Association Between Antioxidant Intake/Status and Obesity: a Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Selenoprotein-p and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with obesity

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance and obesity present significant challenges in pediatric populations. Selenoprotein P1 (SEPP1) serves as a biomarker for assessing selenium levels in the body. While its association with metabolic syndrome is established in adults, its relevance in children remains underexplored.

AIM

To ascertain SEPP1 blood levels in children and adolescents diagnosed with obesity and to assess its correlation with insulin resistance and adiposity indices.

METHODS

170 children participated in this study, including 85 diagnosed with obesity and an equal number of healthy counterparts matched for age and sex. Each participant underwent a comprehensive medical evaluation, encompassing a detailed medical history, clinical examination, and anthropometric measurements like waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Furthermore, routine blood tests were conducted, including serum SEPP1, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) level.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed significantly lower serum SEPP1 levels in children with obesity compared to their healthy peers. Moreover, notable negative correlations were observed between serum SEPP1 levels and body mass index, VAI, and HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that SEPP1 could serve as a valuable predictor for insulin resistance among children and adolescents diagnosed with obesity. This highlights the potential utility of SEPP1 in pediatric metabolic health assessment and warrants further investigation.

The Association between the Dietary Antioxidant Index and Weight Status in Primary School Students: An Epidemiological Study

Obesity is an emerging threat and a current challenge for children and adolescents worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relationship between the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and the weight status of students in early adolescence. A sample of 1580 students aged 10-12 years from 47 primary schools in Greece were enrolled. Anthropometric characteristics were assessed, and calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to categorize students into two weight-status groups. Dietary habits and physical activity were evaluated using a self-completed questionnaire, and the DAI was calculated through derived micronutrients' content, along with energy, macro-, and micro-nutrient intake. Crude and adjusted regression analysis showed a significant inverse association of the DAI and body weight status (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.719, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.576; 0.897, and adjusted Odds Ration (aOR): 0.667, 95% CI: 0.489; 0.907). An antioxidant diet seems to play a protective role against increased body weight among students in early adolescence. Thus, dietary patterns rich in antioxidants should be promoted to facilitate healthy habits early in life, and to fight the obesity threat.

The influence of serum selenium in differential epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of CPT1B gene in women with obesity

INTRODUCTION

The increasing prevalence of obesity has become a major health problem worldwide. The causes of obesity are multifactorial and could be influenced by dietary patterns and genetic factors. Obesity has been associated with a decrease in micronutrient intake and consequently decreased blood concentrations. Selenium is an essential micronutrient for human health, and its metabolism could be affected by obesity, especially severe obesity. This study aimed to identify differential methylation genes associated with serum selenium concentration in women with and without obesity.

METHODOLOGY

Thirty-four patients were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: Obese (Ob) n = 20 and Non-Obese (NOb) n = 14, according to the Body Mass Index (BMI). Anthropometry, body composition, serum selenium, selenium intake, and biochemical parameters were evaluated. DNA extraction and bisulfite conversion were performed to hybridize the samples on the 450k Methylation Chip Infinium Beadchip (Illumina). Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the R program and the Champ package. The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified using the Bumphunter method. In addition, logarithmic conversion was performed for the analysis of serum selenium and methylation.

RESULTS

In the Ob group, the body weight, BMI, fat mass, and free fat mass were higher than in the NOb group, as expected. Interestingly, the serum selenium was lower in the Ob than in the NOb group without differences in selenium intake. One DMR corresponding to the CPT1B gene, involved in lipid oxidation, was related to selenium levels. This region was hypermethylated in the Ob group, indicating that the intersection between selenium deficiency and hypermethylation could influence the expression of the CPT1B gene. The transcriptional analysis confirmed the lower expression of the CPT1B gene in the Ob group.

CONCLUSION

Studies connecting epigenetics to environmental factors could offer insights into the mechanisms involving the expression of genes related to obesity and its comorbidities. Here we demonstrated that the mineral selenium might play an essential role in lipid oxidation via epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the CPT1B gene in obesity.

Association and dose-response relationship of plasma magnesium with metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults older than 45 years

Purpose

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for the maintenance of vital physiological functions. Magnesium deficiency is associated with diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, conclusions have been inconsistent, and there is a particular lack of evidence regarding this association in Chinese population older than 45 years. This study aimed to assess the association between plasma magnesium and the risk of MetS and its components, the dose-response relationship, and the threshold effect relationship in a Chinese population involving older than 45 years.

Methods

A total of 2,101 individuals were randomly selected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) (2015-2017) by considering monitoring points. We used the joint statement of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2009 to define participants with MetS. The plasma magnesium was tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to analyze the association and dose-response relationship between plasma Mg and MetS and its components.

