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Tao S, Zhu D, Tie Q, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zheng X, Feng W. Five new compounds from the stems of Ephedra equisetina. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105907. [PMID: 38479617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Five new compounds were identified from the stems of Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, involving UV, IR, NMR spectrum and HRESIMS analyses. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was proved by comparing their experimental and calculated ECD spectrum. The vitro bioactive assay of all compounds suggested that compound 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 may have potential anti-asthmatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qimei Tie
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jingke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, China.
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2
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Chroho M, Bailly C, Bouissane L. Ethnobotanical Uses and Pharmacological Activities of Moroccan Ephedra Species. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:336-352. [PMID: 38423032 DOI: 10.1055/a-2269-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ephedra species are among the most popular herbs used in traditional medicine for a long time. The ancient Chinese medical book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" refers to the classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription Ge Gen decoction, which consists of seven herbs, including an Ephedra species. Ephedra species are utilized all over the world to treat symptoms of the common cold and coughs, and to combat major human diseases, such as asthma, cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and digestive disorders, and microbial infections. This study aimed at identifying specific Ephedra species used traditionally in Morocco for therapeutic purposes. The plant parts, their preparation process, and the treated pathologies were identified and analyzed. The results revealed five ethnobotanically important species of Ephedra: Ephedra alata Decne, Ephedra altissima Desf., Ephedra distachya L., Ephedra fragilis Desf., and Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo. These species are used traditionally in Morocco for treating people with diabetes, cancer, rheumatism, cold and asthma, hypertension, influenza virus infection, and respiratory ailments. In addition, they are occasionally used as calefacient agents, to regulate weight, or for capillary care. Few studies have underlined the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some of these Moroccan Ephedra species, but little information is available regarding the natural products at the origin of the bioactivities. Further phytochemical investigations and clinical data are encouraged to better support the use of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chroho
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, France
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
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Tao S, Zhang J, Zhu D, Wu Y, Zheng X, Feng W. Flavonoids and phenols from the stems of Ephedra equisetina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114003. [PMID: 38301946 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Twelve undescribed compounds, including five flavonoids and seven phenols, were isolated from the stems of Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS analysis. Their absolute configurations were elucidated by comparing their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. In the in vitro bioactive assay, all compounds were tested for their anti-asthmatic activities by releasing β-Hex in C48/80-induced RBL-2H3 cells. The β-Hex release rates of compounds 3, 8, 10, and 11 were 0.8502 ± 0.0231, 0.8802 ± 0.0805, 0.7850 ± 0.0593, and 0.8361 ± 0.0728, respectively, suggesting that compounds 3, 8, 10, and 11 have potential anti-asthmatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jingke Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province China, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, China.
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4
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Kakimoto M, Nomura T, Nazmul T, Yamamoto A, Sasaki H, Higashiura A, Ito M, Ohge H, Mikage M, Ogawa KO, Sakaguchi T. In vitro anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 effect of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117341. [PMID: 37879507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The terrestrial stems of Ephedra (Ephedra spp.; including Ephedra sinica Stapf and Ephedra przewalskii Stapf) extracts are used in traditional medicines in East Asia. In Japan, the Kampo formula containing E. sinica extract is prescribed for the treatment of the common cold, influenza virus infections, and mild symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although ephedrine alkaloids in E. sinica exert antitussive effects, they may have side effects associated with the sympathetic nervous system. E. przewalskii extract, a drug used in traditional Uyghur and Mongolian medicine, is considered to be free of ephedrine alkaloids and is a promising candidate for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, its use is currently limited because evidence of its antiviral efficacy remains inconclusive. AIM OF THE STUDY We compared the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) effects of E. przewalskii and E. sinica extracts in vitro. Additionally, we examined the differences in their antiviral effects against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Conventional, Delta, and Omicron strains-BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5), and lysates prepared from each herbal extract were added. The infectious titer was determined using the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) method; in turn, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated for each extract to compare the antiviral efficacy of E. sinica and E. przewalskii extracts. Further, the extracts were compared with remdesivir for their antiviral efficacy against the conventional viral strain. To verify the effect of the inactivation of virus particles, these extracts were added to each SARS-CoV-2 strain, and the infectious titers were determined using the TCID50 method. RESULTS The antiviral efficacy (i.e., IC50) of the E. przewalskii extract against each SARS-CoV-2 strain was 2.7-10.8-fold greater than that of the E. sinica extract. The antiviral efficacy of the E. przewalskii extract against conventional viral strains was compared with that of remdesivir, which was 1/27.6 of remdesivir's efficacy. The E. sinica extract showed minimal inactivation of virus particles of each strain, whereas the E. przewalskii extract resulted in substantial viral inactivation. CONCLUSIONS The E. przewalskii extract showed higher antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 than the E. sinica extract. Overall, our study suggests that E. przewalskii extract can be used for the treatment of viral infections, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kakimoto
- Department of Community Based Medical System, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Toshihito Nomura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tanuza Nazmul
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Akima Yamamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasaki
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Division of Health, First Service School, Japan Maritime Self Defense Force, Etajimacho Kokuyu-mubanchi, Etajima, 737-2195, Japan
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mikage
- Emeritus of Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiko Ochiai Ogawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Department of Kampo Clinical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Onodera T, Kirisawa R. New Advances in Viral and Microorganism Disinfectants. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2530. [PMID: 37894187 PMCID: PMC10609483 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials are used to develop simpler, cheaper, and faster methods for disease diagnosis [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rikio Kirisawa
- School of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kudo Y, Ando H, Kaneda A, Ito H, Umemoto K, Ni SR, Mikage M, Sasaki Y. Evaluation of rooting characteristics of Ephedra cuttings by anatomy and promising strain selection based on rooting characteristics and alkaloid content. J Nat Med 2023; 77:327-342. [PMID: 36680565 PMCID: PMC10987359 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The differences in rooting characteristics of cuttings prepared from E. sinica strains were investigated and found that cuttings prepared from strains with high rooting characteristics showed approximately 90% of the cuttings were rooted, whereas cuttings prepared from low rooting characteristics did not root. To understand the reason for this substantial difference, the anatomy of nodes was examined and found that adventitious roots were generated from the cortex and parenchyma in pith. Calculations of the correlation coefficients between the rooting rate and the value of anatomy indicated that the rooting rate was positively correlated with the parenchyma in pith in the node. On the basis of the positive correlation, it is possible to estimate the rooting characteristics of new strains without having to prepare cuttings. Next, we conducted a screening for E. sinica strains on the basis of total alkaloids content [ephedrine (E) + pseudoephedrine (PE)] and selected strains having no less than 0.7% total alkaloids content as defined by the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th edition. Strains having characteristic E or PE content were uncovered: E-rich strains had 100% E content and PE-rich strains had 99% PE content. We were able to select E. sinica strains on the basis of two factors: high rooting rate of cuttings and high or characteristic alkaloid content. These strains are valuable for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomi Kudo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ai Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Honoka Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Umemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Si-Ran Ni
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Bio-Resource Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mikage
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Bio-Resource Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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7
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Cao Y, Zhou N, Liu T, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Feng W, Zheng X. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of Ephedra herba in common cold and nephrotic syndrome rat models. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200895. [PMID: 36823773 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Ephedra herba is a conventional Chinese medicine to treat cold, fever, asthma, edema, and lung diseases in the clinic. At present, most pharmacokinetic studies focus on the pharmacokinetic process of alkaloids in normal animals. However, the non-alkaloid components are also active. In addition, the pharmacokinetic studies under pathological state make more sense for clarifying the material basis of efficacy. In this study, a sensitive and rapid ultra-high-performance-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and applied to determine nine bioactive components (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, (+)-catechin, epicatechin, vitexin, vicenin-2, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid) in normal, common cold and nephrotic syndrome rats after the oral administration of Ephedra herba. Compared to the normal group, except for ferulic acid, the exposure levels of the other eight components were significantly increased and the plasma clearance clearly declined in common cold rats. Similarly, the exposure levels of seven components other than cinnamic acid and ferulic acid were also significantly augmented and the plasma clearance decreased significantly in nephrotic syndrome rats. In brief, the pathological conditions of the common cold and nephrotic syndrome could lead to alterations in the pharmacokinetics profiles of the nine components, which provide a reference for further exploration of the pharmacodynamics basis of Ephedra herba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.,Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingxian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenkai Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.,Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of Zhengzhou, P. R. China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.,Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of Zhengzhou, P. R. China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Antiviral Effect of Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020534. [PMID: 36838499 PMCID: PMC9964550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) directly inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro and that the addition of EFE to the culture medium before viral infection reduces virus titers in the culture supernatant of SARS-CoV-2, including those of variant strains, by more than 99%, 24 h after infection. The addition of Ephedra Herb macromolecule condensed-tannin, which is the main active ingredient responsible for the anticancer, pain suppression, and anti-influenza effects of EFE, similarly suppressed virus production in the culture supernatant by 99% before infection and by more than 90% after infection. Since EFE does not have the side effects caused by ephedrine alkaloids, such as hypertension, palpitations, and insomnia, our results showed the potential of EFE as a safe therapeutic agent against coronavirus disease 2019.
