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Song Y, Yu K, Zhang S, Li Y, Xu C, Qian H, Cui Y, Guo Y, Zhang X, Li R, Dixon RA, Lin J. Poplar glutathione S-transferase PtrGSTF8 contributes to reactive oxygen species scavenging and salt tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108766. [PMID: 38797011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a protein superfamily encoded by a large gene family and play a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, their precise functions in wood plant responses to abiotic stress are not fully understood. In this study, we isolated a Phi class glutathione S-transferase-encoding gene, PtrGSTF8, from poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa), which is significantly up-regulated under salt stress. Moreover, compared with wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic tobacco plants exhibited significant salt stress tolerance. Under salt stress, PtrGSTF8-overexpressing tobacco plants showed a significant increase in plant height and root length, and less accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, these transgenic tobacco plants exhibited higher superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and reduced malondialdehyde content compared with WT plants. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments showed that the overexpression of PtrGSTF8 increased the expression of numerous genes related to salt stress. Furthermore, PtrMYB108, a MYB transcription factor involved in salt resistance in poplar, was found to directly activate the promoter of PtrGSTF8, as demonstrated by yeast one-hybrid assays and luciferase complementation assays. Taken together, these findings suggest that poplar PtrGSTF8 contributes to enhanced salt tolerance and confers multiple growth advantages when overexpressed in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Song
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Keji Yu
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changwen Xu
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongping Qian
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yayu Guo
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Lv W, Zhu L, Tan L, Gu L, Wang H, Du X, Zhu B, Zeng T, Wang C. Genome-Wide Identification Analysis of GST Gene Family in Wild Blueberry Vaccinium duclouxii and Their Impact on Anthocyanin Accumulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1497. [PMID: 38891305 PMCID: PMC11174658 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Vaccinium duclouxii, a wild blueberry species native to the mountainous regions of southwestern China, is notable for its exceptionally high anthocyanin content, surpassing that of many cultivated varieties and offering significant research potential. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are versatile enzymes crucial for anthocyanin transport in plants. Yet, the GST gene family had not been previously identified in V. duclouxii. This study utilized a genome-wide approach to identify and characterize the GST gene family in V. duclouxii, revealing 88 GST genes grouped into seven distinct subfamilies. This number is significantly higher than that found in closely related species, with these genes distributed across 12 chromosomes and exhibiting gene clustering. A total of 46 members are classified as tandem duplicates. The gene structure of VdGST is relatively conserved among related species, showing closer phylogenetic relations to V. bracteatum and evidence of purifying selection. Transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that VdGSTU22 and VdGSTU38 were highly expressed in flowers, VdGSTU29 in leaves, and VdGSTF11 showed significant expression in ripe and fully mature fruits, paralleling trends seen with anthocyanin accumulation. Subcellular localization identified VdGSTF11 primarily in the plasma membrane, suggesting a potential role in anthocyanin accumulation in V. duclouxii fruits. This study provides a foundational basis for further molecular-level functional analysis of the transport and accumulation of anthocyanins in V. duclouxii, enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin metabolism in this valuable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Liyong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Lifa Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Wang X, Dong J, Hu Y, Huang Q, Lu X, Huang Y, Sheng M, Cao L, Xu B, Li Y, Zong Y, Guo W. Identification and Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Intracellular Transportation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1316. [PMID: 38794388 PMCID: PMC11125127 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry's chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiajia Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiting Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiaoyu Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yilin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mingyang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lijun Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Buhuai Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yu Zong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Weidong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Obel HO, Zhou X, Liu S, Yang Y, Liu J, Zhuang Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) Reveals Their Potential Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation on the Fruit Peel. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4260. [PMID: 38673847 PMCID: PMC11050406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are ubiquitous pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid compound conferring red, purple and blue pigmentations to various organs of horticultural crops. The metabolism of flavonoids in the cytoplasm leads to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, which is then conveyed to the vacuoles for storage by plant glutathione S-transferases (GST). Although GST is important for transporting anthocyanin in plants, its identification and characterization in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) remains obscure. In this study, a total of 40 GST genes were obtained in the eggplant genome and classified into seven distinct chief groups based on the evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana GST genes. The seven subgroups of eggplant GST genes (SmGST) comprise: dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), elongation factor 1Bγ (EF1Bγ), Zeta (Z), Theta(T), Phi(F), Tau(U) and tetra-chlorohydroquinone dehalogenase TCHQD. The 40 GST genes were unevenly distributed throughout the 10 eggplant chromosomes and were predominantly located in the cytoplasm. Structural gene analysis showed similarity in exons and introns within a GST subgroup. Six pairs of both tandem and segmental duplications have been identified, making them the primary factors contributing to the evolution of the SmGST. Light-related cis-regulatory elements were dominant, followed by stress-related and hormone-responsive elements. The syntenic analysis of orthologous genes indicated that eggplant, Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) counterpart genes seemed to be derived from a common ancestry. RNA-seq data analyses showed high expression of 13 SmGST genes with SmGSTF1 being glaringly upregulated on the peel of purple eggplant but showed no or low expression on eggplant varieties with green or white peel. Subsequently, SmGSTF1 had a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin content and with anthocyanin structural genes like SmUFGT (r = 0.9), SmANS (r = 0.85), SmF3H (r = 0.82) and SmCHI2 (r = 0.7). The suppression of SmGSTF1 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGs) resulted in a decrease in anthocyanin on the infiltrated fruit surface. In a nutshell, results from this study established that SmGSTF1 has the potential of anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant peel and offers viable candidate genes for the improvement of purple eggplant. The comprehensive studies of the SmGST family genes provide the foundation for deciphering molecular investigations into the functional analysis of SmGST genes in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesbon Ochieng Obel
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Songyu Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
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5
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Duan AQ, Deng YJ, Tan SS, Liu SS, Liu H, Xu ZS, Shu S, Xiong AS. DcGST1, encoding a glutathione S-transferase activated by DcMYB7, is the main contributor to anthocyanin pigmentation in purple carrot. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1069-1083. [PMID: 37947285 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The color of purple carrot taproots mainly depends on the anthocyanins sequestered in the vacuoles. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are key enzymes involved in anthocyanin transport. However, the precise mechanism of anthocyanin transport from the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the vacuoles in carrots remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the carrot genome, leading to the identification of a total of 41 DcGST genes. Among these, DcGST1 emerged as a prominent candidate, displaying a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin pigmentation in carrot taproots. It was highly expressed in the purple taproot tissues of purple carrot cultivars, while it was virtually inactive in the non-purple taproot tissues of purple and non-purple carrot cultivars. DcGST1, a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA 19 (TT19), belongs to the GSTF clade and plays a crucial role in anthocyanin transport. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we successfully knocked out DcGST1 in the solid purple carrot cultivar 'Deep Purple' ('DPP'), resulting in carrots with orange taproots. Additionally, DcMYB7, an anthocyanin activator, binds to the DcGST1 promoter, activating its expression. Compared with the expression DcMYB7 alone, co-expression of DcGST1 and DcMYB7 significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation in carrot calli. However, overexpression of DcGST1 in the two purple carrot cultivars did not change the anthocyanin accumulation pattern or significantly increase the anthocyanin content. These findings improve our understanding of anthocyanin transport mechanisms in plants, providing a molecular foundation for improving and enhancing carrot germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan-Shan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Facility Horticulture Research Institute of Suqian, Suqian Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Facility Horticulture Research Institute of Suqian, Suqian Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, Jiangsu, 223800, China
