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Miyumo S, Wasike CB, Ilatsia ED, Bennewitz J, Chagunda MGG. Evaluation of selection strategies in dual-purpose and specialized breeding of indigenous chicken. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103916. [PMID: 38908120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate various selection strategies for adoption in dual-purpose (ICD), meat (ICM) and layer (ICL) breeding goals in indigenous chicken breeding programs. The ICM goal aimed to improve live weight (LW12), daily gain (ADG) and egg weight (EW12) or together with feed efficiency and antibody response. For the ICL goal, age at first egg (AFE) and egg number (EN12) or together with feed efficiency and antibody response were targeted. In the ICD goal, the objective was to improve LW12, ADG, AFE and EN12 or together with feed efficiency and antibody response. Highest total index responses of US$ 49.83, US$ 65.71, and US$ 37.90 were estimated in indices targeting only production traits in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals, respectively. Highest index accuracy estimates of 0.77 and 0.70 were observed in indices that considered production and feed-related traits in the ICD and ICL goals, respectively, while in the ICM goal, the highest estimate of 0.96 was observed in an index targeting only production traits. Inbreeding levels ranged from 0.60 to 1.14% across the various indices considered in the breeding goals. Targeting only production traits in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals required the least number of generations of selection of 7.46, 5.50, and 8.52, respectively, to achieve predefined gains. Generally, a strategy targeting only production traits in a goal was the most optimal but resulted to unfavorable correlated responses in feed efficiency and antibody response. Addition of feed efficiency or/and antibody response in a goal was, however, not attractive due to the decline in total index response and accuracy and increase in inbreeding levels and number of generations of selection. Considering the feed availability and disease challenges in the tropics, choice of including feed efficiency or/and antibody response in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals should depend on targeted production system, resource availability to support breeding activities and magnitude of correlated responses on these traits when not included in the goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Miyumo
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Sub-tropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
| | - Chrilukovian B Wasike
- Livestock Efficiency Enhancement group (LEEG), Department of Animal and Fisheries Sciences, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Evans D Ilatsia
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Poultry Research Program, Naivasha 20117, Kenya
| | - Jörn Bennewitz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Mizeck G G Chagunda
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Sub-tropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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Wang Y, Saelao P, Chanthavixay G, Gallardo RA, Wolc A, Fulton JE, Dekkers JM, Lamont SJ, Kelly TR, Zhou H. Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Affecting Response to Heat Stress with Newcastle Virus Infection in Commercial Layer Chicks Using Chicken 600K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2640. [PMID: 38473888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Genetics plays an important role in chickens adapting to the warm environment. Physiological parameters such as hematochemical parameters change in response to heat stress in chickens. To explore the genetics of heat stress resilience in chickens, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using Hy-Line Brown layer chicks subjected to either high ambient temperature or combined high temperature and Newcastle disease virus infection. Hematochemical parameters were measured during three treatment phases: acute heat stress, chronic heat stress, and chronic heat stress combined with NDV infection. Significant changes in blood parameters were recorded for 11 parameters (sodium (Na+, potassium (K+), ionized calcium (iCa2+), glucose (Glu), pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), oxygen partial pressure (PO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), and oxygen saturation (sO2)) across the three treatments. The GWAS revealed 39 significant SNPs (p < 0.05) for seven parameters, located on Gallus gallus chromosomes (GGA) 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12. The significant genomic regions were further investigated to examine if the genes within the regions were associated with the corresponding traits under heat stress. A candidate gene list including genes in the identified genomic regions that were also differentially expressed in chicken tissues under heat stress was generated. Understanding the correlation between genetic variants and resilience to heat stress is an important step towards improving heat tolerance in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Perot Saelao
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Veterinary Pest Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture U, Kerrville, TX 78006, USA
| | - Ganrea Chanthavixay
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | | | - Jack M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Terra R Kelly
