1
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Tu W, Thompson IP, Huang WE. Engineering bionanoreactor in bacteria for efficient hydrogen production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404958121. [PMID: 38985767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404958121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen production through water splitting is a vital strategy for renewable and sustainable clean energy. In this study, we developed an approach integrating nanomaterial engineering and synthetic biology to establish a bionanoreactor system for efficient hydrogen production. The periplasmic space (20 to 30 nm) of an electroactive bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, was engineered to serve as a bionanoreactor to enhance the interaction between electrons and protons, catalyzed by hydrogenases for hydrogen generation. To optimize electron transfer, we used the microbially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to coat the electrode, which improved the electron transfer from the electrode to the cells. Native MtrCAB protein complex on S. oneidensis and self-assembled iron sulfide (FeS) nanoparticles acted in tandem to facilitate electron transfer from an electrode to the periplasm. To enhance proton transport, S. oneidensis MR-1 was engineered to express Gloeobacter rhodopsin (GR) and the light-harvesting antenna canthaxanthin. This led to efficient proton pumping when exposed to light, resulting in a 35.6% increase in the rate of hydrogen production. The overexpression of native [FeFe]-hydrogenase further improved the hydrogen production rate by 56.8%. The bionanoreactor engineered in S. oneidensis MR-1 achieved a hydrogen yield of 80.4 μmol/mg protein/day with a Faraday efficiency of 80% at a potential of -0.75 V. This periplasmic bionanoreactor combines the strengths of both nanomaterial and biological components, providing an efficient approach for microbial electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Tu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Thompson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei E Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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2
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Solano YJ, Everett MP, Dang KS, Abueg J, Kiser PD. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes evolved convergently to generate the visual chromophore. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:779-788. [PMID: 38355721 PMCID: PMC11142922 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The retinal light response in animals originates from the photoisomerization of an opsin-coupled 11-cis-retinaldehyde chromophore. This visual chromophore is enzymatically produced through the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Vertebrates require two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, β-carotene oxygenase 1 and retinal pigment epithelium 65 (RPE65), to form 11-cis-retinaldehyde from carotenoid substrates, whereas invertebrates such as insects use a single enzyme known as Neither Inactivation Nor Afterpotential B (NinaB). RPE65 and NinaB couple trans-cis isomerization with hydrolysis and oxygenation, respectively, but the mechanistic relationship of their isomerase activities remains unknown. Here we report the structure of NinaB, revealing details of its active site architecture and mode of membrane binding. Structure-guided mutagenesis studies identify a residue cluster deep within the NinaB substrate-binding cleft that controls its isomerization activity. Our data demonstrate that isomerization activity is mediated by distinct active site regions in NinaB and RPE65-an evolutionary convergence that deepens our understanding of visual system diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen J Solano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Everett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Kelly S Dang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jude Abueg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California Irvine School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA.
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3
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Li CL, Pu JQ, Zhou W, Hu CM, Deng YY, Sun YY, Yang LE. Functional Characterization of the First Bona Fide Phytoene Synthase in Red Algae from Pyropia yezoensis. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:257. [PMID: 38921568 PMCID: PMC11204479 DOI: 10.3390/md22060257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of phytoene by condensing two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY) is the first committed and rate-limiting step in carotenoid biosynthesis, which has been extensively investigated in bacteria, land plants and microalgae. However, this step in macroalgae remains unknown. In the present study, a gene encoding putative phytoene synthase was cloned from the economic red alga Pyropia yezoensis-a species that has long been used in food and pharmaceuticals. The conservative motifs/domains and the tertiary structure predicted using bioinformatic tools suggested that the cloned PyPSY should encode a phytoene synthase; this was empirically confirmed by pigment complementation in E. coli. This phytoene synthase was encoded by a single copy gene, whose expression was presumably regulated by many factors. The phylogenetic relationship of PSYs from different organisms suggested that red algae are probably the progeny of primary endosymbiosis and plastid donors of secondary endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ling Li
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Jia-Qiu Pu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Hu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Yin-Yin Deng
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Ying-Ying Sun
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Li-En Yang
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Nantong 226007, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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4
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Iglesias-Sanchez A, Navarro-Carcelen J, Morelli L, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Arabidopsis FIBRILLIN6 influences carotenoid biosynthesis by directly promoting phytoene synthase activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1662-1673. [PMID: 37966976 PMCID: PMC10904322 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are health-promoting plastidial isoprenoids with essential functions in plants as photoprotectants and photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts. They also accumulate in specialized plastids named chromoplasts, providing color to non-photosynthetic tissues such as flower petals and ripe fruit. Carotenoid accumulation in chromoplasts requires specialized structures and proteins such as fibrillins (FBNs). The FBN family includes structural components of carotenoid sequestering structures in chromoplasts and members with metabolic roles in chloroplasts and other plastid types. However, the association of FBNs with carotenoids in plastids other than chromoplasts has remained unexplored. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FBN6 interacts with phytoene synthase (PSY), the first enzyme of the carotenoid pathway. FBN6, but not FBN4 (a FBN that does not interact with PSY), enhances the activity of plant PSY (but not of the bacterial PSY crtB) in Escherichia coli cells. Overexpression of FBN6 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in a higher production of phytoene, the product of PSY activity, whereas loss of FBN6 activity in Arabidopsis mutants dramatically reduces the production of carotenoids during seedling de-etiolation and after exposure to high light. Our work hence demonstrates that FBNs promote not only the accumulation of carotenoids in chromoplasts but also their biosynthesis in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Iglesias-Sanchez
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Juan Navarro-Carcelen
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
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5
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Hou X, Alagoz Y, Welsch R, Mortimer MD, Pogson BJ, Cazzonelli CI. Reducing PHYTOENE SYNTHASE activity fine-tunes the abundance of a cis-carotene-derived signal that regulates the PIF3/HY5 module and plastid biogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1187-1204. [PMID: 37948577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY) is a rate-limiting enzyme catalysing the first committed step of carotenoid biosynthesis, and changes in PSY gene expression and/or protein activity alter carotenoid composition and plastid differentiation in plants. Four genetic variants of PSY (psy-4, psy-90, psy-130, and psy-145) were identified using a forward genetics approach that rescued leaf virescence phenotypes and plastid abnormalities displayed by the Arabidopsis CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) mutant ccr2 (carotenoid and chloroplast regulation 2) when grown under a shorter photoperiod. The four non-lethal mutations affected alternative splicing, enzyme-substrate interactions, and PSY:ORANGE multi-enzyme complex binding, constituting the dynamic post-transcriptional fine-tuning of PSY levels and activity without changing localization to the stroma and protothylakoid membranes. psy genetic variants did not alter total xanthophyll or β-carotene accumulation in ccr2, yet they reduced specific acyclic linear cis-carotenes linked to the biosynthesis of a currently unidentified apocarotenoid signal regulating plastid biogenesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and photomorphogenic regulation. ccr2 psy variants modulated the PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3/ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (PIF3/HY5) ratio, and displayed a normal prolamellar body formation in etioplasts and chlorophyll accumulation during seedling photomorphogenesis. Thus, suppressing PSY activity and impairing PSY:ORANGE protein interactions revealed how cis-carotene abundance can be fine-tuned through holoenzyme-metabolon interactions to control plastid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew D Mortimer
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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6
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Rose JB, Gascón JA, Sutter M, Sheppard DI, Kerfeld CA, Beck WF. Photoactivation of the orange carotenoid protein requires two light-driven reactions mediated by a metastable monomeric intermediate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:33000-33012. [PMID: 38032096 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04484j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The orange carotenoid protein (OCP) functions as a sensor of the ambient light intensity and as a quencher of bilin excitons when it binds to the core of the cyanobacterial phycobilisome. We show herein that the photoactivation mechanism that converts the resting, orange-colored state, OCPO, to the active red-colored state, OCPR, requires a sequence of two reactions, each requiring absorption of a single photon by an intrinsic ketocarotenoid chromophore. Global analysis of absorption spectra recorded during continuous illumination of OCPO preparations from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 detects the reversible formation of a metastable intermediate, OCPI, in which the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin exhibits an absorption spectrum with a partial red shift and a broadened vibronic structure compared to that of the OCPO state. While the dark recovery from OCPR to OCPI is a first-order, unimolecular reaction, the subsequent conversion of OCPI to the resting OCPO state is bimolecular, involving association of two OCPO monomers to form the dark-stable OCPO dimer aggregate. These results indicate that photodissociation of the OCPO dimer to form the monomeric OCPO intermediate is the first step in the photoactivation mechanism. Formation of the OCPO monomer from the dimer increases the mean value and broadens the distribution of the solvent-accessible surface area of the canthaxanthin chromophore measured in molecular dynamics trajectories at 300 K. The second step in the photoactivation mechanism is initiated by absorption of a second photon, by canthaxanthin in the OCPO monomer, which obtains the fully red-shifted and broadened absorption spectrum detected in the OCPR product state owing to displacement of the C-terminal domain and the translocation of canthaxanthin more than 12 Å into the N-terminal domain. Both steps in the photoactivation reaction of OCP are likely to involve changes in the structure of the C-terminal domain elicited by excited-state conformational motions of the ketocarotenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Rose
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA.