Results

Compared with the lowest quintile (Q1) for plasma Mg, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for MetS, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hypertension, and triglyceride (TG) elevation at the highest quintile (Q5) were 0.419 (0.301, 0.583), 0.303 (0.221, 0.415), 0.446 (0.322, 0.618), and 0.526 (0.384, 0.720), respectively, with all p < 0.05. However, in the components of decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and central obesity, no trend toward lowering with higher plasma magnesium was observed (p = 0.717, p = 0.865). These associations were not altered by further adjustment for potential confounding variables, including age, gender, education, nationality, area, residence, body mass index (BMI), and heart rate. The RCS analysis showed that, when plasma magnesium was lower than 0.85 mmol/L, the curve was leveled off, and then, the curve showed a decreasing trend with the increase in plasma magnesium.

Conclusion

Therefore, plasma Mg was negatively associated with MetS and its components (including IFG, hypertension, and elevated TG) in people older than 45 years. In addition, plasma Mg greater than or equal to 0.85 mmol/L, which is higher than the commonly used threshold of 0.75 mmol/L, may be protective against MetS and its components (including elevated FPG, elevated blood pressure, and elevated TG). More prospective studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are necessary to confirm the effective impact of Mg on MetS and its components. Plasma Mg levels in the MetS population older than 45 years require attention.

Total antioxidant capacity, obesity and clinical correlates in first-episode and drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia

BACKGROUND

Overweight/obesity is a growing concern in schizophrenia (SZ). A few studies have shown that excessive oxidative stress and abnormal antioxidants were associated with pathogenesis and psychiatric symptoms in first episode antipsychotics naïve (FEAN) patients with SZ. However, there is no study has explored the interrelationships between total antioxidant status (TAS) and the severity of psychiatric symptoms in the early stage of SZ. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of overweight/obesity on psychiatric symptoms in FEAN patients with SZ.

METHODS

A total of 241 patients with FEAN SZ and 119 healthy controls were recruited and symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). TAS levels were also measured in patients and healthy controls.

RESULTS

We found a significant negative association between body mass index (BMI) and TAS in FEAN patients, but not in controls. In addition, BMI and TAS were negatively associated with psychiatric symptoms. Interestingly, further regression analysis revealed that the interaction between BMI and TAS was associated with the negative symptoms in the early stage of SZ.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that abnormal TAS levels interacting with overweight/obesity may be involved in the pathophysiology of SZ, in particular negative symptoms.

Eating Behavior and Factors of Metabolic Health in Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greek Children

Childhood obesity has been associated with altered blood lipids and bad eating habits. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic health markers in regard to weight status and dietary habits in schoolchildren. In 134 children (6-11 years), we conducted: (1) Anthropometry, namely z-score BMI (z-BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body composition analysis. (2) Measurements of handgrip strength (HGS), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and VO2max. (3) Quantification of blood lipids and antioxidant vitamins A, E, C. (4) Eating breakfast assessment. About 35% of children were overweight/obese. The z-BMI positively correlated with WHtR (r = 0.637, p < 0.001), and adversely correlated with fat-free mass (r = -0.728, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (r = -0.286, p < 0.001). RMR and VO2max were greater in normal weight children compared to those with overweight/obesity (p < 0.001). HGS did not differ between these groups, but was negatively correlated with dyslipidemia as shown by TG/HDL-C ratio (r = -0.224, p = 0.037). According to regression analysis, eating breakfast routinely at home was positively associated with RMR and adversely associated with z-BMI. Hence, regular breakfast consumption at home may improve RMR in kids. Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical strength are key modulators of metabolic health in Greek children added to a social determinant of health i.e., eating breakfast at home.

The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Co-Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate, Thyroid Function, Physical Fitness, and Functional Capacity in Overweight and Obese People under a Hypocaloric Diet: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial

Evidence of the effectiveness of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical function parameters in people with overweight and obesity is scarce, while the effects of zinc and selenium on thyroid function and body composition are still a topic of debate and controversy. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of a hypocaloric diet and Se-Zn co-supplementation on RMR, thyroid function, body composition, physical fitness, and functional capacity in overweight or obese individuals. Twenty-eight overweight-obese participants (mean BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7) were randomly allocated (1:1) to the supplementation group (n = 14, 31.1 ± 5.5 yrs, 9 females) and the placebo group (n = 14, 32.1 ± 4.8 yrs, 6 females). The participants received Zn (25 mg of zinc gluconate/day) and Se (200 mcg of L-selenomethionine/day) or placebo tablets containing starch for eight weeks. The participants of both groups followed a hypocaloric diet during the intervention. RMR, thyroid function, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂max), and functional capacity (sit-to-stand tests, timed up-and-go test, and handgrip strength) were assessed before and after the intervention. A significant interaction was found between supplementation and time on RMR (p = 0.045), with the intervention group's RMR increasing from 1923 ± 440 to 2364 ± 410 kcal/day. On the other hand, no interaction between supplementation and time on the thyroid function was found (p > 0.05). Regarding the effects of Zn/Se co-administration on Se levels, a significant interaction between supplementation and time on Se levels was detected (p = 0.004). Specifically, the intervention group's Se serum levels were increased from 83.04 ± 13.59 to 119.40 ± 23.93 μg/L. However, Zn serum levels did not change over time (90.61 ± 23.23 to 89.58 ± 10.61 umol/L). Even though all body composition outcomes improved in the intervention group more than placebo at the second measurement, no supplement × time interaction was detected on body composition (p > 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness did not change over the intervention. Yet, a main effect of time was found for some functional capacity tests, with both groups improving similarly over the eight-week intervention period (p < 0.05). In contrast, a supplement x group interaction was found in the performance of the timed up-and-go test (TUG) (p = 0.010), with the supplementation group improving more. In conclusion, an eight-week intervention with Zn/Se co-supplementation combined with a hypocaloric diet increased the RMR, TUG performance, and Se levels in overweight and obese people. However, thyroid function, Zn levels, body composition, and the remaining outcomes of exercise performance remained unchanged.