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Yu M, Xiong J, Dong K, Quan X, Guo H, Huo J, Qin D, Wang Y, Lu X, Zhu C. AcMYB10 Involved in Anthocyanin Regulation of 'Hongyang' Kiwifruit Induced via Fruit Bagging and High-Postharvest-Temperature Treatments. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:97. [PMID: 38254986 PMCID: PMC10815172 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Light and temperature are key factors influencing the accumulation of anthocyanin in fruit crops. To assess the effects of fruit bagging during development and high post-ripening temperature on 'Hongyang' kiwifruit, we compared the pigmentation phenotypes and expression levels of anthocyanin-related genes between bagged and unbagged treatments, and between 25 °C and 37 °C postharvest storage temperatures. Both the bagging and 25 °C treatments showed better pigmentation phenotypes with higher anthocyanin concentrations. The results of the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase), F3GT (UDP-flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase ), AcMYB10, and AcbHLH42 were strongly correlated and upregulated by both the bagging treatment and 25 °C storage. The results of bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation imaging assays indicated an interaction between AcMYB10 and AcbHLH42 in plant cells, whereas the results of a yeast one-hybrid assay further demonstrated that AcMYB10 activated the promoters of AcLODX and AcF3GT. These results strongly suggest that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis is caused by the promoted expression of AcLODX and AcF3GT, regulated by the complex formed by AcMYB10-AcbHLH42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinyu Xiong
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Horticulture Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xin Quan
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Huo
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dong Qin
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenqiao Zhu
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
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7
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Zhang X, Zhang K, Guo Y, Lv X, Wu M, Deng H, Xie Y, Li M, Wang J, Lin L, Lv X, Xia H, Liang D. Methylation of AcGST1 Is Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Kiwifruit Outer Pericarp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18865-18876. [PMID: 38053505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Most red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars, such as Hongyang, only accumulate anthocyanins in the inner pericarp; the trait of full red flesh becomes the goal pursued by breeders. In this study, we identified a mutant "H-16" showing a red color in both the inner and outer pericarps, and the underlying mechanism was explored. Through transcriptome analysis, a key differentially expressed gene AcGST1 was screened out, which was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the outer pericarp. The result of McrBC-PCR and bisulfite sequencing revealed that the SG3 region (-292 to -597 bp) of AcGST1 promoter in "H-16" had a significantly lower CHH cytosine methylation level than that in Hongyang, accompanied by low expression of methyltransferase genes (MET1 and CMT2) and high expression of demethylase genes (ROS1 and DML1). Transient calli transformation confirmed that demethylase gene DML1 can activate transcription of AcGST1 to enhance its expression. Overexpression of AcGST1 enhanced the anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit flesh and leaves of the transgenic lines. These results suggested that a decrease in the methylation level of the AcGST1 promoter may contribute to accumulation of anthocyanin in the outer pericarp of "H-16".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meijing Wu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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8
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Eichenberger M, Schwander T, Hüppi S, Kreuzer J, Mittl PRE, Peccati F, Jiménez-Osés G, Naesby M, Buller RM. The catalytic role of glutathione transferases in heterologous anthocyanin biosynthesis. Nat Catal 2023; 6:927-938. [PMID: 37881531 PMCID: PMC10593608 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are ubiquitous plant pigments used in a variety of technological applications. Yet, after over a century of research, the penultimate biosynthetic step to anthocyanidins attributed to the action of leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase has never been efficiently reconstituted outside plants, preventing the construction of heterologous cell factories. Through biochemical and structural analysis, here we show that anthocyanin-related glutathione transferases, currently implicated only in anthocyanin transport, catalyse an essential dehydration of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase product, flavan-3,3,4-triol, to generate cyanidin. Building on this knowledge, introduction of anthocyanin-related glutathione transferases into a heterologous biosynthetic pathway in baker's yeast results in >35-fold increased anthocyanin production. In addition to unravelling the long-elusive anthocyanin biosynthesis, our findings pave the way for the colourants' heterologous microbial production and could impact the breeding of industrial and ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichenberger
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schwander
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Sean Hüppi
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jan Kreuzer
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Peccati
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Rebecca M. Buller
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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9
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Yu K, Song Y, Lin J, Dixon RA. The complexities of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and its regulation in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100498. [PMID: 36435967 PMCID: PMC10030370 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are natural flavan-3-ol polymers that contribute protection to plants under biotic and abiotic stress, benefits to human health, and bitterness and astringency to food products. They are also potential targets for carbon sequestration for climate mitigation. In recent years, from model species to commercial crops, research has moved closer to elucidating the flux control and channeling, subunit biosynthesis and polymerization, transport mechanisms, and regulatory networks involved in plant PA metabolism. This review extends the conventional understanding with recent findings that provide new insights to address lingering questions and focus strategies for manipulating PA traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keji Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yushuang Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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10
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Liu Y, Lv G, Yang Y, Ma K, Ren X, Li M, Liu Z. Interaction of AcMADS68 with transcription factors regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed kiwifruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac252. [PMID: 36751270 PMCID: PMC9896601 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In red-fleshed kiwifruit, anthocyanin pigmentation is a crucial commercial trait. The MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex and other transcription factors regulate its accumulation. Herein, a new SEP gene, AcMADS68, was identified as a regulatory candidate for anthocyanin biosynthesis in the kiwifruit by transcriptome data and bioinformatic analyses. AcMADS68 alone could not induce the accumulation of anthocyanin both in Actinidia arguta fruit and tobacco leaves. However, in combination with AcMYBF110, AcMYB123, and AcbHLH1, AcMADS68 co-overexpression increased anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas its silencing reduced anthocyanin accumulation. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter, firefly luciferase complementation, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that AcMADS68 could interact with both AcMYBF110 and AcMYB123 but not with AcbHLH1, thereby co-regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis by promoting the activation of the target genes, including AcANS, AcF3GT1, and AcGST1. Moreover, AcMADS68 also could activate the promoter of AcbHLH1 surported by dual-luciferase reporter and yeast one-hybrid assays, thereby further amplifying the regulation signals from the MBW complex, thus resulting in enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in the kiwifruit. These findings may facilitate better elucidation of various regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation and contribute to the quality enhancement of red-fleshed kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
| | - Kangxun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
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11
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Liu L, Zheng S, Yang D, Zheng J. Genome-wide in silico identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family members in fig ( Ficus carica L.) and expression characteristics during fruit color development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14406. [PMID: 36718451 PMCID: PMC9884035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a large and diverse group of multi-functional enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18), are associated with cellular detoxification, various biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as secondary metabolites transportation. Here, 53 members of the FcGST gene family were screened from the genome database of fig (Ficus carica), which were further classified into five subfamilies, and the tau and phi were the major subfamilies. These genes were unevenly distributed over all the 13 chromosomes, and 12 tandem and one segmental duplication may contribute to this family expansion. Syntenic analysis revealed that FcGST shared closer genetic evolutionary origin relationship with species from the Ficus genus of the Moraceae family, such as F. microcarpa and F. hispida. The FcGST members of the same subfamily shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The α helices were the chief structure element in predicted secondary and tertiary structure of FcGSTs proteins. GO and KEGG indicated that FcGSTs play multiple roles in glutathione metabolism and stress reactions as well as flavonoid metabolism. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that FcGSTs gene may be responsive to light, hormone, stress stimulation, development signaling, and regulated by MYB or WRKY. RNA-seq analysis showed that several FcGSTs that mainly expressed in the female flower tissue and peel during 'Purple-Peel' fig fruit development. Compared with 'Green Peel', FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 exhibited high expression abundance in the mature fruit purple peel. Additionally, results of phylogenetic sequences analysis, multiple sequences alignment, and anthocyanin content together showed that the expression changes of FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 may play crucial roles in fruit peel color alteration during fruit ripening. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the GST gene family in fig, thus facilitating the further clarification of the molecular function and breeding utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuxuan Zheng
