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Gan X, Li X, Cai Y, Yin B, Pan Q, Teng T, He Y, Tang H, Wang T, Li J, Zhu Z, Zhou X, Li J. Metabolic features of adolescent major depressive disorder: A comparative study between treatment-resistant depression and first-episode drug-naive depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107086. [PMID: 38824765 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric illness that can jeopardize the normal growth and development of adolescents. Approximately 40% of adolescent patients with MDD exhibit resistance to conventional antidepressants, leading to the development of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). TRD is associated with severe impairments in social functioning and learning ability and an elevated risk of suicide, thereby imposing an additional societal burden. In this study, we conducted plasma metabolomic analysis on 53 adolescents diagnosed with first-episode drug-naïve MDD (FEDN-MDD), 53 adolescents with TRD, and 56 healthy controls (HCs) using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS). We established a diagnostic model by identifying differentially expressed metabolites and applying cluster analysis, metabolic pathway analysis, and multivariate linear support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Our findings suggest that adolescent TRD shares similarities with FEDN-MDD in five amino acid metabolic pathways and exhibits distinct metabolic characteristics, particularly tyrosine and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, through multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we optimized the area under the curve (AUC) and achieved the highest predictive accuracy, obtaining an AUC of 0.903 when comparing FEDN-MDD patients with HCs and an AUC of 0.968 when comparing TRD patients with HCs. This study provides new evidence for the identification of adolescent TRD and sheds light on different pathophysiologies by delineating the distinct plasma metabolic profiles of adolescent TRD and FEDN-MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xieyu Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangmin Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyuan Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Zaoyang City, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqian He
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinfang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Stevenson B, Gavrilidis E, Malik Y, Kulkarni J. (S)-S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of pre-menstrual disorders in adult women: A protocol for an open-label pilot study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2024; 39:101297. [PMID: 38590512 PMCID: PMC10999483 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-menstrual disorders, including pre-menstrual syndrome and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder, are highly prevalent disorders in women of reproductive age. Pre-menstrual disorders are associated with debilitating symptoms that onset in the days prior to menses. A complex interplay between hormonal fluctuations, cellular sensitivity, and psychosocial stressors likely underly the pathophysiology of pre-menstrual disorders. Current treatment options include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, hormonal therapies, and psychosocial support. There is growing evidence for oestrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin Releasing Hormone analogues and Complementary and Alternative Medicines in treating Pre-menstrual disorders. (S)-S-adenosylmethionine is a complementary and alternative medicine with postulated roles in the treatment of depression, with a rather rapid onset of action and minimal side effect profile. We propose a protocol for investigating the efficacy of (S)-S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of pre-menstrual disorders. The proposed study is an open label pilot study, that will recruit thirty women between the ages of 18-45 who experience a pre-menstrual disorder. Daily and interval questionnaires will provide a quantification of symptoms across four menstrual cycles (16 weeks). During two consecutive menstrual cycles it is proposed that participants receive oral (S)-S-adenosylmethionine Complex 400 mg three times a day (total daily dose 1200 mg), during the pre-menstrual time-period (14 days prior to menses). Changes in pre-menstrual disorder symptoms between control and treatment cycles will assist in elucidating the clinical efficacy of (S)-S-adenosylmethionine. This study has the potential to support a larger double blinded, placebo controlled randomised control trial and aims to enrich the knowledge surrounding pre-menstrual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Stevenson
- The Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emorfia Gavrilidis
- The Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasmin Malik
- The Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- The Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sarkisova KY, Gabova AV, Fedosova EA, Shatskova AB, Narkevich VB, Kudrin VS. Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of L-Methionine in the WAG/Rij Rat Model of Depression Comorbid with Absence Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12425. [PMID: 37569798 PMCID: PMC10419169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a severe and widespread psychiatric disease that often accompanies epilepsy. Antidepressant treatment of depression comorbid with epilepsy is a major concern due to the risk of seizure aggravation. SAMe, a universal methyl donor for DNA methylation and the synthesis of brain monoamines, is known to have high antidepressant activity. This study aimed to find out whether L-methionine (L-MET), a precursor of SAMe, can have antidepressant and/or anxiolytic effects in the WAG/Rij rat model of depression comorbid with absence epilepsy. The results indicate that L-MET reduces the level of anxiety and depression in WAG/Rij rats and suppresses associated epileptic seizures, in contrast to conventional antidepressant imipramine, which aggravates absence seizures. The antidepressant effect of L-MET was comparable with that of the conventional antidepressants imipramine and fluoxetine. However, the antidepressant profile of L-MET was more similar to imipramine than to fluoxetine. Taken together, our findings suggest that L-MET could serve as a promising new antidepressant drug with anxiolytic properties for the treatment of depression comorbid with absence epilepsy. Increases in the level of monoamines and their metabolites-DA, DOPAC, HVA, NA, and MHPG-in several brain structures, is suggested to be a neurochemical mechanism of the beneficial phenotypic effect of L-MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Yu. Sarkisova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str. 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia; (A.V.G.); (E.A.F.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Alexandra V. Gabova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str. 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia; (A.V.G.); (E.A.F.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Fedosova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str. 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia; (A.V.G.); (E.A.F.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Alla B. Shatskova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str. 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia; (A.V.G.); (E.A.F.); (A.B.S.)
| | - Victor B. Narkevich
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacology named after V.V. Zakusov”, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia; (V.B.N.); (V.S.K.)
| | - Vladimir S. Kudrin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacology named after V.V. Zakusov”, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia; (V.B.N.); (V.S.K.)
