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Muzik O, Shields AF, Barger GR, Jiang H, Chamiraju P, Juhász C. The First Human Application of an F-18-Labeled Tryptophan Analog for PET Imaging of Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:29-35. [PMID: 38012510 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical studies showed the tryptophan analog PET radiotracer 1-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan (18F-FETrp) to accumulate in various tumors, including gliomas, and being metabolized via the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway. In this first-in-human study, we tested the use 18F-FETrp-PET in patients with neuroendocrine and brain tumors. PROCEDURES We applied dynamic brain imaging in patients with gliomas (n = 2) and multi-pass 3D whole-body PET scans in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (n =4). Semiquantitative analysis of organ and tumor tracer uptake was performed using standardized uptake values (SUVs). In addition, organ dosimetry was performed based on extracted time-activity curves and the OLINDA software. RESULTS Neuroendocrine tumors showed an early peak (10-min post-injection) followed by washout. Both gliomas showed prolonged 18F-FETrp accumulation plateauing around 40 min and showing heterogeneous uptake including non-enhancing tumor regions. Biodistribution showed moderate liver uptake and fast clearance of radioactivity into the urinary bladder; the estimated effective doses were similar to other 18F-labeled radioligands. CONCLUSIONS The study provides proof-of-principle data for the safety and potential clinical value of 18F-FETrp-PET for molecular imaging of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Muzik
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Anthony F Shields
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Huailei Jiang
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- PET Center, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Su Y, Chu Q, Yuan X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1304-1326. [PMID: 37352864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism primarily involves the kynurenine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and indole pathways. A variety of bioactive compounds produced via Trp metabolism can regulate various physiological functions, including inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and neurological function. Emerging evidence supports an intimate relationship between Trp metabolism disorder and diseases. The levels or ratios of Trp metabolites are significantly associated with many clinical features. Additionally, studies have shown that disease progression can be controlled by modulating Trp metabolism. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, Trp-2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase, and Trp hydroxylase are the rate-limiting enzymes that are critical for Trp metabolism. These key regulatory enzymes can be targeted for treating several diseases, including tumors. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of diseases. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress on the role of Trp metabolites in health and disease along with their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiuxian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanshuai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Oldan JD, Giglio BC, Smith E, Zhao W, Bouchard DM, Ivanovic M, Lee YZ, Collichio FA, Meyers MO, Wallack DE, Abernethy-Leinwand A, Long PK, Trembath DG, Googe PB, Kowalski MH, Ivanova A, Ezzell JA, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Thomas NE, Wong TZ, Ollila DW, Li Z, Moschos SJ. Increased tryptophan, but not increased glucose metabolism, predict resistance of pembrolizumab in stage III/IV melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2204753. [PMID: 37123046 PMCID: PMC10142396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2204753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of combined IDO/PD1 blockade in metastatic melanoma (MM) failed to show additional clinical benefit compared to PD1-alone inhibition. We reasoned that a tryptophan-metabolizing pathway other than the kynurenine one is essential. We immunohistochemically stained tissues along the nevus-to-MM progression pathway for tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes (TMEs; TPH1, TPH2, TDO2, IDO1) and the tryptophan transporter, LAT1. We assessed tryptophan and glucose metabolism by performing baseline C11-labeled α-methyl tryptophan (C11-AMT) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of tumor lesions in a prospective clinical trial of pembrolizumab in MM (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03089606). We found higher protein expression of all TMEs and LAT1 in melanoma cells than tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within MM tumors (n = 68). Melanoma cell-specific TPH1 and LAT1 expressions were significantly anti-correlated with TIL presence in MM. High melanoma cell-specific LAT1 and low IDO1 expression were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in MM. Exploratory optimal cutpoint survival analysis of pretreatment 'high' vs. 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax of the hottest tumor lesion per patient revealed that the 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax was associated with longer progression-free survival in our clinical trial (n = 26). We saw no such trends with pretreatment FDG PET SUVmax. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with telotristat, a TPH1 inhibitor, increased IDO expression and kynurenine production in addition to suppression of serotonin production. High melanoma tryptophan metabolism is a poor predictor of pembrolizumab response and an adverse prognostic factor. Serotoninergic but not kynurenine pathway activation may be significant. Melanoma cells outcompete adjacent TILs, eventually depriving the latter of an essential amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D. Oldan
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Eric Smith
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marija Ivanovic
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yueh Z. Lee
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frances A. Collichio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael O. Meyers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana E. Wallack
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Patricia K. Long
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimitri G. Trembath
- Departments of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul B. Googe
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Madeline H. Kowalski
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Ezzell
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nancy E. Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Terence Z. Wong
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David W. Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stergios J. Moschos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- CONTACT Stergios J. Moschos Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
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Advanced Neuroimaging Approaches to Pediatric Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143401. [PMID: 35884462 PMCID: PMC9318188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary After leukemias, brain tumors are the most common cancers in children, and early, accurate diagnosis is critical to improve patient outcomes. Beyond the conventional imaging methods of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), advanced neuroimaging techniques capable of both structural and functional imaging are moving to the forefront to improve the early detection and differential diagnosis of tumors of the central nervous system. Here, we review recent developments in neuroimaging techniques for pediatric brain tumors. Abstract Central nervous system tumors are the most common pediatric solid tumors; they are also the most lethal. Unlike adults, childhood brain tumors are mostly primary in origin and differ in type, location and molecular signature. Tumor characteristics (incidence, location, and type) vary with age. Children present with a variety of symptoms, making early accurate diagnosis challenging. Neuroimaging is key in the initial diagnosis and monitoring of pediatric brain tumors. Conventional anatomic imaging approaches (computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) are useful for tumor detection but have limited utility differentiating tumor types and grades. Advanced MRI techniques (diffusion-weighed imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging, MR spectroscopy, and MR elastography) provide additional and improved structural and functional information. Combined with positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission CT (SPECT), advanced techniques provide functional information on tumor metabolism and physiology through the use of radiotracer probes. Radiomics and radiogenomics offer promising insight into the prediction of tumor subtype, post-treatment response to treatment, and prognostication. In this paper, a brief review of pediatric brain cancers, by type, is provided with a comprehensive description of advanced imaging techniques including clinical applications that are currently utilized for the assessment and evaluation of pediatric brain tumors.
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Esmaeili SA, Hajavi J. The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in allergic disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3297-3306. [PMID: 35028850 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid tryptophan (TRP) is critical for the expansion and survival of cells. During the past few years, the manipulation of tryptophan metabolism via indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) has been presented as a significant regulatory mechanism for tolerance stimulation and the regulation of immune responses. Currently, a considerable number of studies suggest that the role of IDO in T helper 2 (Th2) cell regulation may be different from that of T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. IDO acts as an immunosuppressive tolerogenic enzyme to decrease allergic responses through the stimulation of the Kynurenine-IDO pathway, the subsequent reduction of TRP, and the promotion of Kynurenine products. Kynurenine products motivate T-cell apoptosis and anergy, the propagation of Treg and Th17 cells, and the aberration of the Th1/Th2 response. We suggest that the IDO-kynurenine pathway can function as a negative reaction round for Th1 cells; however, it may play a different role in upregulating principal Th2 immune responses. In this review, we intend to integrate novel results on this pathway in correlation with allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, 9691793718, Gonabad, Iran.