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Huang X, Hyuga S, Amakura Y, Hyuga M, Uchiyama N, Hakamatsuka T, Goda Y, Odaguchi H, Hanawa T, Kobayashi Y. Overlooked switch from transient sedation to sustained excitement in the Biphasic effects of Ephedra Herb extract administered orally to mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115827. [PMID: 36240977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In our previous study, we reported that Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) increased the locomotor activity of mice in the open-field test and reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test. Ephedrine alkaloids (EAs) are thought to be responsible for the adverse effects of Ephedra Herb. However, there are no reports to verify that the adverse effects of Ephedra Herb are caused by the amount of EAs in the herb. Therefore, we investigated whether these adverse effects of EHE are caused by the amounts of ephedrine (Eph) and pseudoephedrine (Pse) in the herbal extract. In a preliminary study of the time course analysis of the open field test, we newly observed that EHE evoked switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to confirm whether EHE evokes switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement, investigate whether these actions of EHE are caused by the amount of ephedrine (Eph) and pseudoephedrine (Pse) in the herbal extract, and clarify the molecular mechanism of the transient sedative effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The locomotor activity of mice was tested using the open-field test. The immobility times were measured using a forced swim test, and the motor dysfunction in mice was tested using the rotarod test. RESULTS EHE, Eph, and Pse induced transient motionlessness between 0 and 15 min after oral administration, however, they did not induce depression-like behavior and motor dysfunction in mice, suggesting that the motionlessness induced by EHE, Eph, or Pse resulted from sedation. The α2a adrenoceptor inhibitor, atipamezole, decreased their sedative effects. Thus, immediately after EHE administration, the transient sedative effect is mediated through the activation of the α2a adrenoreceptor by Eph and Pse. EHE and Eph increased total locomotor activity for 15-120 min after oral administration; however, Pse had no effect. Therefore, the slow-onset and sustained excitatory effects of EHE are mediated by Eph. CONCLUSIONS We discovered for the first time that EHE evokes diphasic action by switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement. The transient sedation was evoked by the Eph and Pse in the herbal extract via activation of the α2a adrenoceptor and the sustained excitement was caused by the Eph in the herbal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Ephedrae Herba: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Application, and Alkaloid Toxicity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020663. [PMID: 36677722 PMCID: PMC9863261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra), known as "MaHuang" in China, is the dried straw stem that is associated with the lung and urinary bladder meridians. At present, more than 60 species of Ephedra plants have been identified, which contain more than 100 compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and organic phenolic acids. This herb has long been used to treat asthma, liver disease, skin disease, and other diseases, and has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Because alkaloids are the main components causing toxicity, the safety of Ephedra must be considered. However, the nonalkaloid components of Ephedra can be effectively used to replace ephedrine extracts to treat some diseases, and reasonable use can ensure the safety of Ephedra. We reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and alkaloid toxicity of Ephedra, and describe prospects for its future development to facilitate the development of Ephedra.
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11
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Kudo Y, Umemoto K, Obata T, Kaneda A, Ni SR, Mikage M, Sasaki Y, Ando H. Seasonal variation of alkaloids and polyphenol in Ephedra sinica cultivated in Japan and controlling factors. J Nat Med 2023; 77:137-151. [PMID: 36282406 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal variation of alkaloids (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine), total polyphenol, and sugar contents in Ephedra sinica cultivated in Japan and elucidated the controlling factors for the variation. In 2018, alkaloids and polyphenol contents increased dramatically from May to July, decreased to their lowest in October, and slightly increased again in November. The reduction of alkaloids and polyphenol contents in the autumn may be affected by precipitation in summer. In 2020, alkaloids and polyphenol contents started to decrease in late July when rainfall was abundant from July to August. In contrast, sucrose and starch contents continued to increase until September and remained high until October. Vascular bundles and fiber developed, and herbal stem weight increased from August to October. Alkaloids and total polyphenol contents tended to increase in November. At the same time, starch and sucrose contents decreased dramatically, whereas glucose and fructose contents increased. Sugar content decreased from October and was lowest in November. The seasonal variation of alkaloids and total polyphenol contents exhibited a contrasting tendency to the seasonal variation of sugar content and tissue development. The seasonal variation of alkaloids and total polyphenol contents was caused by the seasonal variation of sugar content and tissue development. In addition, it is suggested that anatomy may be used for alkaloids content estimation in Ephedra plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomi Kudo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuki Umemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ai Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Si-Ran Ni
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Bio-Resource Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mikage
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Bio-Resource Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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12
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Goda Y. Regulatory science of natural products. J Nat Med 2022; 76:732-747. [PMID: 35870047 PMCID: PMC9307968 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foods and pharmaceuticals play key roles in public health and welfare and ensuring that these products meet their quality assurance standards is a top priority in health and medical care. Quality assurance of natural products is essential in pharmaceutical sciences because the outset of a medicine is a natural, crude drug. Regulatory science underpins scientific regulations and is closely related to the quality assurance of foods and pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy. During my time at the National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan, from 1986 to present, the regulatory science of natural products has been my main research focus. This review discusses 24 studies related to the regulatory science of natural food additives, 26 related to foods, 23 related to borderline products, 16 related to illicit psychotropic mushrooms, plants, and agents, and 57 related to herbal medicines. In later sections, the regulatory science for ethical Kampo products with new dosage forms and herbal medicines that use Kampo extracts as active pharmaceutical ingredients are discussed. My experience from the early twenty-first century in research projects on the bioequivalence of Kampo products and the development of ephedrine alkaloid-free Ephedra Herb extract demonstrate that regulatory science is crucial for developing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 25-26 Tonomachi 3-chome, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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13
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Sioud F, Dhouafi Z, Lahmar A, Elgueder D, Chekir-Ghedira L. A Novel Anticancer Effect of Ephedra alata Decne in Breast Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:3403-3412. [PMID: 35545961 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2072907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. One of the main aims of developing new therapies is to use natural resources to induce apoptosis. LC-ms/ms analysis of a methanolic extract of Ephedra alata (E.A.) allowed the identification of 20 secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and proanthocyanidins. Antiproliferative effect was assessed by crystal violet assay. Antimigration effect was tested by wound healing assay and apoptosis induction was determined by annexin binding assays, Hoechst staining, ROS production, and activation of apoptotic proteins. The results indicated that exposure of breast cancer cells to E.A. extract significantly reduced cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner and inhibited the migration of 4T1 cells at a low dose. Moreover, treatment of cells with E.A. extract induced apoptosis, as it was detected by Annexin V/7 AAD, Hoechst staining, ROS production, and the activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairouz Sioud
- Research Unit Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zaineb Dhouafi
- Research Unit Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Lahmar