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Mi L, Yu Q, Mudiyanselage APK, Wu R, Sun Z, Zheng R, Ren K, You M. Genetically Encoded RNA-Based Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) Sensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:308-316. [PMID: 36608281 PMCID: PMC10630924 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based nanostructures and molecular devices have become popular for developing biosensors and genetic regulators. These programmable RNA nanodevices can be genetically encoded and modularly engineered to detect various cellular targets and then induce output signals, most often a fluorescence readout. Although powerful, the high reliance of fluorescence on the external excitation light raises concerns about its high background, photobleaching, and phototoxicity. Bioluminescence signals can be an ideal complementary readout for these genetically encoded RNA nanodevices. However, RNA-based real-time bioluminescent reporters have been rarely developed. In this study, we reported the first type of genetically encoded RNA-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensors that can be used for real-time target detection in living cells. By coupling a luciferase bioluminescence donor with a fluorogenic RNA-based acceptor, our BRET system can be modularly designed to image and detect various cellular analytes. We expect that this novel RNA-based bioluminescent system can be potentially used broadly in bioanalysis and nanomedicine for engineering biosensors, characterizing cellular RNA-protein interactions, and high-throughput screening or in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Mi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Qikun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Rigumula Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Zhining Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ru Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kewei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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5
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Sales AJ, Maciel IS, Crestani CC, Guimarães FS, Joca SR. S-adenosyl-l-methionine antidepressant-like effects involve activation of 5-HT 1A receptors. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105442. [PMID: 36402294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe), a methyl donor, induces antidepressant effects in preclinical and clinical studies of depression. However, the mechanisms behind these effects have been poorly investigated. Since SAMe is involved in monoamine metabolism, this work aimed at 1) testing the effects induced by systemic treatment with SAMe in mice submitted to the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST); 2) investigating the involvement of serotonergic neurotransmission in the behavioral effects induced by SAMe. To do that, male Swiss mice received systemic injections (1 injection/day, 1 or 7 days) of imipramine (30 mg/kg), L-methionine (400, 800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg), SAMe (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), or vehicle (10 ml/kg) and were submitted to the FST or TST, 30 min after the last injection. The effect of SAMe (50 mg/kg) was further investigated in independent groups of male Swiss mice pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, serotonin synthesis inhibitor, 150 mg/kg daily, 4 days) or with WAY100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg, 1 injection). One independent group was submitted to the FST and euthanized immediately after for collection of brain samples for neurochemical analyses. Serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were measured in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Furthermore, to investigate if the treatments used could induce any significant exploratory/motor effect which would interfere with the FST results, the animals were also submitted to the open field test (OFT). The administration of imipramine (30 mg/kg), L-methionine (400, 800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg), and SAMe (10 and 50 mg/kg) reduced the immobility time in the FST, an effect blocked by pretreatment with PCPA and WAY100635. None of the treatments increased the locomotion in the OFT. In conclusion, our results suggest that the antidepressant-like effects induced by SAMe treatment are dependent on serotonin synthesis and 5-HT1A receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Sales
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
| | - Izaque S Maciel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Rl Joca
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Ullah H, Di Minno A, Esposito C, El-Seedi HR, Khalifa SA, Baldi A, Greco A, Santonastaso S, Cioffi V, Sperandeo R, Sacchi R, Daglia M. Efficacy of a food supplement based on S-adenosyl methionine and probiotic strains in subjects with subthreshold depression and mild-to-moderate depression: A monocentric, randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Ullah H, Khan A, Rengasamy KRR, Di Minno A, Sacchi R, Daglia M. The Efficacy of S-Adenosyl Methionine and Probiotic Supplementation on Depression: A Synergistic Approach. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132751. [PMID: 35807931 PMCID: PMC9268496 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious health issue affecting around 280 million people around the world. Suicidal ideation more frequently occurs in people with moderate to severe depression. Psychotherapy and pharmacological drugs are the mainstay of available treatment options for depressive disorders. However, pharmacological options do not offer complete cure, especially in moderate to severe depression, and are often seen with a range of adverse events. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) supplementation has been widely studied, and an impressive collection of literature published over the last few decades suggests its antidepressant efficacy. Probiotics have gained significant attention due to their wide array of clinical uses, and multiple studies have explored the link between probiotic species and mood disorders. Gut dysbiosis is one of the risk factors in depression by inducing systemic inflammation accompanied by an imbalance in neurotransmitter production. Thus, concomitant administration of probiotics may be an effective treatment strategy in patients with depressed mood, particularly in resistant cases, as these can aid in dysbiosis, possibly resulting in the attenuation of systemic inflammatory processes and the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of SAMe. The current review highlights the therapeutic roles of SAMe and probiotics in depression, their mechanistic targets, and their possible synergistic effects and may help in the development of food supplements consisting of a combination of SAMe and probiotics with new dosage forms that may improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Nowshera, Nowshera 24110, Pakistan;
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-678644
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Fukumoto K, Ito K, Saer B, Taylor G, Ye S, Yamano M, Toriba Y, Hayes A, Okamura H, Fustin JM. Excess S-adenosylmethionine inhibits methylation via catabolism to adenine. Commun Biol 2022; 5:313. [PMID: 35383287 PMCID: PMC8983724 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global dietary supplement market is valued at over USD 100 billion. One popular dietary supplement, S-adenosylmethionine, is marketed to improve joints, liver health and emotional well-being in the US since 1999, and has been a prescription drug in Europe to treat depression and arthritis since 1975, but recent studies questioned its efficacy. In our body, S-adenosylmethionine is critical for the methylation of nucleic acids, proteins and many other targets. The marketing of SAM implies that more S-adenosylmethionine is better since it would stimulate methylations and improve health. Previously, we have shown that methylation reactions regulate biological rhythms in many organisms. Here, using biological rhythms to assess the effects of exogenous S-adenosylmethionine, we reveal that excess S-adenosylmethionine disrupts rhythms and, rather than promoting methylation, is catabolized to adenine and methylthioadenosine, toxic methylation inhibitors. These findings further our understanding of methyl metabolism and question the safety of S-adenosylmethionine as a supplement. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a widely available dietary supplement. Exogenous SAM is catabolized to adenine, an inhibitor of adenosylhomocysteinase, leading to widespread methylation inhibition and disruption of circadian rhythms in vitro and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fukumoto
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan.,Kokando Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kakeru Ito
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin Saer
- The University of Manchester, Centre for Biological Timing, Manchester, UK
| | - George Taylor
- The University of Manchester, BioMS Core Facility, Manchester, UK
| | - Shiqi Ye
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan.,Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mayu Yamano
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Toriba
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan.,Master's Programme in Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew Hayes
- The University of Manchester, Genomics Technologies Core Facility, Manchester, UK
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Physiology and Neurobiology, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Jean-Michel Fustin
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular Metabology, Kyoto, Japan. .,The University of Manchester, Centre for Biological Timing, Manchester, UK.
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Castro F, Melgarejo JD, Chavez CA, de Erausquin GA, Terwilliger JD, Lee JH, Maestre GE. Total Plasma Homocysteine and Depressive Symptoms in Older Hispanics. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S263-S269. [PMID: 33579837 PMCID: PMC8300858 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have investigated the association between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and depressive symptoms in older Hispanics. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that high tHcy associates with depressive symptoms in older Hispanics. METHODS A total of 1,418 participants .55 years old from the Maracaibo Aging Study (MAS) underwent standardized neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular assessments. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Depression Subscale (NPId) was used to assess the burden of depressive symptoms. The tHcy levels and other biochemical parameters in blood samples were measured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied. RESULTS Participants with depressive symptoms had higher levels of tHcy than those without (15.1 versus 13.9 µmol/L; p = 0.009). Elevated tHcy levels were associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake, stroke, and dementia (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.18-2.12). CONCLUSION Elevated levels of tHcy were associated with depressive symptoms in older Hispanics living under the nutritional and environmental conditions of a developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Castro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute for Biological Research, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jesus D. Melgarejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute for Biological Research, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos A. Chavez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute for Biological Research, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Gabriel A. de Erausquin
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Joseph D. Terwilliger
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gladys E. Maestre
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute for Biological Research, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Alzheimer’s Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- Departments of Neurosciences and Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- Institute for Neurosciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX, USA
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Early score fluctuation and placebo response in a study of major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 121:118-125. [PMID: 31812110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early score fluctuation in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies may affect the reliability of the baseline measurement and adversely affect the eventual study outcome. We examined the effect of early score fluctuation during a 2-week double-blind placebo lead-in period in a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive s-adenosyl methionine (MSI-195) in MDD subjects who had had an inadequate response to ongoing antidepressant treatment. The overall study failed to meet its specified endpoints. We examined the score trajectories of all placebo-assigned subjects during the double-blind placebo lead-in period and subsequent 6-week treatment period. Placebo-assigned subjects with ≥20% HamD17 or MADRS score fluctuations (improvement or worsening) during the double-blind placebo lead-in period (prior to randomization) had significantly higher rates of placebo response and remission at week 8 compared to subjects with <20% response. A post-hoc analysis of evaluable subjects taken from the ITT population that excluded subjects with ≥20% early score response yielded higher effect sizes for both the HamD17 and MADRS sub-groups and statistical significance for MSI-195 over placebo in the MADRS sub-group (p = 0.012) with an effect size of 0.404. A reliable baseline measure is an asset for signal detection. These post-hoc findings suggest that study designs that anticipate and attempt to manage early response prior to randomization may yield more meaningful outcome data for trials of MDD and possibly other disorders as well.