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Lim TX, Ahamed M, Reutens DC. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A diagnostic and therapeutic target in glioma. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:422-435. [PMID: 34624509 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly disease; 5-year survival rates have shown little improvement over the past 30 years. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an important method of identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic molecular targets non-invasively. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that regulates multiple genes involved in immune response modulation and tumorigenesis. The AhR is an attractive potential drug target and studies have shown that its activation by small molecules can modulate innate and adaptive immunity beneficially and prevent AhR-mediated tumour promotion in several cancer types. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of the AhR in glioma tumorigenesis and highlight its potential as an emerging biomarker for glioma therapies targeting the tumour immune response and PET diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Lim
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Li Y, Song Y, Deng G, Tan Q, Xu S, Yang M, Shi H, Hong M, Ye H, Wu C, Ma S, Huang H, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Wang M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Ma J, Li J, Gao L. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 aggravates acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure by triggering excess nitroxidative stress and iron accumulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:578-589. [PMID: 34242792 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF), which is characterized by GSH depletion, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the specific mechanism of APAP-induced ALF remains to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) aggravated APAP-induced ALF associated with excess lipid peroxidation, which was reversed by lipid peroxidation inhibitor (ferrostatin-1). Meanwhile, IDO1 deficiency effectively decreased the accumulation of reactive nitrogen species. Additionally, IDO1 deficiency prevented against APAP-induced liver injury through suppressing the activation of macrophages, thereby reduced their iron uptake and export, eventually reduced iron accumulation in hepatocytes through transferrin and transferrin receptor axis. In summary, our study confirmed that APAP-induced IDO1 aggravated ALF by triggering excess oxidative and nitrative stress and iron accumulation in liver. These results offer new insights for the clinical treatment of ALF or iron-dysregulated liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Li
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhong Song
- Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinxiang Tan
- Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Menghan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Mukeng Hong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixin Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofeng Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuoyi Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huacong Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyun Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Fifth People's Hospital, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Rheumatic & TCM Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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Bolcaen J, Kleynhans J, Nair S, Verhoeven J, Goethals I, Sathekge M, Vandevoorde C, Ebenhan T. A perspective on the radiopharmaceutical requirements for imaging and therapy of glioblastoma. Theranostics 2021; 11:7911-7947. [PMID: 34335972 PMCID: PMC8315062 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous clinical trials and pre-clinical developments, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains a challenge. The current survival rate of GB averages one year, even with an optimal standard of care. However, the future promises efficient patient-tailored treatments, including targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Advances in radiopharmaceutical development have unlocked the possibility to assess disease at the molecular level allowing individual diagnosis. This leads to the possibility of choosing a tailored, targeted approach for therapeutic modalities. Therapeutic modalities based on radiopharmaceuticals are an exciting development with great potential to promote a personalised approach to medicine. However, an effective targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for the treatment of GB entails caveats and requisites. This review provides an overview of existing nuclear imaging and TRT strategies for GB. A critical discussion of the optimal characteristics for new GB targeting therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and clinical indications are provided. Considerations for target selection are discussed, i.e. specific presence of the target, expression level and pharmacological access to the target, with particular attention to blood-brain barrier crossing. An overview of the most promising radionuclides is given along with a validation of the relevant radiopharmaceuticals and theranostic agents (based on small molecules, peptides and monoclonal antibodies). Moreover, toxicity issues and safety pharmacology aspects will be presented, both in general and for the brain in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Xie L, Hu K, Duo Y, Shimokawa T, Kumata K, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Zhang L, Nengaki N, Wakizaka H, Cao Y, Zhang MR. Off-tumor IDO1 target engagements determine the cancer-immune set point and predict the immunotherapeutic efficacy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002616. [PMID: 34148865 PMCID: PMC8237741 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been intensively pursued as a therapeutic target to reverse the immunosuppressive cancer-immune milieu and promote tumor elimination. However, recent failures of phase III clinical trials with IDO1 inhibitors involved in cancer immunotherapies highlight the urgent need to develop appropriate methods for tracking IDO1 when the cancer-immune milieu is therapeutically modified. Methods We utilized a small-molecule radiotracer, 11C-l-1MTrp, to quantitatively and longitudinally visualize whole-body IDO1 dynamics. Specifically, we first assessed 11C-l-1MTrp in mice-bearing contralateral human tumors with distinct IDO1 expression patterns. Then, we applied 11C-l-1MTrp to longitudinally monitor whole-body IDO1 variations in immunocompetent melanoma-bearing mice treated with 1-methyl-l-tryptophan plus either chemotherapeutic drugs or antibodies targeting programmedcell death 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Results 11C-l-1MTrp positron emission tomography (PET) imaging accurately delineated IDO1 expression in xenograft mouse models. Moreover, we were able to visualize dynamic IDO1 regulation in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), an off-tumor IDO1 target, where the percentage uptake of 11C-l-1MTrp accurately annotated the therapeutic efficacy of multiple combination immunotherapies in preclinical models. Remarkably, 11C-l-1MTrp signal intensity in the MLNs was inversely related to the specific growth rates of treated tumors, suggesting that IDO1 expression in the MLNs can serve as a new biomarker of the cancer-immune set point. Conclusions PET imaging of IDO1 with 11C-l-1MTrp is a robust method to assess the therapeutic efficacy of multiple combinatorial immunotherapies, improving our understanding of the merit and challenges of IDO1 regimens. Further validation of this animal data in humans is ongoing. We envision that our results will provide a potential precision medicine paradigm for noninvasive visualizing each patient’s individual response in combinatorial cancer immunotherapy, and tailoring optimal personalized combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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10
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John F, Michelhaugh SK, Barger GR, Mittal S, Juhász C. Depression and tryptophan metabolism in patients with primary brain tumors: Clinical and molecular imaging correlates. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:974-985. [PMID: 32767048 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with brain tumors have an increased risk for depression, whose underlying pathomechanism may involve dysregulated tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism. In this study, we analyzed the relation of depressive symptoms to clinical and tumor characteristics as well as cerebral and systemic tryptophan metabolism in patients with primary brain tumors. Sixty patients with newly-diagnosed or recurrent primary brain tumor underwent testing with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and 34 patients also had positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT). BDI-II scores were correlated with clinical and tumor-related variables, cerebral regional AMT metabolism measured in the non-tumoral hemisphere, and plasma tryptophan metabolite levels. Sixteen patients (27%) had BDI-II scores indicating depression, including 6 with moderate/severe depression. High BDI-II scores were independent of clinical and tumor-related variables except lower Karnofsky Performance Status scores. In patients with recurrent malignant gliomas, depression was associated with shorter survival (hazard ratio: 3.7; p = 0.048). High BDI-II total and somatic subscale scores were associated with higher frontal cortical and thalamic AMT metabolic values measured on PET. In contrast, plasma tryptophan and kynurenine metabolite levels did not correlate with the BDI-II scores. In conclusion, our results confirm previous data that depression affects more than ¼ of patients with primary brain tumors, it is largely independent of tumor characteristics and is associated with shorter survival in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. On PET imaging, higher tryptophan metabolism in the frontal cortex and thalamus was found in those with brain tumor-associated depression and supports the role of dysregulated tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra John
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University and PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien St, MI, Detroit, 48201, USA
| | - Sharon K Michelhaugh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Barger
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R. St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R. St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24014, USA
- Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University and PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien St, MI, Detroit, 48201, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R. St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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11
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Juhász C, Mittal S. Molecular Imaging of Brain Tumor-Associated Epilepsy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121049. [PMID: 33291423 PMCID: PMC7762008 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common clinical manifestation and a source of significant morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Neuroimaging has a pivotal role in neuro-oncology practice, including tumor detection, differentiation, grading, treatment guidance, and posttreatment monitoring. In this review, we highlight studies demonstrating that imaging can also provide information about brain tumor-associated epileptogenicity and assist delineation of the peritumoral epileptic cortex to optimize postsurgical seizure outcome. Most studies focused on gliomas and glioneuronal tumors where positron emission tomography (PET) and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can detect metabolic and biochemical changes associated with altered amino acid transport and metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter abnormalities in and around epileptogenic tumors. PET imaging of amino acid uptake and metabolism as well as activated microglia can detect interictal or peri-ictal cortical increased uptake (as compared to non-epileptic cortex) associated with tumor-associated epilepsy. Metabolic tumor volumes may predict seizure outcome based on objective treatment response during glioma chemotherapy. Advanced MRI, especially glutamate imaging, can detect neurotransmitter changes around epileptogenic brain tumors. Recently, developed PET radiotracers targeting specific glutamate receptor types may also identify therapeutic targets for pharmacologic seizure control. Further studies with advanced multimodal imaging approaches may facilitate development of precision treatment strategies to control brain tumor-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Juhász
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA;
- Carilion Clinic Neurosurgery, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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12
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Melaiu O, Lucarini V, Giovannoni R, Fruci D, Gemignani F. News on immune checkpoint inhibitors as immunotherapy strategies in adult and pediatric solid tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:18-43. [PMID: 32659257 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown unprecedented benefits in various adult cancers, and this success has prompted the exploration of ICI therapy even in childhood malignances. Although the use of ICIs as individual agents has achieved disappointing response rates, combinational therapies are likely to promise better results. However, only a subset of patients experienced prolonged clinical effects, thus suggesting the need to identify robust bio-markers that predict individual clinical response or resistance to ICI therapy as the main challenge. In this review, we focus on how the use of ICIs in adult cancers can be translated into pediatric malignances. We discuss the physiological mechanism of action of each IC, including PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 and the new emerging ones, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, B7-H3, BTLA and IDO-1, and evaluate their prognostic value in both adult and childhood tumors. Furthermore, we offer an overview of preclinical models and clinical trials currently under investigation to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in these patients. Finally, we outline the main predictive factors that influence the efficacy of ICIs, in order to lay the basis for the development of a pan-cancer immunogenomic model, able to direct young patients towards more specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Melaiu
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Doriana Fruci
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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13
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John F, Robinette NL, Amit-Yousif AJ, Bosnyák E, Barger GR, Shah KD, Mittal S, Juhász C. Multimodal Imaging of Nonenhancing Glioblastoma Regions. Mol Imaging 2020; 18:1536012119885222. [PMID: 31736437 PMCID: PMC6862774 DOI: 10.1177/1536012119885222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical glioblastoma treatment mostly focuses on the contrast-enhancing tumor mass. Amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) can detect additional, nonenhancing glioblastoma-infiltrated brain regions that are difficult to distinguish on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We combined MRI with perfusion imaging and amino acid PET to evaluate such nonenhancing glioblastoma regions. METHODS Structural MRI, relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps from perfusion MRI, and α-[11C]-methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT)-PET images were analyzed in 20 patients with glioblastoma. The AMT uptake and rCBV (expressed as tumor to normal [T/N] ratios) were compared in nonenhancing tumor portions showing increased signal on T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2/FLAIR) images. RESULTS Thirteen (65%) tumors showed robust heterogeneity in nonenhancing T2/FLAIR hyperintense areas on AMT-PET, whereas the nonenhancing regions in the remaining 7 cases had homogeneous AMT uptake (low in 6, high in 1). AMT and rCBV T/N ratios showed only a moderate correlation in the nonenhancing regions (r = 0.41, P = .017), but regions with very low rCBV (<0.79 T/N ratio) had invariably low AMT uptake. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate the metabolic and perfusion heterogeneity of nonenhancing T2/FLAIR hyperintense glioblastoma regions. Amino acid PET imaging of such regions can detect glioma-infiltrated brain for treatment targeting; however, very low rCBV values outside the contrast-enhancing tumor mass make increased AMT uptake in nonenhancing glioblastoma regions unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra John
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University and PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alit J Amit-Yousif
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Edit Bosnyák
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University and PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Barger
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Keval D Shah
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University and PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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14
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Perepechaeva ML, Grishanova AY. The Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082863. [PMID: 32325928 PMCID: PMC7215596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary brain tumors, both malignant and benign, are diagnosed in adults at an incidence rate of approximately 23 people per 100 thousand. The role of AhR in carcinogenesis has been a subject of debate, given that this protein may act as either an oncogenic protein or a tumor suppressor in different cell types and contexts. Lately, there is growing evidence that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important part in the development of brain tumors. The role of AhR in brain tumors is complicated, depending on the type of tumor, on ligands that activate AhR, and other features of the pathological process. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about AhR in relation to brain tumors and provide an overview of AhR’s potential as a therapeutic target.