- Research Unit Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Elgueder
- Research Unit Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Research Unit Bioactive Natural Products and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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14
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Dbeibia A, Taheur FB, Altammar KA, Haddaji N, Mahdhi A, Amri Z, Mzoughi R, Jabeur C. Control of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant isolated from auricular infections using aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ephedra alata. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1021-1028. [PMID: 35197771 PMCID: PMC8848002 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study the potential use of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ephedra alata aerial parts as biological control agent against pathogenic bacteria and especially Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant isolated from auricular infections was evaluated. Chemical tests and spectrophotometric methods were used for screening and quantification of phytochemicals. The assessment of the antioxidant activity was accomplished by DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays. Extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy by diffusion and microdilution methods. Biofilm inhibition was tested using XTT assay and the cytotoxicity of extracts was carried out on Vero cell line. The GC-FID analysis revealed that E. alata was rich in unsatured fatty acids. In addition, the aqueous extract had the highest flavonoid and protein contents (30.82 mg QE /g dry extract and 98.92 mg BSAE/g dry extract respectively). However, the methanolic extract had the highest phenolic, sugars and tannins. The antioxidant activity demonstrated that the aqueous extract exhibited the strong potency (IC50 ranged between 0.001 and 0.002 mg/mL). Both extracts displayed antimicrobial activity on Gram negative and positive strains. They were effective against S. aureus isolated from auricular infections. The tested extracts were able to inhibit biofilm formation with concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, no cytotoxic effect on Vero cells line was demonstrated for the extracts. Overall, our findings highlight the potential use of E. alata extract as a novel source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant, antibacterial and antiobiofilm effects for the control of infectious disease especially those associated to S. aureus methicillin resistant.
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15
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Song C, Yu D, Jin G, Ding J, Zhou H, Guo Z, Liang X. High-performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedrae Herba on a perfluorooctyl stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1051-1058. [PMID: 34984820 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ephedrae Herba is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines, and it has been shown that most of the clinical efficacy for cold and asthma is exerted by its alkaloidal components. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a perfluorooctyl column for the simultaneous determination of five alkaloids (norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine) in Ephedrae Herba. The mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 15 mM ammonium trifluoroacetate was used to elute the targets in isocratic elution mode. The method was validated for linearity (R2 > 0.999), repeatability, intraday and interday precision, recoveries with trueness (93.87-110.99%), limits of detection (5.35-5.76 µg/mL), and limits of quantification (20 µg/mL). The quantitative results revealed that the developed method was precise and accurate. Then it was successfully applied to determine the difference in the contents of three batches of Ephedrae Herba from three pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Song
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Gaowa Jin
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ding
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhou
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, P. R. China
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16
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Abd Rashid N, Abd Halim SAS, Teoh SL, Budin SB, Hussan F, Adib Ridzuan NR, Abdul Jalil NA. The role of natural antioxidants in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112328. [PMID: 34653753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a potent platinum-based anticancer drug approved by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978. Despite its advantages against solid tumors, cisplatin confers toxicity to various tissues that limit its clinical uses. In cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, few mechanisms have been identified, which started as excess generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis in the liver. Various natural products, plant extracts and oil rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids were able to minimize oxidative stress by restoring the level of antioxidant enzymes and acting as an anti-inflammatory agent. Likewise, treatment with honey and royal jelly was demonstrated to decrease serum transaminases and scavenge free radicals in the liver after cisplatin administration. Medicinal properties of these natural products have a promising potential as a complementary therapy to counteract cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. This review concentrated on the protective role of several natural products, which has been proven in the laboratory findings to combat cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhashima Abd Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Farida Hussan
- Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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17
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Kuchta K, Cameron S, Lee M, Cai SQ, Shoyama Y. Which East Asian herbal medicines can decrease viral infections? PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 21:219-237. [PMID: 34466134 PMCID: PMC8391007 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Whilst Western research for the COVID-19 crisis focuses on vaccination, in East Asia traditional herbal prescriptions are studied for SARS-CoV2 therapy. In Japan, Maoto (Ephedrae herba 4 g, Armeniacae semen 4 g, Cinnamomi cortex 3 g, and Glycyrrhizae radix 2 g, JPXVII) is used based on clinical evidence for its effect on early phase influenza (also caused by RNA viruses) comparable to that of oseltamivir. The Health Ministry of Thailand has approved Andrographis paniculata (Jap. Senshinren) extracts for treatment of COVID-19. Its combination (4 g) with Maoto, Maoto-ka-senshinren, seems most promising for the treatment of viral pandemics. In China, the official guideline for COVID-19 treatment contains TCM medications with antiviral, as well as immunmodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects such as: Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang (Jap. Seihai-haidokuto) contains 21 drugs; Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang (Bupleuri radix 8 g, Forsythiae fructus 8 g, Glycyrrhizae radix 4 g, Isatidis radix 8 g, Patriniae herba 8 g, Phragmitis rhizoma 6 g, Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma 10 g, Verbenae herba 8 g); Fufang Yuxingcao Heiji (Forsythiae fructus 0.6 g, Houttuyniae herba 6 g, Isatidis radix 1.5 g, Lonicerae flos 0.6 g, Scutellariae radix 1.5 g) first gained prominence during the 2002 SARS epidemic. With no Western medicine available, the following overview discusses efficacy and mechanisms in view of viral entry and replication of different East Asian herbal remedies for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Kuchta
- Forschungsstelle Für Fernöstliche Medizin, Department of Vegetation Analysis and Phytodiversity, Albrecht Von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Cameron
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Minwon Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product-Based Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756 Korea
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- International Cooperative Center for Researches of Medicinal Resources, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298 Japan
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18
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Oesch F, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Efferth T. Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153476. [PMID: 33593628 PMCID: PMC7840405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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19