Selenium as a Factor Moderating Depression and Obesity in Middle-Aged Women

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of serum selenium on PPAR-γ and the selected proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in relation to depressive symptoms and obesity in middle-aged women. The research procedure was as follows: a survey was performed using the authors’ questionnaire and the BDI, anthropometric measurements, and the analysis of blood for the levels of selenium, cytokines, and genetic analysis of the PPAR-γ polymorphism (n = 443). It was found that the BMI increased along with the concentration of IL-6. No moderating effect of selenium was observed, although the cut-off values for “p” were established for IL-β*Se (p = 0.068) and IL-6*Se (p = 0.068), so there was a potential association with these two markers. At high selenium levels, the effect of higher IL-β levels on a decrease in BMI was stronger, as was the effect of an increase in IL-6 levels on an increase in BMI. No effect of selenium on PPAR-γ was found in relation to depressive symptoms and obesity. Higher selenium levels may have a beneficial effect on BMI even at high IL-β concentrations, however, at high IL-6 concentrations, this effect was not observed. Selenium levels had no impact on depressive symptoms.

Dietary selenomethionine attenuates obesity by enhancing beiging process in white adipose tissue

Imbalanced nutrient intake causes abnormal energy metabolism, which results in obesity. There is feasible evidence that selenium-rich (Se-rich) foods may alleviate obesity and enhance general public health, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein we examined the effect of Se supplementation on white adipose tissue beiging process. The mice were fed with a normal diet or a Se-deficient high-fat diet (DHFD) until significant differences in terms of body weight, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Next, mice in the DHFD group were changed to a high-fat diet (HFD) containing specified amounts of selenomethionine (SeMet) (0, 150, 300, and 600 μg/kg) and continued to feed for 14 weeks. Notably, 150 μg/kg SeMet supplement highly protected mice from DHFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid deposits in the liver and kidney, and featured by the enhanced beiging process in white adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure. Moreover, upon cold challenge, 150 μg/kg SeMet supplement enhanced cold tolerance in mice by inducing adipose beiging to promote energy expenditure, as evidenced by the increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in adipocytes. Similarly, SeMet (10 μM) promoted the differentiation of beige adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction. Collectively, our data support that optimal supplementation of SeMet could enhance the beiging process to attenuate HFD-induced obesity, which provides new insights into the relationship between dietary SeMet and type 2 diabetes.

Associations of Serum Carotenoids With Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Hypertensive Adults

Background Systemic oxidative stress is involved in the development of hypertension, whereas carotenoids are a group of natural antioxidants. Our study aims to evaluate the relationships between the serum concentrations of major carotenoids and mortality in hypertensive adults. Methods and Results Data on 5 serum carotenoids from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and NHANES 2001-2006 were included. Outcome measures (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality) were identified from the National Death Index through December 31, 2019. Multiple Cox proportional hazards regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to determine the association between carotenoid levels and outcomes. A total of 8390 hypertensive adults were included in the analysis. At a median follow-up duration of 16.6 years, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality occurred in 4005 (47.74%) and 1205 (14.36%) participants, respectively. Compared with the lowest quartiles, the highest quartiles of 5 major serum carotenoids were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, with multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56-0.71) for α-carotene, 0.70 (95% CI, 0.61-0.80); for β-carotene, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.58-0.76); for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64-0.86) for lycopene; and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63-0.83) for lutein/zeaxanthin. For cause-specific mortality, this association with the fourth quartile of serum carotenoids was evident for a reduced rate of cardiovascular mortality, with a 32% reduction for α-carotene (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.55-0.86]), a 29% reduction for β-cryptoxanthin (HR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.56-0.89]), and a 26% reduction for lycopene (HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.59-0.94]), but not for β-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin. In addition, we found that serum α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein/zeaxanthin levels were nonlinearly related to all-cause mortality with inflection points of 2.43, 8.49, 5.12, and 14.17 μg/dL, respectively. Serum α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations showed nonlinear associations with cardiovascular mortality with inflection points of 2.31, 5.26, and 15.40 μg/dL, respectively. Conclusions Findings suggest that higher serum carotenoid concentrations were associated with lower risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive adults.