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15
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Werner JM, Lohmann P, Fink GR, Langen KJ, Galldiks N. Current Landscape and Emerging Fields of PET Imaging in Patients with Brain Tumors. Molecules 2020; 25:E1471. [PMID: 32213992 PMCID: PMC7146177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of positron-emission tomography (PET) tracers used to evaluate patients with brain tumors has increased substantially over the last years. For the management of patients with brain tumors, the most important indications are the delineation of tumor extent (e.g., for planning of resection or radiotherapy), the assessment of treatment response to systemic treatment options such as alkylating chemotherapy, and the differentiation of treatment-related changes (e.g., pseudoprogression or radiation necrosis) from tumor progression. Furthermore, newer PET imaging approaches aim to address the need for noninvasive assessment of tumoral immune cell infiltration and response to immunotherapies (e.g., T-cell imaging). This review summarizes the clinical value of the landscape of tracers that have been used in recent years for the above-mentioned indications and also provides an overview of promising newer tracers for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Werner
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener St. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.-M.W.); (G.R.F.)
| | - Philipp Lohmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Leo-Brandt-St., 52425 Juelich, Germany; (P.L.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener St. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.-M.W.); (G.R.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Leo-Brandt-St., 52425 Juelich, Germany; (P.L.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Leo-Brandt-St., 52425 Juelich, Germany; (P.L.); (K.-J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Galldiks
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener St. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.-M.W.); (G.R.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3, -4), Research Center Juelich, Leo-Brandt-St., 52425 Juelich, Germany; (P.L.); (K.-J.L.)
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16
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PET imaging of medulloblastoma with an 18F-labeled tryptophan analogue in a transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3800. [PMID: 32123231 PMCID: PMC7051973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a key modality to evaluate disease status of brain tumors. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made in developing PET imaging methods for pediatric brain tumors. Carbon-11 labelled tryptophan derivatives are feasible as PET imaging probes in brain tumor patients with activation of the kynurenine pathway, but the short half-life of carbon-11 limits its application. Using a transgenic mouse model for the sonic hedgehog (Shh) subgroup of medulloblastoma, here we evaluated the potential of the newly developed 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan (1-L-[18F]FETrp) as a PET imaging probe for this common malignant pediatric brain tumor. 1-L-[18F]FETrp was synthesized on a PETCHEM automatic synthesizer with good chemical and radiochemical purities and enantiomeric excess values. Imaging was performed in tumor-bearing Smo/Smo medulloblastoma mice with constitutive actvation of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor using a PerkinElmer G4 PET-X-Ray scanner. Medulloblastoma showed significant and specific accumulation of 1-L-[18F]FETrp. 1-L-[18F]FETrp also showed significantly higher tumor uptake than its D-enantiomer, 1-D-[18F]FETrp. The uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp in the normal brain tissue was low, suggesting that 1-L-[18F]FETrp may prove a valuable PET imaging probe for the Shh subgroup of medulloblastoma and possibly other pediatric and adult brain tumors.
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17
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Du L, Xing Z, Tao B, Li T, Yang D, Li W, Zheng Y, Kuang C, Yang Q. Both IDO1 and TDO contribute to the malignancy of gliomas via the Kyn-AhR-AQP4 signaling pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:10. [PMID: 32296044 PMCID: PMC7033114 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) initiate the first step of the kynurenine pathway (KP), leading to the transformation of L-tryptophan (Trp) into L-kynurenine (Kyn) and other downstream metabolites. Kyn is known as an endogenous ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Activation of AhR through TDO-derived Kyn is a novel mechanism to support tumor growth in gliomas. However, the role of IDO1 and IDO2 in this mechanism is still unknown. Herein, by using clinical samples, we found that the expression and activity of IDO1 and/or TDO (IDO1/TDO) rather than IDO2 were positively correlated with the pathologic grades of gliomas. The expression of IDO1/TDO rather than IDO2 was positively correlated with the Ki67 index and overall survival. The expression of IDO1/TDO was positively correlated with the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), implying the potential involvement of IDO1/TDO in glioma cell motility. Mechanistically, we found that IDO1/TDO accounted for the release of Kyn, which activated AhR to promote cell motility via the Kyn-AhR-AQP4 signaling pathway in U87MG glioma cells. RY103, an IDO1/TDO dual inhibitor, could block the IDO1/TDO-Kyn-AhR-AQP4 signaling pathway and exert anti-glioma effects in GL261 orthotopic glioma mice. Together, our results showed that the IDO1/TDO-Kyn-AhR-AQP4 signaling pathway is a new mechanism underlying the malignancy of gliomas, and suggest that both IDO1 and TDO might be valuable therapeutic targets for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zikang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Bangbao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weirui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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18
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Dombkowski AA, Cukovic D, Bagla S, Jones M, Caruso JA, Chugani HT, Chugani DC. TLR7 activation in epilepsy of tuberous sclerosis complex. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:993-998. [PMID: 31511910 PMCID: PMC6823312 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immune system have been implicated in epilepsy. We previously reported high levels of microRNAs miR-142-3p and miR-223-3p in epileptogenic brain tissue resected for the treatment of intractable epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). As miR-142-3p has recently been reported to be a ligand and activator of TLR7, a detector of exogenous and endogenous single-stranded RNA, we evaluated TLR7 expression and downstream IL23A activation in surgically resected TSC brain tissue. METHODS Gene expression analysis was performed on cortical tissue obtained from surgery of TSC children with pharmacoresistent epilepsy. Expression of TLRs 2, 4 and 7 was measured using NanoString nCounter assays. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to confirm TLR7 expression and compare TLR7 activation, indicated by IL-23A levels, to levels of miR-142-3p. Protein markers characteristic for TLR7 activation were assessed using data from our existing quantitative proteomics dataset of TSC tissue. Capillary electrophoresis Western blots were used to confirm TLR7 protein expression in a subset of samples. RESULTS TLR7 transcript expression was present in all TSC specimens. The signaling competent form of TLR7 protein was detected in the membrane fraction of each sample tested. Downstream activation of TLR7 was found in epileptogenic lesions having elevated neuroinflammation indicated by clinical neuroimaging. TLR7 activity was significantly associated with tissue levels of miR-142-3p. CONCLUSION TLR7 activation by microRNAs may contribute to the neuroinflammatory cascade in epilepsy in TSC. Further characterization of this mechanism may enable the combined of use of neuroimaging and TLR7 inhibitors in a personalized approach towards the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Dombkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Clinical Pharmacology Room 3L22, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Daniela Cukovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shruti Bagla
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - McKenzie Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Harry T Chugani
- Katzin Diagnostic and Research PET/MR Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane C Chugani
- Katzin Diagnostic and Research PET/MR Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
- Departments of Communication Sciences and Disorders, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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19
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Kim HY, Lee JY, Lee YS, Jeong JM. Design and synthesis of enantiopure 18 F-labelled [ 18 F]trifluoromethyltryptophan from 2-halotryptophan derivatives via copper(I)-mediated [ 18 F]trifluoromethylation and evaluation of its in vitro characterization for the serotonergic system imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:566-579. [PMID: 31134670 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized [18 F]trifluoromethyl-l-tryptophan ([18 F]CF3 -l-Trp) using Cu(I)-mediated [18 F]trifluoromethylation to image serotonergic system. Radiochemical yield was 6 ± 1.5% (n = 9), and radiochemical purity was over 99%. The molar activity was 0.44 to 0.76 GBq/μmol. [18 F]CF3 -l-Trp was stable for up to 6 hours in mouse and human sera at 37°C. Protein-binding was 0.26 ± 0.03% and 0.34 ± 0.02% in human and mouse serum at 60 minutes, respectively. In conclusion, enantiopure [18 F]CF3 -l-Trp was synthesized as a feasible imaging agent for the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lukas RV, Juhász C, Wainwright DA, James CD, Kennedy E, Stupp R, Lesniak MS. Imaging tryptophan uptake with positron emission tomography in glioblastoma patients treated with indoximod. J Neurooncol 2019; 141:111-120. [PMID: 30415456 PMCID: PMC6414051 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system, accounting for over 50% of all primary malignant gliomas arising in the adult brain. Even after surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, as well as tumor-treating fields, the median survival is only 15-20 months. We have identified a pathogenic mechanism that contributes to the tumor-induced immunosuppression in the form of increased indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression; an enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan (Trp), into kynurenine (Kyn). However, real-time measurements of IDO1 activity has yet to become mainstream in clinical protocols for assessing IDO1 activity in GBM patients. METHODS Pre-treatment and on-treatment α-[11C]-methyl-L-Trp (AMT) positron emission tomography (PET) with co-registered MRI was performed on patients with recurrent GBM treated with the IDO1 pathway inhibitor indoximod (D1-MT) and TMZ. RESULTS Regional intratumoral variability of AMT within enhancing and non-enhancing tumor was noted at baseline. On treatment imaging revealed decreased regional uptake suggesting IDO1 pathway modulation with treatment. CONCLUSIONS Here, we have validated the ability to use PET of the Trp probe, AMT, for use in visualizing and quantifying intratumoral Trp uptake in GBM patients treated with an IDO1 pathway inhibitor. These data serve as rationale to utilize AMT-PET imaging in the future evaluation of GBM patients treated with IDO1 enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas V Lukas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall 1114, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Charles David James
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Roger Stupp
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall 1114, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
- Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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21
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Improved Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluations of L- and D-1-[ 18F]Fluoroethyl-Tryptophan for PET Imaging of IDO-Mediated Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:589-598. [PMID: 27815661 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tryptophan metabolism via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-mediated kynurenine pathway plays a role in immunomodulation and has been emerging as a plausible target for cancer immunotherapy. Imaging IDO-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET) could provide valuable information for noninvasive assessment of cancer immunotherapy response. In this work, radiotracer 1-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tryptophan (1-L-[18F]FETrp) and its enantioisomer 1-D-[18F]FETrp were synthesized and evaluated for PET imaging of IDO-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. PROCEDURES Enantiopure 1-L-[18F]FETrp and 1-D-[18F]FETrp were prepared by a nucleophilic reaction of N-boc-1-(2-tosylethyl) tryptophan tert-butyl ester with [18F]Fluoride, followed by acid hydrolysis in a GE Tracerlab FX-N module. In vitro cell uptake assays were performed with a breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Small animal PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging was carried out in a mouse model bearing MDA-MB-231 xenografts. RESULTS Automatic radiosynthesis of 1-L-[18F]FETrp and 1-D-[18F]FETrp was achieved by a one-pot two-step approach in 19.0 ± 7.0 and 9.0 ± 3.0 % (n = 3) decay-corrected yield with radiochemical purity over 99 %, respectively. In vitro cell uptake study indicated the uptake of 1-D-[18F]FETrp in MDA-MB-231 cells was 0.73 ± 0.07 %/mg of protein at 60 min, while, the corresponding uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp was 6.60 ± 0.77 %/mg. Further mechanistic assays revealed that amino acid transport systems L-tpye amino acid transporter (LAT) and alanine-, serine-, and cysteine-preferring (ASC), and enzyme IDO expression were involved in cell uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp. Small animal PET/CT imaging study showed the tumor uptake of 1-L-[18F]FETrp was 4.6 ± 0.4 % ID/g, while, the tumor uptake of 1-D-[18F]FETrp was low to 1.0 ± 0.2 % ID/g, which were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution study. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a practical method for the automatic radiosynthesis of 1-L-[18F]FETrp and 1-D-[18F]FETrp. Our biological evaluation results suggest that 1-L-[18F]FETrp is a promising radiotracer for PET imaging of IDO-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in cancer.