- Xiayi Branch of Henan Agricultural Radio and Television School, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Dekun Yang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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12
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Fang X, Zhang L, Shangguan L, Wang L. MdMYB110a, directly and indirectly, activates the structural genes for the ALA-induced accumulation of anthocyanin in apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111511. [PMID: 36377142 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an essential biosynthetic precursor of tetrapyrrole compounds, promotes the anthocyanin accumulation in many plant species. However, the underlying mechanism of ALA-induced accumulation is not yet fully understood. In this study, we identified an important regulator of the anthocyanin accumulation, MdMYB110a, which plays an important role in the ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation. MdMYB110a activated the expression of MdGSTF12 by binding to its promoter. Additionally, two interacting MdMYB110a proteins, MdWD40-280 and MdHsfB3a, were isolated and confirmed as positive regulators of the ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Both MdWD40-280 and MdHsfB3a enhanced the ability of MdMYB110a to transcribe MdGSTF12. A yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that MdWD40-280 did not bind to most structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic and transport pathways, thus promoting anthocyanin accumulation by MdWD40-280 to depend on MdMYB110a. However, MdHsfB3a could bind to both the MdDFR and MdANS promoters, thereby directly regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Collectively, these results provide new insight into the mechanism of ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liuzi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Liangju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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13
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Seckin Dinler B, Cetinkaya H, Secgin Z. The regulation of glutathione s-transferases by gibberellic acid application in salt treated maize leaves. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:69-85. [PMID: 36733837 PMCID: PMC9886772 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones and antioxidant system changes occur during plants' exposure to stress conditions. Although the interactions of some plant hormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide, and ethylene) with the glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzyme, which is one of the antioxidant enzymes, have already been reported, the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on this enzyme under saline conditions has not yet been reported. Plant material for the experiments was obtained from M14G144 cultivar of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown as a soil culture in growth chambers at 22 °C, 65-70% moisture, 16-h light/8-h dark conditions, and with full strength Hoagland solution for 8 days under controlled growth conditions. Then, the plants were exposed to salt stress (350 mM NaCl and 100, 300, and 500 ppm GA3) simultaneously. In maize leaves, GA3 treatment alleviated the physiological parameters under salt stress. Specifically, the treatments with 100 and 500 ppm of GA3 were able to trigger GST enzyme and isoenzyme activities as well as hydrogen sulfide accumulation and anthocyanin content, although the lowest malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical content were under the treatment of 300 ppm of GA3. Besides this, GST gene expression levels were found to be upregulated between 1.5 and fourfold higher in all the plants treated with GA3 at different concentrations in proportion to salt stress. These results first indicated that the reason for the changes in GA3-treated plants was the stimulating role of this hormone to maintain GST regulation in maize plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01269-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Seckin Dinler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Hatice Cetinkaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Zafer Secgin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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14
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Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Associated with Natural Variation in Autumn Leaf Coloration in Quercus aliena Accessions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012179. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercus aliena is an economically important tree species and one of the dominant native oak species in China. Although its leaves typically turn yellow in autumn, we observed natural variants with red leaves. It is important to understand the mechanisms involved in leaf color variation in this species. Therefore, we compared a Q. aliena tree with yellow leaves and three variants with red leaves at different stages of senescence in order to determine the causes of natural variation. We found that the accumulation of anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-sambubiglycoside had a significant effect on leaf coloration. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of almost all genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in the red-leaved variants during the early and main discoloration stages of senescence. These findings are consistent with the accumulation of anthocyanin in red variants. Furthermore, the variants showed significantly higher expression of transcription factors associated with anthocyanin synthesis, such as those encoded by genes QaMYB1 and QaMYB3. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in autumn leaf coloration in Q. aliena, as well as provide genetic resources for further development and cultivation of valuable ornamental variants of this species.
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15
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Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase and Expression Analysis in Response to Anthocyanin Transport in the Flesh of the New Teinturier Grape Germplasm ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147717. [PMID: 35887065 PMCID: PMC9317864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuole in plants. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play a key role in anthocyanin transport. To clarify the mechanism of GST genes in the accumulation and transport of anthocyanin in the early fruit stage, we analyzed and characterized the GST family in the flesh of ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’ (ZS-HY) based on the transcriptome. In this study, the 92 GST genes identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were unevenly present in all chromosomes of grapes, except chromosomes 3, 9 and 10. Through the analysis of the chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and cis-acting elements of GST family genes, the phylogenetic tree divided the GST genes into 9 subfamilies. Eighteen GST genes were screened and identified from grape berries via a transcriptome sequencing analysis, of which 4 belonged to the phi subfamily and 14 to the tau subfamily, and the expression levels of these GST genes were not tissue-specific. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that VvGST4 was closely related to PhAN9 and AtTT19. This study provides a foundation for the analysis of the GST gene family and insight into the roles of GSTs in grape anthocyanin transport.
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16
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Niu M, Bao C, Chen J, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Su N, Cui J. RsGSTF12 Contributes to Anthocyanin Sequestration in Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870202. [PMID: 35860534 PMCID: PMC9289562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments mainly stored in the plant vacuoles. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multifunctional enzyme family, which can regulate substance metabolism and biological and abiotic stresses in plants. However, few reports were focused on the involvement of GSTs in anthocyanin sequestration in red skin radish. Here, we identified a glutathione S-transferase gene RsGSTF12 that played roles in anthocyanin sequestration in radish. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that RsGSTF12 belonged to the phi (F) class of glutathione S-transferases and showed a high homology with AtGSTF12, followed by AtGSTF11. The subcellular localization assay showed that RsGSTF12 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum and tonoplast. Temporal and spatial gene expression-specific analyses uncovered a strong correlation of RsGSTF12 with anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts. The anthocyanin solubility assay found RsGSTF12 was capable of improving cyanidin water solubility in vitro. Transiently expressing RsGSTF12 in radish cotyledons was able to increase their anthocyanin sequestrations. Furthermore, the functional complementation and overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana tt19 mutant and wild type demonstrated that RsGSTF12 might play an indispensable role in anthocyanin accumulation in radish. Taken together, we provide compelling evidence that RsGSTF12 functions critically in how anthocyanins are sequestrated in radish, which may enrich our understanding of the mechanism of anthocyanin sequestration.