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Genomics to Improve Poultry Innovation Lab, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Sheen JK, Rasambainarivo F, Saad-Roy CM, Grenfell BT, Metcalf CJE. Markets as drivers of selection for highly virulent poultry pathogens. Nat Commun 2024; 15:605. [PMID: 38242897 PMCID: PMC10799013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models have successfully predicted the evolution of poultry pathogen virulence in industrialized farm contexts of broiler chicken populations. Whether there are ecological factors specific to more traditional rural farming that affect virulence is an open question. Within non-industrialized farming networks, live bird markets are known to be hotspots of transmission, but whether they could shift selection pressures on the evolution of poultry pathogen virulence has not been addressed. Here, we revisit predictions for the evolution of virulence for viral poultry pathogens, such as Newcastle's disease virus, Marek's disease virus, and influenza virus, H5N1, using a compartmental model that represents transmission in rural markets. We show that both the higher turnover rate and higher environmental persistence in markets relative to farms could select for higher optimal virulence strategies. In contrast to theoretical results modeling industrialized poultry farms, we find that cleaning could also select for decreased virulence in the live poultry market setting. Additionally, we predict that more virulent strategies selected in markets could circulate solely within poultry located in markets. Thus, we recommend the close monitoring of markets not only as hotspots of transmission, but as potential sources of more virulent strains of poultry pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Sheen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Fidisoa Rasambainarivo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Mahaliana Labs SARL, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Chadi M Saad-Roy
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Ouma EA, Kankya C, Dione M, Kelly T, Enahoro D, Chiwanga G, Abukari Y, Msoffe P, Kayang BB, Zhou H. Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1159331. [PMID: 37465273 PMCID: PMC10352078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smallholder poultry production is a major contributor to food security and rural livelihoods in low-and middle-income countries. However, infectious diseases limit improvements to smallholder poultry production and performance of the sector in general. Infectious diseases of poultry, especially viral diseases, have major impacts on the health and productivity of flocks and account for significant morbidities and mortalities of birds each year. Methods This study utilized participatory epidemiology approaches to better understand the poultry health constraints and challenges faced by smallholder poultry producers in village poultry systems in Northern Ghana and Central Tanzania. Results The results show dominance of small-scale semi-intensive and extensive scavenging poultry production systems in the study areas. Newcastle disease ranked as the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in chickens in the two countries. The disease occurred mainly during the months coinciding with the dry season in both countries. Other health challenges among poultry flocks included worm infestation, fowl pox, coryza, and coccidiosis. Producers, especially in rural locations, had poor access to veterinary services and critical inputs necessary for poultry production. In the Northern region of Ghana, producers lacked definitive diagnoses for sick poultry due to a shortage of veterinary personnel and diagnostic laboratories. Discussion These challenges point to the need for increased investment in poultry disease control and prevention programs, particularly in rural areas. Interventions focused on expansion of veterinary and agricultural extension services and diagnostic laboratory capacity in rural areas and increased gender-sensitive training to enhance smallholder knowledge in poultry husbandry and disease prevention measures will support the development of the smallholder village poultry systems. Tapping into the diverse genetic reservoir of local chicken ecotypes with enhanced resistance to Newcastle disease through genomic selection, coupled with models for enhancing ND vaccination supply and use in the rural areas are potential future avenues for addressing ND constraints to production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Awuor Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dolapo Enahoro
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gaspar Chiwanga
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, South Zone, Mtwara, Tanzania
| | - Yakubu Abukari
- Regional Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Coordinating Council, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Peter Msoffe
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Boniface Baboreka Kayang
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Mutua F, Kiarie G, Mbatha M, Onono J, Boqvist S, Kilonzi E, Mugisha L, Moodley A, Sternberg-Lewerin S. Antimicrobial Use by Peri-Urban Poultry Smallholders of Kajiado and Machakos Counties in Kenya. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050905. [PMID: 37237808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). An understanding of current practices can lead to better targeting of AMU-reducing interventions. An analysis of the distribution and current usage of veterinary drugs in peri-urban smallholder poultry systems in Kenya was undertaken. A survey among poultry farmers and key informant interviews with agrovet operators and other players in the value chain was conducted in Machakos and Kajiado counties. Interview data were analyzed using descriptive and thematic approaches. A total of 100 farmers were interviewed. The majority (58%) were > 50 years old, and all kept chickens, while 66% kept other livestock. Antibiotics constituted 43% of the drugs reportedly used on the farms (n = 706). These were mostly administered by the farmers themselves (86%) through water (98%). Leftover drugs were stored for later use (89%) or disposed of (11%). Incineration was the main method for the disposal of leftover drugs and empty containers. As described by the key informants (n = 17), the drug distribution chain relied on agrovet shops that were supplied by local distributors and pharmaceutical companies, which, in turn, supplied drugs to the farmers. Farmers reportedly purchased drugs without prescriptions and rarely observed the withdrawal periods. Drug quality was a concern, especially for products requiring reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mutua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Gideon Kiarie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Miriam Mbatha