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Markus Sutter
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Damien I Sheppard
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
| | - Cheryl A Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Warren F Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA.
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7
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Blázquez B, León DS, Torres-Bacete J, Gómez-Luengo Á, Kniewel R, Martínez I, Sordon S, Wilczak A, Salgado S, Huszcza E, Popłoński J, Prieto A, Nogales J. Golden Standard: a complete standard, portable, and interoperative MoClo tool for model and non-model proteobacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e98. [PMID: 37718823 PMCID: PMC10602866 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular cloning has become a benchmark technology in synthetic biology. However, a notable disparity exists between its remarkable development and the need for standardization to facilitate seamless interoperability among systems. The field is thus impeded by an overwhelming proliferation of organism-specific systems that frequently lack compatibility. To overcome these issues, we present Golden Standard (GS), a Type IIS assembly method underpinned by the Standard European Vector Architecture. GS unlocks modular cloning applications for most bacteria, and delivers combinatorial multi-part assembly to create genetic circuits of up to twenty transcription units (TUs). Reliance on MoClo syntax renders GS fully compatible with many existing tools and it sets the path towards efficient reusability of available part libraries and assembled TUs. GS was validated in terms of DNA assembly, portability, interoperability and phenotype engineering in α-, β-, γ- and δ-proteobacteria. Furthermore, we provide a computational pipeline for parts characterization that was used to assess the performance of GS parts. To promote community-driven development of GS, we provide a dedicated web-portal including a repository of parts, vectors, and Wizard and Setup tools that guide users in designing constructs. Overall, GS establishes an open, standardized framework propelling the progress of synthetic biology as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Blázquez
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David San León
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Torres-Bacete
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gómez-Luengo
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ryan Kniewel
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Center-Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Martínez
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Sordon
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wilczak
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sergio Salgado
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Center-Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Auxiliadora Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Center-Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Nogales
- Department of Systems Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Fang H, Liu J, Ma R, Zou Y, Ho SH, Chen J, Xie Y. Functional Characterization of Lycopene β- and ε-Cyclases from a Lutein-Enriched Green Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:418. [PMID: 37504949 PMCID: PMC10381880 DOI: 10.3390/md21070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value carotenoid with many human health benefits. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of lycopene into distinct downstream branches, one of which is the lutein biosynthesis pathway, via α-carotene. Hence, LCYB and LCYE are key enzymes in lutein biosynthesis. In this study, the coding genes of two lycopene cyclases (CsLCYB and CsLCYE) of a lutein-enriched marine green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60, were isolated and identified. A sequence analysis and computational modeling of CsLCYB and CsLCYE were performed using bioinformatics to identify the key structural domains. Further, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE were homogeneous to the proteins of other green microalgae. Subcellular localization tests in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE localized in chloroplasts. A pigment complementation assay in Escherichia coli revealed that CsLCYB could efficiently β-cyclize both ends of lycopene to produce β-carotene. On the other hand, CsLCYE possessed a strong ε-monocyclase activity for the production of δ-carotene and a weak ε-bicyclic activity for the production of ε-carotene. In addition, CsLCYE was able to catalyze lycopene into β-monocyclic γ-carotene and ultimately produced α-carotene with a β-ring and an ε-ring via γ-carotene or δ-carotene. Moreover, the co-expression of CsLCYB and CsLCYE in E. coli revealed that α-carotene was a major product, which might lead to the production of a high level of lutein in C. sorokiniana FZU60. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for performing metabolic engineering to improve lutein biosynthesis and accumulation in C. sorokiniana FZU60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yiping Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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9
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Sutherland GA, Pidgeon JP, Lee HKH, Proctor MS, Hitchcock A, Wang S, Chekulaev D, Tsoi WC, Johnson MP, Hunter CN, Clark J. Twisted Carotenoids Do Not Support Efficient Intramolecular Singlet Fission in the Orange Carotenoid Protein. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6135-6142. [PMID: 37364284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission is the spin-allowed generation of two triplet electronic excited states from a singlet state. Intramolecular singlet fission has been suggested to occur on individual carotenoid molecules within protein complexes provided that the conjugated backbone is twisted out of plane. However, this hypothesis has been forwarded only in protein complexes containing multiple carotenoids and bacteriochlorophylls in close contact. To test the hypothesis on twisted carotenoids in a "minimal" one-carotenoid system, we study the orange carotenoid protein (OCP). OCP exists in two forms: in its orange form (OCPo), the single bound carotenoid is twisted, whereas in its red form (OCPr), the carotenoid is planar. To enable room-temperature spectroscopy on canthaxanthin-binding OCPo and OCPr without laser-induced photoconversion, we trap them in a trehalose glass. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that there is no evidence of long-lived triplet generation through intramolecular singlet fission despite the canthaxanthin twist in OCPo.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Sutherland
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - James P Pidgeon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Harrison Ka Hin Lee
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Matthew S Proctor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Wing Chung Tsoi
- SPECIFIC, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
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10
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Abdelazim K, Ghit A, Assal D, Dorra N, Noby N, Khattab SN, El Feky SE, Hussein A. Production and therapeutic use of astaxanthin in the nanotechnology era. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00488-y. [PMID: 37179259 PMCID: PMC10182848 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AXT) is a red fat-soluble pigment found naturally in aquatic animals, plants, and various microorganisms and can be manufactured artificially using chemical catalysis. AXT is a xanthophyll carotenoid with a high potential for scavenging free radicals. Several studies have investigated AXT efficacy against diseases such as neurodegenerative, ocular, skin, and cardiovascular hypertension, diabetes, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, and immuno-protective functions. However, its poor solubility, low stability to light and oxygen, and limited bioavailability are major obstacles hindering its wide applications as a therapeutic agent or nutritional supplement. Incorporating AXT with nanocarriers holds great promise in enhancing its physiochemical properties. Nanocarriers are delivery systems with several benefits, including surface modification, bioactivity, and targeted medication delivery and release. Many approaches have been applied to enhance AXT's medicinal effect, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and polymeric nanospheres. AXT nano-formulations have demonstrated a high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, significantly affecting cancer in different organs. This review summarizes the most recent data on AXT production, characterization, biological activity, and therapeutic usage, focusing on its uses in the nanotechnology era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Abdelazim
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr Ghit
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Dina Assal
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Biotechnology Program, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neamat Dorra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Arish, Egypt
| | - Nehad Noby
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Essam El Feky
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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11
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Zhang Y, Jin J, Zhu S, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Ye J, Deng X. Citrus β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2) participates in xanthophyll synthesis by catalyzing the hydroxylation of β-carotene and compensates for BCH1 in citrus carotenoid metabolism. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac290. [PMID: 36938563 PMCID: PMC10018782 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential horticultural crop, Citrus has carotenoid diversity, which affects its aesthetic and nutritional values. β,β-Xanthophylls are the primary carotenoids accumulated in citrus fruits, and non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase (BCH) enzymes are mainly responsible for β,β-xanthophyll synthesis. Previous studies have focused on the hydroxylation of BCH1, but the role of its paralogous gene in citrus, BCH2, remains largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the β-hydroxylation activity of citrus BCH2 (CsBCH2) for the first time through the functional complementation assay using Escherichia coli, although CsBCH2 exhibited a lower activity in hydroxylating β-carotene into β-cryptoxanthin than citrus BCH1 (CsBCH1). Our results showed that overexpression of CsBCH2 in citrus callus increased xanthophyll proportion and plastoglobule size with feedback regulation of carotenogenic gene expression. This study revealed the distinct expression patterns and functional characteristics of two paralogous genes, CsBCH1 and CsBCH2, and illustrated the backup compensatory role of CsBCH2 for CsBCH1 in citrus xanthophyll biosynthesis. The independent function of CsBCH2 and its cooperative function with CsBCH1 in β-cryptoxanthin biosynthesis suggested the potential of CsBCH2 to be employed for expanding the synthetic biology toolkit in carotenoid engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiajing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenchao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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12