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Nagata Y, Ando H, Sasaki Y, Suzuki R. Ephedra Herb, Mao, Inhibits Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation by Induction of the Affinity Receptor for IgE Internalization. Pharm Res 2021; 38:569-581. [PMID: 33754256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ephedra herb (Mao) exerts potent anti-allergic effects. This study aimed to examine the underlying mechanisms of Mao on allergic inflammation using in vitro cultured mast cells (MCs) and an in vivo model of MC-dependent anaphylaxis. METHODS Bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) were presensitized with anti-2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE) and challenged with antigens (Ag; DNP-human serum albumin). Degranulation responses and cell surface high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) expression were assessed with/without Mao treatment. Passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA)-treated mice were administered Mao and the pathophysiological responses were evaluated. RESULTS Mao inhibited Ag-induced BMMC degranulation, but not polyclonal activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, indicating that Mao inhibits IgE-dependent activation of BMMCs. Mao-treated BMMCs exhibited significant reductions in expression of surface IgE and its receptor FcεRI. Analysis of subcellular localization revealed that Mao induces FcεRI internalization in BMMCs without degranulation. In the PSA mouse model, Mao administration prevented antigen-induced hypothermia. Mao administration significantly reduced cell surface expression of IgE-bound FcεRI on peritoneal MCs. CONCLUSIONS Mao induced FcεRI internalization in MCs, thereby inhibiting Ag-induced IgE-dependent degranulation. The inhibitory effects of Mao on MC degranulation may offer a novel therapeutic approach for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Nagata
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Ishikawa, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi Ishikawa, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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20
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El-Zayat MM, Eraqi MM, Alrefai H, El-Khateeb AY, Ibrahim MA, Aljohani HM, Aljohani MM, Elshaer MM. The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity of Greenly Synthesized Selenium and Zinc Composite Nanoparticles Using Ephedra aphylla Extract. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030470. [PMID: 33809976 PMCID: PMC8005055 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work aimed to synthesize selenium and zinc nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ephedra aphylla as a valuable medicinal plant. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, zeta potential, and changes in the phytochemical constituents. Hence, the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were reduced in the case of the prepared samples of nanoparticles than the original values in the aqueous extract. The prepared extract of Ephedra aphylla and its selenium and zinc nanoparticles showed high potency as antioxidant agents as a result of the DPPH• assay. The samples were assessed as anticancer agents against six tumor cells and a normal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cell line. The selenium nanoparticles of Ephedra aphylla extract revealed very strong cytotoxicity against HePG-2 cells (inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 7.56 ± 0.6 µg/mL), HCT-116 cells (IC50 = 10.02 ± 0.9 µg/mL), and HeLa cells (IC50 = 9.23 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The samples were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and fungal strains. Thus, selenium nanoparticles showed potent activities against Gram-negative strains (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive strains (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis), and the fungal strain Candida albicans. In conclusion, the preparation of nanoparticles of either selenium or zinc is crucial for improved biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mohsen El-Zayat
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mostafa M. Eraqi
- National Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Division, Dokki Giza 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alrefai
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (M.A.I.); Tel.: +1-513-9759-195 (H.A.); +966-541-267-818 (M.A.I.)
| | - Ayman Y. El-Khateeb
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt;
| | - Marwan A. Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Women’s College, Ain Shams University, Cairo City 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (M.A.I.); Tel.: +1-513-9759-195 (H.A.); +966-541-267-818 (M.A.I.)
| | - Hashim M. Aljohani
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina City 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Aljohani
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina City 42353, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of The National Guard-Heath Affairs, Medina City 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa Mohammed Elshaer
- Department of Microbiology at Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt;
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21
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Sun X, Veeraraghavan VP, Surapaneni KM, Hussain S, Mathanmohun M, Alharbi SA, Aladresi AAM, Chinnathambi A. Eugenol-piperine loaded polyhydroxy butyrate/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite-induced apoptosis and cell death in nasopharyngeal cancer (C666-1) cells through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22700. [PMID: 33421271 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a malignancy developing from the nasopharynx epithelium due to smoking and nitrosamine-containing foods. Nasopharyngeal cancer is highly endemic to Southeast Asia. Eugenol and piperine have shown many anticancer activities on numerous cancer types, like colon, lung, liver, and breast cancer. In this study, we amalgamated eugenol and piperine loaded with a polyhydroxy butyrate/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite (Eu-Pi/PHB-PEG-NC) for better anticancer results against nasopharyngeal cancer (C666-1) cells. In the current study, nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines C666-1 were utilized to appraise the cytotoxic potential of Eug-Pip-PEG-NC on cell propagation, programmed cell death, and relocation. Eu-Pi/PHB-PEG-NC inhibits cellular proliferation on C666-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and when compared with 20 µg/ml, 15 µg/ml of loaded mixture evidently restrained the passage aptitude of C666-1 cells, this was attended with a downregulated expression of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with 15 µg/ml Eu-Pi/PHB-PEG-NC suggestively amplified cell apoptosis in the C666-1 cells. Furthermore, its cleaved caspase-3, 8, and 9 and Bax gene expression was augmented and Bcl-2 gene expression was diminished after Eu-Pi/PHB-PEG-NC treatment. Additionally, our data established that the collective effect of Eu-Pi/PHB-PEG-NC loaded micelles inhibited the expansion of C666-1 cells augmented apoptosis connected with the intrusion of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Sun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, China
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Surapaneni
- Departments of Biochemistry, Clinical Skills & Simulation, Research, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sardar Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Government Science College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
| | - Maghimaa Mathanmohun
- Department of Microbiology, Muthayammal College of Arts & Science, Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Lee DYW, Li QY, Liu J, Efferth T. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: Clinical experience and scientific basis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153337. [PMID: 33221457 PMCID: PMC7521884 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the 5000-year history of China, more than 300 epidemics were recorded. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCM) has been used effectively to combat each of these epidemics' infections, and saved many lives. To date, there are hundreds of herbal TCM formulae developed for the purpose of prevention and treatment during epidemic infections. When COVID-19 ravaged the Wuhan district in China in early January 2020, without a deep understanding about the nature of COVID-19, patients admitted to the TCM Hospital in Wuhan were immediately treated with TCM and reported later with >90% efficacy. APPROACH We conducted conduct a systematic survey of various TCM herbal preparations used in Wuhan and to review their efficacy, according to the published clinical data; and, secondly, to find the most popular herbs used in these preparations and look into the opportunity of future research in the isolation and identification of bioactive natural products for fighting COVID-19. RESULTS Although bioactive natural products in these herbal preparations may have direct antiviral activities, TCM employed for fighting epidemic infections was primarily based on the TCM theory of restoring the balance of the human immune system, thereby defeating the viral infection indirectly. In addition, certain TCM teachings relevant to the meridian system deserve better attention. For instance, many TCM herbal preparations target the lung meridian, which connects the lung and large intestine. This interconnection between the lung, including the upper respiratory system, and the intestine, may explain why certain TCM formulae showed excellent relief of lung congestion and diarrhea, two characteristics of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSION There is good reason for us to learn from ancient wisdom and accumulated clinical experience, in combination with cutting edge science and technologies, to fight with the devastating COVID-19 pandemic now and emerging new coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y W Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478.
| | - Qing Y Li
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478; Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China 450046
| | - Jing Liu
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany 55128.