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Cuomo A, Beccarini Crescenzi B, Bolognesi S, Goracci A, Koukouna D, Rossi R, Fagiolini A. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in major depressive disorder (MDD): a clinician-oriented systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:50. [PMID: 32939220 PMCID: PMC7487540 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent illness with high rates of chronicity, treatment-resistance, and significant economic impact. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a molecule that is formed naturally in the human body, has shown antidepressant effects and may expand the available options for treating MDD. This systematic review examines the evidence concerning the efficacy of SAMe as monotherapy or in combination with antidepressants. METHODS A systematic search in Medline, Psychinfo, AMED, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was conducted for any reference recorded up to March 2020. Double-blind, randomised controlled trials, comparing the antidepressant efficacy of SAMe to placebo or/and to other antidepressants, were selected. Two authors evaluated each study independently and then, reconciled findings. RESULTS Eight trials, with a total of 11 arms and 1011 subjects, evaluating the efficacy of SAMe used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy (512 individuals), were included in this review. The study duration ranged between 2 and 12 weeks and the daily dose of SAMe varied from 200 to 3200 mg. Five comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe and placebo and SAMe resulted significantly better than placebo in three of these studies. Four comparisons evaluated the differences between SAMe and other antidepressants (imipramine or escitalopram) and showed no significant difference. One study showed that SAMe was significantly better than placebo in accelerating the response to imipramine from day 4 to day 12, but the mean scores were not statistically different at the day 14 endpoint. One study showed that SAMe combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) was better than PBO combined with SSRI. The studies reported only mild, transient or non-clinically relevant side effects. CONCLUSIONS The existing trials of SAMe, used as monotherapy or add on to another antidepressants, have shown encouraging and generally positive results. However, more evidence is necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Larger, double-blind randomised controlled studies are warranted to confirm the antidepressant effectiveness of SAMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cuomo
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Simone Bolognesi
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Goracci
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Despoina Koukouna
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Dysregulated Choline, Methionine, and Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in Patients with Wilson Disease: Exploratory Metabolomic Profiling and Implications for Hepatic and Neurologic Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235937. [PMID: 31779102 PMCID: PMC6928853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic copper overload condition characterized by hepatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms with a not well-understood pathogenesis. Dysregulated methionine cycle is reported in animal models of WD, though not verified in humans. Choline is essential for lipid and methionine metabolism. Defects in neurotransmitters as acetylcholine, and biogenic amines are reported in WD; however, less is known about their circulating precursors. We aimed to study choline, methionine, aromatic amino acids, and phospholipids in serum of WD subjects. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed to profile serum of WD subjects categorized as hepatic, neurologic, and pre-clinical. Hepatic transcript levels of genes related to choline and methionine metabolism were verified in the Jackson Laboratory toxic milk mouse model of WD (tx-j). Compared to healthy subjects, choline, methionine, ornithine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine were significantly elevated in WD, with marked alterations in phosphatidylcholines and reductions in sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingomyelins, and acylcarnitines. In tx-j mice, choline, methionine, and phosphatidylcholine were similarly dysregulated. Elevated choline is a hallmark dysregulation in WD interconnected with alterations in methionine and phospholipid metabolism, which are relevant to hepatic steatosis. The elevated phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine carry implications for neurologic manifestations and are worth further investigation.
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Nutraceuticals for major depressive disorder- more is not merrier: An 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:1007-1015. [PMID: 30699842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most pressing questions in "Nutritional Psychiatry" is whether using combinations of different nutraceuticals with putative antidepressant activity may provide an enhanced synergistic antidepressant effect. METHODS A phase II/III, Australian multi-site, 8-week, double-blind, RCT involving 158 outpatients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of MDD. The intervention consisted of a nutraceutical combination: S-adenosyl methionine; Folinic acid; Omega-3 fatty acids; 5-HTP, Zinc picolinate, and relevant co-factors versus placebo. The primary outcome was change in MADRS score. Hypothesis-driven analyses of potential moderators of response involving key SNPs, and BDNF were also conducted. RESULTS Placebo was superior to the nutraceutical combination in reducing MADRS score (differential reduction -1.75 points), however a mixed linear model revealed a non-significant Group X Time interaction (p = 0.33). Response rates were 40% for the active intervention and 51% for the placebo; remission rates were 34% and 43% for active and placebo groups, respectively. No significant differences were found between groups on any other secondary depression, anxiety, psychosocial, or sleep outcome measures. Key SNPs and BDNF did not significantly moderate response. No significant differences occurred between groups for total adverse effects, aside from more nausea in the active group. LIMITATIONS Very high placebo response rates suggest a placebo run-in design may have been valuable. INTERPRETATION The adoption of a nutraceutical 'shotgun' approach to treating MDD was not supported, and appeared to be less effective than adding placebo to treatment as usual.
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Targum SD, Cameron BR, Ferreira L, MacDonald ID. An augmentation study of MSI-195 (S-adenosylmethionine) in Major Depressive Disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 107:86-96. [PMID: 30368163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, augmentation study comparing the efficacy and safety of MSI-195 800 mg (a proprietary formulation of S-adenosylmethionine) or placebo added to ongoing antidepressant medication (ADT) in acutely depressed subjects with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who had experienced an inadequate response to their ongoing ADT (The Horizon Study, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01912196). There were 234 eligible subjects randomized to either MSI-195 (n = 118) or placebo (n = 116). There were no overall statistically significant differences found between MSI-195 added to ongoing ADT compared to placebo on any of 3 depression-rating instruments (HamD17, MADRS, IDS-SR30) in the ITT set. MSI-195 was generally safe and well tolerated with predominantly mild gastrointestinal side effects. Post-hoc analyses examined factors that might have affected study outcome. The ITT set was divided into subjects enrolled during the 1st half (first nine months) and 2nd half of the study. MSI-195 added to ongoing ADT was significantly better than placebo on both the HamD17 and MADRS in the 1st half (p = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively), but not in the 2nd half of the study. Several demographic and clinical characteristics were significantly different between the two study segments including body mass index, pre-randomization symptom severity fluctuation, number of lifetime depressive episodes, and anxious depression sub-type. Thus, the characteristics of the enrolled subjects changed between the 1st and 2nd half of the study. These post-hoc findings highlight the inherent challenges encountered for subject selection in double-blind, placebo controlled trials and compel further investigation of enrollment criteria and moderating factors that affect treatment. The favorable safety profile and clinical benefit observed with MSI-195 in the 1st half of this study warrant further investigation in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Targum
- MSI Methylation Sciences Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Bracket Global LLC, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Depression. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-810401-9.00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Henwood J, Rössner S, Binns A. Medicines. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-810401-9.00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dhingra S, Parle M. Herbal Remedies and Nutritional Supplements in the Treatment of Depression: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20120729090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Dhingra
- Swift School of Pharmacy, Swift Group of Colleges, NH-1, Rajpura-Ambala Road, Rajpura (Punjab) INDIA
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, NH-10, Hisar (Haryana) INDIA
| | - Milind Parle
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, NH-10, Hisar (Haryana) INDIA