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Chen HH, Liang MH, Ye ZW, Zhu YH, Jiang JG. Engineering the β-Carotene Metabolic Pathway of Microalgae Dunaliella To Confirm Its Carotenoid Synthesis Pattern in Comparison To Bacteria and Plants. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436122. [PMID: 36719233 PMCID: PMC10100976 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is the most salt-tolerant eukaryote and has the highest β-carotene content, but its carotenoid synthesis pathway is still unclear, especially the synthesis of lycopene, the upstream product of β-carotene. In this study, DsGGPS, DsPSY, DsPDS, DsZISO, DsZDS, DsCRTISO, and DsLYCB genes were cloned from D. salina and expressed in Escherichia coli. A series of carotenoid engineering E. coli strains from phytoene to β-carotene were obtained. ZISO was first identified from Chlorophyta, while CRTISO was first isolated from algae. It was found that DsZISO and DsCRTISO were essential for isomerization of carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms and could not be replaced by photoisomerization, unlike some plants. DsZDS was found to have weak beta cyclization abilities, and DsLYCB was able to catalyze 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene to generate 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-β-carotene, which had not been reported before. A new carotenoid 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-β-carotene, the beta cyclization product of prolycopene, was discovered. Compared with the bacterial-derived carotenoid synthesis pathway, there is higher specificity and greater efficiency of the carotenoid synthesis pathway in algae. This research experimentally confirmed that the conversion of phytoene to lycopene in D. salina was similar to that of plants and different from bacteria and provided a new possibility for the metabolic engineering of β-carotene. IMPORTANCE The synthesis mode of all trans-lycopene in bacteria and plants is clear, but there are still doubts in microalgae. Dunaliella is the organism with the highest β-carotene content, and plant-type and bacterial-type enzyme genes have been found in its carotenoid metabolism pathway. In this study, the entire plant-type enzyme gene was completely cloned into Escherichia coli, and high-efficiency expression was obtained, which proved that carotenoid synthesis of algae is similar to that of plants. In bacteria, CRT can directly catalyze 4-step continuous dehydrogenation to produce all trans-lycopene. In plants, four enzymes (PDS, ZISO, ZDS, and CRTISO) are involved in this process. Although a carotenoid synthetase similar to that of bacteria has been found in algae, it does not play a major role. This research reveals the evolutionary relationship of carotenoid metabolism in bacteria, algae, and plants and is of methodologically innovative significance for molecular evolution research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hui Zhu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Bekkering CS, Yu S, Isaka NN, Sproul BW, Dubcovsky J, Tian L. Genetic dissection of the roles of β-hydroxylases in carotenoid metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant growth in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:8. [PMID: 36656368 PMCID: PMC9852137 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional redundancy and subfunctionalization of β-hydroxylases in tetraploid wheat tissues open up opportunities for manipulation of carotenoid metabolism for trait improvement. The genetic diversity provided by subgenome homoeologs in allopolyploid wheat can be leveraged for developing improved wheat varieties with modified chemical traits, including profiles of carotenoids, which play critical roles in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and growth regulation. Carotenoid profiles are greatly influenced by hydroxylation catalyzed by β-hydroxylases (HYDs). To genetically dissect the contribution of HYDs to carotenoid metabolism and wheat growth and yield, we isolated loss-of-function mutants of the two homoeologs of HYD1 (HYD-A1 and HYD-B1) and HYD2 (HYD-A2 and HYD-B2) from the sequenced ethyl methanesulfonate mutant population of the tetraploid wheat cultivar Kronos, and generated various mutant combinations. Although functional redundancy between HYD1 and HYD2 paralogs was observed in leaves, HYD1 homoeologs contributed more than HYD2 homoeologs to carotenoid β-ring hydroxylation in this tissue. By contrast, the HYD2 homoeologs functioned toward production of lutein, the major carotenoid in mature grains, whereas HYD1 homoeologs had a limited role. These results collectively suggested subfunctionalization of HYD genes and homoeologs in different tissues of tetraploid wheat. Despite reduced photoprotective responses observed in the triple hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2 and the quadruple hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2 combinatorial mutants, comprehensive plant phenotyping analysis revealed that all mutants analyzed were comparable to the control for growth, yield, and fertility, except for a slight delay in anthesis and senescence as well as accelerated germination in the quadruple mutant. Overall, this research takes steps toward untangling the functions of HYDs in wheat and has implications for improving performance and consumer traits of this economically important global crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Bekkering
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shu Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nina N Isaka
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin W Sproul
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 3, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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14
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Proctor MS, Morey-Burrows FS, Canniffe DP, Martin EC, Swainsbury DJK, Johnson MP, Hunter CN, Sutherland GA, Hitchcock A. Zeta-Carotene Isomerase (Z-ISO) Is Required for Light-Independent Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091730. [PMID: 36144332 PMCID: PMC9505123 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are crucial photosynthetic pigments utilized for light harvesting, energy transfer, and photoprotection. Although most of the enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in chlorophototrophs are known, some are yet to be identified or fully characterized in certain organisms. A recently characterized enzyme in oxygenic phototrophs is 15-cis-zeta(ζ)-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyzes the cis-to-trans isomerization of the central 15–15′ cis double bond in 9,15,9′-tri-cis-ζ-carotene to produce 9,9′-di-cis-ζ-carotene during the four-step conversion of phytoene to lycopene. Z-ISO is a heme B-containing enzyme best studied in angiosperms. Homologs of Z-ISO are present in organisms that use the multi-enzyme poly-cis phytoene desaturation pathway, including algae and cyanobacteria, but appear to be absent in green bacteria. Here we confirm the identity of Z-ISO in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by showing that the protein encoded by the slr1599 open reading frame has ζ-carotene isomerase activity when produced in Escherichia coli. A Synechocystis Δslr1599 mutant synthesizes a normal quota of carotenoids when grown under illumination, where the photolabile 15–15′ cis double bond of 9,15,9′-tri-cis-ζ-carotene is isomerized by light, but accumulates this intermediate and fails to produce ‘mature’ carotenoid species during light-activated heterotrophic growth, demonstrating the requirement of Z-ISO for carotenoid biosynthesis during periods of darkness. In the absence of a structure of Z-ISO, we analyze AlphaFold models of the Synechocystis, Zea mays (maize), and Arabidopsis thaliana enzymes, identifying putative protein ligands for the heme B cofactor and the substrate-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Proctor
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: (M.S.P.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.)
| | | | - Daniel P. Canniffe
- Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | | | - David J. K. Swainsbury
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - C. Neil Hunter
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - George A. Sutherland
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: (M.S.P.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: (M.S.P.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.)
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15
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Patil AD, Kasabe PJ, Dandge PB. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 35794254 PMCID: PMC9259778 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is an orange-red, lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in aquatic animals such as salmon, shrimp, trout, krill, crayfish, and so on. It is also synthesized in microalgae Heamatococcus pluvialis, Chlorococcum, Chlorella zofingiensis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. Some aquatic and terrestrial creatures regarded as a primary and secondary sources of the astaxanthin producing and accumulating it through their metabolic pathways. Astaxanthin is the powerful antioxidant, nutritional supplement as well as promising therapeutic compound, observed to have activities against different ravaging diseases and disorders. Researchers have reported remarkable bioactivities of astaxanthin against major non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders. The current review discusses some structural aspects of astaxanthin. It further elaborates its multiple potencies such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-obese, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, anti-TB, anti-viral, anti-COVID 19, neuro-protective, nephro-protective, and fertility-enhancing properties. These potencies make it a more precious entity in the preventions as well as treatments of prevalent systematic diseases and/or disorders. Also, the review is acknowledging and documenting its powerful bioactivities in relation with the pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva D. Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
| | - Pramod J. Kasabe
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra India
| | - Padma B. Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004 Maharashtra India
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16
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Wan S, Li Q, Yu H, Liu S, Kong L. A nuclear receptor heterodimer, CgPPAR2-CgRXR, acts as a regulator of carotenoid metabolism in Crassostrea gigas. Gene 2022; 827:146473. [PMID: 35390448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are mostly ligand-activated transcription factors in animals and play essential roles in metabolism and homeostasis. The NR heterodimer composed of PPAR/RXR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/retinoid X receptor) is considered a key regulator of lipid metabolism in vertebrate. However, in molluscs, how this heterodimer is involved in carotenoid metabolism remains unclear. To elucidate how this heterodimer regulates carotenoid metabolism, we identified a PPAR gene in C. gigas, designated as CgPPAR2 (LOC105323212), and functionally characterized it using two-hybrid and reporter systems. CgPPAR2 is a direct orthologue of vertebrate PPARs and the second PPAR gene identified in C. gigas genome in addition to CgPPAR1 (LOC105317849). The results demonstrated that CgPPAR2 protein can form heterodimer with C. gigas RXR (CgRXR), and then regulate carotenoid metabolism by controlling carotenoid cleavage oxygenases with different carotenoid cleavage efficiencies. This regulation can be affected by retinoid ligands, i.e., carotenoid derivatives, validating a negative feedback regulation mechanism of carotenoid cleavage for retinoid production. Besides, organotins may disrupt this regulatory process through the mediation of CgPPAR2/CgRXR heterodimer. This is the first report of PPAR/RXR heterodimer regulating carotenoid metabolism in mollusks, contributing to a better understanding of the evolution and conservation of this nuclear receptor heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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Fu X, Chen J, Li J, Dai G, Tang J, Yang Z. Mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in shaded tea leaves. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100323. [PMID: 35571330 PMCID: PMC9097638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term shading treatment (14 days) increased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term darkness (14 days) decreased carotenoid content in tea leaves. Long-term shading treatment increased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. Long-term darkness decreased carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression levels. The functions of CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB and CsLCYE genes have been verified.