The association between vitamin C dietary intake and its serum levels with anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

studies showed inflammatory background of overweight and obesity. Prevalence of weight disorders has dramatically increased over the past few decades. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and may be associated with weight disorders. This study aims to systematically review the relationship between dietary and serum vitamin C levels with anthropometric indices.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in Medline database (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library and Google Scholar up to the end of August 2021. All observational studies that assessed the relationship between dietary or circulating vitamin C levels and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on adults were included. The quality of included studies was assessed using the National Institute of Health quality assessment tool.

RESULTS

Among 11,689 studies, 47 and 37 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. There was an inverse significant correlation between WC and serum vitamin C levels (r = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.35,-0.21, I² = 14.2%) and between BMI and serum vitamin C levels (r = -0.17, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.09, I² = 72.8%). Higher vitamin C consumption was significantly associated with lower BMI. There were no significant differences in serum vitamin C levels between normal-weight and overweight subjects, but serum vitamin C levels were significantly higher in obese subjects in comparison with normal-weight subjects.

CONCLUSION

Results showed that both dietary and serum vitamin C levels were inversely associated with BMI and WC. More well-designed clinical trials are needed to assess the effect of vitamin C supplementation in prevention and treatment of obesity.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELENIUM NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MARKERS OF LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN OBESE WOMEN

Low-grade chronic inflammation is one of the main disorders that characterize adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and is an important element in the pathogenesis of several comorbidities. In this context, selenium is an essential micronutrient that exerts important anti-inflammatory functions, and the role of selenium in controlling inflammation associated with obesity is not well defined. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between markers of the nutritional status of selenium and low-grade chronic inflammation in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 81 women aged between 18 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI): the obesity group (n = 38) and normal weight group (n = 43). Selenium intake was assessed by 3-day diet records. The plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary selenium concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The analysis of serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was performed using flow cytometry. The results of this study revealed that the obese women had higher dietary intake of selenium than eutrophic women. However, obese participants showed decreased selenium concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, in parallel with increased concentrations of selenium in the urine. Regarding the inflammatory parameters, obese women exhibited higher concentrations of IL-6 and lower concentrations of the cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and TNFα than eutrophic women. In the binary logistic regression analysis, erythrocyte selenium was considered an independent predictor of the serum concentrations of cytokine IL-8 in obese women, reflecting the anti-inflammatory action of this micronutrient.

Development of Citrus-Based Functional Jelly and an Investigation of Its Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Properties

Intervention with natural products is becoming a promising obesity control strategy as healthy eating becomes increasingly popular. The present study aimed to prepare a citrus-based functional jelly (CFJ) from citrus by-products and investigate its bioactive effects in mice. The results of the CFJ preparation showed that the optimal formula of CFJ was 29.12%, 20%, and 3.61% for chenpi, orange juice, and pectin, respectively. The optimized CFJ can be personalized and designed with jelly shapes using 3D food printing technology. The evaluation of the biological activity of the CFJ showed that it was low in calories, with a total phenolic content of 12.44 ± 0.26 mg GAE/g. Moreover, the CFJ has a good free radical scavenging ability for ABTS. The results of the mouse experiments showed that the CFJ significantly suppressed the body weight gain and fat deposits with a dose-dependent effect, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the activities of the antioxidant-related enzymes (CAT and SOD) of the mice were also enhanced after a supplementation with the CFJ. In short, the CFJ is a functional snack enriched in phenolic substances with low-calorie, antioxidant and anti-obesity properties. This work promotes the utilization of citrus by-products and the healthy development of its processing industry.

The Association between Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) and Obesity: Baseline Data of Kharameh Cohort

Obesity is an increasing problem that can lead to noncommunicable diseases. The role of dietary factors on one's obesity is confirmed in many studies. One nutritional approach that can be used for assessment of the foods and diets is the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). Our study is aimed at exploring the association between INQ and obesity. Our hypothesis is that enriched and high-quality diets reduce the risk of overweight or obesity. This study was carried out on 6248 overweight and obese participants, from whom 4356 (69.7%) and 1892 (30.3%) were overweight and obese, respectively. To assess the dietary intake for the participants, a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 130 food items was utilized. The analysis revealed an inverse association between the overweight and the INQ of iron, thiamin, riboflavin, B6, folate, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin C and E. For the obese group, this inverse association was found for iron, B6, folate, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin C and E. These results approved our hypothesis that a rich nutrition diet may lead to a lower risk of obesity.