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Miao SM, Zhang Q, Bi XB, Cui JL, Wang ML. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Ephedra herb. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:321-344. [PMID: 32451091 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra herb is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history. Conventionally, it was used as a folk phytomedicine in many ancient medical books and traditional prescriptions. Up to date, a variety of specific ingredients have been found in Ephedra herb, mainly including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, organic acids, volatile oils, and many other active compounds. These components from Ephedra herb account for its use as the accurate treatment of cold, cough, cardiovascular and immune system disease, cancer, microbial infection, and other diseases. Moreover, with the fast development of novel chemistry and medicine technology, new chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ephedra herb are increasingly identified, demonstrating their great potential for various diseases treatment. Therefore, further detailed understanding and investigation of this ancient herb will offer new opportunities to develop novel therapeutics. This study systematically reviews its progress of phytochemistry, traditional and modern pharmacology based on research data that have been reported, aiming at providing useful insight for commercial exploitation, further study and precision medication of Ephedra herb in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Man Miao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Bi
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science (CBSS), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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24
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Chen G, Su W, Yang J, Luo D, Xia P, Jia W, Li X, Wang C, Lang S, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Ke Y, Fan A, Yang S, Zheng Y, Fan X, Qiao J, Lian F, Wei L, Tong X. Chinese herbal medicine reduces mortality in patients with severe and critical Coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study. Front Med 2020; 14:752-759. [PMID: 32926320 PMCID: PMC7488644 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in patients with severe/critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this retrospective study, data were collected from 662 patients with severe/critical COVID-19 who were admitted to a designated hospital to treat patients with severe COVID-19 in Wuhan before March 20, 2020. All patients were divided into an exposed group (CHM users) and a control group (non-users). After propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio, 156 CHM users were matched by propensity score to 156 non-users. No significant differences in seven baseline clinical variables were found between the two groups of patients. All-cause mortality was reported in 13 CHM users who died and 36 non-users who died. After multivariate adjustment, the mortality risk of CHM users was reduced by 82.2% (odds ratio 0.178, 95% CI 0.076–0.418; P < 0.001) compared with the non-users. Secondly, age (odds ratio 1.053, 95% CI 1.023–1.084; P < 0.001) and the proportion of severe/critical patients (odds ratio 0.063, 95% CI 0.028–0.143; P < 0.001) were the risk factors of mortality. These results show that the use of CHM may reduce the mortality of patients with severe/critical COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wen Su
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiayao Yang
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ping Xia
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wen Jia
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Suping Lang
- GCP ClinPlus Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuhe Ke
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - An Fan
- GCP ClinPlus Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100160, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yujiao Zheng
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xuepeng Fan
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Li Wei
- Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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25
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Elhadef K, Smaoui S, Ben Hlima H, Ennouri K, Fourati M, Chakchouk Mtibaa A, Ennouri M, Mellouli L. Effects of Ephedra alata extract on the quality of minced beef meat during refrigerated storage: A chemometric approach. Meat Sci 2020; 170:108246. [PMID: 32731034 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biopreservative effect of Ephedra alata aqueous extract (EAE), used at 0.156, 0.312 and 0.624%, on minced beef meat was evaluated by microbiological, physicochemical and sensory analyses during storage at 4 °C for 14 days. The results showed that EAE significantly (P < .05) delayed the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and carbonyls and reduced the sulfhydryl loss in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that EAE had a protective effect against lipids and protein oxidation. Concomitantly, an increase of redness and loss of lightness and yellowness was observed. Furthermore, two multivariate exploratory techniques, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were applied to all obtained data describing the main characteristics attributed to refrigerated meat samples. During storage time, the used chemometric approaches were useful in discriminating meat samples, and therefore offers an approach to underlay connections between meat quality features. The obtained findings demonstrated the strong potential of EAE as a natural preservative in meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Elhadef
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Hajer Ben Hlima
- Algae Biotechnology Unit, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, 3038, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ennouri
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Fourati
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Chakchouk Mtibaa
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Monia Ennouri
- Olive Tree Institute, 1087, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Valuation, Security and Food Analysis Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax 3038, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Mellouli
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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26
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Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction Protects against PM2.5-Induced Lung Injury through Suppression of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Epithelial Barrier Disruption. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7176589. [PMID: 32655666 PMCID: PMC7317335 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7176589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This research was designed to explore the effect of Ma Xing Shi Gan decoction (MXD) in alleviating particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) induced lung injury from the perspective of epithelial barrier protection and inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Rats were exposed to PM2.5 to establish a lung injury model in vivo, and a PM2.5-stimulated primary cultured type II alveolar epithelial cell model was introduced in vitro. Our results indicated that MXD alleviated the weight loss and pathologic changes and improved the epithelial barrier dysfunction. MXD also significantly inhibited the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway, increased the level of ZO-1 and claudin-5, and reversed the EMT process. Notably, the protection of MXD was abolished by TGF-β in vitro. Our results indicated that MXD has a protection against PM2.5-induced lung injury. The proposed mechanism is reversing PM2.5-induced EMT through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 pathway and then upregulating the expression of tight-junction proteins.
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27
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Sriwijitalai W, Wiwanitkit V. Herbs that might be effective for the management of COVID-19: A bioinformatics analysis on anti-tyrosine kinase property. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:44. [PMID: 32582350 PMCID: PMC7306235 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_312_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Biological Science, Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
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28
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A Review on Worldwide Ephedra History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1540638. [PMID: 32419789 PMCID: PMC7210547 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1540638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing worldwide, the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae) had a medicinal, ecological, and economic value. The extraordinary morphological diversity suggests that Ephedra was survivor of an ancient group, and its antiquity is also supported by fossil data. It has recently been suggested that Ephedra appeared 8–32 million years ago, and a few megafossils document its presence in the Early Cretaceous. Recently, the high analytical power provided by the new mass spectrometry (MS) instruments is making the characterization of Ephedra metabolites more feasible, such as ephedrine series. In this regard, the chemical compounds isolated from crude extracts, fractions, and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species were characterized by MS-based techniques (LC-MS, LC-ESI-MS, HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS, LC-DAD-ESI/MSn, LC/Orbitrap MS, etc.). Moreover, we carry out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on biomedicine and pharmacotherapy (anticancer, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiarthritic, and anti-influenza activities; proapoptotic and cytotoxic potential; and so on). Equally, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were discussed. This review is focused on all these topics, along with current studies published in the last 5 years (2015–2019) providing in-depth information for readers.