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Galizia I, Oldani L, Macritchie K, Amari E, Dougall D, Jones TN, Lam RW, Massei GJ, Yatham LN, Young AH. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD011286. [PMID: 27727432 PMCID: PMC6457972 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011286.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a recurrent illness with high rates of chronicity, treatment-resistance and significant economic impact. There is evidence in the literature that S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), a naturally occurring compound in the human body, has antidepressant efficacy. This product may be an important addition to the armamentarium of antidepressant agents. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of SAMe in comparison with placebo or antidepressants for the treatment of depression in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group's Specialised Register (CCMDCTR Studies and Reference Register), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, international trial registers ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization trials portal (ICTRP). We checked reference lists, performed handsearching and contacted experts in the field. The CCMDCTR literature search was last updated on 5 February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing SAMe with placebo or antidepressants in adults with a diagnosis of major depression. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently performed extraction of data and assessment of risk of bias. We contacted trialists of included studies for additional information. MAIN RESULTS This systematic review included eight trials comparing SAMe with either placebo, imipramine, desipramine or escitalopram. We accepted trials that used SAMe as monotherapy or as add-on therapy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and we accepted both oral and parenteral administration. The review involved 934 adults, of both sexes, from inpatient and outpatient settings.The trials were at low risk of reporting bias. We judged the risk of selection, performance, detection and attrition bias as unclear or low, and one study was at high risk of attrition bias.There was no strong evidence of a difference in terms of change in depressive symptoms from baseline to end of treatment between SAMe and placebo as monotherapy (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.54 to 0.46; P = 0.29; 142 participants; 2 studies; very low quality evidence). There was also no strong evidence of a difference in terms of drop-out rates due to any reason between SAMe and placebo, when used as monotherapy (risk ratio (RR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.29; P = 0.52; 142 participants; 2 studies; low quality evidence).Low quality evidence showed that the change in depressive symptoms from baseline to end of treatment was similar between SAMe and imipramine, both as monotherapy (SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.27; P = 0.82; 619 participants; 4 studies). There was also no strong evidence of a difference between SAMe and a tricyclic antidepressant in terms of drop-outs due to any reason (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.31; P = 0.2; 78 participants; 3 studies; very low quality evidence).There was little evidence of a difference in terms of change in depressive symptoms from baseline to end of treatment between SAMe and escitalopram, both as monotherapy (MD 0.12, 95% CI -2.75 to 2.99; P = 0.93; 129 participants; 1 study; low quality evidence). There was no strong evidence of a difference between SAMe and escitalopram in terms of drop-outs due to any reason (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.16; P = 0.26; 129 participants; 1 study; low quality evidence).There was low quality evidence that SAMe is superior to placebo as add-on to SSRIs in terms of change in depressive symptoms from baseline to end of treatment (MD -3.90, 95% CI -6.93 to -0.87; P = 0.01; 73 participants; 1 study). There was no strong evidence of a difference between SAMe and placebo as adjunctive therapy to an SSRI in terms of drop-outs due to any reason (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.56; P = 0.38; 73 participants; 1 study; very low quality evidence).For all comparisons, secondary outcome measures of response and remission rates were consistent with these primary outcome measures.With regard to all extractable measures of the acceptability of SAMe, the quality of the evidence was low to very low. SAMe was not different from placebo and established antidepressants. The exception was that compared to imipramine, fewer participants experienced troublesome adverse effects when treated with parenteral SAMe.The specific adverse effects were not detailed in most of the included studies. There were two reports of mania/hypomania recorded for 441 participants in the SAMe arm. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the absence of high quality evidence and the inability to draw firm conclusions based on that evidence, the use of SAMe for the treatment of depression in adults should be investigated further. Future trials should be in the form of large randomised controlled clinical trials of high methodological quality, with particular attention given to randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding and the handling of missing data. Comparator antidepressants from all classes should be used. Adverse events should be detailed for each participant, bearing in mind that induction of mania is of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Galizia
- King's College London, Institute of PsychiatryCentre for Affective DisordersDe Crespigny ParkLondonUKSE5 8AF
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro UniversityBariItaly
| | - Lucio Oldani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMental HealthVia F. Sforza 35MilanItaly20122
| | - Karine Macritchie
- King's Collegec/o Ms Caroline Loveland, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of PsychiatryDenmark HillLondonUKSE5 8AF
| | - Erica Amari
- University of British ColumbiaeHealth Strategy Office855 West 10th AveVancouverBCCanadaV5Z 1L7
| | - Dominic Dougall
- East London NHS Foundation TrustNewham Centre for Mental HealthGlen RoadCherry Tree WayLondonUKE13 8SP
| | - Tessa N Jones
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation TrustThe Claybrook Centre37 Claybrook RoadHammersmithLondonUKW6 8LN
| | - Raymond W Lam
- University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Psychiatry2255 Wesbrook MallVancouverBCCanadaV6T 2A1
| | - Guido Jacopo Massei
- University of PisaDepartment of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and BiotechnologyVia Roma 67PisaItaly56126
- Versilia HospitalUOC PsichiatriaLido di CamaioreItaly
| | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Psychiatry2255 Wesbrook MallVancouverBCCanadaV6T 2A1
| | - Allan H Young
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonCentre for Affective DisordersPO72, De Crespigny ParkDenmark HillLondonUKSE5 8AF
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Ku S, Park MS, Ji GE, You HJ. Review on Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4: Functionality and Nutraceutical Applications as a Probiotic Microorganism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091544. [PMID: 27649150 PMCID: PMC5037818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 is a probiotic strain that has been used as a major ingredient to produce nutraceutical products and as a dairy starter since 2000. The various bio-functional effects and potential for industrial application of B. bifidum BGN4 has been characterized and proven by in vitro (i.e., phytochemical bio-catalysis, cell adhesion and anti-carcinogenic effects on cell lines, and immunomodulatory effects on immune cells), in vivo (i.e., suppressed allergic responses in mouse model and anti-inflammatory bowel disease), and clinical studies (eczema in infants and adults with irritable bowel syndrome). Recently, the investigation of the genome sequencing was finished and this data potentially clarifies the biochemical characteristics of B. bifidum BGN4 that possibly illustrate its nutraceutical functionality. However, further systematic research should be continued to gain insight for academic and industrial applications so that the use of B. bifidum BGN4 could be expanded to result in greater benefit. This review deals with multiple studies on B. bifidum BGN4 to offer a greater understanding as a probiotic microorganism available in functional food ingredients. In particular, this work considers the potential for commercial application, physiological characterization and exploitation of B. bifidum BGN4 as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seockmo Ku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA.
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang 430-749, Korea.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon 250-804, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Karas Kuželički N. S-Adenosyl Methionine in the Therapy of Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:346-356. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Karas Kuželički
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7; 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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Ravindran AV, Balneaves LG, Faulkner G, Ortiz A, McIntosh D, Morehouse RL, Ravindran L, Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, MacQueen GM, Milev RV, Parikh SV. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 5. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:576-87. [PMID: 27486153 PMCID: PMC4994794 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716660290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) conducted a revision of the 2009 guidelines by updating the evidence and recommendations. The scope of the 2016 guidelines remains the management of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults, with a target audience of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. METHODS Using the question-answer format, we conducted a systematic literature search focusing on systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Evidence was graded using CANMAT-defined criteria for level of evidence. Recommendations for lines of treatment were based on the quality of evidence and clinical expert consensus. "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments" is the fifth of six sections of the 2016 guidelines. RESULTS Evidence-informed responses were developed for 12 questions for 2 broad categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions: 1) physical and meditative treatments (light therapy, sleep deprivation, exercise, yoga, and acupuncture) and 2) natural health products (St. John's wort, omega-3 fatty acids; S-adenosyl-L-methionine [SAM-e], dehydroepiandrosterone, folate, Crocus sativus, and others). Recommendations were based on available data on efficacy, tolerability, and safety. CONCLUSIONS For MDD of mild to moderate severity, exercise, light therapy, St. John's wort, omega-3 fatty acids, SAM-e, and yoga are recommended as first- or second-line treatments. Adjunctive exercise and adjunctive St. John's wort are second-line recommendations for moderate to severe MDD. Other physical treatments and natural health products have less evidence but may be considered as third-line treatments. CAM treatments are generally well tolerated. Caveats include methodological limitations of studies and paucity of data on long-term outcomes and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun V Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Abigail Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Diane McIntosh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | | | | | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | | | - Roumen V Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Sagar V Parikh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Boyle SH, Matson WR, Velazquez EJ, Samad Z, Williams RB, Sharma S, Thomas B, Wilson JL, O'Connor C, Jiang W. Metabolomics analysis reveals insights into biochemical mechanisms of mental stress-induced left ventricular dysfunction. Metabolomics 2015; 11:571-582. [PMID: 25983674 PMCID: PMC4431771 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental stress induced left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) has been associated with a greater risk of adverse events in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients independent of conventional risk indicators. The underlying biochemical mechanisms of this cardiovascular condition are poorly understood. Our objective was to use metabolomics technology to identify biochemical changes that co-occur with mental stress-induced LVD in patients with clinically stable CHD. Participants were adult CHD patients who were recruited for mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia screening. For this study, we randomly selected 30 patients representing the extremes of the mental stress-induced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) change distribution; 15 who showed LVD (i.e. LVEF reduction ≥5) and 15 who showed a normal left ventricular response (NLVR; i.e. a LVEF increase of ≥5) to three mental stressors. An electrochemistry based metabolomics platform was used to profile pre- and post-stress serum samples yielding data for 22 known compounds, primarily within the tyrosine, tryptophan, purine and methionine pathways. There were significant stress-induced changes in several compounds. A comparison between the NLVR and LVD groups showed significant effects for kynurenine (p = .036, N-acetylserotonin (p = .054), uric acid (p = .015), tyrosine (p = .019) and a trend for methionine (p = .065); the NLVR group showed a significantly greater stress-induced reduction in all of those compounds compared to the LVD group. Many of these biochemicals have been implicated in other stress-related phenomena and are plausible candidates for mechanisms underlying LVD in response to mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3366, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wayne R. Matson