Impact of selenium on the intestinal microbiome-eCBome axis in the context of diet-related metabolic health in mice

Dietary micronutrients act at the intestinal level, thereby influencing microbial communities, the host endocannabinoidome, and immune and anti-oxidative response. Selenium (Se) is a trace element with several health benefits. Indeed, Se plays an important role in the regulation of enzymes with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity as well as indicators of the level of oxidative stress, which, together with chronic low-grade inflammation, is associated to obesity. To understand how Se variations affect diet-related metabolic health, we fed female and male mice for 28 days with Se-depleted or Se-enriched diets combined with low- and high-fat/sucrose diets. We quantified the plasma and intestinal endocannabinoidome, profiled the gut microbiota, and measured intestinal gene expression related to the immune and the antioxidant responses in the intestinal microenvironment. Overall, we show that intestinal segment-specific microbiota alterations occur following high-fat or low-fat diets enriched or depleted in Se, concomitantly with modifications of circulating endocannabinoidome mediators and changes in cytokine and antioxidant enzyme expression. Specifically, Se enrichment was associated with increased circulating plasma levels of 2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerol (2-DHG), a mediator with putative beneficial actions on metabolism and inflammation. Others eCBome mediators also responded to the diets. Concomitantly, changes in gut microbiota were observed in Se-enriched diets following a high-fat diet, including an increase in the relative abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae. With respect to the intestinal immune response and anti-oxidative gene expression, we observed a decrease in the expression of proinflammatory genes Il1β and Tnfα in high-fat Se-enriched diets in caecum, while in ileum an increase in the expression levels of the antioxidant gene Gpx4 was observed following Se depletion. The sex of the animal influenced the response to the diet of both the gut microbiota and endocannabinoid mediators. These results identify Se as a regulator of the gut microbiome and endocannabinoidome in conjunction with high-fat diet, and might be relevant to the development of new nutritional strategies to improve metabolic health and chronic low-grade inflammation associated to metabolic disorders.

Lifestyle indices of body composition and obesity risk and prevalence among multi-ethnic adolescents in Malaysia

The prevalence of childhood obesity in Malaysia has doubled in less than a decade. Moreover, being overweight and obese have been associated with immediate and later comorbidities, thus emphasizing the need to prevent obesity from an early age. This cross-sectional study involved 923 multi-ethnic Malaysian adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index (BMI) classification was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off. Meanwhile, the Child Growth Foundation (CGF) body fat reference was used to classify adolescents' adiposity. Lifestyle indices including physical activity, sedentary behavior, supplement intake, smoking and alcohol status were assessed via questionnaires. A high prevalence of overweight/obesity among the adolescents was observed according to the CGF (26%), followed by that of the WHO (24%) and then the IOTF (23%) cut-off, with high concordance values between each pair. After adjustment, a significant association was found between physical activity (PAQ score) and lean mass (p = 0.027). No lifestyle determinant was found to be a significant predictor of fat percentage. A high sedentary level increased the likelihood of obesity (OR 3.0, p < 0.01), while antioxidant-rich supplements were found to protect against obesity (OR 0.4, p < 0.05). The lifestyle predictors identified in this study may be considered when designing interventions that integrate lifestyle modifications targeting adolescents.

Development of Functional Kiwifruit Jelly with chenpi (FKJ) by 3D Food Printing Technology and Its Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Potentials

With the growing popularity of the concept of healthy diet, modern obesity treatment is gradually shifting from surgical or pharmacological treatment to nutritional intervention. As a safe and effective measure, natural product interventions are a potential strategy of obesity management. The present study aimed to develop a kind of functional food rich in bioactive compounds (chenpi, kiwifruit, and pectin as raw materials) and investigate their bioactive effects on a mouse model. For development of functional kiwifruit jelly with chenpi (FKJ), the results of single-factor and response surface experiments showed that the optimized formulation was composed of a 30.26% addition of chenpi, 35% addition of kiwifruit juice, and 2.88% addition of pectin. The FKJ obtained with the optimal formulation could be used as a 3D printing raw material to print the desired food shapes successfully. For bioactivity evaluation of FKJ, the results with a mouse model showed that the food intake, liver weight, and adipose tissue weight were significantly decreased after administration of FKJ with dose-dependent effect compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum levels of several inflammatory factors (TG, IL-6, and TNF-α) were decreased and the activities of several antioxidant-related enzymes (SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT) were increased. In short, a functional kiwifruit jelly with chenpi was developed in this study. It is a functional snack food rich in active phenolic compounds, low in calories, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and prevents fat accumulation. FKJ could well meet the needs of modern people for nutrition and health and also promote the processing and utilization of natural products, and has good development prospects in the functional food industry.