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22
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Huang X, Pan Z, Doligalski ML, Xiao X, Ruiz E, Budzevich MM, Tian H. Evaluation of radiofluorinated carboximidamides as potential IDO-targeted PET tracers for cancer imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46900-46914. [PMID: 28159919 PMCID: PMC5564531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IDO1 is an enzyme catalyzing the initial and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. IDO1 expression could suppress immune responses by blocking T-lymphocyte proliferation locally, suggesting a role of IDO in the regulation of immune responses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of radiofluorinated carboximidamides as selective PET radioligands for IDO1. Specific binding correlated with IDO1 expression as measured through in vitro, microPET experiments. Specific accumulation of the new radiotracer [18F]IDO49 was observed in IDO1-expressing tumors and confirmed by Western blot and IHC analyses. These results suggest that [18F]IDO49 has substantial potential as an imaging agent that targets IDO1 in tumors, and therefore may be utilized as a companion diagnostic for IDO1 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhongjie Pan
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Vascular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael L Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Epifanio Ruiz
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mikalai M Budzevich
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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23
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Guastella AR, Michelhaugh SK, Klinger NV, Fadel HA, Kiousis S, Ali-Fehmi R, Kupsky WJ, Juhász C, Mittal S. Investigation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the intrinsic tumoral component of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in primary brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:239-249. [PMID: 29667084 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is mounting evidence supporting the role of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the pathogenesis of primary brain tumors. Under normal physiological conditions, the KP is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid tryptophan. However, in cancer cells, the KP becomes dysregulated, depletes local tryptophan, and contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. METHODS We examined the protein expression levels (in 73 gliomas and 48 meningiomas) of the KP rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1, IDO2, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), as well as, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a carcinogenic transcription factor activated by KP metabolites. In addition, we utilized commercially available small-molecules to pharmacologically modulate IDO1, IDO2, TDO2, and AhR in patient-derived glioma and meningioma cell lines (n = 9 each). RESULTS We observed a positive trend between the grade of the tumor and the average immunohistochemical staining score for IDO1, IDO2, and TDO2, with TDO2 displaying the strongest immunostaining. AhR immunostaining was present in all grades of gliomas and meningiomas, with the greatest staining intensity noted in glioblastomas. Immunocytochemical staining showed a positive trend between nuclear localization of AhR and histologic grade in both gliomas and meningiomas, suggesting increased AhR activation with higher tumor grade. Unlike enzyme inhibition, AhR antagonism markedly diminished patient-derived tumor cell viability, regardless of tumor type or grade, following in vitro drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that AhR may offer a novel and robust therapeutic target for a patient population with highly limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Guastella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Neil V Klinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hassan A Fadel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sam Kiousis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rouba Ali-Fehmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - William J Kupsky
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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24
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Tang T, Gill HS, Ogasawara A, Tinianow JN, Vanderbilt AN, Williams SP, Hatzivassiliou G, White S, Sandoval W, DeMent K, Wong M, Marik J. Preparation and evaluation of L- and D-5-[ 18F]fluorotryptophan as PET imaging probes for indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 51:10-17. [PMID: 28511073 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and TDO2) are pyrrolases catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of the 2,3-double bond of L-tryptophan in kynurenine pathway. In the tumor microenvironment, their increased activity prevents normal immune function, i.e. tumor cell recognition and elimination by cytotoxic T-cells. Consequently, inhibition of the kynurenine pathway may enhance the activity of cancer immunotherapeutics by reversing immune dysfunction. We sought to investigate the properties of radiolabeled 5-[18F]fluorotryptophan with respect to its ability for measuring IDO1 and TDO2 activity by positron emission tomography (PET). RESULTS L-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan and D-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan were synthesized by Cu(I) catalyzed [18F]fluorodeboronylation of Boc/tBu protected precursors in moderate yields (1.5±0.6%) sufficient for pre-clinical studies. The specific activity of the product was 407-740GBq/μmol, radiochemical purity >99% and enantiomeric excess 90-99%. Enzymatic assay confirmed that L-5-fluorotryptophan is an IDO1 and TDO2 substrate whereas the D-isomer is not. In-vitro cell uptake experiments using CT26 cells with doxycycline-induced overexpression of human-IDO1 and human-TDO2 revealed an elevated cell uptake of L-5-[18F]fluorotryptophan upon induction of IDO1 or TDO2 enzymes compared to baseline; however, the uptake was observed only in the presence of low L-tryptophan levels in media. PET imaging experiments performed using tumor bearing mouse models expressing IDO1 at various levels (CT26, CT26-hIDO1, 17082A, 17095A) showed tumor uptake of the tracer elevated up to 8%ID/g; however, the observed tumor uptake could not be attributed to IDO1 activity in the tumor tissue. The metabolism of L- and D- isomers was markedly different in vivo, the D-isomer was excreted by a combination of hepatobiliary and renal routes, the L-isomer underwent extensive metabolism to [18F]fluoride. CONCLUSION The observed in vivo tumor uptake of the tracer could not be attributed to IDO1 or TDO2 enzyme activity in the tumor, presumably due to competition with endogenous tryptophan as well as rapid tracer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Tang
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Herman S Gill
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Annie Ogasawara
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeff N Tinianow
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander N Vanderbilt
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Simon-Peter Williams
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Georgia Hatzivassiliou
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sharla White
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kevin DeMent
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mengling Wong
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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25
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Muzik O, Burghardt P, Yi Z, Kumar A, Seyoum B. Successful metformin treatment of insulin resistance is associated with down-regulation of the kynurenine pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:29-32. [PMID: 28478038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT An extensive body of literature indicates a relationship between insulin resistance and the up-regulation of the kynurenine pathway, i.e. the preferential conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, with subsequent overproduction of diabetogenic downstream metabolites, such as kynurenic acid. CASE DESCRIPTION We have measured the concentration of kynurenine pathway metabolites (kynurenines) in the brain and pancreas of two young (27 and 28 yrs) insulin resistant, normoglycemic subjects (M-values 2 and 4 mg/kg/min, respectively) using quantitative C-11-alpha-methyl-tryptophan PET/CT imaging. Both subjects underwent a preventive 12-week metformin treatment regimen (500 mg daily) prior to the PET/CT study. Whereas treatment was successful in one of the subject (M-value increased from 2 to 12 mg/kg/min), response was poor in the other subjects (M-value changed from 4 to 5 mg/kg/min). Brain and pancreas concentrations of kynurenines observed in the responder were similar to that in a healthy control subject, whereas kynurenines determined in the non-responder were about 25% higher and similar to those found in a severely insulin resistant patient. Consistent with this outcome, M-values were negatively correlated with both kynurenic acid levels (R2 = 0.68, p = 0.09) as well as with the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (R2 = 0.63, p = 0.11). CONCLUSION The data indicates that kynurenine pathway metabolites are increased in subjects with insulin resistance prior to overt manifestation of hyperglycemia. Moreover, successful metformin treatment leads to a normalization of tryptophan metabolism, most likely as a result of decreased contribution from the kynurenine metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Muzik
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Paul Burghardt
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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26
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Michelhaugh SK, Muzik O, Guastella AR, Klinger NV, Polin LA, Cai H, Xin Y, Mangner TJ, Zhang S, Juhász C, Mittal S. Assessment of Tryptophan Uptake and Kinetics Using 1-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-l-Tryptophan and α-11C-Methyl-l-Tryptophan PET Imaging in Mice Implanted with Patient-Derived Brain Tumor Xenografts. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:208-213. [PMID: 27765857 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.179994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases including cancers. α-11C-methyl-l-tryptophan (11C-AMT) PET imaging demonstrated increased tryptophan uptake and trapping in epileptic foci and brain tumors, but the short half-life of 11C limits its widespread clinical application. Recent in vitro studies suggested that the novel radiotracer 1-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tryptophan (18F-FETrp) may be useful to assess tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway. In this study, we tested in vivo organ and tumor uptake and kinetics of 18F-FETrp in patient-derived xenograft mouse models and compared them with 11C-AMT uptake. METHODS Xenograft mouse models of glioblastoma and metastatic brain tumors (from lung and breast cancer) were developed by subcutaneous implantation of patient tumor fragments. Dynamic PET scans with 18F-FETrp and 11C-AMT were obtained for mice bearing human brain tumors 1-7 d apart. The biodistribution and tumoral SUVs for both tracers were compared. RESULTS 18F-FETrp showed prominent uptake in the pancreas and no bone uptake, whereas 11C-AMT showed higher uptake in the kidneys. Both tracers showed uptake in the xenograft tumors, with a plateau of approximately 30 min after injection; however, 18F-FETrp showed higher tumoral SUV than 11C-AMT in all 3 tumor types tested. The radiation dosimetry for 18F-FETrp determined from the mouse data compared favorably with the clinical 18F-FDG PET tracer. CONCLUSION 18F-FETrp tumoral uptake, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry data provide strong preclinical evidence that this new radiotracer warrants further studies that may lead to a broadly applicable molecular imaging tool to examine abnormal tryptophan metabolism in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otto Muzik