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29
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Effect of Ephedra Herb on Erlotinib Resistance in c-Met-Overexpressing Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line, H1993, through Promotion of Endocytosis and Degradation of c-Met. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7184129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), harboring an EGFR-activating mutation. However, acquired resistance to these treatments emerges after a few years. One of causes of resistance to EGFR-TKIs is a high level of c-Met amplification or c-Met protein overexpression/hyperactivation. Therefore, combination therapy with EGFR-TKIs and a c-Met inhibitor is thought to be effective treatment for patients with NSCLC resistance carrying c-Met amplification and/or protein hyperactivation. Ephedra Herb is a crude drug and is used in Japan as a component in many Kampo formulae. We previously reported that Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) inhibits HGF-induced phosphorylation of c-Met by preventing c-Met tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, we investigated the combination effect of EHE and erlotinib, an EGFR-TKI, on growth of H1993 cells, an erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cell line with overexpression of c-Met. The EHE and erlotinib combination proved to be effective in suppression of the growth of H1993 xenograft tumors and on inhibition of proliferation of H1993 cells, suggesting that EHE is effective in rescuing NSCLC cells from erlotinib resistance. Moreover, EHE not only inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Met, but also downregulated the expression of c-Met by facilitating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of c-Met. EHE also promoted downregulation of the expression of EGFR and phosphorylation of EGFR. Ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) had the same effects as EHE, and the 40% MeOH fraction from EFE, which mainly contained the high-molecular mass condensed tannins, decreased the expression levels of c-Met, pMet, EGFR, and pEGFR to almost the same level as EFE. These results suggest that recovery from resistance to erlotinib by EHE is derived from the high-molecular mass condensed tannins and that EHE may be suitable for treatment of c-Met-overexpressing NSCLC with resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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30
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Sioud F, Ben Toumia I, Lahmer A, Khlifi R, Dhaouefi Z, Maatouk M, Ghedira K, Chekir-Ghedira L. Methanolic extract of Ephedra alata ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity through reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12792-12801. [PMID: 32008195 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is a powerful anticancer agent used in the treatment of a diverse type of cancers. Oxidative stress is one of the most important side effects limiting the use of cisplatin. The protective effects of methanolic extract (ME) and ephedrine (EP), major compound, of Ephedra alata on CP-induced damages were here assessed. Treatment with CP-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity characterized by biochemical alterations. In fact, using CP reduced significantly glutathione (GSH) levels, enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Nonetheless, CP-treatment induced DNA damage at renal, hepatic, and blood cells and increased interferon gamma (IFNγ) level in serum. Co-treatments of mice with ME normalized relative kidney/body weight, restored biochemical and oxidative stress parameters, reduced DNA damage and IFNγ level. In conclusion, ME exhibited the best protective effect against CP damage compared with ephedrine. This is could be attributed to the presence of polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids, and tannins in addition to ephedrine alkaloids. These compounds were reported to play a major role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, providing an effective protection against CP- induced oxidative damage. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairouz Sioud
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Imene Ben Toumia
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Lahmer
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Khlifi
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zaineb Dhaouefi
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Maatouk
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Ghedira
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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31
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Yoshimura M, Amakura Y, Hyuga S, Hyuga M, Nakamori S, Maruyama T, Oshima N, Uchiyama N, Yang J, Oka H, Ito H, Kobayashi Y, Odaguchi H, Hakamatsuka T, Hanawa T, Goda Y. Quality Evaluation and Characterization of Fractions with Biological Activity from Ephedra Herb Extract and Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:140-149. [PMID: 32009081 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the c-Met inhibitory effect of Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) is derived from ingredients besides ephedrine alkaloids. Moreover, analgesic and anti-influenza activities of EHE and ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) have been reported recently. In this study, we examined the fractions containing c-Met kinase inhibitory activity from EHE and the fractions with analgesic and anti-influenza activities from EFE, and elucidated the structural characteristics of the active fractions. Significant c-Met kinase activity was observed in 30, 40, and 50% methanol (MeOH) eluate fractions obtained from water extract of EHE using Diaion HP-20 column chromatography. Similarly, 20 and 40% MeOH, and MeOH eluate fractions obtained from water extract of EFE were found to display analgesic and anti-influenza activities. Reversed phase-HPLC analysis of the active fractions commonly showed broad peaks characteristic of high-molecular mass condensed tannin. The active fractions were analyzed using 13C-NMR and decomposition reactions; the deduced structures of active components were high-molecular mass condensed tannins, which were mainly procyanidin B-type and partly procyanidin A-type, including pyrogallol- and catechol-type flavan 3-ols as extension and terminal units. HPLC and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses estimated that the ratio of pyrogallol- and catechol-type was approximately 9 : 2, and the weight-average molecular weight based on the polystyrene standard was >45000. Furthermore, GPC-based analysis was proposed as the quality evaluation method for high-molecular mass condensed tannin in EHE and EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
| | | | - Shunsuke Nakamori
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
| | | | - Naohiro Oshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | | | - Hideki Oka
- Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Central Research Laboratories
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Sciences, Okayama Prefectural University
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32
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Odaguchi H, Hyuga S, Sekine M, Nakamori S, Takemoto H, Huang X, Oshima N, Shimada N, Yang J, Amakura Y, Hyuga M, Uchiyama N, Kobayashi Y, Hakamatsuka T, Goda Y, Hanawa T. The Adverse Effects of Ephedra Herb and the Safety of Ephedrine Alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb Extract (EFE). YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1417-1425. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
| | - Mariko Sekine
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
| | - Shunsuke Nakamori
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
| | - Xuedan Huang
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
| | - Naohiro Oshima
- Tokyo University of Science Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
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Chen Y, Huang K, Ding X, Tang H, Xu Z. Magnolol inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in esophagus cancer KYSE-150 cell lines via the MAP kinase pathway. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:3030-3038. [PMID: 31463132 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.07.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnolol has shown anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancers, such as liver, breast, lung and colon cancer. However, the role of magnolol in esophagus cancer cells is unknown. Methods In this study, esophagus cancer cell lines including TE-1, Eca-109 and KYSE-150 were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of magnolol on cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Results We found that magnolol inhibits cellular proliferation of all three cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner; 20 µM magnolol markedly inhibited the migration ability of KYSE-150 cell which was accompanied with a decreased expression of MMP-2. Treatment with 100 µM magnolol significantly increased KYSE-150 cell apoptosis. We found that cleaved caspase-3, cleaved capsese-9 and Bax protein expression was increased and Bcl-2 protein expression was decreased after magnolol treatment. In addition, Magnolol had no effect on JNK but induced the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting the involvement of these kinases in the initiation of the apoptosis process. Finally, magnolol treatment significantly suppressed KYSE-150 tumor cell growth in nude mouse xenograft models. Conclusions The results of this study provide a basis for the understanding and development of magnolol as a potential novel drug for esophagus cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Kenan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xinyu Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Dai Y, Li Q, Tong J, Verpoorte R, Zhao SJ, Qin XM, Chen S. Quality marker identification based on standard decoction of differently processed materials of Ephedrae Herba. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:47-54. [PMID: 30898554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The quality control of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a scientific problem and an industrial issue, which hampers the development of evidence based TCM. The concept of quality markers (Q-markers) is proposed and has been applied to the quality evaluation of TCM based on its clinical efficacy. However, more specific methods are needed to put this idea into practice. The standard decoction is a representative of decoction used in clinical practice and it can be used for the discovery of Q-markers related to the clinical efficacy of TCM. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, a systemic strategy was established to discover Q-markers related to the clinical efficacy of TCM Ephedrae Herba (EH), dried stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf. The different processed materials of EH have different clinical applications, though originating from the same medicinal herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The standard decoction of each of the processed materials was prepared and a 1HNMR metabolomics approach and total polysaccharide analysis were used to identify potential Q-markers related to the different clinical applications of EH. Correlation analysis was made of the measured biological activity and the holistic chemical profile. RESULTS The results showed that total polysaccharides and alkaloids were Q-markers for EH preparations. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the standard decoction is a reasonable research objective to explore chemical markers that correlate with the clinical efficacy of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Tong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Shanxi, China
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Si-Jun Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Shanxi, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Yang J, Huang Y, Liu S. Investigational antiviral therapies for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:481-488. [PMID: 31018720 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1606210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) play a key role in viral transcription and replication; hence, the recent development of novel anti-influenza drugs targeting vRNPs has garnered widespread interest. AREAS COVERED We discuss the function of the constituents of vRNPs and summarize those vRNPs-targeted synthetic drugs that are in preclinical and early clinical development. EXPERT OPINION vRNPs contain high-value drug targets; such targets include the subunits PA, PB1, PB2, and NP. Developing a new generation of antiviral therapies with strategies that utilize existing drugs, natural compounds originated from new resources and novel drug combinations may open up new therapeutic approaches to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yingna Huang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Abstract
The genus Ephedra of the Ephedraceae family contains more than 60 species of nonflowering seed plants distributed throughout Asia, America, Europe, and North Africa. These Ephedra species have medicinal, ecological, and economic value. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the Ephedra species to unveil opportunities for future research. Comprehensive information on the Ephedra species was collected by electronic search (e.g., GoogleScholar, Pubmed, SciFinder, and Web of Science) and phytochemical books. The chemical compounds isolated from the Ephedra species include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, and others. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species showed anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, and diuretic activities. After chemical and pharmacological profiling, current research is focused on the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the phenolic acid compounds, the immunosuppressive activity of the polysaccharides, and the antitumor activity of flavonoids.
