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Gheisary Z, Hoja I, Liu J, Papagerakis P, Weber LP, Fenton M, Katselis GS, Lieffers JRL, Papagerakis S. Association of Sleep Quality and General, Mental, and Oral Health with Lifestyle Traits (Dietary Intake, Smoking Status) in Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Nutrients 2024; 16:2091. [PMID: 38999838 PMCID: PMC11243648 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is associated with health challenges. Lifestyle traits are believed to influence arthritis development and progression; however, data to support personalized treatment regimens based on holistic lifestyle factors are missing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive list of associations between lifestyle traits and the health status of individuals with arthritis in the Canadian population, using binary logistic regression analysis on data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, which includes 104,359 respondents. Firstly, we explored the association between arthritis and various aspects of health status including self-reported lifestyle factors. Secondly, we examined the associations between self-reported dietary intake and smoking status with general, mental, and oral health, and sleep disturbance among individuals both with and without arthritis. Our analysis revealed that individuals with arthritis reported considerably poorer general, mental, and oral health, and poorer sleep quality compared to those without arthritis. Associations were also found between self-reported dietary intake and various measures of health status in individuals with arthritis. Smoking and exposure to passive smoking were associated not only with arthritis but also with compromised sleep quality and poorer general, mental, and oral health in people with and without arthritis. This study highlights the need for personalized and holistic approaches that may include a combination of dietary interventions, oral health improvements, sleep therapies, and smoking cessation for improved arthritis prevention and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Gheisary
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Ibrahim Hoja
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Dental Medicine Pavilion, 2420, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (I.H.); (P.P.)
- Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Juxin Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 106 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E6, Canada;
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Dental Medicine Pavilion, 2420, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (I.H.); (P.P.)
| | - Lynn P. Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Mark Fenton
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - George S. Katselis
- Department of Medicine, Canadian Centre for Rural and Agricultural Health, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada;
| | - Jessica R. L. Lieffers
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Precision Oral Health and Chronobiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Dental Medicine Pavilion, 2420, rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (I.H.); (P.P.)
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2
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Jin Y, Kozan D, Anderson JL, Hensley M, Shen MC, Wen J, Moll T, Kozan H, Rawls JF, Farber SA. A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver triglycerides accumulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565134. [PMID: 37961364 PMCID: PMC10635069 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. In this study, we provide an improved protocol to assay the impact of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LP) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae (8 days followed by a 1 day fast) and adult female fish (2 weeks, followed by 3 days of fasting) was also associated with a fatty liver phenotype that presented as severe hepatic steatosis. The HCD feeding paradigm doubled the levels of liver triacylglycerol (TG), which was striking because our HCD was only supplemented with cholesterol. The accumulated liver TG was unlikely due to increased de novo lipogenesis or inhibited β-oxidation since no differentially expressed genes in these pathways were found between the livers of fish fed the HCD versus control diets. However, fasted HCD fish had significantly increased lipogenesis gene fasn in adipose tissue and higher free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma. This suggested that elevated dietary cholesterol resulted in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, which supplied more FFA during fasting, promoting hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Darby Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica Hensley
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tabea Moll
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hannah Kozan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven A. Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Zhao K, Qiu L, He Y, Tao X, Zhang Z, Wei H. Alleviation Syndrome of High-Cholesterol-Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Mice by Intervention with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL21 via Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism and Transportation as Well as Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112600. [PMID: 37299563 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are prospective for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Until now, systematic studies on the amelioration of hypercholesterolemia have been rare in terms of (cholesterol metabolism and transportation, reshaping of gut microbiota, as well as yielding SCFAs) intervention with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In this study, strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, WLPL21, WLPL72, and ZDY04, from fermented food and two combinations (Enterococcus faecium WEFA23 with L. plantarum WLPL21 and WLPL72) were compared for their effect on hypercholesterolemia. Comprehensively, with regard to the above aspects, L. plantarum WLPL21 showed the best mitigatory effect among all groups, which was revealed by decreasing total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, upregulated cholesterol metabolism (Cyp27a1, Cyp7b1, Cyp7a1, and Cyp8b1) levels in the liver, cholesterol transportation (Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8) in the ileum or liver, and downregulated Npc1l1. Moreover, it reshaped the constitution of gut microbiota; specifically, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) was downregulated; the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Blautia, and Lactobacillus was upregulated by 7.48-14.82-fold; and that of Lachnoclostridium and Desulfovibrio was then downregulated by 69.95% and 60.66%, respectively. In conclusion, L. plantarum WLPL21 improved cholesterol metabolism and transportation, as well as the abundance of gut microbiota, for alleviating high-cholesterol-diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xueying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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4
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Severe Dyslipidemia Mimicking Familial Hypercholesterolemia Induced by High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040962. [PMID: 36839320 PMCID: PMC9964047 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies in the literature describe an association between high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets and severe hypercholesterolemia consistent with the levels observed in patients with (homozygous) familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) may result from the reduced clearance of LDL particles from the circulation, the increased production of their precursor, or a combination of both. The increased intake of (saturated) fat and cholesterol, combined with limited to no intake of carbohydrates and fiber, are the main features of diets linked to hypercholesterolemia. However, several observations in previous studies, together with our observations from our lipid clinic, do not provide a definitive pathophysiological explanation for severe hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, we review these findings and possible pathophysiological explanations as well as opportunities for future research. Altogether, clinicians should rule out high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets as a possible cause for hypercholesterolemia in patients presenting with clinical FH in whom no mutation is found and discuss dietary modifications to durably reduce LDL-C levels and cardiovascular disease risk.