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17
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Wang WQ, Moss SMA, Zeng L, Espley RV, Wang T, Lin-Wang K, Fu BL, Schwinn KE, Allan AC, Yin XR. The red flesh of kiwifruit is differentially controlled by specific activation-repression systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:630-645. [PMID: 35348217 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are visual cues for pollination and seed dispersal. Fruit containing anthocyanins also appeals to consumers due to its appearance and health benefits. In kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) studies have identified at least two MYB activators of anthocyanin, but their functions in fruit and the mechanisms by which they act are not fully understood. Here, transcriptome and small RNA high-throughput sequencing were used to comprehensively identify contributors to anthocyanin accumulation in kiwifruit. Stable overexpression in vines showed that both 35S::MYB10 and MYB110 can upregulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Actinidia chinensis fruit, and that MYB10 overexpression resulted in anthocyanin accumulation which was limited to the inner pericarp, suggesting that repressive mechanisms underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in this species. Furthermore, motifs in the C-terminal region of MYB10/110 were shown to be responsible for the strength of activation of the anthocyanic response. Transient assays showed that both MYB10 and MYB110 were not directly cleaved by miRNAs, but that miR828 and its phased small RNA AcTAS4-D4(-) efficiently targeted MYB110. Other miRNAs were identified, which were differentially expressed between the inner and outer pericarp, and cleavage of SPL13, ARF16, SCL6 and F-box1, all of which are repressors of MYB10, was observed. We conclude that it is the differential expression and subsequent repression of MYB activators that is responsible for variation in anthocyanin accumulation in kiwifruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiu Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sarah M A Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bei-Ling Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Xue L, Huang X, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Zhong Q, Zhao Y, Gao Z, Xu C. An Anthocyanin-Related Glutathione S-Transferase, MrGST1, Plays an Essential Role in Fruit Coloration in Chinese Bayberry ( Morella rubra). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903333. [PMID: 35755659 PMCID: PMC9213753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese bayberry (Morella rubra) is a fruit tree economically important in China and accumulates abundant amounts of anthocyanins in fruit as it ripens. Owing to the fact that all anthocyanin containing fruit tissues in Chinese bayberry are edible and anthocyanins can provide various health benefits in human body, the mechanisms underpinning anthocyanin accumulation in this fruit are worthy of investigation. It has been known that in plants anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transported into the vacuole for storage, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been verified to be involved in this process. But the characterization and functionalization of the GST counterpart in Chinese bayberry is not available. The GST anthocyanin transporter MrGST1 was discovered to be related with anthocyanin accumulation in fruit from distinct developmental stages of "Biqi," a staple cultivar that accumulates over 1 mg/g anthocyanins in ripe fruit. The expression of MrGST1 was well associated with anthocyanin accumulation either in fruit collected at six developmental stages or in ripe fruit from 12 cultivars. MrGST1 was found to be responsible for the transport of anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins when the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant was functionally complemented. Transient ectopic expression of MrGST1 in combination with MrMYB1.1 and MrbHLH1 dramatically boosted pigmentation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves in contrast to MrMYB1.1 and MrbHLH1. The promoter of MrGST1 comprised eight MYB binding sites (MBSs) according to cis-element analysis. Data from yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase tests demonstrated that MrMYB1.1 exerted considerable transactivation effect on the MrGST1 promoter by recognizing the MBS4, the fourth MBS from the ATG start site. Our results together provided molecular evidence for the contribution of MrGST1 in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese bayberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehuang Zhang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qihua Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuzhen Zhong
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Panara F, Passeri V, Lopez L, Porceddu A, Calderini O, Paolocci F. Functional Characterization of MtrGSTF7, a Glutathione S-Transferase Essential for Anthocyanin Accumulation in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101318. [PMID: 35631744 PMCID: PMC9147808 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are essential compounds widespread in plants and exert many functions such as defence, definition of organ colour and protection against stresses. In Medicago truncatula, flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation is finely regulated in terms of tissue specificity and induction by external factors, such as cold and other stresses. Among flavonoids, anthocyanin precursors are synthesised in the cytoplasm, transported to the tonoplast, then imported into the vacuole for further modifications and storage. In the present work, we functionally characterised MtrGSTF7, a phi-class glutathione S-transferase involved in anthocyanin transport to the tonoplast. The mtrgstf7 mutant completely lost the ability to accumulate anthocyanins in leaves both under control and anthocyanin inductive conditions. On the contrary, this mutant showed an increase in the levels of soluble proanthocyanidins (Pas) in their seeds with respect to the wild type. By complementation and expression data analysis, we showed that, differently from A. thaliana and similarly to V. vinifera, transport of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidins is likely carried out by different GSTs belonging to the phi-class. Such functional diversification likely results from the plant need to finely tune the accumulation of diverse classes of flavonoids according to the target organs and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panara
- Trisaia Research Center, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, (ENEA), 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.)
| | - Valentina Passeri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (V.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Loredana Lopez
- Trisaia Research Center, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, (ENEA), 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.)
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39a, 07100 Sassari, SS, Italy;
| | - Ornella Calderini
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (V.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-501-4858
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 06128 Perugia, PG, Italy; (V.P.); (F.P.)
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20
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Qiu L, Zheng T, Liu W, Zhuo X, Li P, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integration of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals the Formation Mechanism of Red Stem in Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:884883. [PMID: 35599903 PMCID: PMC9120947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.884883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume var. purpurea, commonly known as "Red Bone", is a special variety with pink or purple-red xylem. It is famous due to gorgeous petals and delightful aromas, playing important roles in urban landscaping. The regulation mechanism of color formation in P. mume var. purpurea stem development is unclear. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in WYY ('Wuyuyu' accession, red stem) and FLE ('Fei Lve' accession, green stem), and found a total of 256 differential metabolites. At least 14 anthocyanins were detected in WYY, wherein cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside and peonidin3-O-glucoside were significantly accumulated through LC-MS/MS analysis. Transcriptome data showed that the genes related to flavonoid-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched in WYY. The ratio of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS) expression levels may affect metabolic balance in WYY, suggesting a vital role in xylem color formation. In addition, several transcription factors were up-regulated, which may be the key factors contributing to transcriptional changes in anthocyanin synthesis. Overall, the results provide a reference for further research on the molecular mechanism of xylem color regulation in P. mume and lay a theoretical foundation for cultivating new varieties.
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21
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Pucker B, Selmar D. Biochemistry and Molecular Basis of Intracellular Flavonoid Transport in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070963. [PMID: 35406945 PMCID: PMC9002769 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a biochemically diverse group of specialized metabolites in plants that are derived from phenylalanine. While the biosynthesis of the flavonoid aglycone is highly conserved across species and well characterized, numerous species-specific decoration steps and their relevance remained largely unexplored. The flavonoid biosynthesis takes place at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), but accumulation of various flavonoids was observed in the central vacuole. A universal explanation for the subcellular transport of flavonoids has eluded researchers for decades. Current knowledge suggests that a glutathione S-transferase-like protein (ligandin) protects anthocyanins and potentially proanthocyanidin precursors during the transport to the central vacuole. ABCC transporters and to a lower extend MATE transporters sequester anthocyanins into the vacuole. Glycosides of specific proanthocyanidin precursors are sequestered through MATE transporters. A P-ATPase in the tonoplast and potentially other proteins generate the proton gradient that is required for the MATE-mediated antiport. Vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids from the ER to the vacuole is considered as an alternative or additional route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dirk Selmar
- Institute of Plant Biology, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
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22
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Shao D, Zhu QH, Liang Q, Wang X, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Xue F, Sun J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Induced by Red and Blue Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:788828. [PMID: 35432402 PMCID: PMC9009209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.788828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many factors, including illumination, affect anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in plants. light quality is the key factor affecting the process of photoinduced anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation. We observed that the red color of the Upland cotton accession Huiyuan with the R1 mutation turned to normal green color under light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which inspired us to investigate the effect of red and blue lights on the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins. We found that both red and blue lights elevated accumulation of anthocyanins. Comparative transcriptomic analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and GSEA, revealed that genes differentially expressed under different light conditions were enriched with the pathways of circadian rhythm, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Not surprisingly, all the major structural genes related to biosynthesis of anthocyanins, including the key regulatory MYB transcription factor (GhPAP1D) and anthocyanin transporter (GhGSTF12), were induced by red or blue light treatment. However, LARs and MATEs related to biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins were more significantly up-regulated by red light radiation than by blue light radiation. Vice versa, the accumulation of anthocyanins under red light was not as high as that under blue light. In addition, we demonstrated a potential role of GhHY5, a key regulator in plant circadian rhythms, in regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, which could be achieved via interaction with GhPAP1D. Together, these results indicate different effect of red and blue lights on biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins and a potential module including GhHY5 and GhPAP1D in regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in cotton. These results also suggest that the substrates responsible the synthesis of anthocyanins under blue light is diverted to biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin under red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongnan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qian-hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Qian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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23
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Qi X, Liu C, Song L, Dong Y, Chen L, Li M. A Sweet Cherry Glutathione S-Transferase Gene, PavGST1, Plays a Central Role in Fruit Skin Coloration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071170. [PMID: 35406734 PMCID: PMC8997526 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet cherry, an economically important horticultural crop, has strong antioxidant activity. The fruits contain compounds potentially beneficial to human health—particularly anthocyanins, which are synthesized in cytosol and predominantly accumulated in vacuoles. Although anthocyanin levels differ among dark-red, blush, and yellow sweet cherry cultivars, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin transport and accumulation is not well understood in this species. In this study, we identified 53 glutathione S-transferase genes (PavGSTs) from sweet cherry and found that PavGST1 expression was well correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in cultivars with different fruit skin colors. TRV-mediated virus-induced silencing of PavGST1 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry fruits and downregulated the expressions of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. In addition, transient overexpression of PavGST1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 and PavMYB75 directly bind to different MYB binding sites of the PavGST1 promoter (MBS-1 and MBS-3) to activate PavGST1 transcription. According to our results, PavGST1 plays a central role in sweet cherry fruit anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings provide novel insights into the coordinative regulatory mechanisms of PavGST1 and PavMYBs in anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry.