Carotenoids contribute to tea leaf coloration and are the precursors of important aromatic compounds. Shading can promote the accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the study, we analyzed the content and composition of carotenoids, and transcript levels and functions of related genes in carotenoid biosynthesis using HPLC, qRT-PCR, and heterologous expression system. It was found that long-term shading (14 days, 90% shading) significantly increased the total carotenoid content in tea leaves, and increased the expression of non-mevalonate pathway (MEP) genes (CsDXS1 and CsDXS3) and key genes in carotenoid synthesis pathway (CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE). Long-term exposure to darkness (14 days, 0 lx) decreased the transcription of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes and adversely affected carotenoid accumulation. Furthermore, CsDXS1, CsDXS3, CsPSY, CsLCYB, and CsLCYE were functionally identified and contributed to the enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in tea leaves in response to long-term shading.
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18
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Karniel U, Adler Berke N, Mann V, Hirschberg J. Perturbations in the Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Tomato Fruit Reactivate the Leaf-Specific Phytoene Synthase 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844748. [PMID: 35283915 PMCID: PMC8914173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of the red carotenoid pigment lycopene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit is achieved by increased carotenoid synthesis during ripening. The first committed step that determines the flux in the carotenoid pathway is the synthesis of phytoene catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY). Tomato has three PSY genes that are differentially expressed. PSY1 is exclusively expressed in fruits, while PSY2 mostly functions in green tissues. It has been established that PSY1 is mostly responsible for phytoene synthesis in fruits. Although PSY2 is found in the chromoplasts, it is inactive because loss-of-function mutations in PSY1 in the locus yellow flesh (r) eliminate carotenoid biosynthesis in the fruit. Here we demonstrate that specific perturbations of carotenoid biosynthesis downstream to phytoene prior and during the transition from chloroplast to chromoplast cause the recovery of phytoene synthesis in yellow flesh (r) fruits without significant transcriptional changes of PSY1 and PSY2. The recovery of carotenoid biosynthesis was abolished when the expression of PSY2 was silenced, indicating that the perturbations of carotenoid biosynthesis reactivated the chloroplast-specific PSY2 in fruit chromoplasts. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that PSY2 can function in fruit chromoplasts under certain conditions, possibly due to alterations in the plastidial sub-organelle organization that affect its association with the carotenoid biosynthesis metabolon. This finding provides a plausible molecular explanation to the epistasis of the mutation tangerine in the gene carotenoid isomerase over yellow flesh.
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19
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Furubayashi M, Umeno D. Use of directed enzyme evolution to create novel biosynthetic pathways for production of rare or non-natural carotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:351-382. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Simkin AJ. Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Planta: Their Role in Plant Development, Contribution to the Flavour and Aroma of Fruits and Flowers, and Their Nutraceutical Benefits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112321. [PMID: 34834683 PMCID: PMC8624010 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids are diverse classes of compounds found in nature and are important natural pigments, nutraceuticals and flavour/aroma molecules. Improving the quality of crops is important for providing micronutrients to remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. Carotenoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on a number of human diseases, improving the survival rates of some cancers and slowing the progression of neurological illnesses. Furthermore, carotenoid-derived compounds can impact the flavour and aroma of crops and vegetables and are the origin of important developmental, as well as plant resistance compounds required for defence. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to increase carotenoid content in plants and research the benefits to human health and the role of carotenoid derived volatiles on flavour and aroma of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; or
- Crop Science and Production Systems, NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
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21
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Furubayashi M, Kubo A, Takemura M, Otani Y, Maoka T, Terada Y, Yaoi K, Ohdan K, Misawa N, Mitani Y. Capsanthin Production in Escherichia coli by Overexpression of Capsanthin/Capsorubin Synthase from Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5076-5085. [PMID: 33890772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Capsanthin, a characteristic red carotenoid found in the fruits of red pepper (Capsicum annuum), is widely consumed as a food and a functional coloring additive. An enzyme catalyzing capsanthin synthesis was identified as capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) in the 1990s, but no microbial production of capsanthin has been reported. We report here the first successful attempt to biosynthesize capsanthin in Escherichia coli by carotenoid-pathway engineering. Our initial attempt to coexpress eight enzyme genes required for capsanthin biosynthesis did not detect the desired product. The dual activity of CCS as a lycopene β-cyclase as well as a capsanthin/capsorubin synthase likely complicated the task. We demonstrated that a particularly high expression level of the CCS gene and the minimization of byproducts by regulating the seven upstream carotenogenic genes were crucial for capsanthin formation in E. coli. Our results provide a platform for further study of CCS activity and capsanthin production in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Furubayashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Division of Food Function and Chemistry, Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Terada
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohdan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mitani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
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22
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Astaxanthin for the Food Industry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092666. [PMID: 34063189 PMCID: PMC8125449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyll astaxanthin, which is commonly used in aquaculture, is one of the most expensive and important industrial pigments. It is responsible for the pink and red color of salmonid meat and shrimp. Due to having the strongest anti-oxidative properties among carotenoids and other health benefits, natural astaxanthin is used in nutraceuticals and cosmetics, and in some countries, occasionally, to fortify foods and beverages. Its use in food technology is limited due to the unknown effects of long-term consumption of synthetic astaxanthin on human health as well as few sources and the high cost of natural astaxanthin. The article characterizes the structure, health-promoting properties, commercial sources and industrial use of astaxanthin. It presents the possibilities and limitations of the use of astaxanthin in food technology, considering its costs and food safety. It also presents the possibilities of stabilizing astaxanthin and improving its bioavailability by means of micro- and nanoencapsulation.
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23
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Wang E, Dong C, Zhang P, Roberts TH, Park RF. Carotenoid biosynthesis and the evolution of carotenogenesis genes in rust fungi. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:400-411. [PMID: 33910681 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by rust fungi pose a significant threat to global plant production. Although carotenoid pigments are produced in spores of nearly all rust species, the corresponding biosynthesis pathway(s) have not been investigated. Here, candidate genes for carotenoid biosynthesis in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) were identified, cloned and functionally complemented using specifically engineered strains of Escherichia coli. A part of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in rust fungi was elucidated, with only two genes, CrtYB and CrtI, catalysing the reactions from geranyl-geranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to γ-carotene. The CrtYB gene encodes a bi-functional lycopene cyclase/phytoene synthase, which catalyses the condensation of two GGPP into phytoene, as well as the cyclisation of the ψ-end of lycopene to form γ-carotene. The CrtI gene encodes a phytoene desaturase that carries out four successive desaturations of phytoene, through the intermediates phytofluene and neurosporene to lycopene. The evolution of carotenoid pigmentation in rust fungi, including Pgt, P. graminis avenae, P. graminis secalis (Pgs), P. graminis lolli, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, P. striiformis f. sp. pseudohordei, P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, the "scabrum" rust (putative hybrids between Pgt and Pgs), P. triticina, and P. hordei, was investigated by phylogenetic analysis. Both CrtYB and CrtI were found to be closely related among rust fungi, other pathogenic fungi, and some aphids. Our results provide a springboard to increase the understanding of the physiological role(s) of carotenoid pigments in rust fungi, to better understand evolution within the Pucciniales, and to develop robust molecular diagnostics for rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpei Wang
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Chongmei Dong
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Peng Zhang
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Thomas H Roberts
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Robert F Park
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, NSW, 2570, Australia.