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5
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Louie AY, Tingling J, Dray E, Hussain J, McKim DB, Swanson KS, Steelman AJ. Dietary Cholesterol Causes Inflammatory Imbalance and Exacerbates Morbidity in Mice Infected with Influenza A Virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2523-2539. [PMID: 35577367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a common cause of pneumonia-induced hospitalization and death, but how host factors function to influence disease susceptibility or severity has not been fully elucidated. Cellular cholesterol levels may affect the pathogenesis of influenza infection, as cholesterol is crucial for viral entry and replication, as well as immune cell proliferation and function. However, there is still conflicting evidence on the extent to which dietary cholesterol influences cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we examined the effects of a high-cholesterol diet in modulating the immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. Mice were fed a standard or a high-cholesterol diet for 5 wk before inoculation with mouse-adapted human IAV (Puerto Rico/8/1934), and tissues were collected at days 0, 4, 8, and 16 postinfection. Cholesterol-fed mice exhibited dyslipidemia characterized by increased levels of total serum cholesterol prior to infection and decreased triglycerides postinfection. Cholesterol-fed mice also displayed increased morbidity compared with control-fed mice, which was neither a result of immunosuppression nor changes in viral load. Instead, transcriptomic analysis of the lungs revealed that dietary cholesterol caused upregulation of genes involved in viral-response pathways and leukocyte trafficking, which coincided with increased numbers of cytokine-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and infiltrating dendritic cells. Morbidity as determined by percent weight loss was highly correlated with numbers of cytokine-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as granulocytes. Taken together, dietary cholesterol promoted IAV morbidity via exaggerated cellular immune responses that were independent of viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y Louie
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Joseph Tingling
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Evan Dray
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jamal Hussain
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Ghaddar B, Diotel N. Zebrafish: A New Promise to Study the Impact of Metabolic Disorders on the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105372. [PMID: 35628176 PMCID: PMC9141892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish has become a popular model to study many physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans. In recent years, it has rapidly emerged in the study of metabolic disorders, namely, obesity and diabetes, as the regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways of glucose and lipid homeostasis are highly conserved between fish and mammals. Zebrafish is also widely used in the field of neurosciences to study brain plasticity and regenerative mechanisms due to the high maintenance and activity of neural stem cells during adulthood. Recently, a large body of evidence has established that metabolic disorders can alter brain homeostasis, leading to neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress and causing decreased neurogenesis. To date, these pathological metabolic conditions are also risk factors for the development of cognitive dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we first aim to describe the main metabolic models established in zebrafish to demonstrate their similarities with their respective mammalian/human counterparts. Then, in the second part, we report the impact of metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes) on brain homeostasis with a particular focus on the blood-brain barrier, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, cognitive functions and brain plasticity. Finally, we propose interesting signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms to be explored in order to better understand how metabolic disorders can negatively impact neural stem cell activity.