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Joshua Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Kilonzi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Department of Wildlife and Animal Resources Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
- Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance, Kampala P.O. Box 34153, Uganda
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- International Livestock Research Institute, Animal and Human Health Program, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Waweru KM, Omia DO, Kiganane L, Miroro O, Chemuliti J, Nyamongo IK, Bukachi SA. Socio-economic and structural barriers in Newcastle disease vaccines uptake by smallholder women farmers in Southeastern Kenya. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283076. [PMID: 36928483 PMCID: PMC10019603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of the full benefits of chicken rearing by smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan (SSA) Africa is often impeded by poultry diseases which is compounded by limited uptake of vaccination. We interrogate the structural and socioeconomic factors associated with vaccine uptake by women farmers in Southeastern Kenya. A mixed methods design with a convergent approach for comparison of quantitative and qualitative findings was adopted. This involved the administration of a cross section survey to 1274 households, conduct of 23 Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs) and 7 Key informant Interviews (KIIs). Chi Square and t-tests were used to identify factors associated with vaccine uptake. Logistics regression analysis was used to identify the influence of the structural and socioeconomic barriers to vaccine uptake. Findings indicate that having knowledge of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine increases the likelihood of farmers vaccinating their chicken by up to 32.5 times (95% CI [8.46-124.53]) with a 1 unit increase in vaccine knowledge. A farmer's distance away from the nearest ND vaccine vendor was found to reduce the likelihood of farmers vaccinating their chicken by up to 4% (95% CI ([0.93-1.00]) for every 1-kilometre increase in distance away from the vaccine vendors. Farmers who considered vaccines to be effective in preventing ND were 39 times (95% CI [6.23-239.8]) more likely to use ND vaccines than those that did not consider ND vaccine to effective. We surmise that a comprehensive approach that addresses increased ND vaccine knowledge among smallholder women chicken farmers, proximity of ND vendors, as well as cost holds the potential for regular and increased ND vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M. Waweru
- School of Business and Economics, Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Dalmas O. Omia
- Institute of Anthropology Gender and African Studies, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Kiganane
- School of Business and Economics, Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Obadia Miroro
- School of Cooperatives and Community Development, Business and Economics, Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judith Chemuliti
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural Research and Livestock Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Isaac K. Nyamongo
- Cooperative Development Research and Innovation Division, Cooperative University of Kenya Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology Gender and African Studies, Nairobi, Kenya
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Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in poultry in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:214. [PMID: 35705876 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study intended to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease in unvaccinated backyard poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA approach, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 107 epidemiological studies was conducted. The meta-analysis identified significant variation of both seroprevalence (I2 = 99.38, P = 0.00) and Newcastle disease virus prevalence (I2 = 99.52, P = 0.00) reported in various studies included in this review. Publication bias was not detected in either case. Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease was 40.2 (95%CI 32.9-47.8). Seroprevalence was significantly influenced by sampling frame and the African region where the studies were conducted. The prevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was 12% (95%CI 7.3-17.8), and the variation was influenced by sampling frame, diagnostic test, and regions where the studies were conducted. Also, Newcastle disease (ND) accounted for 33.1% (95%CI 11.9-58.1) of sick chickens. Results also indicated that genotypes VI and VII are widely distributed in all countries included in the study. However, genotype V is restricted in East Africa, and genotypes XIV, XVII, and XVIII are restricted in West and Central Africa. On the other hand, genotype XI occurs in Madagascar only. In addition, virulent genotypes were isolated from apparently healthy and sick birds. It is concluded that several genotypes of NDV are circulating and maintained within the poultry population. African countries should therefore strengthen surveillance systems, be able to study the viruses circulating in their territories, and establish control programs.