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24
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Karniel U, Koch A, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Development of zeaxanthin-rich tomato fruit through genetic manipulations of carotenoid biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2292-2303. [PMID: 32320515 PMCID: PMC7589248 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenated carotenoid zeaxanthin provides numerous benefits to human health due to its antioxidant properties. Especially it is linked to protecting, together with the xanthophyll lutein, the retina in the human eye by filtering harmful blue light thus delaying the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent cause of blindness in developed countries. Despite its high nutritional value, zeaxanthin is less available than other substantial carotenoids in our diet. To solve this shortage, we chose to develop a new food source that would contain a high concentration of natural zeaxanthin. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was selected as the target plant since it is the second largest vegetable crop grown worldwide and its fruit characteristically synthesizes and accumulates a high concentration of carotenoids. We employed two genetic approaches in order to enhance zeaxanthin biosynthesis in tomato fruit: a transgenic metabolic engineering and classical genetic breeding. A nontransgenic tomato line, named 'Xantomato', was generated whose fruit accumulated zeaxanthin at a concentration of 39 μg/g fresh weight (or 577 μg/g dry weight), which comprised ca. 50% of total fruit carotenoids compared to zero in the wild type. This is the highest concentration of zeaxanthin reached in a primary crop. Xantomato can potentially increase zeaxanthin availability in the human diet and serve as raw material for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Karniel
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Amit Koch
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and GeneticsThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of GeneticsAlexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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25
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Rosales-Mendoza S, García-Silva I, González-Ortega O, Sandoval-Vargas JM, Malla A, Vimolmangkang S. The Potential of Algal Biotechnology to Produce Antiviral Compounds and Biopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4049. [PMID: 32899754 PMCID: PMC7571207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented pandemic, which demands urgent development of antiviral drugs and antibodies; as well as prophylactic approaches, namely vaccines. Algae biotechnology has much to offer in this scenario given the diversity of such organisms, which are a valuable source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds that can also be used to produce vaccines and antibodies. Antivirals with possible activity against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized, based on previously reported activity against Coronaviruses or other enveloped or respiratory viruses. Moreover, the potential of algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds to treat severe cases of COVID-19 is contemplated. The scenario of producing biopharmaceuticals in recombinant algae is presented and the cases of algae-made vaccines targeting viral diseases is highlighted as valuable references for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Successful cases in the production of functional antibodies are described. Perspectives on how specific algae species and genetic engineering techniques can be applied for the production of anti-viral compounds antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Ileana García-Silva
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
| | - José M. Sandoval-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (O.G.-O.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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26
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Jang SJ, Jeong HB, Jung A, Kang MY, Kim S, Ha SH, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Phytoene synthase 2 can compensate for the absence of PSY1 in the control of color in Capsicum fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3417-3427. [PMID: 32219321 PMCID: PMC7475241 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS) are two major genes responsible for fruit color variation in pepper (Capsicum spp.). However, the role of PSY2 remains unknown. We used a systemic approach to examine the genetic factors responsible for the yellow fruit color of C. annuum 'MicroPep Yellow' (MY) and to determine the role of PSY2 in fruit color. We detected complete deletion of PSY1 and a retrotransposon insertion in CCS. Despite the loss of PSY1 and CCS function, both MY and mutant F2 plants from a cross between MY and the 'MicroPep Red' (MR) accumulated basal levels of carotenoids, indicating that other PSY genes may complement the loss of PSY1. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that PSY2 was constitutively expressed in both MR and MY fruits, and a color complementation assay using Escherichia coli revealed that PSY2 was capable of biosynthesizing a carotenoid. Virus-induced gene silencing of PSY2 in MY resulted in white fruits. These findings indicate that PSY2 can compensate for the absence of PSY1 in pepper fruit, resulting in the yellow color of MY fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeong Jang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bong Jeong
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jung
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suna Kim
- Food and Nutrition in Home Economics, Korea National Open University, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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27
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Deng YY, Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Ge ZH, Yang LE, Lu S. Cloning and functional characterization of the bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from the red algal seaweed Bangia fuscopurpurea. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1) is essential for normal chloroplast development and affects carotenoid accumulation in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12452-12463. [PMID: 32404426 PMCID: PMC7275715 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916948117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential molecules in oxygenic photoautotrophs, and they fulfill essential requirements for human and animal nutrition. How carotenoid accumulation is regulated in the chloroplast, a cyanobacterium-derived organelle, remains poorly understood, despite significant advancements in identifying enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. This study identifies a role of chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1), a CRAL-TRIO protein of eukaryotic origin, in modulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in the chloroplast. The CPSFL1 protein represents an isoprenoid- and carotenoid-binding protein that associates with membranes through interactions with the phospholipid phosphatidic acid. These findings have implications for understanding carotenoid biosynthesis and optimizing algal carotenoid nutritional quality. Plastid isoprenoid-derived carotenoids serve essential roles in chloroplast development and photosynthesis. Although nearly all enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants have been identified, the complement of auxiliary proteins that regulate synthesis, transport, sequestration, and degradation of these molecules and their isoprenoid precursors have not been fully described. To identify such proteins that are necessary for the optimal functioning of oxygenic photosynthesis, we screened a large collection of nonphotosynthetic (acetate-requiring) DNA insertional mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and isolated cpsfl1. The cpsfl1 mutant is extremely light-sensitive and susceptible to photoinhibition and photobleaching. The CPSFL1 gene encodes a CRAL-TRIO hydrophobic ligand-binding (Sec14) domain protein. Proteins containing this domain are limited to eukaryotes, but some may have been retargeted to function in organelles of endosymbiotic origin. The cpsfl1 mutant showed decreased accumulation of plastidial isoprenoid-derived pigments, especially carotenoids, and whole-cell focused ion-beam scanning-electron microscopy revealed a deficiency of carotenoid-rich chloroplast structures (e.g., eyespot and plastoglobules). The low carotenoid content resulted from impaired biosynthesis at a step prior to phytoene, the committed precursor to carotenoids. The CPSFL1 protein bound phytoene and β-carotene when expressed in Escherichia coli and phosphatidic acid in vitro. We suggest that CPSFL1 is involved in the regulation of phytoene synthesis and carotenoid transport and thereby modulates carotenoid accumulation in the chloroplast.