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7
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Tse TJ, Guo Y, Shim YY, Purdy SK, Kim JH, Cho JY, Alcorn J, Reaney MJT. Availability of bioactive flax lignan from foods and supplements. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9843-9858. [PMID: 35532015 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2072807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, high levels of blood lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Traditional treatments of hyperlipidemia often include lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Recently, flaxseed has been approved as a nutrient that lowers blood lipids. Several metabolites of flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), have been identified that reduce blood lipids. SDG is present in flaxseed hull as an ester-linked copolymer with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMGA). However, purification processes involved in hydrolysis of the copolymer and enriching SDG are often expensive. The natural copolymer of SDG with HMGA (SDG polymer) is a source of bioactive compounds useful in prophylaxis of hypercholesterolemia. After consumption of the lignan copolymer, SDG and HMGA are released in the stomach and small intestines. SDG is metabolized to secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone and enterodiol, the bioactive forms of mammalian lignans. These metabolites are then distributed throughout the body where they accumulate in the liver, kidney, skin, other tissues, and organs. Successively, these metabolites reduce blood lipids including cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation products. In this review, the metabolism and efficacies of flaxseed-derived enriched SDG and SDG polymer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yajia Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
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Pan J, Han W, Jiang Y, Wu J, Zhou X. Association of dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia in Chinese health examinees. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2022; 41:15. [PMID: 35505396 PMCID: PMC9066786 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The association between dietary cholesterol consumption and dyslipidemia is still in controversy. The study aims to evaluate whether dietary cholesterol intake associated with dyslipidemia and its components in Chinese health examinees. Methods A large-scale cross-sectional study was conducted among health examinees of in Shaanxi province. Totally of 8358 participants (3677 male and 4681 female) were included. Dietary cholesterol intake was assessed by validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to capture the linear and non-linear association between dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia. Results A total of 2429 (29.1%) subjects were newly diagnosed of dyslipidemia, the prevalence was 29.2% in male and 27.7% in female. Mean intake of dietary cholesterol was 213.7 mg/day. After adjusting for all potential confounders including demographics information and lifestyles, higher cholesterol consumption was related to lower risk of dyslipidemia, the ORs (95% CIs) across Q2 to Q4 group were 0.87 (0.60–1.26), 0.80 (0.55–1.18) and 0.61 (0.41–0.91) in female. With further controlling for nutrients principal components, a null association was observed between dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia and serum lipids, regardless of gender. Results of restricted cubic splines showed that the risk of dyslipidemia decreased slowly until around 300 mg/day in men and 200 mg/day in women, although the non-linear association was not significant. Conclusions The study suggested that dietary cholesterol consumption was not associated with dyslipidemia or serum lipids in Chinese health examinees, although a decreased risk was observed before the threshold points. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41043-022-00293-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xi'an Central Hospital, 161 West Fifth Road, Xi'an, 710003, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Wenqi Han
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No.256 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Yongrong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jine Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Li Y, Niu L, Guo Q, Shi L, Deng X, Liu X, Xiao C. Effects of fermentation with lactic bacteria on the structural characteristics and physicochemical and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber from prosomillet bran. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Estruch R, Ruilope LM, Cosentino F. The year in cardiovascular medicine 2020: epidemiology and prevention. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:813-821. [PMID: 33388753 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170. 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Hypertension Unit and Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Research Institute, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBER-CV Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Avd. de Córdoba s/n. 28041 Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, FE 200, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Alexandersson KF, Tragante V, Thorsteinsdottir M, Eiriksson FF, Gretarsdottir S, Björnsson E, Magnusson O, Sveinbjornsson G, Jonsdottir I, Steinthorsdottir V, Ferkingstad E, Jensson BÖ, Stefansson H, Olafsson I, Christensen AH, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Sørensen E, Brunak S, Banasik K, Hansen TF, Nyegaard M, Eyjolfssson GI, Sigurdardottir O, Thorarinsson BL, Matthiasson SE, Steingrimsdottir T, Bjornsson ES, Danielsen R, Asselbergs FW, Arnar DO, Ullum H, Bundgaard H, Sulem P, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Holm H, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. Genetic variability in the absorption of dietary sterols affects the risk of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2618-2628. [PMID: 32702746 PMCID: PMC7377579 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore whether variability in dietary cholesterol and phytosterol absorption impacts the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) using as instruments sequence variants in the ABCG5/8 genes, key regulators of intestinal absorption of dietary sterols. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of ABCG5/8 variants on non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol (N up to 610 532) and phytosterol levels (N = 3039) and the risk of CAD in Iceland, Denmark, and the UK Biobank (105 490 cases and 844 025 controls). We used genetic scores for non-HDL cholesterol to determine whether ABCG5/8 variants confer greater risk of CAD than predicted by their effect on non-HDL cholesterol. We identified nine rare ABCG5/8 coding variants with substantial impact on non-HDL cholesterol. Carriers have elevated phytosterol levels and are at increased risk of CAD. Consistent with impact on ABCG5/8 transporter function in hepatocytes, eight rare ABCG5/8 variants associate with gallstones. A genetic score of ABCG5/8 variants predicting 1 mmol/L increase in non-HDL cholesterol associates with two-fold increase in CAD risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75-2.31, P = 9.8 × 10-23] compared with a 54% increase in CAD risk (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.49-1.59, P = 1.1 × 10-154) associated with a score of other non-HDL cholesterol variants predicting the same increase in non-HDL cholesterol (P for difference in effects = 2.4 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in cholesterol absorption affects levels of circulating non-HDL cholesterol and risk of CAD. Our results indicate that both dietary cholesterol and phytosterols contribute directly to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helgadottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Vinicius Tragante
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margret Thorsteinsdottir
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Eythór Björnsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur Magnusson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Egil Ferkingstad
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali -National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alex H Christensen
- Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- The Capital Region's Unit of Inherited Cardiac Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, 4700 Næstved, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.,Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Boserupvej 2, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Olof Sigurdardottir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Akureyri Hospital, Eyrarlandsvegur, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Bjorn L Thorarinsson
- Department of Neurology, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Thora Steingrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali - National University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar S Bjornsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ragnar Danielsen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Capital Region's Unit of Inherited Cardiac Diseases, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali - National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Dunhagi, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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12
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Perry CA, Van Guilder GP, Hossain M, Kauffman A. Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:647847. [PMID: 33816541 PMCID: PMC8017169 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.647847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the response of a calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on indicators of cardiometabolic health in a cohort of sedentary obese older adults. Design: This was a controlled-feeding trial with a parallel design. Each participant consumed either 3 oz (85 g; n = 15) or 6 oz (170.1 g; n = 13) of lean fresh beef within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet for 12-weeks. Fasted blood samples were collected and used to measure conventional biomarkers of cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory health. Participants: Caucasian older (70.8 years), obese (BMI: 32 ± 6.9 kg/m2; WC: 101 ± 16.4 cm) females (n = 17) and males (n = 11) from the rural community of Brookings, South Dakota. Results: 28 participants completed the 12-week feeding trial, with no differences (p > 0.05) among the biomarkers of cardiometabolic health between the 3 and 6 oz beef intake groups. However, when the beef intake groups were combined, all biomarkers changed concentration in response to the intervention diet. Total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL-C (p = 0.004), HDL-C (p < 0.0001), insulin (p = 0.014), glucose (p = 0.008), HOMA-IR (p < 0.05), IL-12 (p < 0.001), and CRP (p = 0.006) all decreased in response to the study diet. IGF-1 (p < 0.001) and IL-8 (p = 0.005) increased in response to the intervention. Correlations among cardiometabolic biomarkers and body composition measures were observed. By study end, the decrease in insulin (R 2 = 0.22; P = 0.012) and HOMA-IR (R 2 = 0.22; P = 0.01) was positively correlated with the decrease in waist circumference. The increase in IGF-1 was significantly correlated with the decrease in waist circumference (R 2 = 0.21; p = 0.014). The increase in IGF-1 was significantly correlated with the increase in sit-to-stand (R 2 = 0.21; p = 0.016). The increase in IL-8 was significantly correlated with decreases in total cholesterol (R 2 = 0.24; P = 0.008), LDL-C (R 2 = 0.17; P = 0.031) and glucose (R 2 = 0.44; P = 0.0001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a DASH-like diet with restricted calories may potentially improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in sedentary obese older adults. These results also point to interrelationships between body composition changes and changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers. Lastly, regardless of meat intake amount, positive impacts on cardiometabolic biomarkers were observed in this cohort of older adults with an obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydne A Perry
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Gary P Van Guilder
- High Altitude Exercise Physiology Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, United States
| | - Mosharraf Hossain
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Alyssa Kauffman
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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13