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Oshima N, Yamashita T, Uchiyama N, Hyuga S, Hyuga M, Yang J, Hakamatsuka T, Hanawa T, Goda Y. Non-alkaloidal composition of Ephedra Herb is influenced by differences in habitats. J Nat Med 2018; 73:303-311. [PMID: 30406370 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra Herb is a crude drug defined as the terrestrial stem of Ephedra sinica, E. intermedia, or E. equisetina. It is often used to treat headaches, bronchial asthma, nasal inflammation, and the common cold. In this study, we isolated characteristic non-alkaloidal constituents from the extracts and identified them in relation to the habitat of Ephedra Herb. Extracts were prepared from Ephedra Herb collected from Inner Mongolia and Gansu. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to quantitatively analyse the amount of ephedrine alkaloids in each extract. We compared the chemical compositions of the extracts by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to find spot characteristics depending on the habitat. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR spectra of the samples were also examined. The ephedrine content of all extracts satisfied the quality standard stated in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Nonetheless, we found each notable constituent characteristic to the Ephedra Herbs from both habitats. In order to identify them, Ephedra Herb extracts were separated by column chromatography, resulting in the isolation of (±)-α-terpineol-β-D-O-glucopyranoside (1) and (E)-7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloct-2-en-1-yl-β-D-O-glucopyranoside (2) as the characteristic constituents in Ephedra Herb from Inner Mongolia. Epheganoside (3), a new eudesmane-type sesquiterpene glycoside, and scopoletin (4) were found to be the characteristic constituents in Ephedra Herb from Gansu. The results obtained from this study can be used to distinguish between the habitats of Ephedra Herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Oshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
| | | | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jinwei Yang
- TOKIWA Phytochemical Co., Ltd, 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Kitagawa H, Ohbuchi K, Munekage M, Fujisawa K, Kawanishi Y, Namikawa T, Kushida H, Matsumoto T, Shimobori C, Nishi A, Sadakane C, Watanabe J, Yamamoto M, Hanazaki K. Phenotyping analysis of the Japanese Kampo medicine maoto in healthy human subjects using wide-targeted plasma metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:119-127. [PMID: 30368117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) consists of a vast number of compounds that exert pharmacological effects throughout the body. Comprehensive phenotyping analysis using omics is essential for understanding the nature of THM in detail. We previously reported that the Japanese Kampo medicine maoto ameliorated flu-like symptoms in a rat infection model and dynamically changed plasma metabolites as indicated by metabolome analysis. The aim of this study was to apply wide-targeted plasma metabolomics with quantitative analysis of maoto compounds in a human clinical trial to evaluate the effect of maoto on plasma metabolites. Four healthy human subjects were recruited. Plasma samples were collected before and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after maoto treatment. Wide-targeted metabolomics and quantitative analysis of the main chemical constituents of maoto were then performed. Plasma metabolome analysis revealed that maoto administration decreased essential amino acids including branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and increased various kinds of ω-3 fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, consistent with previous studies in rats. Fifteen of the major compounds in maoto were identified in the systemic circulation. Finally, the correlation between endogenous metabolites and maoto compounds in plasma was analyzed and the results indicated that the decrease in plasma BCAAs might be caused by ephedrines present in maoto. The present study demonstrated that plasma metabolomic studies of endogenous and exogenous metabolites are useful for elucidating the mechanism of action of THM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masaya Munekage
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kazune Fujisawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawanishi
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Namikawa
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Chika Shimobori
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sadakane
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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Odaguchi H, Sekine M, Hyuga S, Hanawa T, Hoshi K, Sasaki Y, Aso M, Yang J, Hyuga M, Kobayashi Y, Hakamatsuka T, Goda Y, Kumagai Y. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Comparative Study for Evaluating the Clinical Safety of Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract (EFE). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4625358. [PMID: 30174707 PMCID: PMC6098921 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4625358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra Herb is an important crude drug; it is used in various Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo) formulations. Its significant pharmacological effects have been believed to be attributed to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which sometimes induce adverse effects. On the other hand, it has been reported that some of these pharmacological effects are not dependent on ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract has been newly developed. It has been reported to have analgesic, anti-influenza, and antimetastatic effects. This clinical trial was aimed at verifying the noninferiority of EFE's safety compared to that of Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) in humans. This was a single-institution, double-blinded, randomized, two-drug, two-stage, crossover comparative study. Twelve healthy male subjects were equally and randomly allocated into two groups: prior administration of EFE (EFE-P) and prior administration of EHE (EHE-P). In Stage 1, EFE and EHE were orally administered to the EFE-P and EHE-P groups, respectively, for six days. After a 4-week washout period, Stage 2 was initiated wherein the subjects were given a study drug different from Stage 1 study drug for six days. Eleven adverse events with a causal relationship to the study drugs (EHE: 8; EFE: 3) were noted; all events were mild in severity. With regard to the incidence of adverse events, EHE and EFE administration, respectively, accounted for 4 cases (out of 12 subjects, similarly below) and 1 case of increased pulse rate (p=0.32) and 3 cases and 1 case of insomnia (p=0.59). Further, there was one case of hot flashes (p=1.00) due to EFE administration and one case of dysuria (p=1.00) due to EHE administration. There were no significant differences in the incidences of adverse events between EHE administration and EFE administration. Therefore, we concluded that EFE is not inferior to EHE in terms of safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Mariko Sekine
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Keika Hoshi
- Department of Hygiene, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Sasaki
- Kitasato University Hospital Clinical Trial Center, 1-51-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Masako Aso
- Kitasato University Hospital Clinical Trial Center, 1-51-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
| | - Jinwei Yang
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura, Chiba 285-0801, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuji Kumagai
- Kitasato University Hospital Clinical Trial Center, 1-51-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan
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Oshima N, Maruyama T, Yamashita T, Uchiyama N, Amakura Y, Hyuga S, Hyuga M, Nakamori S, Takemoto H, Kobayashi Y, Hakamatsuka T, Odaguchi H, Hanawa T, Goda Y. Two flavone C-glycosides as quality control markers for the manufacturing process of ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) as a crude drug preparation. J Nat Med 2017; 72:73-79. [PMID: 28776291 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of our continuing study of ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) in pursuit of its approval as a crude drug preparation, we identified two quantitative markers for the quality control of the manufacturing process of EFE and sought to establish cost-effective and simple methods for quantitative analyses. We analysed Ephedra Herb extracts grown in different habitats and collection years by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) and detected two notable peaks common to each extract. These peaks were identified as vicenin-2 (1) and isovitexin 2″-O-rhamnoside (2). Quantitative analyses using the isocratic condition of LC/MS showed that the content percentages of 1 and 2 in EFE were 0.140-0.146% and 0.350-0.411%, respectively. We concluded that 1 and 2 were adequate quality control markers for quantitative analysis of EFE. Furthermore, we quantitatively analysed apigenin (3), an aglycon common to 1 and 2, and found that the conversion factors of 1 to 3 and 2 to 3 were 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that 3 was a secondary standard for quantifying the contents of 1 and 2 in EFE. A series of results obtained from this study will be valuable for the quality control of EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Oshima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuro Maruyama
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | | | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakamori
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