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29
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Kuczynska P, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Nowicka B, Jakubowska A, Strzalka W, Burda K, Strzalka K. The xanthophyll cycle in diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to light stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:125-137. [PMID: 32416342 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chosen aspects of the functioning of diadinoxanthin cycle in a model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown under low light conditions (LL) and under high light conditions (HL), which cause activation of violaxanthin cycle, were examined. Heterogeneity of the kinetics of diadinoxanthin ↔ diatoxanthin conversions regulated by de-epoxidase/epoxidase enzymes was detected. Three different rates of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation (τ > 20 min, 5 min > τ > 1.5 min and τ ≤ 1 min) were observed. Appearance and contribution of these phases depended on the light conditions and xanthophylls subpopulations in membranes. Moreover, diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation was postulated to occur in darkness and its rate was estimated to be almost two times faster (τ ≈ 14 min) than diatoxanthin-epoxidation in LL- and HL-grown diatoms collected after the dark phase of the photoperiod and exposed to very high light and subsequent darkness. The level of lipid hydroperoxides and the expression of genes encoding xanthophyll cycle enzymes was measured. Our observations suggest that isoforms of these enzymes may participate in carotenoid synthesis or be exclusively involved in xanthophyll conversions. Violaxanthin cycle pigments present in HL-acclimated diatoms change thermodynamic properties of thylakoid membranes. Zeaxanthin is known to localize preferentially in the inner part of the lipid bilayer and diatoxanthin in its outer part. The different localization of these pigments probably decide about their complementary action in protection of the membranes against reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kuczynska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Jakubowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzalka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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30
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Kumari S, Vira C, Lali AM, Prakash G. Heterologous expression of a mutant Orange gene from Brassica oleracea increases carotenoids and induces phenotypic changes in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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31
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Kaito C, Yoshikai H, Wakamatsu A, Miyashita A, Matsumoto Y, Fujiyuki T, Kato M, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Isogai T, Sekimizu K. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli acquires virulence by mutating a growth-essential LPS transporter. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008469. [PMID: 32324807 PMCID: PMC7179839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that allow pathogenic bacteria to infect animals have been intensively studied. On the other hand, the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria acquire virulence functions are not fully understood. In the present study, we experimentally evaluated the evolution of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli in a silkworm infection model and obtained pathogenic mutant strains. As one cause of the high virulence properties of E. coli mutants, we identified amino acid substitutions in LptD (G580S) and LptE (T95I) constituting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transporter, which translocates LPS from the inner to the outer membrane and is essential for E. coli growth. The growth of the LptD and LptE mutants obtained in this study was indistinguishable from that of the parent strain. The LptD and LptE mutants exhibited increased secretion of outer membrane vesicles containing LPS and resistance against various antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and host complement. In vivo cross-linking studies revealed that the conformation of the LptD-LptE complex was altered in the LptD and LptE mutants. Furthermore, several clinical isolates of E. coli carried amino acid substitutions of LptD and LptE that conferred resistance against antimicrobial substances. This study demonstrated an experimental evolution of bacterial virulence properties in an animal infection model and identified functional alterations of the growth-essential LPS transporter that led to high bacterial virulence by conferring resistance against antimicrobial substances. These findings suggest that non-pathogenic bacteria can gain virulence traits by changing the functions of essential genes, and provide new insight to bacterial evolution in a host environment. Pathogenic bacteria developed their virulence properties by changing the functions of various genes after the emergence of the host animals on earth. The types of gene function alterations that confer bacterial virulence properties, however, have remained unclear. We utilized a silkworm infection model to perform an experimental evolution of bacterial virulence activity. From a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, we obtained a mutant strain that exhibited 500-fold higher virulence than the original strain and identified mutations of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transporter, which translocates LPS onto the bacterial surface, as one cause of the high virulence. The mutations changed the structure of the LPS transporter, increased the secretion of outer membrane vesicles, and enabled bacterial survival in the presence of host antimicrobial substances. This mechanism to gain high virulence occurs naturally, as several E. coli clinical isolates carried mutations of the LPS transporter that confer resistance against antimicrobial substances. Our study unveiled a novel mechanism by which bacteria increase their virulence through modifying their gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirono Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Wakamatsu
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujiyuki
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kato
- Devision of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Isogai
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Cao T, Wang L, Huang X, Deng Y, Yang L, Lu S. Manipulation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a platform for functional identification of genes involved in carotenoid metabolism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:605-607. [PMID: 31469498 PMCID: PMC7004913 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin‐Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xing‐Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yin‐Yin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research InstituteNantongChina
| | - Li‐En Yang
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research InstituteNantongChina
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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33
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Poliakov E, Uppal S, Rogozin IB, Gentleman S, Redmond TM. Evolutionary aspects and enzymology of metazoan carotenoid cleavage oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158665. [PMID: 32061750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoids are terpenoid fat-soluble pigments produced by plants, algae, and several bacteria and fungi. They are ubiquitous components of animal diets. Carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) superfamily members are involved in carotenoid metabolism and are present in all kingdoms of life. Throughout the animal kingdom, carotenoid oxygenases are widely distributed and they are completely absent only in two unicellular organisms, Monosiga and Leishmania. Mammals have three paralogs 15,15'-β-carotene oxygenase (BCO1), 9',10'-β-carotene oxygenase (BCO2) and RPE65. The first two enzymes are classical carotenoid oxygenases: they cleave carbon‑carbon double bonds and incorporate two atoms of oxygen in the substrate at the site of cleavage. The third, RPE65, is an unusual family member, it is the retinoid isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle that converts all-trans-retinyl ester into 11-cis-retinol. Here we discuss evolutionary aspects of the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase superfamily and their enzymology to deduce what insight we can obtain from their evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sheetal Uppal
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Susan Gentleman
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Deng YY, Cheng L, Wang Q, Ge ZH, Zheng H, Cao TJ, Lu QQ, Yang LE, Lu S. Functional Characterization of Lycopene Cyclases Illustrates the Metabolic Pathway toward Lutein in Red Algal Seaweeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1354-1363. [PMID: 31933364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms. Acyclic lycopene is the first branching point for carotenoid biosynthesis. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of its open ends and direct the metabolic flux into different downstream branches. Carotenoids of the β,β-branch (e.g., β-carotene) are found in all photosynthetic organisms, but those of the β,ε-branch (e.g., lutein) are generally absent in cyanobacteria, heterokonts, and some red algae. Although both LCYBs and LCYEs have been characterized from land plants, there are only a few reports on LCYs from cyanobacteria and algae. Here, we cloned four LCY genes from Porphyra umbilicalis and Pyropia yezoensis (susabi-nori) of Bangiales, the most primitive red algal order that synthesizes lutein. Our functional characterization in both Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that each species has a pair of LCYB and LCYE. Similar to LCYs from higher plants, red algal LCYBs cyclize both ends of lycopene, and their LCYEs only cyclize a single end. The characterization of LCYEs from red algae resolved the first bifurcation step toward β-carotene and lutein biosynthesis. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that LCYEs of the green lineage and the red algae originated separately during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Yin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Lu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zi-Han Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qin-Qin Lu
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Li-En Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Jiangsu Marine Fisheries Research Institute , Nantong 226007 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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Rodrigo MJ, Lado J, Alós E, Alquézar B, Dery O, Hirschberg J, Zacarías L. A mutant allele of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO) is associated with the yellow pigmentation of the "Pinalate" sweet orange mutant and reveals new insights into its role in fruit carotenogenesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 31684878 PMCID: PMC6829850 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit coloration is one of the main quality parameters of Citrus fruit primarily determined by genetic factors. The fruit of ordinary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) displays a pleasant orange tint due to accumulation of carotenoids, representing β,β-xanthophylls more than 80% of the total content. 'Pinalate' is a spontaneous bud mutant, or somatic mutation, derived from sweet orange 'Navelate', characterized by yellow fruits due to elevated proportions of upstream carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, which suggests a biosynthetic blockage at early steps of the carotenoid pathway. RESULTS To identify the molecular basis of 'Pinalate' yellow fruit, a complete characterization of carotenoids profile together with transcriptional changes in carotenoid biosynthetic genes were performed in mutant and parental fruits during development and ripening. 'Pinalate' fruit showed a distinctive carotenoid profile at all ripening stages, accumulating phytoene, phytofluene and unusual proportions of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- and 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, while content of downstream carotenoids was significantly decreased. Transcript levels for most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed no alterations in 'Pinalate'; however, the steady-state level mRNA of ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which catalyses the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis- to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, was significantly reduced both in 'Pinalate' fruit and leaf tissues. Isolation of the 'Pinalate' Z-ISO genomic sequence identified a new allele with a single nucleotide insertion at the second exon, which generates an alternative splicing site that alters Z-ISO transcripts encoding non-functional enzyme. Moreover, functional assays of citrus Z-ISO in E.coli showed that light is able to enhance a non-enzymatic isomerization of tri-cis to di-cis-ζ-carotene, which is in agreement with the partial rescue of mutant phenotype when 'Pinalate' fruits are highly exposed to light during ripening. CONCLUSION A single nucleotide insertion has been identified in 'Pinalate' Z-ISO gene that results in truncated proteins. This causes a bottleneck in the carotenoid pathway with an unbalanced content of carotenes upstream to β,β-xanthophylls in fruit tissues. In chloroplastic tissues, the effects of Z-ISO alteration are mainly manifested as a reduction in total carotenoid content. Taken together, our results indicate that the spontaneous single nucleotide insertion in Z-ISO is the molecular basis of the yellow pigmentation in 'Pinalate' sweet orange and points this isomerase as an essential activity for carotenogenesis in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joanna Lado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Orly Dery