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Anthony R Guastella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Neil V Klinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lisa A Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hancheng Cai
- Department of Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texasand
| | - Yangchun Xin
- Department of Radiology and Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texasand
| | - Thomas J Mangner
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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27
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Juhász C, Bosnyák E. PET and SPECT studies in children with hemispheric low-grade gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:1823-32. [PMID: 27659825 PMCID: PMC5120676 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is playing an increasing role in the pretreatment evaluation of low-grade gliomas. While glucose positron emission tomography (PET) can be helpful to differentiate low-grade from high-grade tumors, PET imaging with amino acid radiotracers has several advantages, such as better differentiation between tumors and non-tumorous lesions, optimized biopsy targeting, and improved detection of tumor recurrence. This review provides a brief overview of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies followed by a more detailed review of the clinical applications of glucose and amino acid PET imaging in low-grade hemispheric gliomas. We discuss key differences in the performance of the most commonly utilized PET radiotracers and highlight the advantage of PET/MRI fusion to obtain optimal information about tumor extent, heterogeneity, and metabolism. Recent data also suggest that simultaneous acquisition of PET/MR images and the combination of advanced MRI techniques with quantitative PET can further improve the pretreatment and post-treatment evaluation of pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Juhász
- Departments of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Departments of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Edit Bosnyák
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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28
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Chugani DC, Chugani HT, Wiznitzer M, Parikh S, Evans PA, Hansen RL, Nass R, Janisse JJ, Dixon-Thomas P, Behen M, Rothermel R, Parker JS, Kumar A, Muzik O, Edwards DJ, Hirtz D. Efficacy of Low-Dose Buspirone for Restricted and Repetitive Behavior in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr 2016; 170:45-53.e1-4. [PMID: 26746121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine safety and efficacy of the 5HT1A serotonin partial agonist buspirone on core autism and associated features in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). STUDY DESIGN Children 2-6 years of age with ASD (N = 166) were randomized to receive placebo or 2.5 or 5.0 mg of buspirone twice daily. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of 24 weeks of buspirone on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Composite Total Score. Secondary objectives included evaluating the effects of buspirone on social competence, repetitive behaviors, language, sensory dysfunction, and anxiety and to assess side effects. Positron emission tomography measures of tryptophan metabolism and blood serotonin concentrations were assessed as predictors of buspirone efficacy. RESULTS There was no difference in the ADOS Composite Total Score between baseline and 24 weeks among the 3 treatment groups (P = .400); however, the ADOS Restricted and Repetitive Behavior score showed a time-by-treatment effect (P = .006); the 2.5-mg buspirone group showed significant improvement (P = .003), whereas placebo and 5.0-mg buspirone groups showed no change. Children in the 2.5-mg buspirone group were more likely to improve if they had fewer foci of increased brain tryptophan metabolism on positron emission tomography (P = .018) or if they showed normal levels of blood serotonin (P = .044). Adverse events did not differ significantly among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 2.5 mg of buspirone in young children with ASD might be a useful adjunct therapy to target restrictive and repetitive behaviors in conjunction with behavioral interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00873509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Chugani
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI.
| | - Harry T Chugani
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Max Wiznitzer
- Neuroscience Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Cleveland Clinic Neurogenetics & Metabolism, Neuroscience Institute Lerner College of Medicine-Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Patricia A Evans
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Robin L Hansen
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Ruth Nass
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - James J Janisse
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Pamela Dixon-Thomas
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Behen
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Robert Rothermel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jacqueline S Parker
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Otto Muzik
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - David J Edwards
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Hirtz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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29
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Bosnyák E, Kamson DO, Behen ME, Barger GR, Mittal S, Juhász C. Imaging cerebral tryptophan metabolism in brain tumor-associated depression. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:56. [PMID: 26475140 PMCID: PMC4608955 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression in patients with brain tumors is associated with impaired quality of life and shorter survival. Altered metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin and kynurenine metabolites may play a role in tumor-associated depression. Our recent studies with alpha[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT)-PET in brain tumor patients indicated abnormal tryptophan metabolism not only in the tumor mass but also in normal-appearing contralateral brain. In the present study, we explored if tryptophan metabolism in such brain regions is associated with depression. METHODS Twenty-one patients (mean age: 57 years) with a brain tumor (10 meningiomas, 8 gliomas, and 3 brain metastases) underwent AMT-PET scanning. MRI and AMT-PET images were co-registered, and AMT kinetic parameters, including volume of distribution (VD', an estimate of net tryptophan transport) and K (unidirectional uptake, related to tryptophan metabolism), were measured in the tumor mass and in unaffected cortical and subcortical regions contralateral to the tumor. Depression scores (based on the Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]) were correlated with tumor size, grade, type, and AMT-PET variables. RESULTS The mean BDI-II score was 12 ± 10 (range: 2-33); clinical levels of depression were identified in seven patients (33 %). High BDI-II scores were most strongly associated with high thalamic AMT K values both in the whole group (Spearman's rho = 0.63, p = 0.004) and in the subgroup of 18 primary brain tumors (r = 0.68, p = 0.004). Frontal and striatal VD' values were higher in the depressed subgroup than in non-depressed patients (p < 0.05); the group difference was even more robust when moderately/severely depressed patients were compared to patients with no/mild depression (frontal: p = 0.005; striatal: p < 0.001). Tumor size, grade, and tumor type were not related to depression scores. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities of tryptophan transport and metabolism in the thalamus, striatum, and frontal cortex, measured by PET, are associated with depression in patients with brain tumor. These changes may indicate an imbalance between the serotonin and kynurenine pathways and serve as a molecular imaging marker of brain tumor-associated depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02367469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Bosnyák
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - David O Kamson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Michael E Behen
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Geoffrey R Barger
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, 4160 John R., Suite 930, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Tryptophan PET predicts spatial and temporal patterns of post-treatment glioblastoma progression detected by contrast-enhanced MRI. J Neurooncol 2015; 126:317-25. [PMID: 26514361 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid PET is increasingly utilized for the detection of recurrent gliomas. Increased amino acid uptake is often observed outside the contrast-enhancing brain tumor mass. In this study, we evaluated if non-enhancing PET+ regions could predict spatial and temporal patterns of subsequent MRI progression in previously treated glioblastomas. Twelve patients with a contrast-enhancing area suspicious for glioblastoma recurrence on MRI underwent PET scanning with the amino acid radiotracer alpha-[(11)C]-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT). Brain regions showing increased AMT uptake in and outside the contrast-enhancing volume were objectively delineated to include high uptake consistent with glioma (as defined by previous studies). Volume and tracer uptake of such non-enhancing PET+ regions were compared to spatial patterns and timing of subsequent progression of the contrast-enhancing lesion, as defined by serial surveillance MRI. Non-enhancing PET+ volumes varied widely across patients and extended up to 24 mm from the edge of MRI contrast enhancement. In ten patients with clear progression of the contrast-enhancing lesion, the non-enhancing PET+ volumes predicted the location of new enhancement, which extended beyond the PET+ brain tissue in six. In two patients, with no PET+ area beyond the initial contrast enhancement, MRI remained stable. There was a negative correlation between AMT uptake in non-enhancing brain and time to subsequent progression (r = -0.77, p = 0.003). Amino acid PET imaging could complement MRI not only for detecting glioma recurrence but also predicting the location and timing of subsequent tumor progression. This could support decisions for surgical intervention or other targeted therapies for recurrent gliomas.