Reuse of Food Waste: The Chemical Composition and Health Properties of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Cultivar Essential Oils

The aim of the present study is to investigate the chemical profile, antioxidant activity, carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzyme inhibition, and hypolipidemic effect of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Sicilian Citrus maxima (pomelo) flavedo. Using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) we analysed the Eos of five cultivars of C. maxima, namely, ‘Chadock’, ‘Maxima’, ‘Pyriformis’, ‘Terracciani’, and ‘Todarii’, and their blends. The antioxidant activity was performed by using a multi-target approach using 2,2′-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching tests. The α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase-inhibitory activities were also assessed. GC-MS analyses revealed D-limonene as the main monoterpene hydrocarbon in all cultivars, albeit with different percentages in the range of 21.72–71.13%. A good content of oxygenated monoterpenes was detected for all cultivars, especially for ‘Todarii’. The analysis of the principal components (PCA), and related clusters (HCA), was performed to find chemo-diversity among the analysed samples. EOs from ‘Chadock’ and ‘Maxima’ were statistically similar to each other, and they differed from P3 in the smaller amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the oils from ‘Terracciani’ and ‘Todarii’ were found to be chemically and statistically different. ‘Chadock’ EO was the most active to scavenge radicals (IC₅₀ values of 22.24 and 27.23 µg/mL in ABTS and DPPH tests, respectively). ‘Terracciani’ EO was the most active against both lipase and α-amylase, whereas the blends obtained by the combination (1:1 v/v) of C. maxima ‘Maxima’ + ‘Todarii’ were the most active against α-glucosidase. Generally, the blends did not exert a unique behaviour in potentiating or reducing the bioactivity of the pomelo EOs.

Selenium intake is not associated with the metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents

Se reduces cellular inflammation and lipid peroxides; therefore, its association with CVD and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been studied. We aimed to investigate the association between Se intake and the MetS and its parameters (high waist circumference, hyperglycaemia, high blood pressure, high TAG and low HDL-cholesterol) in Brazilian adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. This research is part of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a Brazilian nationwide school-based study with regional and national relevance. We assessed: (1) socio-demographic data (sex, age, type of school and maternal education) using a self-administered questionnaire; (2) dietary intake using a 24-h recall applied for the whole sample and a second one applied to a subsample to allow within-person variability adjustment; (3) anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference) and blood pressure using standardised procedures; and (4) biochemical analyses (fasting glucose, TAG and HDL-cholesterol). Logistic regression was applied, basing the analysis on a theoretical model. Median Se intake was 98·3 µg/d. Hypertension and hyperglycaemia were more prevalent among boys, while a high waist circumference was more frequent in girls, and low HDL-cholesterol levels were higher among private school students. The prevalence of the MetS was 2·6 %. No association between the MetS and its parameters and Se intake was found. This lack of association could be due to an adequate Se intake in the studied population.

The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Body Composition and Thyroid Function in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review

People with obesity have been found to have lower zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) circulatory levels and abnormal thyroid function than people with normal weight. Studies about the effects of Zn and Se supplementation on body composition and thyroid function of overweight-obese people showed inconsistent results. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted to determine the effects of Ζn supplementation, Se supplementation, and their combination on body composition and thyroid function of individuals with overweight or obesity. Databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane, were searched from inception to February 27, 2022, to identify relevant articles. For the assessment of the methodological quality of the studies, the Jadad scale was used. After screening the articles, thirteen studies were finally included and were analyzed using the strength of the evidence approach. Regarding the effectiveness of Zn supplementation on body composition, moderate evidence was found, while the effects of Se were found to be mixed. Zn supplementation was found to affect the thyroid function of people with overweight or obesity by increasing their free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels. However, this result is based only on one study among hypothyroid patients. At this point, the effectiveness of Zn, Se, and their combination, on the body composition and the thyroid function of people with overweight or obesity cannot safely be determined because of the controversial results, small number, and the limitations of the identified studies. The results of this systematic review must be interpreted with caution due to the limitations detected.

Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations

In the last two decades, evidence from human and animal studies suggests that paternal obesity around the time of conception can have adverse effects on offspring health through developmental programming. This may make significant contributions to the current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic and reproductive complications like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and subfertility/infertility. To date, changes in seminal fluid composition, sperm DNA methylation, histone composition, small non-coding RNAs, and sperm DNA damage have been proposed as potential underpinning mechanism to program offspring health. In this review, we discuss current human and rodent evidence on the impact of paternal obesity/overnutrition on offspring health, followed by the proposed mechanisms, with a focus on sperm DNA damage underpinning paternal programming. We also summarize the different intervention strategies implemented to minimize effects of paternal obesity. Upon critical review of literature, we find that obesity-induced altered sperm quality in father is linked with compromised offspring health. Paternal exercise intervention before conception has been shown to improve metabolic health. Further work to explore the mechanisms underlying benefits of paternal exercise on offspring are warranted. Conversion to healthy diets and micronutrient supplementation during pre-conception have shown some positive impacts towards minimizing the impact of paternal obesity on offspring. Pharmacological approaches e.g., metformin are also being applied. Thus, interventions in the obese father may ameliorate the potential detrimental impacts of paternal obesity on offspring.

Association between zinc and body composition: An integrative review

BACKGROUND

Zinc deficiency is related to lean body mass reduction, fat deposition, and obesity. Zinc acts in catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions, being an essential micronutrient to humans. It is crucial for maintaining lean body mass, synthesizing nucleic acids and proteins, and forming new tissues. Pre-existing zinc deficiency may contribute to obesity due to its relationship with fat deposition associated with short stature. This integrative review aims to analyze the association between zinc and body composition, hitherto very poorly established in previous studies.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The electronic databases utilized in this review were PubMed and Web of Science. We identified titles and abstracts from 1178 articles relating to zinc and body composition that were published in the last ten years. After duplicates were removed, the reference lists of relevant reviews were checked, and 47 articles were obtained by manual search.

MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

The articles were transversal or longitudinal studies, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis. Although there was heterogeneity among the methodologies, the existence of an association between zinc and body composition was predominant among the studies. All articles concluded that zinc had positive effects on proteogenesis. Moreover, zinc metabolism is dysregulated in obese individuals, whose mechanisms remain controversial.

Ameliorating high-fat diet-induced sperm and testicular oxidative damage by micronutrient-based antioxidant intervention in rats

PURPOSE

Emerging evidence from rodent studies suggests that high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity is characterized by increased oxidative damage in sperm and testis. However, interventions using micronutrient supplementation to mitigate oxidative damage in obesity have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an antioxidant-based micronutrient supplement (added folate, vitamin B₆, choline, betaine, and zinc) on sperm and testicular oxidative damage in HFD-fed male Sprague Dawley rats.

METHODS

Rats (3-weeks-old, 12/group) were weaned onto control (C) or HFD (H) or these diets with micronutrient supplement (CS; HS); sperm and testis were harvested at 30.5 weeks. To assess oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in testis, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), folate and susceptibility index (SI) of pro-oxidative damage, mRNA expression of Nrf2, NFκB-p65, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, in addition to superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were assessed in both sperm and testis.

RESULTS

HFD-fed rats had significantly increased 8-OHdG content in sperm and testis, increased testicular SI, decreased testicular weight, SOD and GPx activity compared to control. Strikingly, supplementation of HFD appeared to significantly reduce 8-OHdG in sperm and testis (22% and 24.3%, respectively), reduce testicular SI and MDA content (28% and 40%, respectively), increase testicular weight (24%), SOD and GPX activity (30% and 70%, respectively) and GSH content (19%). Moreover, supplementation had significant impact to increase testicular folate content regardless of diet. Furthermore, an overall effect of supplementation to increase testicular mRNA expression of Nrf2 was observed across groups. Interestingly, testicular SI was positively correlated with sperm and testicular 8-OHdG and MDA content, suggesting a critical role of testicular antioxidant activity to combat oxidative damage in sperm and testis.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that antioxidant-based micronutrient supplement has the potential to interrupt HFD-induced sperm and testicular oxidative damage by improving testicular antioxidant capacity.

The correlation between serum inflammatory, antioxidant, glucose handling biomarkers, and Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and the role of DAI in obesity/overweight causation: population-based case-control study

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a multifactorial disease, and about 40% of world adults are overweight, and about 20% are obese. Diet is one of the most important factors in the causality of obesity. The interactions between the diet and gut microbiota or chronic inflammation pathways highlight the importance of its various aspects in the incidence and prevalence of obesity. At the same time, diet is a combination of several antioxidants that are needed together for the body's antioxidant system. The Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) is a valid nutritional tool, and its correlation has been studied concerning total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde. The study aimed to examine the relationship between the DAI and the odds of obesity. We hypothesized that a higher DAI score indicating a predominantly antioxidant diet has a protective effect against odds of obesity.

METHODS

In this population-based case-control study, 812 participants with a higher body mass index (BMI) than 25 were selected as the case group. Also, 793 participants with BMI in the range of 17.9-24.9 were selected as the control group. A valid and reliable 124-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake. Based on FFQ data, we summed up the standardized intake of the major dietary antioxidants, including vitamin A, E, C, selenium, zinc, and manganese, to calculate DAI.

RESULTS

In a multivariable adjusting model, there was a significant association between DAI (as a continuous variable) and BMI (odds ratio (OR) = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.99; P value = 0.02). Also, there was a significant association between DAI (as a categorized variable) and body surface area with multivariable adjusting model (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64-0.98; P value = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the DAI can accurately predict some serum antioxidant and anti-inflammatory levels along with glucose handling markers.

Obesity-An Update on the Basic Pathophysiology and Review of Recent Therapeutic Advances

Obesity represents a major public health problem with a prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. Continuous intensive efforts to elucidate the complex pathophysiology and improve clinical management have led to a better understanding of biomolecules like gut hormones, antagonists of orexigenic signals, stimulants of fat utilization, and/or inhibitors of fat absorption. In this article, we will review the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of obesity including intersection points to the new generation of antidiabetic drugs. We provide insight into the effectiveness of currently approved anti-obesity drugs and other therapeutic avenues that can be explored.