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Knowledge on diseases, practices, and threats of drugs residues in chicken food chains in selected districts of Dodoma region, Tanzania. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Otiang E, Thumbi SM, Campbell ZA, Njagi LW, Nyaga PN, Palmer GH. Impact of routine Newcastle disease vaccination on chicken flock size in smallholder farms in western Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248596. [PMID: 33735266 PMCID: PMC7971550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry represent a widely held economic, nutritional, and sociocultural asset in rural communities worldwide. In a recent longitudinal study in western Kenya, the reported mean number of chickens per household was 10, with increases in flock size constrained principally by mortality. Newcastle disease virus is a major cause of chicken mortality globally and hypothesized to be responsible for a large part of mortality in smallholder flocks. Our goal was to determine the impact of routine Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination on flock size and use this data to guide programs to improve small flock productivity. Methods We conducted a factorial randomized controlled trial in 537 households: in 254 households all chickens were vaccinated every 3 months with I-2 NDV vaccine while chickens in 283 households served as unvaccinated controls. In both arms of the trial, all chickens were treated with endo- and ecto parasiticides every 3 months. Data on household chicken numbers and reported gains and losses were collected monthly for 18 months. Results Consistent with prior studies, the overall flock size was small but with increases in both arms of the study over time. The mean number of chickens owned at monthly census was 13.06±0.29 in the vaccinated households versus 12.06±0.20 in the control households (p = 0.0026) with significant gains in number of chicks (p = 0.06), growers (p = 0.09), and adults (p = 0.03) in the vaccinated flocks versus the controls. Household reported gains were 4.50±0.12 total chickens per month when vaccinated versus 4.15±0.11 in the non-vaccinated controls (p = 0.03). Gains were balanced by voluntary decreases, reflecting household decision-making for sales or household consumption, which were marginally higher, but not statistically significant, in vaccinated households and by involuntary losses, including mortality and loss due to predation, which were marginally higher in control households. Conclusion Quarterly NDV vaccination and parasiticidal treatment resulted in an increase in flock size by a mean of one bird per household as compared to households where the flock received only parasiticidal treatment. While results suggest that the preventable fraction of mortality attributable to Newcastle disease is comparatively small relatively to all-cause mortality in smallholder households, there was a significant benefit to vaccination in terms of flock size. Comparison with previous flock sizes in the study households indicate a more significant benefit from the combined vaccination and parasiticidal treatment, supporting a comprehensive approach to improving flock health and improving household benefits of production in the smallholder setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkanah Otiang
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Washington State University Global Health-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel M. Thumbi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Washington State University Global Health-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Lucy W. Njagi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Philip N. Nyaga
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Washington State University Global Health-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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10
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The contribution of extensive chicken production systems and practices to Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:164. [PMID: 33587207 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) poses a challenge especially for farmers rearing indigenous chicken under the extensive system. This is due to the lack of uniformity in practices, favoring the introduction and spread of the disease. This is worsened by the lack of information on how management practices contribute to the spread of ND. The current study assessed the role of extensive chicken production systems and management practices on the frequency of ND outbreaks in Kenya using a Poisson regression model (PRM) on primary survey data from 332 farmers in Kakamega and Machakos counties. Descriptive results showed a low access to institutional support services like extension, training, credit, and vaccination services for both male and female farmers. Results from the PRM analysis show that flock size, isolated and confined housing, multi-aged flock mixture, screening of birds, access to ND vaccination, ND awareness, distance to agro-veterinary service providers, and access to animal health training and extension services had significant effects on the frequency of ND outbreaks. The findings underscore the need for innovative extension approaches that facilitate the use of information communication technologies to create more awareness on disease detection and mitigation measures. Use of farmer groups as innovation platforms for enhanced skill sharing and as key peer monitoring channels would also improve compliance with prescribed disease control methods. Further, there is a need for partnerships between local-level county governments, vaccine producers, and agro-veterinary service providers to ensure the development of low-cost vaccines and requisite storage facilities, and their timely delivery to the male and female resource-poor smallholder extensive chicken farmers.