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Jeong JW, Juhász C, Mittal S, Bosnyák E, Kamson DO, Barger GR, Robinette NL, Kupsky WJ, Chugani DC. Multi-modal imaging of tumor cellularity and Tryptophan metabolism in human Gliomas. Cancer Imaging 2015; 15:10. [PMID: 26245742 PMCID: PMC4527188 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-015-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To assess gliomas using image-based estimation of cellularity, we utilized isotropic diffusion spectrum imaging (IDSI) on clinically feasible diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and compared it with amino acid uptake measured by α[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan positron emission tomography (AMT-PET). Methods In 10 patients with a newly-diagnosed glioma, metabolically active tumor regions were defined in both FLAIR hyperintense areas and based on increased uptake on AMT-PET. A recently developed independent component analysis with a ball and stick model was extended to perform IDSI in clinical DTI data. In tumor regions, IDSI was used to define tumor cellularity which was compared between low and high grade glioma and correlated with the glioma proliferative index. Results The IDSI-derived cellularity values were elevated in both FLAIR and AMT-PET-derived regions of high-grade gliomas. ROC curve analysis found that the IDSI-derived cellularity can provide good differentiation of low-grade from high-grade gliomas (accuracy/sensitivity/specificity of 0.80/0.80/0.80). . Both apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and IDSI-derived cellularity showed a significant correlation with the glioma proliferative index (based on Ki-67 labeling; R = 0.95, p < 0.001), which was particularly strong when the tumor regions were confined to areas with high tryptophan uptake excluding areas with peritumoral edema. Conclusion IDSI-MRI combined with AMT-PET may provide a multi-modal imaging tool to enhance pretreatment assessment of human gliomas by evaluating tumor cellularity and differentiate low-grade form high-grade gliomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40644-015-0045-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Jeong
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Edit Bosnyák
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - David O Kamson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Geoffrey R Barger
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - William J Kupsky
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Diane C Chugani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Bosnyák E, Kamson DO, Guastella AR, Varadarajan K, Robinette NL, Kupsky WJ, Muzik O, Michelhaugh SK, Mittal S, Juhász C. Molecular imaging correlates of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway in human meningiomas. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1284-92. [PMID: 26092774 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) is a key mechanism of tumoral immune suppression in gliomas. However, details of tryptophan metabolism in meningiomas have not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated in vivo tryptophan metabolism in meningiomas and compared it with gliomas using α-[(11)C]-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT)-PET. We also explored expression patterns of KP enzymes in resected meningiomas. METHODS Forty-seven patients with MRI-detected meningioma (n = 16) and glioma (n = 31) underwent presurgical AMT-PET scanning. Tumoral AMT uptake and tracer kinetic parameters (including K and k3' evaluating unidirectional uptake and trapping, respectively) were measured, correlated with meningioma grade, and compared between meningiomas and gliomas. Patterns of KP enzyme expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in all meningiomas. RESULTS Meningioma grade showed a positive correlation with AMT k3' tumor/cortex ratio (r = 0.75, P = .003), and this PET parameter distinguished grade I from grade II/III meningiomas with 92% accuracy. Kinetic AMT parameters could differentiate meningiomas from both low-grade gliomas (97% accuracy by k3' ratios) and high-grade gliomas (83% accuracy by K ratios). Among 3 initial KP enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1/2, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 2 [TDO2]), TDO2 showed the strongest immunostaining, particularly in grade I meningiomas. TDO2 also showed a strong negative correlation with AMT k3' ratios (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS PET imaging of tryptophan metabolism can provide quantitative imaging markers for differentiating grade I from grade II/III meningiomas. TDO2 may be an important driver of in vivo tryptophan metabolism in these tumors. These results can have implications for pharmacological targeting of the KP in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Bosnyák
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - David O Kamson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Anthony R Guastella
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Kaushik Varadarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - William J Kupsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Otto Muzik
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Sharon K Michelhaugh
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., K.V., S.K.M., S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (A.R.G., S.M.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, , Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); PET Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan (E.B., D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., W.J.K., S.M., C.J.)
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Juhász C, Dwivedi S, Kamson DO, Michelhaugh SK, Mittal S. Comparison of amino acid positron emission tomographic radiotracers for molecular imaging of primary and metastatic brain tumors. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 24825818 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technology that can detect and characterize tumors based on their molecular and biochemical properties, such as altered glucose, nucleoside, or amino acid metabolism. PET plays a significant role in the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of various cancers, including brain tumors. In this article, we compare uptake mechanisms and the clinical performance of the amino acid PET radiotracers (l-[methyl-11C]methionine [MET], 18F-fluoroethyl-tyrosine [FET], 18F-fluoro-l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine [FDOPA], and 11C-alpha-methyl-l-tryptophan [AMT]) most commonly used for brain tumor imaging. First, we discuss and compare the mechanisms of tumoral transport and accumulation, the basis of differential performance of these radioligands in clinical studies. Then we summarize studies that provided direct comparisons among these amino acid tracers and to clinically used 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose [FDG] PET imaging. We also discuss how tracer kinetic analysis can enhance the clinical information obtained from amino acid PET images. We discuss both similarities and differences in potential clinical value for each radioligand. This comparative review can guide which radiotracer to favor in future clinical trials aimed at defining the role of these molecular imaging modalities in the clinical management of brain tumor patients.
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Huang X, Gillies RJ, Tian H. Synthesis of [(18) F] 4-amino-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide (IDO5L): a novel potential PET probe for imaging of IDO1 expression. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:156-62. [PMID: 25690452 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To synthesize (18) F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligands, reliable labeling techniques inserting (18) F into a target molecule are necessary. The (18) F-fluorobenzene moiety has been widely utilized in the synthesis of (18) F-labeled compounds. The present study utilized [(18) F]-labeled aniline as intermediate in [(18) F]-radiolabeling chemistry for the facile radiosynthesis of 4-amino-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N'-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide ([(18) F]IDO5L) as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) targeted tracer. IDO5L is a highly potent inhibitor of IDO1 with low nanomolar IC50 . [(18) F]IDO5L was synthesized via coupling [(18) F]3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline with carboximidamidoyl chloride as a potential PET probe for imaging IDO1 expression. Under the optimized labeling conditions, chemically and radiochemically pure (>98%) [(18) F]IDO5L was obtained with specific radioactivity ranging from 11 to 15 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis within ~90 min, and the decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 18.2 ± 2.1% (n = 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Kamson DO, Lee TJ, Varadarajan K, Robinette NL, Muzik O, Chakraborty PK, Snyder M, Barger GR, Mittal S, Juhász C. Clinical significance of tryptophan metabolism in the nontumoral hemisphere in patients with malignant glioma. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1605-10. [PMID: 25189339 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.141002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-(11)C-methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) PET allows evaluation of brain serotonin synthesis and can also track upregulation of the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway in tumor tissue. Increased AMT uptake is a hallmark of World Health Organization grade III-IV gliomas. Our recent study also suggested decreased frontal cortical AMT uptake in glioma patients contralateral to the tumor. The clinical significance of extratumoral tryptophan metabolism has not been established. In the present study, we investigated clinical correlates of tryptophan metabolic abnormalities in the nontumoral hemisphere of glioma patients. METHODS Standardized AMT uptake values (SUVs) and the uptake rate constant of AMT (K [mL/g/min], a measure proportional to serotonin synthesis in nontumoral gray matter) were quantified in the frontal and temporal cortex and thalamus in the nontumoral hemisphere in 77 AMT PET scans of 66 patients (41 men, 25 women; mean age ± SD, 55 ± 15 y) with grade III-IV gliomas. These AMT values were determined before treatment in 35 and after treatment in 42 patients and were correlated with clinical variables and survival. RESULTS AMT uptake in the thalamus showed a moderate age-related increase before treatment (SUV, r = 0.39, P = 0.02) but decrease after treatment (K, r = -0.33, P = 0.057). Women had higher thalamic SUVs before treatment (P = 0.037) and higher thalamic (P = 0.013) and frontal cortical K values (P = 0.023) after treatment. In the posttreatment glioma group, high thalamic SUVs and high thalamocortical SUV ratios were associated with short survival in Cox regression analysis. The thalamocortical ratio remained strongly prognostic (P < 0.01) when clinical predictors, including age, glioma grade, and time since radiotherapy, were entered in the regression model. Long interval between radiotherapy and posttreatment AMT PET as well as high radiation dose affecting the thalamus were associated with lower contralateral thalamic or cortical AMT uptake values. CONCLUSION These observations provide evidence for altered tryptophan uptake in contralateral cortical and thalamic brain regions in glioma patients after initial therapy, suggesting treatment effects on the serotonergic system. Low thalamic tryptophan uptake appears to be a strong, independent predictor of long survival in patients with previous glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Kamson
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tiffany J Lee
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kaushik Varadarajan
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Otto Muzik
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pulak K Chakraborty
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Geoffrey R Barger
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Csaba Juhász
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Mauge L, Terme M, Tartour E, Helley D. Control of the adaptive immune response by tumor vasculature. Front Oncol 2014; 4:61. [PMID: 24734218 PMCID: PMC3975114 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is nowadays described as an entire organ that regulates various processes: vascular tone, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell trafficking, depending on the vascular site and its specific microenvironment as well as on endothelial cell-intrinsic mechanisms like epigenetic changes. In this review, we will focus on the control of the adaptive immune response by the tumor vasculature. In physiological conditions, the endothelium acts as a barrier regulating cell trafficking by specific expression of adhesion molecules enabling adhesion of immune cells on the vessel, and subsequent extravasation. This process is also dependent on chemokine and integrin expression, and on the type of junctions defining the permeability of the endothelium. Endothelial cells can also regulate immune cell activation. In fact, the endothelial layer can constitute immunological synapses due to its close interactions with immune cells, and the delivery of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In tumor conditions, the vasculature is characterized by an abnormal vessel structure and permeability, and by a specific phenotype of endothelial cells. All these abnormalities lead to a modulation of intra-tumoral immune responses and contribute to the development of intra-tumoral immunosuppression, which is a major mechanism for promoting the development, progression, and treatment resistance of tumors. The in-depth analysis of these various abnormalities will help defining novel targets for the development of anti-tumoral treatments. Furthermore, eventual changes of the endothelial cell phenotype identified by plasma biomarkers could secondarily be selected to monitor treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mauge
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Magali Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Dominique Helley
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France
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37
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Kamson DO, Mittal S, Robinette NL, Muzik O, Kupsky WJ, Barger GR, Juhász C. Increased tryptophan uptake on PET has strong independent prognostic value in patients with a previously treated high-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1373-83. [PMID: 24670609 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated the high accuracy of alpha-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) PET for differentiating recurrent gliomas from radiation injury. The present study evaluated the prognostic value of increased AMT uptake in patients with previously treated high-grade glioma. METHODS AMT-PET was performed in 39 patients with suspected recurrence of World Health Organization grades III-IV glioma following surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Mean and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVs) and unidirectional AMT uptake (K) were measured in brain regions suspicious for tumor and compared with the contralateral cortex (ie, background). Optimal cutoff thresholds for 1-year survival prediction were determined for each AMT parameter and used for calculating the prognostic value of high (above threshold) versus low (below threshold) values for post-PET overall survival (OS). RESULTS In univariate analyses, 1-year survival was strongly associated with 3 AMT parameters (SUVmax, SUVmean, and tumor-to-background K-ratio; odds ratios: 21.3-25.6; P ≤ .001) and with recent change in MRI contrast enhancement (odds ratio: 14.7; P = .02). Median OS was 876 days in the low- versus 177 days in the high-AMT groups (log-rank P < .001). In multivariate analyses, all 3 AMT parameters remained strong predictors of survival: high AMT values were associated with unfavorable 1-year survival (binary regression P ≤ .003) and shorter overall survival in the whole group (Cox regression hazard ratios: 5.3-10.0) and in patients with recent enhancement change on MRI as well (hazard ratios: 7.0-9.3; P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION Increased AMT uptake on PET is highly prognostic for 1-year and overall survival, independent of MRI contrast enhancement and other prognostic factors in patients with a previously treated high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Kamson
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - Otto Muzik
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - William J Kupsky
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - Geoffrey R Barger
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
| | - Csaba Juhász
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI (D.O.K., O.M., C.J.); Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (G.R.B., C.J.); Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (S.M.); Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (W.J.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (O.M., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan (N.L.R., O.M.); Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (S.M., N.L.R., W.J.K., G.R.B., C.J.)