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Counterpoint Health Solutions Inc, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Eric J. Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zainab Samad
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Redford B. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3366, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Counterpoint Health Solutions Inc, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Beena Thomas
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Counterpoint Health Solutions Inc, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3366, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3366, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Sarris J, Price LH, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ng CH, Papakostas GI, Jaeger A, Fava M, Mischoulon D. Is S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) for Depression Only Effective in Males? A Re-Analysis of Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 48:141-4. [PMID: 26011569 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1549928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether gender differences may have affected treatment response to S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) in a recent failed randomized clinical trial (RCT) for adults with major depressive disorder. METHODS Data from a 2-site, 12-week, double-blind RCT (n=189) assessing the efficacy of SAMe vs. placebo and a comparator selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (escitalopram) were subjected to post-hoc analyses to evaluate effects of patient gender on treatment response. RESULTS When assessing the efficacy outcomes within each gender separately, SAMe was superior to placebo among males (n=51), but not among females (n=62). Males showed a significant reduction of depression severity from baseline to study endpoint on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (4.3 point difference; p=0.034; d=0.95), while females did not show significant change. This finding emerged despite equivalence on baseline measures of depression severity between the gender groups. CONCLUSION RESULTS of this secondary data analysis suggest that gender might impact the antidepressant efficacy of SAMe, with greater therapeutic effect found in males. The underlying mechanism is still relatively unknown. Further work is needed to replicate this observation in independent samples.Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00101452.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sarris
- The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L H Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L L Carpenter
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A R Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C H Ng
- The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G I Papakostas
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Jaeger
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wei XN, Cao MJ, Li J, Li H, Song Y, Du CH. Synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rosenblat C, McIntyre RS, Alves GS, Fountoulakis KN, Carvalho AF. Beyond Monoamines-Novel Targets for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:636-55. [PMID: 26467412 PMCID: PMC4761634 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150630175044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current first line therapies target modulation of the monoamine system. A large variety of agents are currently available that effectively alter monoamine levels; however, approximately one third of MDD patients remain treatment refractory after adequate trials of multiple monoamine based therapies. Therefore, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may require modulation of pathways outside of the classic monoamine system. The purpose of this review was thus to discuss novel targets for TRD, to describe their potential mechanisms of action, the available clinical evidence for these targets, the limitations of available evidence as well as future research directions. Several alternate pathways involved in the patho-etiology of TRD have been uncovered including the following: inflammatory pathways, the oxidative stress pathway, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the metabolic and bioenergetics system, neurotrophic pathways, the glutamate system, the opioid system and the cholinergic system. For each of these systems, several targets have been assessed in preclinical and clinical models. Preclinical models strongly implicate these pathways in the patho-etiology of MDD. Clinical trials for TRD have been conducted for several novel targets; however, most of the trials discussed are small and several are uncontrolled. Therefore, further clinical trials are required to assess the true efficacy of these targets for TRD. As well, several promising novel agents have been clinically tested in MDD populations, but have yet to be assessed specifically for TRD. Thus, their applicability to TRD remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rosenblat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry,
University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gilberto S. Alves
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of
Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - André F. Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of
Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Admon R, Nickerson LD, Dillon DG, Holmes AJ, Bogdan R, Kumar P, Dougherty DD, Iosifescu DV, Mischoulon D, Fava M, Pizzagalli DA. Dissociable cortico-striatal connectivity abnormalities in major depression in response to monetary gains and penalties. Psychol Med 2015; 45:121-31. [PMID: 25055809 PMCID: PMC4233014 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are characterized by maladaptive responses to both positive and negative outcomes, which have been linked to localized abnormal activations in cortical and striatal brain regions. However, the exact neural circuitry implicated in such abnormalities remains largely unexplored. METHOD In this study 26 unmedicated adults with MDD and 29 matched healthy controls (HCs) completed a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses probed group differences in connectivity separately in response to positive and negative outcomes (i.e. monetary gains and penalties). RESULTS Relative to HCs, MDD subjects displayed decreased connectivity between the caudate and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in response to monetary gains, yet increased connectivity between the caudate and a different, more rostral, dACC subregion in response to monetary penalties. Moreover, exploratory analyses of 14 MDD patients who completed a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial after the baseline fMRI scans indicated that a more normative pattern of cortico-striatal connectivity pre-treatment was associated with greater improvement in symptoms 12 weeks later. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the caudate as a region with dissociable incentive-dependent dACC connectivity abnormalities in MDD, and provide initial evidence that cortico-striatal circuitry may play a role in MDD treatment response. Given the role of cortico-striatal circuitry in encoding action-outcome contingencies, such dysregulated connectivity may relate to the prominent disruptions in goal-directed behavior that characterize MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Admon
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
| | - Lisa D. Nickerson
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
| | - Daniel G. Dillon
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Poornima Kumar
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
| | - Darin D. Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
| | - Dan V. Iosifescu
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Belmont, MA
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Stough C, Simpson T, Lomas J, McPhee G, Billings C, Myers S, Oliver C, Downey LA. Reducing occupational stress with a B-vitamin focussed intervention: a randomized clinical trial: study protocol. Nutr J 2014; 13:122. [PMID: 25533338 PMCID: PMC4290459 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace stress in Australia and other western countries has been steadily increasing over the past decade. It can be observed not only in terms of increased compensation claims but also costs due to absenteeism, loss of productivity at work and reduced psychological and physiological health and well-being. Given the cost and pervasive effects of stress in the modern workforce, time efficient and cost-effective interventions capable of reducing occupational stress (or strain) and burnout are urgently required for the improved well-being of stressed employees. One intervention gaining scientific traction is supplementation with nutritional interventions, particularly the B group vitamins. Methods This study was developed to examine the effects of B group vitamins on workplace stress and mood variables with a sample of full-time employed older adults who subjectively report feeling stressed. The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups clinical trial where 200 (N = 100/group) participants will be randomized to receive Blackmores® Executive B Stress Formula or placebo daily for a period of 6 months. Participants will be tested at baseline and 6 months post-randomization on workplace stress, cognitive, personality and mood measures, cardiovascular (brachial and aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as arterial stiffness), biochemical (assays to measure inflammation and safety) as well as genetic assessments (to assess stress processing) and neuroimaging measures (to investigate in vivo mechanisms of action of B vitamins). In addition to this pre- and post- supplementation testing, participants will also complete a battery of self-report questionnaires online to assess their stress and mood once a month for the duration of the study. The primary aim of the study is to investigate the effects of B vitamin supplementation on work related stress. The secondary aims are to explore the mechanisms underpinning any changes in mood or workplace stress due to the B vitamin intervention by examining relationships between cognitive, biological, neuroimaging and cardiovascular variables over 6 months. A subset of 40 participants (N = 20/group) will undergo neuroimaging at baseline and at 6 months using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in order to further explore in vivo mechanisms of action of B vitamins. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR):ACTRN12613000294752
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, PO Box 218, HawthornVictoria, Melbourne, Australia.