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Svop Jensen V, Fledelius C, Max Wulff E, Lykkesfeldt J, Hvid H. Temporal Development of Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Syrian Hamsters Fed a High-Fat, High-Fructose, High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020604. [PMID: 33673227 PMCID: PMC7917647 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of translationally relevant animal models is essential, also within the field of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Compared to frequently used mouse and rat models, the hamster may provide a higher degree of physiological similarity to humans in terms of lipid profile and lipoprotein metabolism. However, the effects in hamsters after long-term exposure to a NASH diet are not known. Male Syrian hamsters were fed either a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol diet (NASH diet) or control diets for up to 12 months. Plasma parameters were assessed at two weeks, one, four, eight and 12 months and liver histopathology and biochemistry was characterized after four, eight and 12 months on the experimental diets. After two weeks, hamsters on NASH diet had developed marked dyslipidemia, which persisted for the remainder of the study. Hepatic steatosis was present in NASH-fed hamsters after four months, and hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis was observed within four to eight months, respectively, in agreement with progression towards NASH. In summary, we demonstrate that hamsters rapidly develop dyslipidemia when fed a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol diet. Moreover, within four to eight months, the NASH-diet induced hepatic changes with resemblance to human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Svop Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
- Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Fledelius
- Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
| | - Erik Max Wulff
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark;
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Henning Hvid
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
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14
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Delgado J, Ansorena D, Van Hecke T, Astiasarán I, De Smet S, Estévez M. Meat lipids, NaCl and carnitine: Do they unveil the conundrum of the association between red and processed meat intake and cardiovascular diseases?_Invited Review. Meat Sci 2021; 171:108278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Desmarchelier C, Wolff E, Defoort C, Nowicki M, Morange P, Alessi M, Valéro R, Nicolay A, Lairon D, Borel P. A Combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms is Associated with the Interindividual Variability of Cholesterol Bioavailability in Healthy Adult Males. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000480. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estelle Wolff
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Catherine Defoort
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | | | | | - René Valéro
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
- APHM, CHU Conception Department of Nutrition Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology 13005 Marseille France
| | - Alain Nicolay
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Denis Lairon
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Patrick Borel
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
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16
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Scarmozzino F, Poli A, Visioli F. Microbiota and cardiovascular disease risk: A scoping review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Huo S, Sun L, Zong G, Song B, Zheng H, Jin Q, Li H, Lin X. Genetic susceptibility, dietary cholesterol intake, and plasma cholesterol levels in a Chinese population. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1504-1511. [PMID: 32817344 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accompanied with nutrition transition, non-HDL-C levels of individuals in Asian countries has increased rapidly, which has caused the global epicenter of nonoptimal cholesterol to shift from Western countries to Asian countries. Thus, it is critical to underline major genetic and dietary determinants. In the current study of 2,330 Chinese individuals, genetic risk scores (GRSs) were calculated for total cholesterol (TC; GRSTC, 57 SNPs), LDL-C (GRSLDL-C, 45 SNPs), and HDL-C (GRSHDL-C, 65 SNPs) based on SNPs from the Global Lipid Genetics Consortium study. Cholesterol intake was estimated by a 74-item food-frequency questionnaire. Associations of dietary cholesterol intake with plasma TC and LDL-C strengthened across quartiles of the GRSTC (effect sizes: -0.29, 0.34, 2.45, and 6.47; P interaction = 0.002) and GRSLDL-C (effect sizes: -1.35, 0.17, 5.45, and 6.07; P interaction = 0.001), respectively. Similar interactions with non-HDL-C were observed between dietary cholesterol and GRSTC (P interaction = 0.001) and GRSLDL-C (P interaction = 0.004). The adverse effects of GRSTC on TC (effect sizes across dietary cholesterol quartiles: 0.51, 0.82, 1.21, and 1.31; P interaction = 0.023) and GRSLDL-C on LDL-C (effect sizes across dietary cholesterol quartiles: 0.66, 0.52, 1.12, and 1.56; P interaction = 0.020) were more profound in those having higher cholesterol intake compared with those with lower intake. Our findings suggest significant interactions between genetic susceptibility and dietary cholesterol intake on plasma cholesterol profiles in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Zong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyu Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - He Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianlu Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China .,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on dietary measures to lower levels of LDL-C and triglyceride and reduce cardiovascular (CVD) outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Fifty-year follow-up in the Seven Countries Study confirmed that cholesterol levels correlate with saturated fat intake and all-cause mortality and age at death. In the PURE study, refined carbohydrate increased CVD risk whereas saturated fat did not despite increasing LDL-C levels; limitations are discussed. Reports on CVD risk with eggs provide conflicting results. Plant-based diets with healthful complex carbohydrates reduced CVD. The REDUCE-IT trial lowered triglyceride 21.6% and reduced CVD events 26.1% with an omega-3 fatty acid, An omega-3 fatty acid index at least 4% with EPA and docosahexaenoic acid prevented coronary plaque progression. A clinician guide to counsel patients on nutrition and heart healthy diets was recently published. SUMMARY Based on the evidence, individuals should continue to minimize saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, eliminate trans-fat and increase fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and fish or other omega-3 fatty acids. Adhering to a Mediterranean diet is strongly recommended because of lowering CVD and total mortality. High-dose omega-3 fatty acids lower triglyceride, reduce CVD and prevent coronary plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Recent advances in understanding the role of high fat diets and their components on hematopoiesis and the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Kazemian N, Mahmoudi M, Halperin F, Wu JC, Pakpour S. Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:36. [PMID: 32169105 PMCID: PMC7071638 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common health problem worldwide and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, it has become clear that the inhabitants of our gut, the gut microbiota, play a vital role in human metabolism, immunity, and reactions to diseases, including CAD. Although correlations have been shown between CAD and the gut microbiota, demonstration of potential causal relationships is much more complex and challenging. In this review, we will discuss the potential direct and indirect causal roots between gut microbiota and CAD development via microbial metabolites and interaction with the immune system. Uncovering the causal relationship of gut microbiota and CAD development can lead to novel microbiome-based preventative and therapeutic interventions. However, an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on gut bacterial-mediated mechanisms (e.g., using advanced nanomedicine technologies and incorporation of demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity) to enable efficacious and high-precision preventative and therapeutic strategies for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Kazemian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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21
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Chen KN, He L, Zhong LM, Ran YQ, Liu Y. Meta-Analysis of Dyslipidemia Management for the Prevention of Ischemic Stroke Recurrence in China. Front Neurol 2020; 11:483570. [PMID: 33329292 PMCID: PMC7717969 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.483570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The benefit of blood cholesterol reduction for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke remains undetermined in Chinese patients. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether lipid-lowering agents including statins, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and ezetimibe reduced the risk of recurrent stroke in ischemic stroke patients in China and whether such findings could inform treatment decisions for blood lipid-lowering treatment in China. Methods: The English electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Chinese databases CNKI, Sino-Med, Wan Fang, and VIP were searched for studies published between January 1990 and April 2020. This meta-analysis included published data from trials that randomly assigned patients to groups treated with either blood lipid-lowering regimens or placebo. Effect comparisons were made using fixed effects model in meta-analysis and linear and spline regression were performed to identify the relative risk of stroke recurrence. The primary outcome was the reduction of total ischemic stroke events, and relative risk values were obtained using a risk prediction equation developed from the control groups of the included trials. Results: Five studies including 4,999 individuals with available data met the inclusion criteria. Relative to the control groups, the pooled estimated odds ratio (OR) for recurrent stroke among those who received lipid-lowering therapy was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-1.00). A 50% or greater reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) significantly reduced the risk of ischemic stroke recurrence (OR: 0.15 [95% CI: 0.11-0.20]). The overall beneficial effect of statin therapy was confirmed to prevent ischemic stroke with an OR of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.36-0.72). Conclusions: Effective lipid-lowering therapy could decrease the blood LDL-C level, which had a protective effect against stroke recurrence. These results support the use of predicted baseline cerebrovascular disease risk equations to inform decisions regarding blood lipid-lowering treatment in ischemic stroke patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ning Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kang-Ning Chen
| | - Li He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian-Mei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Qin Ran
- Medical Affairs, MSD (China) Holding Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Medical Affairs, MSD (China) Holding Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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22
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Nutrient intake is a predictor of lung function in obese asthmatic adolescents undergoing interdisciplinary therapy. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:974-985. [PMID: 31317842 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Asthma-obesity is a multifactorial disease with specific asthma phenotypes that aggravate due to overweight and an unbalanced diet. Furthermore, obese asthmatic patients are corticotherapy-resistant. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention on food consumption, body composition, lung function and adipokines in asthmatic and non-asthmatic obese adolescents and to investigate the influence of nutrients on lung function. Obese non-asthmatic (n 42) and obese asthmatic (n 21) adolescents of both sexes were enrolled in the present study. Food intake, adipokine levels, body composition, asthma symptoms and lung function were assessed across the study. After the intervention of 1 year, there was a reduction (P ≤ 0·01) in BMI, body fat percentage, visceral and subcutaneous fat and an increase (P ≤ 0·01) in lean mass and all lung function variables in both groups, except the relation between forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity (FEV1:FVC) in non-asthmatic patients. Moreover, both groups decreased lipid and cholesterol consumption (P ≤ 0·01). The highest energy consumption (β = -0·021) was associated with lower values of FVC. Similarly, carbohydrate consumption (β = -0·06) and cholesterol were negative predictors (β = -0·05) in FEV1:FVC. However, the consumption of Ca (β = 0·01), fibres (β = 1·34) and vitamin A (β = 0·01) were positive predictors of FEV1:FVC. Asthma-obesity interdisciplinary treatment promoted an improvement on food consumption and lung function in adolescents and demonstrated that the consumption of nutrients influenced an increase in lung function.