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Visser AKD, Ramakrishnan NK, Willemsen ATM, Di Gialleonardo V, de Vries EFJ, Kema IP, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. [(11)C]5-HTP and microPET are not suitable for pharmacodynamic studies in the rodent brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:118-25. [PMID: 24084697 PMCID: PMC3887351 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The PET tracer [(11)C]5-hydroxytryptophan ([(11)C]5-HTP), which is converted to [(11)C]5-hydroxytryptamine ([(11)C]5-HT) by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), is thought to measure 5-HT synthesis rates. But can we measure these synthesis rates by kinetic modeling of [(11)C]5-HTP in rat? Male rats were scanned with [(11)C]5-HTP (60 minutes) after different treatments. Scans included arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis. 5-HT synthesis rates were calculated by a two-tissue compartment model (2TCM) with irreversible tracer trapping or Patlak analysis. Carbidopa (inhibitor peripheral AADC) dose-dependently increased [(11)C]5-HTP brain uptake, but did not influence 2TCM parameters. Therefore, 10 mg/kg carbidopa was applied in all subsequent study groups. These groups included treatment with NSD 1015 (general AADC inhibitor) or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, TPH). In addition, the effect of a low-tryptophan (Trp) diet was investigated. NSD 1015 or Trp depletion did not affect any model parameters, but PCPA reduced [(11)C]5-HTP uptake, and the k3. This was unexpected as NSD 1015 directly inhibits the enzyme converting [(11)C]5-HTP to [(11)C]5-HT, suggesting that trapping of radioactivity does not distinguish between parent tracer and its metabolites. As different results have been acquired in monkeys and humans, [(11)C]5-HTP-PET may be suitable for measuring 5-HT synthesis in primates, but not in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek K D Visser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nisha K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon T M Willemsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Di Gialleonardo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the most challenging disorders encountered, and early and accurate diagnosis is essential for the management and treatment of these tumors. In this article, diagnostic modalities including single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and optical imaging are reviewed. We mainly focus on the newly emerging, specific imaging probes, and their potential use in animal models and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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40
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Christensen M, Kamson DO, Snyder M, Kim H, Robinette NL, Mittal S, Juhász C. Tryptophan PET-defined gross tumor volume offers better coverage of initial progression than standard MRI-based planning in glioblastoma patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:131-138. [PMID: 25414765 DOI: 10.1007/s13566-013-0132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma is an infiltrative malignancy that tends to extend beyond the MRI-defined tumor volume. We utilized positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the radiotracer alpha-[11C]methyl-L -tryptophan (AMT) to develop a reliable high-risk gross tumor volume (HR-GTV) method for delineation of glioblastoma. AMT can detect solid tumor mass and tumoral brain infiltration by increased tumoral tryptophan transport and metabolism via the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway. METHODS We reviewed all patients in our database with histologically proven glioblastoma who underwent preoperative AMT-PET scan prior to surgery and chemoradiation. Treated radiotherapy volumes were derived from the simulation CT with MRI fusion. High-GTV with contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI alone (GTVMRI) was defined as the postoperative cavity plus any residual area of enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images. AMT-PET images were retrospectively fused to the simulation CT, and a high-risk GTVs generated by both AMT-PET alone (GTVAMT) was defined using a threshold previously established to distinguish tumor tissue from peritumoral edema. A composite volume of MRI and AMT tumor volume was also created (combination of MRI fused with AMT-PET data; GTVMRI+AMT). In patients with definitive radiographic progression, follow-up MRI demonstrating initial tumor progression was fused with the pretreatment images and a progression volume was contoured. The coverage of the progression volume by GTVMRI, GTVAMT, and GTVMRI+AMT was determined and compared using the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. RESULTS Eleven patients completed presurgical AMT-PET scan, seven of whom had progressive disease after initial therapy. GTVMRI (mean, 50.2 cm3) and GTVAMT (mean, 48.9 cm3) were not significantly different. Mean concordance index of the volumes was 39±15 %. Coverage of the initial recurrence volume by HR-GTVMRI (mean, 52 %) was inferior to both GTVAMT (mean, 68 %; p =0.028) and GTVMRI+AMT (mean 73 %; p =0.018). The AMT-PET-exclusive coverage was up to 41 % of the recurrent volume. There was a tendency towards better recurrence coverage with GTVMRI+AMT than with GTVAMT alone (p =0.068). Addition of 5 mm concentric margin around GTVMRI, GTVAMT, and GTVMRI+AMT would have completely covered the initial progression volume in 14, 57, and 71 % of the patients, respectively. CONCLUSION We found that a GTV defined by AMT-PET produced similar volume, but superior recurrence coverage than the treated standard MRI-determined volume. A prospective study is necessary to fully determine the usefulness of AMT-PET for volume definition in glioblastoma radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Christensen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Barbara Ann, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Olayinka Kamson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Barbara Ann, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Harold Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Barbara Ann, Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Natasha L Robinette
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Csaba Juhász
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA. PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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41
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Abstract
Generating an anti-tumor immune response is a multi-step process that is executed by effector T cells that can recognize and kill tumor targets. However, tumors employ multiple strategies to attenuate the effectiveness of T-cell-mediated attack. They achieve this by interfering with nearly every step required for effective immunity, from deregulation of antigen-presenting cells to establishment of a physical barrier at the vasculature that prevents homing of effector tumor-rejecting cells and the suppression of effector lymphocytes through the recruitment and activation of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tolerogenic monocytes, and T regulatory cells. Here, we review the ways in which tumors exert immune suppression and highlight the new therapies that seek to reverse this phenomenon and promote anti-tumor immunity. Understanding anti-tumor immunity, and how it becomes disabled by tumors, will ultimately lead to improved immune therapies and prolonged survival of patients.