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Kariithi HM, Ferreira HL, Welch CN, Ateya LO, Apopo AA, Zoller R, Volkening JD, Williams-Coplin D, Parris DJ, Olivier TL, Goldenberg D, Binepal YS, Hernandez SM, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010103. [PMID: 33451125 PMCID: PMC7828601 DOI: 10.3390/v13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kenyan poultry consists of ~80% free-range indigenous chickens kept in small flocks (~30 birds) on backyard poultry farms (BPFs) and they are traded via live bird markets (LBMs). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in samples collected from chickens, wild farm birds, and other domestic poultry species during a 2017–2018 survey conducted at 66 BPFs and 21 LBMs in nine Kenyan counties. NDV nucleic acids were detected by rRT-PCR L-test in 39.5% (641/1621) of 1621 analyzed samples, of which 9.67% (62/641) were NDV-positive by both the L-test and a fusion-test designed to identify the virulent virus, with a majority being at LBMs (64.5%; 40/62) compared to BPFs (25.5%; 22/62). Virus isolation and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on a subset of samples resulted in 32 complete NDV genome sequences with 95.8–100% nucleotide identities amongst themselves and 95.7-98.2% identity with other east African isolates from 2010-2016. These isolates were classified as a new sub-genotype, V.3, and shared 86.5–88.9% and 88.5–91.8% nucleotide identities with subgenotypes V.1 and V.2 viruses, respectively. The putative fusion protein cleavage site (113R-Q-K-R↓F 117) in all 32 isolates, and a 1.86 ICPI score of an isolate from a BPF chicken that had clinical signs consistent with Newcastle disease, confirmed the high virulence of the NDVs. Compared to genotypes V and VI viruses, the attachment (HN) protein of 18 of the 32 vNDVs had amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites. A time-scaled phylogeographic analysis suggests a west-to-east dispersal of the NDVs via the live chicken trade, but the virus origins remain unconfirmed due to scarcity of continuous and systematic surveillance data. This study reveals the widespread prevalence of vNDVs in Kenyan backyard poultry, the central role of LBMs in the dispersal and possibly generation of new virus variants, and the need for robust molecular epidemiological surveillance in poultry and non-poultry avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Helena L. Ferreira
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, FZEA-USP, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635900, Brazil
| | - Catharine N. Welch
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Recreation and Parks 33104 NW 192nd Ave, Okeechobee, FL 34972, USA;
| | - Leonard O. Ateya
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Auleria A. Apopo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department for Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives, Nairobi P.O. Box 34188-00100, Kenya;
| | - Richard Zoller
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Dawn Williams-Coplin
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Darren J. Parris
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Tim L. Olivier
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Dana Goldenberg
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
| | - Yatinder S. Binepal
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Road, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya; (L.O.A.); (Y.S.B.)
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and The Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Claudio L. Afonso
- BASE2BIO, Oshkosh, WI 54904, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.L.A.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-770-500-8071 (C.L.A.); +1-706-546-3433 (D.L.S.)
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (H.M.K.); (H.L.F.); (R.Z.); (D.W.-C.); (D.J.P.); (T.L.O.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.A.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-770-500-8071 (C.L.A.); +1-706-546-3433 (D.L.S.)
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Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121025. [PMID: 33291258 PMCID: PMC7762127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Coronaviridae families; the Avulavirinae subfamily; and the Rotavirus genus that might be implicated in such health problems. It presents a brief characterization, and possible interspecies transmission of these viruses. We believe that this review article will help clinical signs of infection, isolation methods, occurrence in pigeons and poultry, systemize and summarize knowledge on pigeon enteropathogenic viruses and raise awareness of the importance of disease control in pigeons.
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13
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Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
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