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24
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Han L, Zhou L, Zou H, Yuan M, Wang Y. PsGSTF3, an Anthocyanin-Related Glutathione S-Transferase Gene, Is Essential for Petal Coloration in Tree Peony. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031423. [PMID: 35163347 PMCID: PMC8836093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, as the most important chromogenic substances in flavonoids, are responsible for the red, purple, and blue coloration of flowers. Anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but accumulate predominantly in the vacuole, while glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are considered to be mainly responsible for the transport process. Our previous studies showed that the expression of PsGSTF3 was positively correlated with anthocyanin content in tree peony tissues, which is a key candidate gene for anthocyanin accumulation. Here, we successfully cloned and characterized full-length PsGSTF3 containing three exons and two introns. Subcellular localization showed that PsGSTF3 was localized in the nucleus and ER membrane. Functional complementation of the Arabidopsis transparent testa19 (tt19) mutant indicated that PsGSTF3 was responsible for the transport of anthocyanins but not of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PsGSTF3 not only led to a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation but also caused a reduction of structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP) to varying degrees. Heterologous overexpression of PsGSTF3 was found to increase the anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco petals. Furthermore, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay showed that PsGSTF3 interacted with PsDFR, which together contributed to the coloration of petals. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that PsGSTF3 encodes an important GST transporter of anthocyanin in tree peony petals and provides a new perspective for the associated transport and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yan Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6288-9715
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25
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Li B, Zhang X, Duan R, Han C, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Xue H. Genomic Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase Family in Pear ( Pyrus communis) and Functional Identification of PcGST57 in Anthocyanin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020746. [PMID: 35054934 PMCID: PMC8776121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation in vacuoles results in red coloration in pear peels. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins have emerged as important regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. Here, a total of 57 PcGST genes were identified in the European pear ‘Bartlett’ (Pyrus communis) through comprehensive genomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PcGST genes were divided into 10 subfamilies. The gene structure, chromosomal localization, collinearity relationship, cis-elements in the promoter region, and conserved motifs of PcGST genes were analyzed. Further research indicated that glutamic acid (Glu) can significantly improve anthocyanin accumulation in pear peels. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that Glu induced the expression of most PcGST genes, among which PcGST57 was most significantly induced. Further phylogenetic analysis indicated that PcGST57 was closely related to GST genes identified in other species, which were involved in anthocyanin accumulation. Transcript analysis indicated that PcGST57 was expressed in various tissues, other than flesh, and associated with peel coloration at different developmental stages. Silencing of PcGST57 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited the expression of PcGST57 and reduced the anthocyanin content in pear fruit. In contrast, overexpression of PcGST57 improved anthocyanin accumulation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that PcGST57 was involved in anthocyanin accumulation in pear and provided candidate genes for red pear breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yongfei Dong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Sabir IA, Manzoor MA, Shah IH, Liu X, Jiu S, Wang J, Alam P, Abdullah M, Zhang C. Identification and Comprehensive Genome-Wide Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) and Their Expression Profiling Reveals a Likely Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938800. [PMID: 35903236 PMCID: PMC9315441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in plants are multipurpose enzymes that are involved in growth and development and anthocyanins transportation. However, members of the GST gene family were not identified in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). To identify the GST genes in sweet cherry, a genome-wide analysis was conducted. In this study, we identified 67 GST genes in P. avium genome and nomenclature according to chromosomal distribution. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PavGST genes were classified into seven chief subfamily: TCHQD, Theta, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, DHAR, and Tau. The majority of the PavGST genes had a relatively well-maintained exon-intron and motif arrangement within the same group, according to gene structure and motif analyses. Gene structure (introns-exons) and conserved motif analysis revealed that the majority of the PavGST genes showed a relatively well-maintained motif and exons-introns configuration within the same group. The chromosomal localization, GO enrichment annotation, subcellular localization, syntenic relationship, Ka/Ks analysis, and molecular characteristics were accomplished using various bioinformatics tools. Mode of gene duplication showed that dispersed duplication might play a key role in the expansion of PavGST gene family. Promoter regions of PavGST genes contain numerous cis-regulatory components, which are involved in multiple stress responses, such as abiotic stress and phytohormones responsive factors. Furthermore, the expression profile of sweet cherry PavGSTs showed significant results under LED treatment. Our findings provide the groundwork for future research into induced LED anthocyanin and antioxidants deposition in sweet cherries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ali Sabir
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Iftikhar Hussain Shah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunju Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Caixi Zhang,
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27
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Cui Y, Fan J, Lu C, Ren J, Qi F, Huang H, Dai S. ScGST3 and multiple R2R3-MYB transcription factors function in anthocyanin accumulation in Senecio cruentus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111094. [PMID: 34763879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments involved in the colouring of flowers and fruits. They are synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and transported into the vacuole for storage. Previous reports have suggested that glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in anthocyanin transport. However, due to the limitation of plant materials, most GSTs only participate in the cyanidin or delphinidin transport pathway. Here, an anthocyanin-related GST, ScGST3, was identified from the transcriptome of cineraria. The expression pattern of ScGST3 was highly consistent with anthocyanin accumulation in ray florets. Molecular complementation of Arabidopsis tt19 indicated that the overexpression of ScGST3 restores the anthocyanin-deficient phenotype of the mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ScGST3 in carmine and blue cineraria leaves could inhibit anthocyanin accumulation, further confirming the function of ScGST3 in anthocyanin accumulation. In vitro assays showed that ScGST3 increases the water solubility of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and delphinidin-3-O-glucosid (D3G). In addition, we also identified two anthocyanin-related MYB transcription factors, ScMYB3 and ScMYB6. The expression pattern of these two genes was also highly consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Faded abaxial leaf phenotypes were observed after the silencing of ScMYB3 and ScMYB6, and the expression levels of partial structural genes were repressed. Based on the results from dual-luciferase assays and yeast one-hybrid assays, ScMYB3 can activate the promoter of ScGST3. Collectively, the transcription of ScGST3 is regulated by ScMYB3, which plays an important role in the transport of C3G and D3G in cineraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiangshan Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangting Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Education Ministry, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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28
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Lu Z, Cao H, Pan L, Niu L, Wei B, Cui G, Wang L, Yao JL, Zeng W, Wang Z. Two loss-of-function alleles of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene cause anthocyanin deficiency in flower and fruit skin of peach (Prunus persica). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1320-1331. [PMID: 33964100 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower and fruit colors are important agronomic traits. To date, there is no forward genetic evidence that the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene is responsible for the white flower color in peach (Prunus persica). In this study, genetic analysis indicated that the white-flower trait is monogenetic, is recessive to the non-white allele, and shows pleiotropic effects with non-white-flowered types. The genetic locus underpinning this trait was mapped onto chromosome 3 between 0.421951 and 3.227115 Mb by using bulked segregant analysis in conjunction with whole-genome sequencing, and was further mapped between 0 and 1.178149 Mb by using the backcross 1 (BC1 ) population. Finally, the locus was fine-mapped within 535.974- and 552.027-kb intervals by using 151 F2 individuals and 75 individuals from a BC1 self-pollinated (BC1 S1 ) population, respectively. Pp3G013600, encoding a GST that is known to transport anthocyanin, was identified within the mapping interval. The analysis of genome sequence data showed Pp3G013600 in white flowers has a 2-bp insertion or a 5-bp deletion in the third exon. These variants likely render the GST non-functional because of early stop codons that reduce the protein length from 215 amino acids to 167 and 175 amino acids, respectively. Genetic markers based on these variants validated a complete correlation between the GST loss-of-function alleles and white flower in 128 peach accessions. This correlation was further confirmed by silencing of Pp3G013600 using virus-induced gene silencing technology, which reduced anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit. The new knowledge from this study is useful for designing peach breeding programs to generate cultivars with white flower and fruit skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Lu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Cao
- Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Pan
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Niu
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - GuoChao Cui
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wenfang Zeng
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- National Peach and Grape Improvement Center/Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Lai B, You Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Chen F, Luo G, Du L, Wang H. Identification and functional characterization of RsGST1, an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in radish. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153468. [PMID: 34247029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins not only affect the quality of horticultural crops but are also vital for human health. Glutathione transferase family members (GSTs) are enzymes that help to control plant development and stress responses, and are also involved in anthocyanin accumulation. In this study, we targeted a phi (F) class glutathione S-transferase gene RsGST1 (RSG01330.t1) as a crucial gene in the accumulation of anthocyanins in radish. RsGST1 expression was closely associated with anthocyanin content in the skin and flesh of taproot from different color type radish cultivars. Furthermore, RsGST1 was able to restore anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis tt19 mutants, indicating that RsGST1 has a similar function as AtTT19, a gene responsible for the transport of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis. Transient overexpression of RsGST1 together with the key anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator RsMYB1a in radish leaves significantly enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis compared with in plants that overexpressed RsMYB1a alone. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that RsMYB1a binds to promotor and activates the expression of RsGST1. Altogether, these results provide molecular evidence indicating that RsGST1 and RsMYB1a coordinate radish anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lai
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Yi You
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Fabo Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Gangjun Luo
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China
| | - Lina Du
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China.
| | - Huicong Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, PR China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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30
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Kaur S, Sharma N, Kapoor P, Chunduri V, Pandey AK, Garg M. Spotlight on the overlapping routes and partners for anthocyanin transport in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:868-881. [PMID: 33639001 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are produced by plants and are classified based on their chemical structure or the biosynthetic routes through which they are synthesized. Among them, flavonoids, including anthocyanins and pro-anthocyanidins (PAs), are abundant in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats in plants. The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport from the synthesis site to the storage site needs attention. Although the major transporters are well defined yet, the redundancy of these transporters for structurally similar or dis-similar anthocyanins motivates additional research. Herein, we reviewed the role of membrane transporters involved in anthocyanin transport, including ATP-binding cassette, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), Bilitranslocase-homolog (BTL), and vesicle-mediated transport. We also highlight the ability of transporters to cater distinct anthocyanins or their chemically-modified forms with overlapping transport mechanisms and sequestration into the vacuoles. Our understanding of the anthocyanin transporters could provide anthocyanin-rich crops and fruits with a benefit on human health at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Shao D, Li Y, Zhu Q, Zhang X, Liu F, Xue F, Sun J. GhGSTF12, a glutathione S-transferase gene, is essential for anthocyanin accumulation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110827. [PMID: 33691961 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments providing plants a range of colors from red, pink, orange to blue. Anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytosol but accumulate predominantly in the vacuoles through vacuolar sequestration involving glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, little is known about anthocyanin-related GSTs in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In this study, we performed genome-wide identification of GST genes in Upland cotton and identified GST genes functioning in accumulation of anthocyanins. We demonstrated that GhGSTF12 was able to complement the defective leaf color phenotypes of the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant caused by mutation in a GSTF gene. Virus-induced silencing of GhGSTF12 in the red leaf cultivar turned its red color to green and transient overexpression of GhGSTF12 accelerated anthocyanin accumulation in the red leaf cultivar but not in the green leaf cultivar. Collectively, GhGSTF12 may be involved in transport of anthocyanins from cytosol to vacuoles in cotton. These results also demonstrated a conserved function of plant GSTF genes in anthocyanin accumulation and provide a candidate gene for manipulating pigmentation in cotton tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongnan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qianhao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
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Liu Y, Ma K, Qi Y, Lv G, Ren X, Liu Z, Ma F. Transcriptional Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR Complexes in Kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3677-3691. [PMID: 33749265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The anthocyanin synthetic pathway is regulated centrally by an MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex. Anthocyanin pigmentation is an important fruit quality trait in red-fleshed kiwifruit; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms involving the MBW complex are not well understood. In this study, one R2R3MYB (AcMYBF110 expressed in fruit characteristically), one bHLH (AcbHLH1), two upstream regulators of AcbHLH1 (AcbHLH4 and AcbHLH5), and one WDR (AcWDR1) are characterized as being involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in kiwifruit. AcMYBF110 plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation by specifically activating the promoters of several anthocyanin pathway genes including AcCHS, AcF3'H, AcANS, AcUFGT3a, AcUFGT6b, and AcGST1. Coexpression of AcbHLH1, AcbHLH4, or AcbHLH5 together with AcMYBF110 induces much greater anthocyanin accumulation in both tobacco leaves and in Actinidia arguta fruit compared with AcMYBF110 alone. Moreover, this activation is further enhanced by adding AcWDR1. We found that both AcMYBF110 and AcWDR1 interact with all three AcbHLH factors, while AcMYBF110 also interacts with AcWDR1 to form three different MBW complexes that have different regulatory roles in anthocyanin accumulation of kiwifruit. The AcMYBF110-AcbHLH1-AcWDR1 complex directly targets the promoters of anthocyanin synthetic genes. Other features of the regulatory pathways identified include promotion of AcMYBF110, AcbHLH1,and AcWDR1 activities by this MBW complex, providing for both reinforcement and feedback regulation, whereas the AcMYBF110-AcbHLH4/5-AcWDR1 complex is indirectly involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis by activating the promoters of AcbHLH1 and AcWDR1 to amplify the regulation signals of the first MBW complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Kangxun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Yingwei Qi
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610 Guangdong, China
| | - Guowen Lv
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shannxi, China
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Vilperte V, Boehm R, Debener T. A highly mutable GST is essential for bract colouration in Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotsch. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:208. [PMID: 33757424 PMCID: PMC7988969 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation breeding is an extraordinary tool in plant breeding to increase the genetic variability, where mutations in anthocyanin biosynthesis are targets to generate distinctive phenotypes in ornamental species. In poinsettia, ionizing radiation is routinely applied in breeding programs to obtaining a range of colours, with nearly all pink and white varieties being obtained after γ- or X-ray mutagenesis of red varieties. In the present study we performed a thorough characterization of a potential mutagenesis target gene as the main responsible for the ‘white paradox’ in poinsettia. Results We identified a GST gene in poinsettia (Bract1) as an essential factor for the expression of anthocyanin-based red colouration of bracts, which presents a high phylogenetic similarity to known anthocyanin-related GSTs. Red poinsettia varieties and white mutants generated from these varieties by X-ray were analysed for polymorphisms related to the ‘white paradox’ in the species. A 4 bp mutation in a short repeat within the coding region of Bract1 is most likely responsible for the appearance of white phenotypes upon irradiation treatment. The polymorphism between wild-type and mutant alleles co-segregates with the phenotype in progeny from heterozygous red and white parents. Moreover, overexpression of Bract1 wild-type allele in Arabidopsis tt19 mutants restored the anthocyanin phenotype, while the Bract1 mutated allele showed to be non-functional. Conclusions The identified repeat seems to be highly unstable, since mutated plants can be easily detected among fewer than 200 shoots derived from 10 mutated plants. Our data indicate that particular short repeat sequences, similar to microsatellite sequences or so-called dynamic mutations, might be hot spots for genetic variability. Moreover, the identification of the Bract1 mutation fills a gap on the understanding on the molecular mechanism of colour formation in poinsettia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07527-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vilperte