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain
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Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Zhou CF, Wang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Manipulation of Carotenoid Metabolic Flux by Lycopene Cyclization in Ripening Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4300-4310. [PMID: 30908022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients for the human body. Higher plants usually synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in their leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most carotenoids have either two β-rings on both ends or β- and ε-rings separately on two ends of their molecules and are synthesized from the acyclic lycopene as the precursor. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the β- and ε-cyclization of lycopene, respectively, and regulate the metabolic flux from lycopene to its downstream β,β-branches (by LCYB alone) and β,ε-branches (by LCYE and LCYB). In this study, we identified and characterized genes for two LCYBs (CaLCYB1 and CaLCYB2), one LCYE (CaLCYE1), and a capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CaCCS1) which is also able to β-cyclize lycopene from the red pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) genome. By quantifying transcript abundances of these genes and contents of different carotenoid components in ripening fruits, we observed a correlation between the induction of both CaLCYBs and the accumulation of carotenoids of the β,β-branch during ripening. Although capsanthin was accumulated in ripened fruits, our quantification demonstrated a strong induction of CaCCS1 at the breaker stage, together with the simultaneous repression of CaLCYE1 and the decrease of lutein content, suggesting the involvement of CaCCS1 in competing against CaLCYE1 for synthesizing carotenoids of the β,β-branch. Our results provide important information for future metabolic engineering studies to manipulate carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Chang-Fang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Argandoña Picazo J, Fiore A, Rubio-Moraga Á, Rial C, Varela RM, Macías FA, Castillo R, Romano E, Gómez-Gómez L. The Specialized Roles in Carotenogenesis and Apocarotenogenesis of the Phytoene Synthase Gene Family in Saffron. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30886624 PMCID: PMC6409354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus stigmas are the main source of crocins, which are glucosylated apocarotenoids derived from zeaxanthin cleavage that give saffron its red color. Phytoene synthase (PSY) mediates the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Four PSY genes encoding functional enzymes were isolated from saffron. All the proteins were localized in plastids, but the expression patterns of each gene, CsPSY1a, CsPSY1b, CsPSY2, and CsPSY3, in different saffron tissues and during the development of the stigma showed different tissue specialization. The CsPSY2 transcript was primarily detected in the stigmas where it activates and stimulates the accumulation of crocins, while its expression was very low in other tissues. In contrast, CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b were mainly expressed in the leaves, but only CsPSY1b showed stress-light regulation. Interestingly, CsPSY1b showed differential expression of two alternative splice variants, which differ in the intron retention at their 5' UTRs, resulting in a reduction in their expression levels. In addition, the CsPSY1a and CsPSY1b transcripts, together with the CsPSY3 transcript, were induced in roots under different stress conditions. The CsPSY3 expression was high in the root tip, and its expression was associated with mycorrhizal colonization and strigolactone production. CsPSY3 formed a separate branch to the stress-specific Poaceae homologs but was closely related to the dicot PSY3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña Picazo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Elena Romano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lourdes Gómez-Gómez,
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Wang Q, Huang XQ, Cao TJ, Zhuang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Heteromeric Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Contributes to Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Ripening Fruits of Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11691-11700. [PMID: 30339374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) fruits are a rich source of carotenoids. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis and is produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS), which belongs to the prenyl transferase (PTS) family. In this study, we identified from the pepper genome a total of eight PTS homologues. Our subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and expression level analyses proved that among these homologues Capana04g000412 is the only functional GGPPS (CaGGPPS1) for carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper fruits. We demonstrated that CaGGPPS1 interacts with a catalytically inactive small subunit homologue protein CaSSUII, and such an interaction promotes CaGGPPS1 enzymatic activity. We also revealed a protein-protein interaction between CaSSUII and a putative phytoene synthase and the repression of carotenoid accumulation by silencing CaSSUII in pepper fruits. Taken together, our results suggest an essential contribution of the CaGGPPS1/CaSSUII interaction to carotenoid biosynthesis in ripening pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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Wang E, Dong C, Park RF, Roberts TH. Carotenoid pigments in rust fungi: Extraction, separation, quantification and characterisation. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Gurchiek JK, Bao H, Domínguez-Martín MA, McGovern SE, Marquardt CE, Roscioli JD, Ghosh S, Kerfeld CA, Beck WF. Fluorescence and Excited-State Conformational Dynamics of the Orange Carotenoid Protein. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1792-1800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheryl A. Kerfeld
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sathasivam R, Ki JS. A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E26. [PMID: 29329235 PMCID: PMC5793074 DOI: 10.3390/md16010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments that play pivotal roles in many physiological functions. The characteristics of carotenoids, their effects on health, and the cosmetic benefits of their usage have been under investigation for a long time; however, most reviews on this subject focus on carotenoids obtained from several microalgae, vegetables, fruits, and higher plants. Recently, microalgae have received much attention due to their abilities in producing novel bioactive metabolites, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can provide for health and cosmetic benefits. The main objectives of this review are to provide an updated view of recent work on the health and cosmetic benefits associated with carotenoid use, as well as to provide a list of microalgae that produce different types of carotenoids. This review could provide new insights to researchers on the potential role of carotenoids in improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea.
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Kilambi HV, Manda K, Rai A, Charakana C, Bagri J, Sharma R, Sreelakshmi Y. Green-fruited Solanum habrochaites lacks fruit-specific carotenogenesis due to metabolic and structural blocks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4803-4819. [PMID: 29048567 PMCID: PMC5853803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Members of the tomato clade exhibit a wide diversity in fruit color, but the mechanisms governing inter-species diversity of coloration are largely unknown. The carotenoid profiles, carotenogenic gene expression and proteome profiles of green-fruited Solanum habrochaites (SH), orange-fruited S. galapagense, and red-fruited S. pimpinellifolium were compared with cultivated tomato [S. lycopersicum cv. Ailsa Craig (SL)] to decipher the molecular basis of coloration diversity. Green-fruited SH, though it showed normal expression of chromoplast-specific phytoene synthase1 and lycopene β-cyclase genes akin to orange/red-fruited species, failed to accumulate lycopene and β-carotene. The SH phytoene synthase1 cDNA encoded an enzymatically active protein, whereas the lycopene β-cyclase cDNA was barely active. Consistent with its green-fruited nature, SH's fruits retained chloroplast structure and PSII activity, and had impaired chlorophyll degradation with high pheophorbide a levels. Comparison of the fruit proteomes with SL revealed retention of the proteome complement related to photosynthesis in SH. Targeted peptide monitoring revealed a low abundance of key carotenogenic and sequestration proteins in SH compared with tomato. The green-fruitedness of SH appears to stem from blocks at several critical steps regulating fruit-specific carotenogenesis namely the absence of chloroplast to chromoplast transformation, block in carotenoid biosynthesis, and a dearth of carotenoid sequestering proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Manda
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chaitanya Charakana
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayram Bagri
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Bao H, Melnicki MR, Pawlowski EG, Sutter M, Agostoni M, Lechno-Yossef S, Cai F, Montgomery BL, Kerfeld CA. Additional families of orange carotenoid proteins in the photoprotective system of cyanobacteria. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17089. [PMID: 28692021 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a structurally and functionally modular photoactive protein involved in cyanobacterial photoprotection. Using phylogenomic analysis, we have revealed two new paralogous OCP families, each distributed among taxonomically diverse cyanobacterial genomes. Based on bioinformatic properties and phylogenetic relationships, we named the new families OCP2 and OCPx to distinguish them from the canonical OCP that has been well characterized in Synechocystis, denoted hereafter as OCP1. We report the first characterization of a carotenoprotein photoprotective system in the chromatically acclimating cyanobacterium Tolypothrix sp. PCC 7601, which encodes both OCP1 and OCP2 as well as the regulatory fluorescence recovery protein (FRP). OCP2 expression could only be detected in cultures grown under high irradiance, surpassing expression levels of OCP1, which appears to be constitutive; under low irradiance, OCP2 expression was only detectable in a Tolypothrix mutant lacking the RcaE photoreceptor required for complementary chromatic acclimation. In vitro studies show that Tolypothrix OCP1 is functionally equivalent to Synechocystis OCP1, including its regulation by Tolypothrix FRP, which we show is structurally similar to the dimeric form of Synechocystis FRP. In contrast, Tolypothrix OCP2 shows both faster photoconversion and faster back-conversion, lack of regulation by the FRP, a different oligomeric state (monomer compared to dimer for OCP1) and lower fluorescence quenching of the phycobilisome. Collectively, these findings support our hypothesis that the OCP2 is relatively primitive. The OCP2 is transcriptionally regulated and may have evolved to respond to distinct photoprotective needs under particular environmental conditions such as high irradiance of a particular light quality, whereas the OCP1 is constitutively expressed and is regulated at the post-translational level by FRP and/or oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bao
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Matthew R Melnicki
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emily G Pawlowski
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Markus Sutter
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marco Agostoni
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sigal Lechno-Yossef
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Fei Cai
