vitro PD. Future research on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents needs to improve the methodological quality and completeness of supporting data in order to facilitate clinical translation of intracellular delivery platforms for antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonbum Kwon
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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45
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Nanoparticle-based delivery strategies of multifaceted immunomodulatory RNA for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 343:564-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
The therapeutic potential for messenger RNA (mRNA) in infectious diseases and cancer was first realized almost three decades ago, but only in 2018 did the first lipid nanoparticle-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy reach the market with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of patisiran (Onpattro™) for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. This was largely made possible by major advances in the formulation technology for stabilized lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs). Design of the cationic ionizable lipids, which are a key component of the LNP formulations, with an acid dissociation constant (pKa) close to the early endosomal pH, would not only ensure effective encapsulation of mRNA into the stabilized lipoplexes within the LNPs, but also its subsequent endosomal release into the cytoplasm after endocytosis. Unlike other gene therapy modalities, which require nuclear delivery, the site of action for exogenous mRNA vaccines is the cytosol where they get translated into antigenic proteins and thereby elicit an immune response. LNPs also protect the mRNA against enzymatic degradation by the omnipresent ribonucleases (RNases). Cationic nano emulsion (CNE) is also explored as an alternative and relatively thermostable mRNA vaccine delivery vehicle. In this review, we have summarized the various delivery strategies explored for mRNA vaccines, including naked mRNA injection; ex vivo loading of dendritic cells; CNE; cationic peptides; cationic polymers and finally the clinically successful COVID-19 LNP vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines)-their components, design principles, formulation parameter optimization and stabilization challenges. Despite the clinical success of LNP-mRNA vaccine formulations, there is a specific need to enhance their storage stability above 0 °C for these lifesaving vaccines to reach the developing world.
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Di J, Du Z, Wu K, Jin S, Wang X, Li T, Xu Y. Biodistribution and Non-linear Gene Expression of mRNA LNPs Affected by Delivery Route and Particle Size. Pharm Res 2022; 39:105-114. [PMID: 35080707 PMCID: PMC8791091 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely utilized as means to deliver mRNA molecules. However, metric connections between biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the nanoparticle carrier and transgene expression dynamics remain largely unknown. Methods LNPs containing mRNAs encoding the firefly luciferase gene were prepared with varying sizes. Biodistributions of injected LNPs in mice were measured by fluorescence bioimaging or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, luciferase expression levels were determined by bioluminescence imaging and enzyme activity assays. Results Some intramuscularly injected LNPs were found circulating in the system, resulting in accumulation in the liver and spleen, especially when the LNP sizes were relatively small. Bigger LNPs were more likely to remain at the injection site. Transgene expression in the liver was found most prominent compared with other organs and tissues. Conclusions Biomolecules such as mRNAs encapsulated in locally injected LNPs can reach other organs and tissues via systemic circulation. Gene expression levels are affected by the LNP biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK), which are further influenced by the particle size and injection route. As transfection efficiency varies in different organs, the LNP exposure and mRNA expression are not linearly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Du
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Dali, China
| | - Kangzeng Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Dali, China
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, RHPH Building, RM 124, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Dali, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6777. [PMID: 34811367 PMCID: PMC8608879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines were rapidly developed and deployed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Due to the labile nature of mRNA, identifying impurities that could affect product stability and efficacy is crucial to the long-term use of nucleic-acid based medicines. Herein, reversed-phase ion pair high performance liquid chromatography (RP-IP HPLC) was used to identify a class of impurity formed through lipid:mRNA reactions; such reactions are typically undetectable by traditional mRNA purity analytical techniques. The identified modifications render the mRNA untranslatable, leading to loss of protein expression. Specifically, electrophilic impurities derived from the ionizable cationic lipid component are shown to be responsible. Mechanisms implicated in the formation of reactive species include oxidation and subsequent hydrolysis of the tertiary amine. It thus remains critical to ensure robust analytical methods and stringent manufacturing control to ensure mRNA stability and high activity in LNP delivery systems. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of mRNA vaccines has become of particular importance, however, mRNA stability is a major concern. Here, the authors report on a study of lipid impurity mRNA interactions using reverse phase ion pair HPLC to identify reactions which render the mRNA untranslatable, reducing vaccine efficiency.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in cancer warrant immediate vaccine development to save mankind. Subunit vaccines alone, however, fail to elicit sufficiently strong and long-lasting protective immunity against deadly pathogens. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles like microemulsions, liposomes, virosomes, nanogels, micelles and dendrimers offer promising strategies to overcome limitations of traditional vaccine adjuvants. Nanovaccines can improve targeted delivery, antigen presentation, stimulation of body's innate immunity, strong T cell response combined with safety to combat infectious diseases and cancers. Further, nanovaccines can be highly beneficial to generate effective immutherapeutic formulations against cancer. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the emerging nanoparticle strategies highlighting their success and challenges in preclinical and clinical trials in infectious diseases and cancer. It provides a concise overview of current nanoparticle-based vaccines, their adjuvant potential and their cellular delivery mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION The nanovaccines (50-250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, prolonged circulation and preferential uptake by the professional APCs chiefly due to their small size. More rational designing, improved antigen loading, extensive functionalization and targeted delivery are some of the future goals of ideal nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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50
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Ibba ML, Ciccone G, Esposito CL, Catuogno S, Giangrande PH. Advances in mRNA non-viral delivery approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113930. [PMID: 34403751 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) present a great potential as therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of human pathologies, allowing for protein replacement, vaccination, cancer immunotherapy, and genomic engineering. Despite advances in the design of mRNA-based therapeutics, a key aspect for their widespread translation to clinic is the development of safe and effective delivery strategies. To this end, non-viral delivery systems including peptide-based complexes, lipidic or polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations are attracting growing interest. Despite displaying somewhat reduced efficacy compared to viral-based systems, non-viral carriers offer important advantages in terms of biosafety and versatility. In this review, we provide an overview of current mRNA therapeutic applications and discuss key biological barriers to delivery and recent advances in the development of non-viral systems. Challenges and future applications of this novel therapeutic modality are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Ibba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla L Esposito
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Catuogno
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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