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Robert Boehm
- Klemm + Sohn GmbH & Co., 70379, Stuttgart, KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Li Q, Kou M, Li C, Zhang YG. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:508-517. [PMID: 33272792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is an economically important crop for fresh and processed consumption and is widely cultivated worldwide, especially in China. Various sweetpotato cultivars with different storage root colors are presently available. The purple-fleshed sweetpotato obtains its color from anthocyanin accumulation in the storage roots, which is beneficial for both plant and human health. To date, the molecular mechanism of this anthocyanin accumulation has not been studied in detail. In our study, three cDNA libraries generated from 'Xuzi8' with dark-purple flesh, 'Xuzi6' with light-purple flesh, and 'Xu28' with white flesh were sequenced utilizing an Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 platform. Corresponding totals of 28,093,466, 29,239,729 and 27,217,440 raw reads were obtained from the three libraries and assembled into 137,625 unigenes with an average length of 481 bp. Moreover, 79,203 unigenes (57.55%) were found to be annotated in several public databases, and 1285 unigenes were differentially expressed among the Xu28 vs Xuzi8, Xu28 vs Xuzi6, and Xuzi6 vs Xuzi8 libraries. After functional category enrichment analysis of differential expression genes (DEGs), 25 genes were selected as the candidate genes related to anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, the expression patterns of some selected DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the correlation between expression levels of relevant genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and anthocyanin content was determined. Taken together, the results compose a transcriptomic analysis to investigate the differences in purple flesh formation in the storage roots among different sweetpotato varieties, with the notable outcome that several key genes can now be closely linked to anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China.
| | - Meng Kou
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China; Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Yun-Gang Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou, 221131, China
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Cao Y, Xu L, Xu H, Yang P, He G, Tang Y, Qi X, Song M, Ming J. LhGST is an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:85-95. [PMID: 33210154 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
LhGST, an anthocyanin-related GST gene, was identified from Asiatic hybrid lilies. Expression and functional analyses demonstrated that LhGST might be involved in anthocyanin sequestration in lily tepals. Anthocyanins are responsible for the pink, red and purple pigmentation of flowers in Asiatic hybrid lilies, synthesized at the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the vacuole. To date, the mechanism involved in the intracellular transport of anthocyanins in lilies has not been well elucidated. Here, full-length glutathione S-transferase gene (LhGST) was identified from lilies. Expression analysis revealed that LhGST was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that LhGST clustered with other anthocyanin-related GSTs in the same phi clade. Moreover, functional complementation of an Arabidopsis tt19 mutant demonstrated that LhGST might be involved in anthocyanin accumulation in lily tepals. Additionally, according to phenotype analysis, LhGST was found to be correlated with the transport of anthocyanin in lilies by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay. In addition, cis-element analysis of the LhGST promoter showed the presence of ABA-, auxin-, MeJA-, gibberellin-, light-, and stress-responsive elements and an MYB recognition site (MRS, CCGTTG). Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase report assays revealed that the promoter of LhGST was activated by LhMYB12-lat, which is a key R2R3-MYB transcription factor that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in lilies. In conclusion, our results revealed that LhGST plays a key role in anthocyanin transport and accumulation in the tepals of lilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianyu Qi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meng Song
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Yin X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang B, Zhao Y, Irfan M, Chen L, Feng Y. Regulation of MYB Transcription Factors of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Lily Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761668. [PMID: 34925411 PMCID: PMC8672200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the decisive factor that affects the commercial value of ornamental flowers. Therefore, it is important to study the regulation of flower color formation in lily to discover the positive and negative factors that regulate this important trait. In this study, MYB transcription factors (TFs) were characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Two R2R3-MYB TFs, LvMYB5, and LvMYB1, were found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily flowers. LvMYB5, which has an activation motif, belongs to the SG6 MYB protein subgroup of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transient expression of LvMYB5 indicated that LvMYB5 can promote coloration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and that expression of LvMYB5 increases the expression levels of NbCHS, NbDFR, and NbANS. VIGS experiments in lily petals showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was reduced when LvMYB5 was silenced. Luciferase assays showed that LvMYB5 can promote anthocyanin synthesis by activating the ANS gene promoter. Therefore, LvMYB5 plays an important role in flower coloration in lily. In addition, the transient expression experiment provided preliminary evidence that LvMYB1 (an R2R3-MYB TF) inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lily flowers. The discovery of activating and inhibitory factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily provides a theoretical basis for improving flower color through genetic engineering. The results of our study provide a new direction for the further study of the mechanisms of flower color formation in lilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yin
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijing Chen, ;
| | - Yulong Feng
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Yulong Feng, ;
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Li S, Zuo D, Cheng H, Ali M, Wu C, Ashraf J, Zhang Y, Feng X, Lin Z, Wang Q, Lv L, Song G. Glutathione S-transferases GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 involved in the anthocyanin accumulation in Gossypium hirsutum L. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2565-2575. [PMID: 33736275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are important enzymes of secondary metabolism in plants. In this study, two putative GSTs, GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2, were identified as anthocyanin-related GSTs by the transcriptome data of the leaves of Gossypium hirsutum L. TM-1 and T586. The quantitative real-time PCR showed that GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 were highly expressed in red leaves and stems of Gossypium hirsutum L. T586. Orthologous genes of GhGSTF2 in two Gossypium barbadense L. 3-79 and Xinhai21 contain bases deletion in N-terminal (GbGSTF2a) and C-terminal (GbGSTF2b) respectively. Among which, GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 can restore pigmentation in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant tt19-7 while GbGSTF2a and GbGSTF2b cannot. Furthermore, in vitro assays showed the recombinant GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 had Glutathione S-transferase activities. Fluorescence quenching assays showed that Cya could obviously quench the fluorescence of GhGSTF1, GhGSTF2, GbGSTF2a and GbGSTF2b to lower levels as compared to C3G. Moreover, the transient dual-luciferase assays showed that the promoters of GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 could be activated by GhPAP1D at different levels. GUS staining assays showed that their promoters have different activities to light. This study indicated that GhGSTF1 and GhGSTF2 play important roles in anthocyanin accumulation and the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in allotetraploid Gossypium are complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Li
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Mushtaque Ali
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Chaofeng Wu
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Javaria Ashraf
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Feng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxu Lin
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Guoli Song
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