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42
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Takamatsu M, Hirata A, Ohtaki H, Hoshi M, Hatano Y, Tomita H, Kuno T, Saito K, Hara A. IDO1 plays an immunosuppressive role in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfate-induced colitis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3057-64. [PMID: 23956437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IDO, an enzyme that degrades the essential amino acid L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, is known to exert immunomodulatory effects in a number of diseases and disorders. IDO expression is increased in tumors, where it is thought to be involved in tumor evasion by suppressing the immune response. A competitive inhibitor of IDO is currently being tested in clinical trials for relapsed or refractory solid tumors; however, there remains a concern that attenuation of the immunosuppressive function of IDO might exacerbate inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated the role of IDO in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfate (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice by gene deletion and pharmacological inhibition. TNBS treatment induced significantly more severe colitis in Ido1 gene-deficient (Ido1⁻/⁻) mice than in Ido1 wild-type (Ido1⁺/⁺) mice, indicating a role for IDO1 in suppression of acute colitis. Consistent with this, the expression of Ido1 was increased in the colonic interstitial tissues of TNBS-treated Ido1⁺/⁺ mice. Furthermore, transplantation of Ido1⁺/⁺ bone marrow cells into Ido1⁻/⁻ mice reduced the pathological damage associated with colitis, altered the expression of cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, and increased the number of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in the colon. Pharmacological inhibition of IDO enzymatic activity by oral administration of 1-methyltryptophan (1-methyl-L-tryptophan or 1-methyl-D-tryptophan) significantly increased the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in mice, demonstrating that both stereoisomers can promote colitis. Collectively, our data indicate that IDO1 plays an important immunoregulatory role in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Abstract
Generating an anti-tumor immune response is a multi-step process that is executed by effector T cells that can recognize and kill tumor targets. However, tumors employ multiple strategies to attenuate the effectiveness of T-cell-mediated attack. They achieve this by interfering with nearly every step required for effective immunity, from deregulation of antigen-presenting cells to establishment of a physical barrier at the vasculature that prevents homing of effector tumor-rejecting cells and the suppression of effector lymphocytes through the recruitment and activation of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tolerogenic monocytes, and T regulatory cells. Here, we review the ways in which tumors exert immune suppression and highlight the new therapies that seek to reverse this phenomenon and promote anti-tumor immunity. Understanding anti-tumor immunity, and how it becomes disabled by tumors, will ultimately lead to improved immune therapies and prolonged survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg T Motz
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kamson DO, Mittal S, Buth A, Muzik O, Kupsky WJ, Robinette NL, Barger GR, Juhász C. Differentiation of glioblastomas from metastatic brain tumors by tryptophan uptake and kinetic analysis: a positron emission tomographic study with magnetic resonance imaging comparison. Mol Imaging 2013; 12:327-337. [PMID: 23759373 PMCID: PMC3804119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating high-grade gliomas from solitary brain metastases is often difficult by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); molecular imaging may facilitate such discrimination. We tested the accuracy of α[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT)-positron emission tomography (PET) to differentiate newly diagnosed glioblastomas from brain metastases. AMT-PET was performed in 36 adults with suspected brain malignancy. Tumoral AMT accumulation was measured by standardized uptake values (SUVs). Tracer kinetic analysis was also performed to separate tumoral net tryptophan transport (by AMT volume of distribution [VD]) from unidirectional uptake rates using dynamic PET and blood input function. Differentiating the accuracy of these PET variables was evaluated and compared to conventional MRI. For glioblastoma/metastasis differentiation, tumoral AMT SUV showed the highest accuracy (74%) and the tumor/cortex VD ratio had the highest positive predictive value (82%). The combined accuracy of MRI (size of contrast-enhancing lesion) and AMT-PET reached up to 93%. For ring-enhancing lesions, tumor/cortex SUV ratios were higher in glioblastomas than in metastatic tumors and could differentiate these two tumor types with > 90% accuracy. These results demonstrate that evaluation of tryptophan accumulation by PET can enhance pretreatment differentiation of glioblastomas and metastatic brain tumors. This approach may be particularly useful in patients with a newly diagnosed solitary ring-enhancing mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Kamson
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University
- The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amy Buth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University
| | - Otto Muzik
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University
| | - William J. Kupsky
- The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University
| | - Natasha L. Robinette
- The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University
| | - Geoffrey R. Barger
- The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University
| | - Csaba Juhász
- PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan
- The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University
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Kamson DO, Mittal S, Buth A, Muzik O, Kupsky WJ, Robinette NL, Barger GR, Juhász C. Differentiation of Glioblastomas from Metastatic Brain Tumors by Tryptophan Uptake and Kinetic Analysis: A Positron Emission Tomographic Study with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Comparison. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David O. Kamson
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Amy Buth
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Otto Muzik
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - William J. Kupsky
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Natasha L. Robinette
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Geoffrey R. Barger
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Csaba Juhász
- From the PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, and the Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology and The Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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Dürr S, Kindler V. Implication of indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase in the tolerance toward fetuses, tumors, and allografts. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:681-7. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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47
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Mitsuka K, Kawataki T, Satoh E, Asahara T, Horikoshi T, Kinouchi H. Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Correlation With Pathological Malignancy in Gliomas. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:1031-8; discussion 1038-9. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31828cf945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan catabolic enzyme involved in immune tolerance and tumor immune escape processes. Recently, IDO expression has been found to correlate with the prognosis of malignant tumors, but the implication of IDO in glioma progression remains unknown.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relationship between IDO expression and histological malignancy in gliomas.
METHODS:
IDO expression was examined in a total of 75 surgical specimens obtained from 68 patients with glioma using immunohistochemical staining. The 75 specimens included 15 diffuse astrocytomas, 21 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 39 glioblastomas. Six of 39 glioblastomas were secondary glioblastomas, transforming from grade II or III gliomas that had been determined at the first surgery. IDO expression rate was compared in each histological grade, and patient survival was analyzed.
RESULTS:
Expression of IDO was found in 72 of 75 gliomas at varying intensities. Stronger expression of IDO was more likely to be observed in malignant gliomas compared with low-grade gliomas. IDO expression in the 6 cases of secondary glioblastoma was stronger than in the initial low-grade glioma. Survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method revealed that grade IV patients with strong IDO expression had significantly worse overall survival rates (P = .04) than patients with weak IDO expression.
CONCLUSION:
IDO is expressed more strongly in both primary and secondary glioblastoma tissue than low-grade glioma and may affect clinical outcome. If IDO promotes glioma cells to escape from the immune system, IDO may be a crucial therapeutic target for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mitsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawataki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Satoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toru Horikoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinouchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Zitron IM, Kamson DO, Kiousis S, Juhász C, Mittal S. In vivo metabolism of tryptophan in meningiomas is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:333-9. [PMID: 23358471 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression and activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, can enable tumor cells to effectively evade the host's immune response. The potential role of this system was investigated in meningiomas. Surgical specimens from 22 patients with meningiomas were used for cellular, immunological and molecular techniques (immunofluorescence, western blotting, RT-PCR and biochemical assay of enzyme activity) to investigate the expression and activity of IDO. In addition, PET imaging was obtained preoperatively in 10 patients using the tracer α-[ ( 11) C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) which interrogates the uptake and metabolism of tryptophan. Strong AMT accumulation was noted in all meningiomas by PET imaging indicating in vivo tryptophan uptake. Freshly-resected meningiomas expressed both LAT1, the tryptophan transporter system and IDO, demonstrating an active kynurenine pathway. Dissociated meningioma cells lost IDO expression. Following exposure to interferon-γ (IFNγ), IDO expression was reinduced and could be blocked by a selective IDO1 inhibitor. IDO activity may represent an element of local self-protection by meningiomas and could be targeted by emerging IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Zitron
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Tryptophan PET in pretreatment delineation of newly-diagnosed gliomas: MRI and histopathologic correlates. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:121-32. [PMID: 23299463 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment delineation of infiltrating glioma volume remains suboptimal with current neuroimaging techniques. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted (T1-Gad) MR images often underestimate the true extent of the tumor, while T2-weighted images preferentially highlight peritumoral edema. Accumulation of α-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) on positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown in gliomas. To determine whether increased uptake on AMT-PET would detect tumor-infiltrated brain tissue outside the contrast-enhancing region and differentiate it from peritumoral vasogenic edema, volumes and spatial concordance of T1-Gad and T2 MRI abnormalities as well as AMT-PET abnormalities were analyzed in 28 patients with newly-diagnosed WHO grade II-IV gliomas. AMT-accumulating grade I meningiomas were used to define an AMT uptake cutoff threshold that detects the tumor but excludes peri-meningioma vasogenic edema. Tumor infiltration in AMT-accumulating areas was studied in stereotactically-resected specimens from patients with glioblastoma. In the 28 gliomas, mean AMT-PET-defined tumor volumes were greater than the contrast-enhancing volume, but smaller than T2 abnormalities. Volume of AMT-accumulating tissue outside MRI abnormalities increased with higher tumor proliferative index and was the largest in glioblastomas. Tumor infiltration was confirmed by histopathology from AMT-positive regions outside contrast-enhancing glioblastoma mass, while no or minimal tumor cells were found in AMT-negative specimens. These results demonstrate that increased AMT accumulation on PET detects glioma-infiltrated brain tissue extending beyond the contrast-enhanced tumor mass. While tryptophan uptake is low in peritumoral vasogenic edema, AMT-PET can detect tumor-infiltrated brain outside T2-lesions. Thus, AMT-PET may assist pretreatment delineation of tumor infiltration, particularly in high-grade gliomas.
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50
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Quantitative PET imaging of tryptophan accumulation in gliomas and remote cortex: correlation with tumor proliferative activity. Clin Nucl Med 2012; 37:838-42. [PMID: 22889771 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e318251e458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PET studies with α[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) have shown decreased serotonin synthesis based on a decrease of the unidirectional uptake rate (K-complex) in neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism and depression. Increased AMT K-complex in tumors can indicate increased tryptophan metabolism via the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway. Moreover, apparent AMT volume of distribution (VD') reflects net tryptophan transport from blood to tissue. We evaluated if kinetic parameters (K-complex, VD') of AMT, measured by PET, can predict the proliferative activity of glioma, and if these AMT parameters are altered in the remote cortex. METHODS We evaluated dynamic AMT PET images of 30 adult patients with grade 2 to 4 gliomas according to the World Health Organization's classification to determine tumoral AMT VD' and K-complex values, which were correlated with tumor proliferative activity as assessed by the Ki-67 labeling index in resected tumor specimens. We also compared cortical VD' and K-complex values between patients with glioma and healthy controls. RESULTS Both VD' and K-complex values were significantly higher in gliomas than in the contralateral cortex (VD', P < 0.001; K-complex, P < 0.001). Tumoral VD' values and tumor/cortex VD' ratios, but not the K-complex, showed strong positive correlations with the proliferative activity of glioma (P ≤ 0.001). The contralateral frontal cortex showed decreased AMT VD' and K-complex in patients with glioma compared with those in controls (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increased net amino acid transport into tumor tissue, quantified by PET, can serve as an imaging marker of the proliferative activity of glioma. The data also suggest a glioma-induced down-regulation of cortical serotonin synthesis, likely mediated by shunting of tryptophan from serotonin synthesis to kynurenine metabolism.
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