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Cheryl A Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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A recruiting protein of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase controls metabolic flux toward chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6866-6871. [PMID: 28607067 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705689114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is produced by plastidic GGPP synthase (GGPPS) and serves as a precursor for vital metabolic branches, including chlorophyll, carotenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis. However, molecular mechanisms regulating GGPP allocation among these biosynthetic pathways localized in the same subcellular compartment are largely unknown. We found that rice contains only one functionally active GGPPS, OsGGPPS1, in chloroplasts. A functionally active homodimeric enzyme composed of two OsGGPPS1 subunits is located in the stroma. In thylakoid membranes, however, the GGPPS activity resides in a heterodimeric enzyme composed of one OsGGPPS1 subunit and GGPPS recruiting protein (OsGRP). OsGRP is structurally most similar to members of the geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit type II subfamily. In contrast to members of this subfamily, OsGRP enhances OsGGPPS1 catalytic efficiency and specificity of GGPP production on interaction with OsGGPPS1. Structural biology and protein interaction analyses demonstrate that affinity between OsGRP and OsGGPPS1 is stronger than between two OsGGPPS1 molecules in homodimers. OsGRP determines OsGGPPS1 suborganellar localization and directs it to a large protein complex in thylakoid membranes, consisting of geranylgeranyl reductase (OsGGR), light-harvesting-like protein 3 (OsLIL3), protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (OsPORB), and chlorophyll synthase (OsCHLG). Taken together, genetic and biochemical analyses suggest OsGRP functions in recruiting OsGGPPS1 from the stroma toward thylakoid membranes, thus providing a mechanism to control GGPP flux toward chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Cao TJ, Huang XQ, Qu YY, Zhuang Z, Deng YY, Lu S. Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-Cyclase from Macrophytic Red Alga Bangia fuscopurpurea. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E116. [PMID: 28398223 PMCID: PMC5408262 DOI: 10.3390/md15040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene cyclases cyclize the open ends of acyclic lycopene (ψ,ψ-carotene) into β- or ε-ionone rings in the crucial bifurcation step of carotenoid biosynthesis. Among all carotenoid constituents, β-carotene (β,β-carotene) is found in all photosynthetic organisms, except for purple bacteria and heliobacteria, suggesting a ubiquitous distribution of lycopene β-cyclase activity in these organisms. In this work, we isolated a gene (BfLCYB) encoding a lycopene β-cyclase from Bangia fuscopurpurea, a red alga that is considered to be one of the primitive multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and accumulates carotenoid constituents with both β- and ε-rings, including β-carotene, zeaxanthin, α-carotene (β,ε-carotene) and lutein. Functional complementation in Escherichia coli demonstrated that BfLCYB is able to catalyze cyclization of lycopene into monocyclic γ-carotene (β,ψ-carotene) and bicyclic β-carotene, and cyclization of the open end of monocyclic δ-carotene (ε,ψ-carotene) to produce α-carotene. No ε-cyclization activity was identified for BfLCYB. Sequence comparison showed that BfLCYB shares conserved domains with other functionally characterized lycopene cyclases from different organisms and belongs to a group of ancient lycopene cyclases. Although B. fuscopurpurea also synthesizes α-carotene and lutein, its enzyme-catalyzing ε-cyclization is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin-Yin Deng
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong 226007, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Kaur N, Pandey A, Kumar P, Pandey P, Kesarwani AK, Mantri SS, Awasthi P, Tiwari S. Regulation of Banana Phytoene Synthase (MaPSY) Expression, Characterization and Their Modulation under Various Abiotic Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:462. [PMID: 28421096 PMCID: PMC5377061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a key regulatory enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study examines the role of PSY in carotenogenesis and stress management in banana. Germplasm screening of 10 Indian cultivars showed that Nendran (3011.94 μg/100 g dry weight) and Rasthali (105.35 μg/100 g dry weight) contained the highest and lowest amounts of β-carotene, respectively in ripe fruit-pulp. Nendran ripe pulp also showed significantly higher antioxidant activity as compared to Rasthali. Meta-analysis of three banana PSY genes (MaPSY1, MaPSY2, and MaPSY3) was performed to identify their structural features, subcellular, and chromosomal localization in banana genome. The distinct expression patterns of MaPSY1, MaPSY2, and MaPSY3 genes were observed in various tissues, and fruit developmental stages of these two contrasting cultivars, suggesting differential regulation of the banana PSY genes. A positive correlation was observed between the expression of MaPSY1 and β-carotene accumulation in the ripe fruit-peel and pulp of Nendran. The presence of stress responsive cis-regulatory motifs in promoter region of MaPSY genes were correlated with the expression pattern during various stress (abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and dark) treatments. The positive modulation of MaPSY1 noticed under abiotic stresses suggested its role in plant physiological functions and defense response. The amino acid sequence analysis of the PSY proteins in contrasting cultivars revealed that all PSY comprises conserved domains related to enzyme activity. Bacterial complementation assay has validated the functional activity of six PSY proteins and among them PSY1 of Nendran (Nen-PSY1) gave the highest activity. These data provide new insights into the regulation of PSY expression in banana by developmental and stress related signals that can be explored in the banana improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Atul K Kesarwani
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Shrikant S Mantri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Praveen Awasthi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India)Mohali, India
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Blatt A, Lohr M. Extraction and Analysis of Carotenoids from Escherichia coli in Color Complementation Assays. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2179. [PMID: 34458489 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A common method to investigate the function of genes putatively involved in carotenoid biosynthesis is the so called color complementation assay in Escherichia coli (see, e.g., Cunningham and Gantt, 2007). In this assay, the gene under investigation is expressed in E. coli strains genetically engineered to synthesize potential carotenoid substrates, followed by analysis of the pigment changes in the carotenogenic bacteria via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two crucial steps in this method are (i) the quantitative extraction of the carotenoids out of E. coli and (ii) the reproducible and complete separation of the pigments by HPLC. Here, we present a protocol for the extraction and analysis of carotenoids with a broad range of polarities from carotenogenic E. coli. The solvent mixture used for extraction keeps both the lipophilic carotenes and the more polar xanthophylls in solution and is compatible with the eluent gradient of the subsequent HPLC analysis. The C30-column used is particularly suitable for the separation of various cis-isomers of carotenoids, but also for separation of stereoisomers such as α- and β-carotene or lutein and zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blatt
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie - Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie - Pflanzenbiochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Flowerika, Alok A, Kumar J, Thakur N, Pandey A, Pandey AK, Upadhyay SK, Tiwari S. Characterization and Expression Analysis of Phytoene Synthase from Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162443. [PMID: 27695116 PMCID: PMC5047459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) regulates the first committed step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. The present work reports identification and characterization of the three PSY genes (TaPSY1, TaPSY2 and TaPSY3) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The TaPSY1, TaPSY2, and TaPSY3 genes consisted of three homoeologs on the long arm of group 7 chromosome (7L), short arm of group 5 chromosome (5S), and long arm of group 5 chromosome (5L), respectively in each subgenomes (A, B, and D) with a similarity range from 89% to 97%. The protein sequence analysis demonstrated that TaPSY1 and TaPSY3 retain most of conserved motifs for enzyme activity. Phylogenetic analysis of all TaPSY revealed an evolutionary relationship among PSY proteins of various monocot species. TaPSY derived from A and D subgenomes shared proximity to the PSY of Triticum urartu and Aegilops tauschii, respectively. The differential expression of TaPSY1, TaPSY2, and TaPSY3 in the various tissues, seed development stages, and stress treatments suggested their role in plant development, and stress condition. TaPSY3 showed higher expression in all tissues, followed by TaPSY1. The presence of multiple stress responsive cis-regulatory elements in promoter region of TaPSY3 correlated with the higher expression during drought and heat stresses has suggested their role in these conditions. The expression pattern of TaPSY3 was correlated with the accumulation of β-carotene in the seed developmental stages. Bacterial complementation assay has validated the functional activity of each TaPSY protein. Hence, TaPSY can be explored in developing genetically improved wheat crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flowerika
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India-160014
| | - Anshu Alok
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Jitesh Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Thakur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Pandey
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
| | | | - Siddharth Tiwari
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India
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Toomey MB, Lind O, Frederiksen R, Curley RW, Riedl KM, Wilby D, Schwartz SJ, Witt CC, Harrison EH, Roberts NW, Vorobyev M, McGraw KJ, Cornwall MC, Kelber A, Corbo JC. Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds. eLife 2016; 5:e15675. [PMID: 27402384 PMCID: PMC4947394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal sensitivities (λmax) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum. In the course of avian evolution, the λmax of the most shortwave-sensitive cone, SWS1, has switched between violet (λmax > 400 nm) and ultraviolet (λmax < 380 nm) multiple times. This shift of the SWS1 opsin is accompanied by a corresponding short-wavelength shift in the spectrally adjacent SWS2 cone. Here, we show that SWS2 cone spectral tuning is mediated by modulating the ratio of two apocarotenoids, galloxanthin and 11’,12’-dihydrogalloxanthin, which act as intracellular spectral filters in this cell type. We propose an enzymatic pathway that mediates the differential production of these apocarotenoids in the avian retina, and we use color vision modeling to demonstrate how correlated evolution of spectral tuning is necessary to achieve even sampling of the light spectrum and thereby maintain near-optimal color discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Olle Lind
- Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rikard Frederiksen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Robert W Curley
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Nutrient and Phytochemical Shared Resource of the OSU-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - David Wilby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Christopher C Witt
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Nicholas W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Misha Vorobyev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin J McGraw
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - M Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Almut Kelber
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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50
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Tong Y, Zhang M, Su P, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Cloning and functional characterization of an isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene fromTripterygium wilfordii. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:863-869. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
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