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Hyuga S. The Pharmacological Actions of Ephedrine Alkaloids-free Ephreda Herb Extract and Preparation for Clinical Application. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:179-186. [PMID: 28154329 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ephedra Herb is defined in the 17th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia as the terrestrial stem of Ephedra sinica STAPF., Ephedra intermedia SCHRENK et C.A. MEYER, or Ephedra equisetina BUNGE (Ephedraceae) which contains more than 0.7% ephedrine alkaloids (ephedrine and pseudoephedrine). The primary effects and adverse effects of Ephedra Herb are traditionally believed to be mediated by ephedrine alkaloids. We recently reported that Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) exhibits antimetastatic and antitumor effects by suppressing the hepatocyte growth factor-c-Met signaling pathway through the inhibition of c-Met tyrosine kinase activity. We confirmed that the non-alkaloidal fraction of EHE had c-Met-inhibitory activity. Moreover, we discovered herbacetin glycosides in EHE and demonstrated that herbacetin, the aglycone of the glycosides, shows c-Met-inhibitory activity and analgesic action. These findings suggest that some pharmacological actions of EHE may be produced by its non-alkaloidal fraction, which does not cause the adverse effects of ephedrine alkaloids. Therefore, we prepared ephedrine alkaloids-free EHE (EFE) by removing ephedrine alkaloids from EHE using ion-exchange column chromatography. EFE had c-Met-inhibitory action, analgesic effects, and antiinfluenza activity similar to EHE but had no toxicity. Now, we are evaluating the safety of EFE in healthy volunteers and its efficacy in patients to obtain licensing approval for its therapeutic use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Hyuga
- Department of Clinical Research, Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University
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Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Syriopoulou A, Tzakos AG. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) based bioavailability determination of the major classes of phytochemicals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1047:15-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Odaguchi H. Clinical Research Testing the Usefulness of Ephedrine Alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb Extract. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:195-197. [PMID: 28154331 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to test the clinical usefulness of ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE), which has been proven to be effective and safe in animal studies. First, we performed a safety trial with 7 healthy volunteers, and increased white blood cell counts were observed in 2. However, it was unknown whether this observation was a result of EFE administration. Then, we implemented a controlled, double-blind, randomized crossover trial as the second safety trial for EFE. The trial was conducted under strict conditions, and the participants were managed in the hospital and monitored using an increased number of endpoints. Twelve healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to group 1, who were administered EFE first, or group 2, who were administered Ephedra Herb first. In both groups, the drug was administered for 6 d. After a 4-week washout period with no drug administration, each group was administered the alternate drug for 6 d. In the third stage, a dose-response trial is planned to test the effectiveness and safety of EFE on chronic joint pain. Patients with chronic knee joint pain will be randomly allocated to three groups, and each group will be administered EFE prepared from different amounts of Ephedra Herb. Until this stage, the studies will be conducted as investigator-initiated clinical trials. In the fourth stage, industry-sponsored clinical trials will be planned. This multicenter trial will involve 300 patients with joint pain, neuralgia, and/or muscle pain.
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Kobayashi Y. Analgesic Effects and Side Effects of Ephedra Herb Extract and Ephedrine Alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb Extract. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:187-194. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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p-Hydroxyacetophenone suppresses nuclear factor-κB-related inflammation in nociceptive and inflammatory animal models. J Nat Med 2017; 71:422-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nakamori S, Takahashi J, Hyuga S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H, Hyuga M, Hakamatsuka T, Odaguchi H, Goda Y, Hanawa T, Kobayashi Y. Ephedra Herb extract activates/desensitizes transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and reduces capsaicin-induced pain. J Nat Med 2017; 71:105-113. [PMID: 27631428 PMCID: PMC5897484 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kampo medicines containing Ephedra Herb (EH) such as eppikajutsubuto and makyoyokukanto are used to treat myalgia, arthralgia, and rheumatism. The analgesic effects of these Kampo medicines are attributed to the anti-inflammatory action of EH. However, the molecular mechanism of the analgesic effect of EH remains to be clarified. In this study, the effects of EH extract (EHE) on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective ligand-gated cation channel, which plays an essential role in nociception on sensory neurons, were investigated using mTRPV1/Flp-In293 cells (stable mouse TRPV1-expressing transfectants). Administration of EHE increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in these cells, which was inhibited by the TRPV1 antagonist, N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-4-(3-chloropyridine-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1-carboxamide (BCTC), indicating that EHE activated TRPV1. Examination of EHE-induced nociceptive pain in vivo revealed that an intradermal (i.d.) injection of EHE into the hind paw of mice induced paw licking, a pain-related behavior, and that the extract increased paw licking times in a dose-dependent manner. The EHE-induced paw licking was also inhibited by BCTC. An i.d. injection of EHE 30 min before administration of capsaicin decreased capsaicin-induced paw licking times. Similarly, oral administration of the extract also suppressed capsaicin-induced paw licking, without affecting the physical performance of the mice. These results suggest that EHE suppresses capsaicin-induced paw licking by regulating TRPV1 activity. Thus, the antinociceptive effects of EHE seem to be produced by its direct action on sensory neurons through TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nakamori
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
| | - Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
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Söderholm S, Fu Y, Gaelings L, Belanov S, Yetukuri L, Berlinkov M, Cheltsov AV, Anders S, Aittokallio T, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Kainov DE. Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100269. [PMID: 27690086 PMCID: PMC5086605 DOI: 10.3390/v8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 199 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the 665 remains unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy and immuno/neuro-modulating properties of these compounds and their combinations as well as potential viral and host resistance to them may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Sergey Belanov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Berlinkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia.
| | - Anton V Cheltsov
- Q-Mol L.L.C. in Silico Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | | | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00015, Finland.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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49
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Oshima N, Yamashita T, Hyuga S, Hyuga M, Kamakura H, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Hakamatsuka T, Amakura Y, Hanawa T, Goda Y. Efficiently prepared ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract: a putative marker and antiproliferative effects. J Nat Med 2016; 70:554-62. [PMID: 26976141 PMCID: PMC4935757 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ephedrine alkaloids (EAs) have been considered the main pharmacologically active substances in Ephedra Herb (麻黄, Mao; EH) since they were first identified by Prof. N. Nagai, and are known to induce palpitation, hypertension, insomnia, and dysuria as side effects. Therefore, the administration of drugs containing EH to patients with cardiovascular-related diseases is severely contraindicated. While our previous studies suggest that some of the effects of EH may not be due to EAs, considering their side effects would be expedient to develop a new EAs-free EH extract (EFE). Here, we established a preparation method for EFE and revealed its chemical composition, including the content of herbacetin, a flavonoid aglycon present in EH and a potential putative marker for EFE quality control. In addition, we showed the antiproliferative effects of EFE against the H1975 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. EFE was prepared from EH extract using the ion exchange resin SK-1B. LC/Orbitrap MS analysis revealed the removal of EAs, 6-methoxykynurenic acid, and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid from the original extract. Quantitative analysis of herbacetin using LC/MS in acid-hydrolyzed EFE showed that its content was 0.104 %. Although several alkaloidal constituents were removed from EH extract, the antiproliferative effect of EFE against H1975 cells was comparable to that of EH extract. These results indicate that EFE retained the anticancer effect of EH and demonstrated its potential for future development as a new herbal medicine with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Oshima
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1, Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara city, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Yamashita
- TOKIWA Phytochemical Co., Ltd., 158 Kinoko, Sakura-shi, Chiba, 285-0801, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Department of Clinical Research, Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamakura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Takuro Maruyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Department of Clinical Research, Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
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