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Tasaki K, Yoshida M, Nakajima M, Higuchi A, Watanabe A, Nishihara M. Molecular characterization of an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene in Japanese gentian with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:370. [PMID: 32762648 PMCID: PMC7409652 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blue pigmentation of Japanese gentian flowers is due to a polyacylated anthocyanin, gentiodelphin, and all associated biosynthesis genes and several regulatory genes have been cloned and characterized. However, the final step involving the accumulation of anthocyanins in petal vacuoles remains unclear. We cloned and analyzed the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in Japanese gentian that are known to be involved in anthocyanin transport in other plant species. RESULTS We cloned GST1, which is expressed in gentian flower petals. Additionally, this gene belongs to the Phi-type GST clade related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system to generate loss-of-function GST1 alleles. The edited alleles were confirmed by Sanger and next-generation sequencing analyses. The GST1 genome-edited lines exhibited two types of mutant flower phenotypes, severe (almost white) and mild (pale blue). The phenotypes were associated with decreased anthocyanin accumulation in flower petals. In the GST1 genome-edited lines, sugar-induced stress conditions inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins in stems and leaves, suggestvhing that GST1 is necessary for stress-related anthocyanin accumulation in organs other than flowers. These observations clearly demonstrate that GST1 is the gene responsible for anthocyanin transport in Japanese gentian, and is necessary for the accumulation of gentiodelphin in flowers. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an anthocyanin-related GST gene in Japanese gentian was functionally characterized. Unlike other biosynthesis genes, the functions of GST genes are difficult to examine in in vitro studies. Thus, the genome-editing strategy described herein may be useful for in vivo investigations of the roles of transport-related genes in gentian plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Present address: Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Momo Yoshida
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Minori Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Atsumi Higuchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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Gao Q, Luo H, Li Y, Liu Z, Kang C. Genetic modulation of RAP alters fruit coloration in both wild and cultivated strawberry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1550-1561. [PMID: 31845477 PMCID: PMC7292541 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit colour affects consumer preference and is an important trait for breeding in strawberry. Previously, we isolated the Reduced Anthocyanins in Petioles (RAP) gene encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) that binds anthocyanins to facilitate their transport from cytosol to vacuole in the diploid strawberry Fragaria vesca. The parent of rap was the F. vesca variety 'Yellow Wonder' that develops white fruit due to a natural mutation in the FveMYB10 gene. Here, we investigated the application potential of RAP in modulating fruit colours by overexpression of RAP in F. vesca and knockout of RAP in the cultivated strawberry Fragaria × ananassa. Unexpectedly, the RAP overexpression in Yellow Wonder background caused formation of red fruit. In addition, the red coloration occurs precociously at floral stage 10 and continues in the receptacle during early fruit development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were not up-regulated in RAP-ox; rap myb10 flowers at anthesis and largely inhibited at the turning stage in fruit, suggesting a coloration mechanism independent of FveMYB10. Moreover, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout RAP in cultivated strawberry which is octoploid. Six copies of RAP were simultaneously knocked out in the T0 generation leading to the green stem and white-fruited phenotype. Several T1 progeny have segregated away the CRISPR/Cas9 transgene but maintain the green stem trait. Our results indicate that enhancing the anthocyanin transport could redirect the metabolic flux from proanthocyanidin to anthocyanin production at early developmental stages of fruit and that RAP is one promising candidate gene in fruit colour breeding of strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education)College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Huifeng Luo
- Institute of HorticultureHangzhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education)College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education)College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Zhao Y, Dong W, Zhu Y, Allan AC, Lin‐Wang K, Xu C. PpGST1, an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene, is essential for fruit coloration in peach. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1284-1295. [PMID: 31693790 PMCID: PMC7152611 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have crucial biological functions and affect quality of horticultural produce. Anthocyanins accumulate in ripe peach fruit; differential accumulation is observed in deep coloured cultivar 'Hujingmilu' and lightly pigmented cultivar 'Yulu'. The difference was not fully explained by accumulation of total flavonoids and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Expression analysis was conducted on a glutathione S-transferase gene (PpGST1), and it was found that the expression correlated well with anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit tissues. Functional complementation of the Arabidopsis tt19 mutant indicated that PpGST1 was responsible for transport of anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins. PpGST1 was localized in nuclei and the tonoplast, including the sites at which anthocyanin vacuolar sequestration occurred. Transient overexpression of PpGST1 together with PpMYB10.1 in tobacco leaves and peach fruit significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation as compared with PpMYB10.1 alone. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of PpGST1 in a blood-fleshed peach not only resulted in a reduction in anthocyanin accumulation but also a decline in expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Cis-element analysis of the PpGST1 promoter revealed the presence of four MYB binding sites (MBSs). Dual-luciferase assays indicated that PpMYB10.1 bound to the promoter and activated the transcription of PpGST1 by recognizing MBS1, the one closest to the ATG start codon, with this trans-activation being stronger against the promoter of deep coloured 'Hujingmilu' compared with lightly coloured cultivar 'Yulu'. Altogether, our data provided molecular evidence supporting coordinative regulatory roles of PpGST1 and PpMYB10.1 in anthocyanin accumulation in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Weiqi Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongchao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Kui Lin‐Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Different Carrot Genotypes and Tissues. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030344. [PMID: 32182858 PMCID: PMC7154819 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Black carrots are characterized by a significant amount of anthocyanins, which are not only a good source of natural food colorant, but can also provide many health benefits to humans. In the present work, taproots of different carrot genotypes were used to identify the candidate genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, with particular a focus on R2R3MYB, bHLH transcription factors, and glutathione S-transferase gene (GST). The RNA-sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) showed that DcMYB6 and DcMYB7 had a genotypic dependent expression and they are likely involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were specifically upregulated in solid black taproots, including both black phloem and xylem. DcbHLH3 (LOC108204485) was upregulated in all black samples compared with the orange ones. We also found that GST1 (LOC108205254) might be an important anthocyanin transporter, and its upregulated expression resulted in the increasing of vacuolar anthocyanin accumulation in black samples. Moreover, high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to identify the individual anthocyanin in the purple tissues of two carrot cultivars. The results showed that five main anthocyanin compounds and the most abundant anthocyanin were the same in different tissues, while the second-highest anthocyanin between three tissues was different, even in the same cultivar. In conclusion, this study combined anthocyanin profiles and comparative transcriptomic analysis to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrots, thus providing a better foundation for improving anthocyanin accumulation in carrots as a source of colorants.
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Probing the molecular toxic mechanism of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with glutathione transferase Phi8 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:165-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gallé Á, Benyó D, Csiszár J, Györgyey J. Genome-wide identification of the glutathione transferase superfamily in the model organism Brachypodium distachyon. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:1049-1062. [PMID: 31575388 DOI: 10.1071/fp19023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detoxification of harmful metabolites can determine the effectiveness of plant stress responses. Scavenging some of these toxic stress by-products through the reduced form of glutathione is catalysed by members of the glutathione transferase (GST) enzyme superfamily. The involvement of these enzymes was studied in the model organism Brachypodium distachyon (L.)P.Beauv. Bd21 and in its derivative Bd21-3, a more drought tolerant line. Osmotic stress treatment resulted in a decrease in the water potential of both Brachypodium genotypes, the difference between the control and treated plant's ψw decreased by the last sampling day in Bd21-3, suggesting some degree of adaptation to the applied osmotic stress. Increased GST activity revealed a severe defence reaction against the harmful imbalance of the redox environment. Screening for the gene sequences led to the identification of 91 full-length or partial GST sequences. Although purple false brome has a relatively small genome, the number of identified GST genes was almost as high as the number predicted in wheat. The estimation of GST expression showed stress-induced differences: higher expression levels or the fast induction of BdGSTF8, BdGSTU35 and BdGSTU42 gene products presumably indicate a strong detoxification under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Gallé
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; and Corresponding author.
| | - Dániel Benyó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jolán Csiszár
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Györgyey
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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