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Understanding the role of adjunctive nonpharmacological therapies in management of the multiple pathways to depression. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220 Suppl 1:S34-44. [PMID: 25539873 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(14)70004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 16.2% and the fourth highest cause of disability globally. It is hypothesized to be a syndromatic manifestation of multiple pathological processes leading to similar clinical manifestation. MDD is associated with at least three categories of peripheral hormone-type factors including neurotrophic factors, proinflammatory cytokines, and processes that impair regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Neuroimaging studies have identified functional abnormalities including subcortical systems associated with reward and emotion processing, medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortical regions and the lateral prefrontal cortical systems involved in cognitive control and voluntary emotion regulation. Studies investigating the effects of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy on functional brain measures show normalization of brain function with return to euthymia. Nevertheless, approximately 50% of patients with MDD will not respond sufficiently and 60 to 70% will not achieve full remission with first-line pharmacotherapy, therefore clinicians strive to improve patient responses through the use of adjunct therapies. This review discusses recent research in the various biological processes associated with MDD as well as recent data in support of the use of adjunctive non-pharmacological therapies including psychotherapy, bibliotherapy, Internet therapy, "natural" or herbal approaches, exercise therapy, and somatic therapies.
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Galizia I, Oldani L, Macritchie K, Amari E, Dougall D, Jones TN, Lam RW, Massei GJ, Yatham L, Young AH. S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) for depression in adults. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Combinatorial Gene Overexpression and Recessive Mutant Gene Introduction in Sake Yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:633-40. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mischoulon D, Price LH, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Papakostas GI, Baer L, Dording CM, Clain AJ, Durham K, Walker R, Ludington E, Fava M. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75:370-6. [PMID: 24500245 PMCID: PMC5360105 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.13m08591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the comparative antidepressant efficacy of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and escitalopram in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. METHOD One hundred eighty-nine outpatients (49.7% female, mean [SD] age = 45 [15] years) with DSM-IV-diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD) were recruited from April 13, 2005, to December 22, 2009, at the Massachusetts General Hospital and at Butler Hospital. Patients were randomized for 12 weeks to SAMe 1,600-3,200 mg/d, escitalopram 10-20 mg/d, or placebo. Doses were escalated at 6 weeks in the event of nonresponse. The main outcome measure was the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17). Tolerability was assessed by the Systematic Assessment for Treatment of Emergent Events-Specific Inquiry (SAFTEE-SI). RESULTS All 3 treatment arms demonstrated a significant improvement of about 5-6 points in HDRS-17 scores (P < .001 for all), and no significant differences were observed between the treatment arms (P > .05 for all). Response rates in the intent-to-treat sample were 36% for SAMe, 34% for escitalopram, and 30% for placebo. Remission rates were 28% for SAMe, 28% for escitalopram, and 17% for placebo. No comparisons between treatment groups attained significance (P > .05 for all). Tolerability was good, with gastrointestinal side effects (19% for stomach discomfort and 20% for diarrhea) as the most common in the SAMe arm. Significant differences were observed between treatment groups for dizziness, anorgasmia, diminished mental acuity, and hot flashes (P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS The results fail to support an advantage over placebo for either the investigational treatment SAMe or the standard treatment escitalopram for MDD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00101452.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mischoulon
- 1 Bowdoin Sq, 6th Floor, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lawrence H. Price
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Linda L. Carpenter
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Audrey R. Tyrka
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - George I. Papakostas
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lee Baer
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christina M. Dording
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alisabet J. Clain
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kelley Durham
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosemary Walker
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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The effects of multivitamin supplementation on diurnal cortisol secretion and perceived stress. Nutrients 2013; 5:4429-50. [PMID: 24284609 PMCID: PMC3847740 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that dietary intake of vitamins, in particular the B-vitamins including B6, B9 and B12 may have a number of positive effects on mood and stress. Given the effects of stress on a range of biological mechanisms including the endocrine system, it could be reasonably expected that multivitamin supplementation may also affect markers of these mechanisms such as diurnal cortisol secretion. In the current double-blind placebo-controlled study 138 adults (aged 20 to 50 years) were administered a multivitamin containing B-vitamins versus placebo over a 16-week period. Salivary cortisol measurements were taken at waking, 15-min, 30-min and at bedtime, at baseline, 8-weeks and 16-weeks. Perceived Stress (PSS) was measured at baseline, 8-weeks and 16-weeks, while blood serum measures of B6, B12 and homocysteine (HCy) as well as red cell folate (B9) were also collected at these time points. A significant interaction was found between treatment group and study visit for the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). Compared to placebo, at 16-weeks multivitamin supplementation was found to be associated with a near-significant trend towards an increased CAR. No significant differences in PSS were found between groups, with PSS increasing in both groups across the course of the study. Red cell folate was found to be significantly correlated with the CAR response at 16-weeks while HCy levels were not found to be associated with the CAR response, although HCy significantly correlated with waking cortisol levels at 8-weeks. A possible interpretation of the elevation in CAR associated with multivitamin supplementation is that this represents an adaptive response to everyday demands in healthy participants.
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Kamarthapu V, Ragampeta S, Rao KV, Reddy VD. Engineered Pichia pastoris for enhanced production of S-adenosylmethionine. AMB Express 2013; 3:40. [PMID: 23890127 PMCID: PMC3750815 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetically engineered strain of Pichia pastoris expressing S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of AOX 1 promoter was developed. Induction of recombinant strain with 1% methanol resulted in the expression of SAM2 protein of ~ 42 kDa, whereas control GS115 showed no such band. Further, the recombinant strain showed 17-fold higher enzyme activity over control. Shake flask cultivation of engineered P. pastoris in BMGY medium supplemented with 1% L-methionine yielded 28 g/L wet cell weight and 0.6 g/L S-adenosylmethionine, whereas control (transformants with vector alone) with similar wet cell weight under identical conditions accumulated 0.018 g/L. The clone cultured in the bioreactor containing enriched methionine medium showed increased WCW (117 g/L) as compared to shake flask cultures and yielded 2.4 g/L S-adenosylmethionine. In spite of expression of SAM 2 gene up to 90 h, S-adenosylmethionine accumulation tended to plateau after 72 h, presumably because of the limited ATP available in the cells at stationery phase. The recombinant P pastoris seems promising as potential source for industrial production of S-adenosylmethionine.