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23
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Modulation of Bone and Marrow Niche by Cholesterol. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061394. [PMID: 31234305 PMCID: PMC6628005 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue composing of mineralized bone, bone cells, hematopoietic cells, marrow adipocytes, and supportive stromal cells. The homeostasis of bone and marrow niche is dynamically regulated by nutrients. The positive correlation between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis risk suggests a close relationship between hyperlipidemia and/or hypercholesterolemia and the bone metabolism. Cholesterol and its metabolites influence the bone homeostasis through modulating the differentiation and activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The effects of cholesterol on hematopoietic stem cells, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation, are also well-documented and further relate to atherosclerotic lesions. Correlation between circulating cholesterol and bone marrow adipocytes remains elusive, which seems opposite to its effects on osteoblasts. Epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that cholesterol deteriorates or benefits bone metabolism depending on the types, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress of how cholesterol regulates bone metabolism and bone marrow microenvironment, including the hematopoiesis and marrow adiposity. Elucidation of these association and factors is of great importance in developing therapeutic options for bone related diseases under hypercholesterolemic conditions.
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24
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Cha D, Park Y. Association between Dietary Cholesterol and Their Food Sources and Risk for Hypercholesterolemia: The 2012⁻2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040846. [PMID: 30991629 PMCID: PMC6520795 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether cholesterol intake can increase serum cholesterol. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the risk for hypercholesterolemia was not associated with intake of dietary cholesterol after adjusting for saturated fatty acid (SFA). Based on the data from the 2012–2016 KNHANES, dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the risk for abnormalities in total cholesterol (TC) (odds ratio (OR): 1.153, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.995–1.337; p = 0.028) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR: 1.186, 95% CI: 1.019–1.382; p = 0.018) levels before adjusting for SFA; after adjusting for SFA, no significant associations were found between these variables. The mediation analysis showed that dietary cholesterol had no direct effects on the serum levels of TC and LDL-C; in contrast, SFA had significant indirect effects on the association between dietary cholesterol and serum levels of TC and LDL-C. Furthermore, processed meats, but not eggs and other meats, were positively associated with the risk for abnormalities in both TC (OR: 1.220, 95% CI: 1.083–1.374; p = 0.001) and LDL-C (OR: 1.193, 95% CI: 1.052–1.354; p = 0.004) levels. The present study suggested that higher intake of processed meats with high SFA, but not dietary cholesterol was associated with higher risk for abnormalities in TC and LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoo Cha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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25
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Wang T, Xue C, Zhang T, Wang Y. The improvements of functional ingredients from marine foods in lipid metabolism. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Consumption of the edible sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus attenuates body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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27
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Understanding the Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Chronic Metabolic Diseases through Studies in Rodent Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070939. [PMID: 30037080 PMCID: PMC6073247 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of certain chronic metabolic diseases has been attributed to elevated levels of dietary cholesterol. However, decades of research in animal models and humans have demonstrated a high complexity with respect to the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of these diseases. Thus, recent investigations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) point to dietary cholesterol as a key factor for the activation of inflammatory pathways underlying the transition from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to hepatic carcinoma. Dietary cholesterol was initially thought to be the key factor for cardiovascular disease development, but its impact on the disease depends partly on the capacity to modulate plasmatic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These studies evidence a complex relationship between these chronic metabolic diseases and dietary cholesterol, which, in certain conditions, might promote metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize rodent studies that evaluate the impact of dietary cholesterol on these two prevalent chronic diseases and their relevance to human pathology.