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Torta RGV, Ieraci V. Pharmacological Management of Depression in Patients with Cancer: Practical Considerations. Drugs 2013; 73:1131-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Colquhoun DM, Bunker SJ, Clarke DM, Glozier N, Hare DL, Hickie IB, Tatoulis J, Thompson DR, Tofler GH, Wilson A, Branagan MG. Screening, referral and treatment for depression in patients with coronary heart disease. Med J Aust 2013; 198:483-4. [DOI: 10.5694/mja13.10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Bunker
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders University and Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC
| | - David M Clarke
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Nick Glozier
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - David R Thompson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Geoffrey H Tofler
- Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Alison Wilson
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Melbourne, VIC
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Cunha MP, Pazini FL, Oliveira Á, Machado DG, Rodrigues ALS. Evidence for the involvement of 5-HT1A receptor in the acute antidepressant-like effect of creatine in mice. Brain Res Bull 2013; 95:61-9. [PMID: 23352985 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Creatine was previously shown to produce an antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test through a modulation of the dopaminergic system. In this study, the mechanisms underlying its antidepressant-like effect were further evaluated by investigating the involvement of the serotonergic system in its effect. The anti-immobility effect of creatine (1mg/kg) was prevented by the pretreatment of mice with p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA; 100mg/kg, i.p., for 4 consecutive days, an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis). Creatine (0.01 mg/kg, sub-effective dose) in combination with sub-effective doses of WAY100635 (0.1mg/kg, s.c., a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), 8-OH-DPAT (0.1mg/kg, i.p., a 5-HT1A receptor agonist) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine (5mg/kg, p.o.), paroxetine (0.1mg/kg, p.o.), citalopram (0.1mg/kg, p.o.) and sertraline (3mg/kg, p.o.) reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test as compared with either drug alone. These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine is likely mediated by an interaction with 5-HT1A receptors. Of note, the present results also indicate that creatine improves the effectiveness of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a finding that may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Sood A, Prasad K, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Ehlers SL, Ebbert JO. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for smoking abstinence: a randomized clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:854-9. [PMID: 22901308 PMCID: PMC3429269 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is a dietary supplement commonly used to treat depression. SAMe facilitates dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis in the central nervous system. This study investigated the efficacy of SAMe for increasing tobacco abstinence among cigarette smokers. DESIGN A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, dose-ranging clinical trial was conducted. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive SAMe 1600 mg or 800 mg by mouth every day or a matching placebo for 8 weeks. All subjects received a behavioral smoking cessation intervention. Self-reported smoking abstinence was biochemically confirmed with exhaled-air carbon monoxide. SUBJECTS Subjects in the study comprised 120 adults. RESULTS One hundred and twenty (120) subjects with a mean age of 40.0±14.0 (SD) years were enrolled. Participants smoked an average of 19.6±8.6 cigarettes per day for 21±13.2 years. The study dropout rate was high (42.5%). By intention-to-treat analysis, no significant differences were observed in abstinence rates at 8 and 24 weeks between SAMe dose groups and placebo. SAMe did not attenuate withdrawal symptoms among abstinent subjects. Rates of gastrointestinal side-effects were higher with SAMe 1600 mg/d compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS SAMe did not increase smoking abstinence rates. Abstinence and tobacco withdrawal data from this clinical trial suggest that SAMe holds little promise for the treatment of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sood
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dording C, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert J, Papakostas G. SAMe and sexual functioning. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 27:451-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Papakostas GI, Cassiello CF, Iovieno N. Folates and S-adenosylmethionine for major depressive disorder. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:406-13. [PMID: 22762295 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interest in nonpharmaceutical supplements for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) has increased significantly, both among patients and among clinicians during the past decades. Despite the large array of antidepressants (ADs) available, many patients continue to experience relatively modest response and remission rates, in addition to a burden of side effects that can hinder treatment compliance and acceptability. In this article, we review the literature on folates and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), 2 natural compounds linked in the 1-carbon cycle metabolic pathway, for which substantial evidence supports their involvement in mood disorders. Background information, efficacy data, proposed mechanisms of action, and side effects are reviewed. Based on existing data, supplementation with SAMe, as well as with various formulations of folates, appears to be efficacious and well tolerated in reducing depressive symptoms. Compared with other forms of folates, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-methylfolate or 5-MTHF) may represent a preferable treatment option for MDD given its greater bioavailability in patients with a genetic polymorphism, and the lower risk of specific side effects associated with folic acid. Although further randomized controlled trials in this area appear warranted, SAMe and L-methylfolate may represent a useful addition to the AD armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Papakostas
- Harvard Medical School and Director of Center for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Levkovitz Y, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI. Effects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:1174-8. [PMID: 21911258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often accompanied by significant cognitive impairment, and there are limited interventions specific to this particular symptom. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), a naturally occurring molecule which serves as a major methyl-donor in human cellular metabolism, is required for the synthesis and maintenance of several neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in MDD. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of a clinical trial involving the use of adjunctive SAMe for MDD. Forty-six serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SRI) non-responders with MDD enrolled in a 6-week, double-blind, randomized trial of adjunctive oral SAMe were administered the self-rated cognitive and physical symptoms questionnaire (CPFQ), a validated measure of cognitive as well as physical symptoms of MDD, before and after treatment. RESULTS There was a greater improvement in the ability to recall information (p=0.04) and a trend toward statistical significance for greater improvement in word-finding (p=0.09) for patients who received adjunctive SAMe than placebo. None of the remaining five items reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION These preliminary data suggest that SAMe can improve memory-related cognitive symptoms in depressed patients, and warrant replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Levkovitz
- Depression Clinical and Research Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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41
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Pourghassem Gargari B, Saboktakin M, Mahboob S, Pourafkari N. Nutritional status in patients with major depressive disorders: a pilot study in tabriz, iran. Health Promot Perspect 2012; 2:145-52. [PMID: 24688928 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2012.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status in Iranian major depres¬sive disorder patients. We also determined the relationship between nutrients intake with depres¬sion severity. METHODS Seventy major depressive patients were selected randomly from outpatient depressive subjects, referred to Razi Psychiatry Hospital in Tabriz, Iran in 2007. Dietary intakes were rec¬orded and compared with dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Definition of the disease and its se¬verity were according to DSM-IV-TR and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, respectively. Nu¬tritionist III program, Chi-square, correlation and t-test were used for data analyses. Demo¬graphic, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed using SPSS software for windows (ver¬sion13.0). RESULTS According to dietary analysis, 11.4% and 55% of patients had dietary protein and energy deficiency, respectively. 97.1% and 95.7% of patients had less folate and B12 intakes than recom¬mended dietary allowances. The mean (Mean ± SD) for plasma folate and B12 was 5.18±6.11 ng/ml and 389.05±346.9 pg/ml, respectively. Low plasma folate and B12 was observed in 51.4% and 50.0 % of patients, respectively. There was no significant relationship between blood folate and B12 levels with depression severity. Similarly, nutrients intake had no effect on depression se¬verity. CONCLUSION Low plasma concentrations and low dietary intakes of folate and B12 are common among Tabrizian depressive patients. It seems that nutritional intervention for increasing folate and vitamin B12 intake must be considered as health promotive and preventative program for patients suffering from depression disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saboktakin
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soltanali Mahboob
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Pourafkari
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sarris J, Lake J, Hoenders R. Bipolar Disorder and Complementary Medicine: Current Evidence, Safety Issues, and Clinical Considerations. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:881-90. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, The Melbourne Clinic, Melbourne, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Centre for Human Pyschopharmacology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Lake
- Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, Tucson, AZ
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43
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Effects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 27:518-21. [PMID: 21665441 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often accompanied by significant cognitive impairment, and there are limited interventions specific to this particular symptom. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a naturally occurring molecule which serves as a major methyl-donor in human cellular metabolism, is required for the synthesis and maintenance of several neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in MDD. OBJECTIVES This study is a secondary analysis of a clinical trial involving the use of adjunctive SAMe for MDD. METHODS Forty-six serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SRI) non-responders with MDD enrolled in a 6-week, double-blind, randomized trial of adjunctive oral SAMe were administered the self-rated cognitive and physical symptoms questionnaire (CPFQ), a validated measure of cognitive as well as physical symptoms of MDD, before and after treatment. RESULTS There was a greater improvement in the ability to recall information (P=0.04) and a trend towards statistical significance for greater improvement in word-finding (P=0.09) for patients who received adjunctive SAMe than placebo. None of the remaining five items reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that SAMe can improve memory-related cognitive symptoms in depressed patients, and warrant replication.