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Afonso MS, Machado RM, Lavrador MS, Quintao ECR, Moore KJ, Lottenberg AM. Molecular Pathways Underlying Cholesterol Homeostasis. Nutrients 2018; 10:E760. [PMID: 29899250 PMCID: PMC6024674 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule that exerts pleiotropic actions. Although its presence is vital to the cell, its excess can be harmful and, therefore, sustaining cholesterol homeostasis is crucial to maintaining proper cellular functioning. It is well documented that high plasma cholesterol concentration increases the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. In the last decades, several studies have investigated the association of plasma cholesterol concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as the signaling pathways involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of several mechanisms involved in intestinal cholesterol absorption, the regulation of cholesterol synthesis and uptake. We also discuss the importance of reverse cholesterol transport and transintestinal cholesterol transport to maintain cholesterol homeostasis and prevent atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we discuss the influence of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration and the new recommendations for cholesterol intake in a context of a healthy dietary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milessa Silva Afonso
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Roberta Marcondes Machado
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM 10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Maria Silvia Lavrador
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM 10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Eder Carlos Rocha Quintao
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM 10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM 10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde, Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
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29
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Puertas G, Vázquez M. Advances in techniques for reducing cholesterol in egg yolk: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1448357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Puertas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002-Lugo, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002-Lugo, Spain
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30
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de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Cholesterol Transport Revisited: A New Turbo Mechanism to Drive Cholesterol Excretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:123-133. [PMID: 29276134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fine-tuned balance between cholesterol uptake and excretion by the body is pivotal to maintain health and to remain free from the deleterious consequences of cholesterol accumulation such as cardiovascular disease. The pathways involved in intracellular and extracellular cholesterol transport are a subject of intense investigation and are being unraveled in increasing detail. In addition, insight into the complex interactions between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism has increased considerably in the last couple of years. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake and excretion, with a particular emphasis on the most recent progress in this field. Special attention is given to the transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway, which was recently demonstrated to have a remarkably high transport capacity and to be sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pang SJ, Jia SS, Man QQ, Song S, Li YQ, Song PK, Zhao WH, Zhang J. Dietary Cholesterol in the Elderly Chinese Population: An Analysis of CNHS 2010-2012. Nutrients 2017; 9:E934. [PMID: 28841164 PMCID: PMC5622694 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary cholesterol intake increased dramatically over the past two decades in the elderly Chinese population. However, the nationwide dietary cholesterol intake and its related factors seldom been investigated. Based on data from 16,594 participants aged 60 years or older (49.0% male, 54.8% urban residents) from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS) 2010-2012, we aimed to describe the intake of cholesterol and major food contributions, as well as its association with serum cholesterol level and relationship with protein intake. Mean daily cholesterol intake for all participants was 217.4 mg, the mean cholesterol intakes in urban and rural areas were 264.0 mg and 168.8 mg, respectively. Cholesterol intake levels varied by age, gender, BMI and region (p < 0.001). In addition, the proportion of all participants who consumed greater than 300 mg of cholesterol per day was 26.6%. Eggs, red meats, and seafood were the top three food sources and their contributions to total daily cholesterol intake were 57.7%, 24.0% and 10.9% respectively. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were related to dietary cholesterol intake, with each 100 mg increase in dietary cholesterol intake apparently leading to a 0.035 mmol/L (p = 0.001) increase in serum TC and a 0.038 mmol/L (p < 0.001) increase in LDL-C. The partial correlation coefficients between dietary cholesterol and total protein, high-quality protein, intake of protein per kilogram body weight (BW), and high-quality protein percentage were 0.538, 0.580, 0.426, and 0.548, respectively, after adjusting for age, gender, and energy, fat and carbohydrate intakes (p < 0.001). In conclusion, there was a substantial urban-rural difference in cholesterol intake. Eggs and red meat were the main sources of dietary cholesterol intake. Serum TC and LDL-C were associated with dietary cholesterol and the response was linear. Dietary cholesterol intake was closely related to the intake of high-quality protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Pang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Jia
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qing-Qing Man
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shuang Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu-Qian Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Peng-Kun Song
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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