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44
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Abstract
This 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of fertilized egg powder (Young Tissue Extract; YT®) intake on outcome measures for depression. Fifty-five patients with depression were randomly assigned to receive YTE, YTE plus Melissa officinalis, or placebo for 12 weeks. At baseline, there were no significant differences in scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) or Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) among the 3 groups. At 12 weeks, the HAM-D scores in groups treated with YTE or YTE with M. officinalis were both significantly lower than those in the placebo group. In addition, both treatment groups showed a significant improvement in depression as measured by the change in HAM-D scores from baseline to 12 weeks, whereas the placebo group showed no significant change. There were no significant differences between the 2 treatment groups. The study indicates that the fertilized egg powder has an antidepressive effect and may be an alternative or adjunct to antidepressive medication for some patients, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Solberg
- Department for Drug Abuse and Psychiatry, Blefjell Hospital, Kongsberg, Norway.
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45
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Abstract
The popularity of natural or "alternative" remedies to treat medical and psychiatric disorders has accelerated dramatically over the past decade, in the United States and worldwide. This article reviews the evidence for clinical efficacy, active ingredients, mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and toxicities of the 3 best-studied putative natural antidepressants, St. John's wort (hypericum), S-adenosyl methionine, and the Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Despite growing evidence for efficacy and safety, more comprehensive studies are required before these remedies can be recommended as safe and effective alternatives or adjuncts to conventional psychotropic agents. There are limited data regarding safety in pregnancy and during lactation, and caution is therefore recommended in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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46
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Klempan TA, Rujescu D, Mérette C, Himmelman C, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Fiori LM, Schneider B, Bureau A, Turecki G. Profiling brain expression of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) gene in suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:934-43. [PMID: 19152344 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered stress reactivity is considered to be a risk factor for both major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior. The authors have sought to expand their previous findings implicating altered expression of spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme involved in catabolism of the polyamines spermidine and spermine in the polyamine stress response (PSR), across multiple brain regions between control individuals and depressed individuals who have died by suicide. Microarray expression of probesets annotated to SAT1 were examined across 17 brain regions in 13 controls and 26 individuals who have died by suicide (16 with a diagnosis of major depression and 10 without), all of French-Canadian origin. Profiling conducted on the Affymetrix U133A/B chipset was further examined on a second chipset (U133 Plus 2.0) using RT-PCR, and analyzed in a second, independent sample. A reduction in SAT1 expression identified through multiple probesets was observed across 12 cortical regions in depressed individuals who have died by suicide compared with controls. Of these, five cortical regions showed statistically significant reductions which were supported by RT-PCR and analysis on the additional chipset. SAT1 cortical expression levels were also found to be significantly lower in an independent sample of German subjects with major depression who died by suicide in comparison with controls. These findings suggest that downregulation of SAT1 expression may play a role in depression and suicidality, possibly by impeding the normal PSR program or through compensation for the increased polyamine metabolism accompanying the psychological distress associated with depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Klempan
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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47
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Ravindran AV, Lam RW, Filteau MJ, Lespérance F, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Patten SB. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. V. Complementary and alternative medicine treatments. J Affect Disord 2009; 117 Suppl 1:S54-64. [PMID: 19666194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2001, the Canadian Psychiatric Association and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) partnered to produce evidence-based clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. A revision of these guidelines was undertaken by CANMAT in 2008-2009 to reflect advances in the field. There is widespread interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS The CANMAT guidelines are based on a question-answer format to enhance accessibility to clinicians. An evidence-based format was used with updated systematic reviews of the literature and recommendations were graded according to Level of Evidence using pre-defined criteria. Lines of Treatment were identified based on criteria that included evidence and expert clinical support. This section on "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments" is one of 5 guideline articles. RESULTS There is Level 1 evidence to support light therapy in seasonal MDD and St. John's wort in mild to moderate MDD. There is also some evidence for the use of exercise, yoga and sleep deprivation, as well as for omega-3 fatty acids and SAM-e . Support for other natural health products and therapies is still limited. LIMITATIONS The evidence base remains limited and studies often have methodological problems, including small samples, variability in dose, short duration of treatment, unknown quality of the agent and limited long-term data. Safety data are also sparse with little information about drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS Some CAM treatments have evidence of benefit in MDD. However, problems with standardization and safety concerns may limit their applicability in clinical practice.
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48
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Sarris J, Schoendorfer N, Kavanagh DJ. Major depressive disorder and nutritional medicine: a review of monotherapies and adjuvant treatments. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:125-31. [PMID: 19239627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature review was conducted to examine the evidence for nutritional interventions in depression. It revealed a number of significant conclusions. Interestingly, more positive clinical trials were found to support adjuvant, rather than monotherapeutic, use of nutrients to treat depression. Much evidence exists in the area of adjuvant application of folic acid, S-adenosyl-methionine, omega-3, and L-tryptophan with antidepressants. Current evidence does not support omega-3 as an effective monotherapy to treat depression. However, this may be due, at least in part, to olive oil being used as the control intervention, some studies using docosahexaenoic acid alone or a higher docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, and significant heterogeneity regarding depressive populations. Nevertheless, adjunctive prescription of omega-3 with antidepressants, or in people with dietary deficiency, may be beneficial. Inositol lacks evidence as an effective antidepressant and cannot be currently recommended. Evidence on the use of L-tryptophan for depression is inconclusive, and additional studies utilizing a more robust methodology are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston 4006, Brisbane, Australia.
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49
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McGowan PO, Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Diet and the epigenetic (re)programming of phenotypic differences in behavior. Brain Res 2008; 1237:12-24. [PMID: 18694740 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity is shaped by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that program tissue specific patterns of gene expression. Cells, including neurons, undergo massive epigenetic reprogramming during development through modifications to chromatin structure, and by covalent modifications of the DNA through methylation. There is evidence that these changes are sensitive to environmental influences such as maternal behavior and diet, leading to sustained differences in phenotype. For example, natural variations in maternal behavior in the rat that influence stress reactivity in offspring induce long-term changes in gene expression, including in the glucocorticoid receptor, that are associated with altered histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and NGFI-A transcription factor binding. These effects can be reversed by early postnatal cross-fostering, and by pharmacological manipulations in adulthood, including Trichostatin A (TSA) and L-methionine administration, that influence the epigenetic status of critical loci in the brain. Because levels of methionine are influenced by diet, these effects suggest that diet could contribute significantly to this behavioral plasticity. Recent data suggest that similar mechanisms could influence human behavior and mental health. Epidemiological data suggest indeed that dietary changes in methyl contents could affect DNA methylation and gene expression programming. Nutritional restriction during gestation could affect epigenetic programming in the brain. These findings provide evidence for a stable yet dynamic epigenome capable of regulating phenotypic plasticity through epigenetic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O McGowan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Cave MC, Hurt RT, Frazier TH, Matheson PJ, Garrison RN, McClain CJ, McClave SA. Obesity, inflammation, and the potential application of pharmaconutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 2008; 23:16-34. [PMID: 18203961 DOI: 10.1177/011542650802300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging problem worldwide. Hospitalized obese patients often have a worse outcome than patients of normal weight, particularly in the setting of trauma and critical care. Obesity creates a low-grade systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that is similar (but on a much smaller scale) to gram-negative sepsis. This process involves up-regulation of systemic immunity, is characterized clinically by insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, and puts the patient at increased risk for organ failure, infectious morbidity, and mortality. Through lipotoxicity and cytokine dysregulation, obesity may act to prime the immune system, predisposing to an exaggerated subsequent immune response when a second clinical insult occurs (such as trauma, burns, or myocardial infarction). Specialized nutrition therapy for such patients currently consists of a hypocaloric, high-protein diet. However, this approach does not address the putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of inflammation and altered metabolism associated with obesity. A number of dietary agents such as arginine, fish oil, and carnitine may correct these problems at the molecular level. Pharmaconutrition formulas may provide exciting innovations for the nutrition therapy of the obese patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt C Cave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 S. Jackson Street, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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