Role for Selenium in Metabolic Homeostasis and Human Reproduction

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient essential for life. Dietary intake of Se within the physiological range is critical for human health and reproductive functions. Selenium levels outside the recommended range have been implicated in infertility and variety of other human diseases. However, presently it is not clear how different dietary Se sources are processed in our bodies, and in which form or how much dietary Se is optimum to maintain metabolic homeostasis and boost reproductive health. This uncertainty leads to imprecision in published dietary guidelines and advice for human daily intake of Se and in some cases generating controversies and even adverse outcomes including mortality. The chief aim for this review is to describe the sources of organic and inorganic Se, the metabolic pathways of selenoproteins synthesis, and the critical role of selenprotenis in the thyroid gland homeostasis and reproductive/fertility functions. Controversies on the use of Se in clinical practice and future directions to address these challenges are also described and discussed herein.

Association between Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score and Anthropometric Measurements in Children and Adolescents: The Weight Disorders Survey of the CASPIAN-IV Study

BACKGROUND

Limited experience exists on the relationship between anthropometric measures and dietary antioxidant intake in the pediatric age group. We aimed to investigate the association of dietary antioxidants intake and anthropometric measurement in children and adolescents.

METHODS

This nationwide study was conducted in 4270 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years. Demographic and anthropometric data were assessed. Children and adolescents were classified as underweight, healthy weight or overweight/obese based on body mass index percentiles. Dietary intake was obtained by a 168-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire. Energy and nutrients intake was estimated using the Nutritionist IV software. Dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS) was calculated based on the daily dietary intake of selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E compared with daily recommended intake.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age, gender, living area (rural or urban), energy intake and physical activity level, DAQS was positively associated with waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in under-weight children and adolescents (B = 1.614, 1.634 and 0.01, respectively; all ps < 0.05). Increased DAQS was significantly associated with higher WC and WHtR in normal-weight children and adolescents (B = 0.536 and 0.003, respectively; all ps <0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary intakes of some antioxidants were higher in children and adolescents with excess weight. DAQS was correlated with some anthropometric measurements in under-weight and normal-weight subjects. It can provide a novel approach to assess the role of antioxidant intake on health promotion and diet-based therapies in under-weight and normal-weight children and adolescents.

Beneficial effects of Se/Zn co-supplementation on body weight and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

This research investigated the effect of co-supplementation of selenium with zinc on weight control and the inflammatory and oxidative status in relation to obesity. Male Wistar rats (N = 32) were randomly divided into four groups after induction of obesity model: 1) "Zn" was supplemented with zinc sulfate (15 mg/kg BW), 2) "Se" supplemented with selenium as sodium selenate (0.5 mg/kg BW), 3) "Zn + Se" which received Zn (15 mg/kg BW) + Se (0.5 mg/kg BW), and 4) "HFD" as the control group. The intervention was done for eight weeks. At the end of treatment, serum and tissue level of Zn, Se, SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 was evaluated. Weight and food intake were significantly reduced in the Se group(p < .001), while in the Zn group, weight gain due to obesity was prevented compared to the control group (p = .48). There was a significant and stronger increase in SOD, GSH-Px levels and a remarkable decrease in MDA, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the group receiving the combination of two supplements than either alone(p < .001). Leptin had a positive correlation with inflammatory factors and lipid peroxidation marker and showed an inverse relationship with Zn and Se levels and anti-oxidative enzymes(p < .05). The analysis showed the mediating role of leptin in the effects of zinc. Co-supplementation of selenium and zinc may have a synergistic effect in reduction of oxidative and inflammatory markers. Regarding the effect of zinc on inflammatory factors and lipid peroxidation, leptin can play a mediating role.

Intersection between Obesity, Dietary Selenium, and Statin Therapy in Brazil

Obesity is among the most alarming health concerns, impacting public health and causing a socioeconomic challenge, especially in developing countries like Brazil, where approximately one quart of the population presents obesity. As an established risk factor for numerous comorbidities with a multifactorial etiology, obesity is a consequence of energy-dense overfeeding, however with significant undernourishment, leading to excessive adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and micronutrient deficiencies. About 60% of patients with obesity take statins, a cholesterol-lowering medication, to curb dyslipidemia, with ~10% of these patients presenting various myopathies as side effects. Statins act upon the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver, which is a pathway providing intermediates to the synthesis of selenoproteins, i.e., enzymes containing the micronutrient selenium. Statins have been postulated to negatively impact selenoprotein synthesis, particularly in conditions of selenium deficiency, and potentially implicated in the myopathies occurring as side effects of statins. The Brazilian population is prone to selenium deficiency, hence could be considered more susceptible to statin side effects. This review examines the specific consequences to the Brazilian population of the harmful intersection between obesity development and concomitant micronutrient deficiencies, particularly selenium, combined with statin treatment in the context of nutrition in Brazil.

The association between deficiency of nutrient intake and resting metabolic rate in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The double burden of malnutrition is an emerging public health concern nowadays which a correlation with obesity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and dietary intake of zinc, vitamin C, and riboflavin in overweight and obese women.

RESULTS

The RMR/FFM showed a significant association with riboflavin (β = 1.59; 95% CI 1.04-23.26, P = 0.04) and zinc (β = 0.78; 95% CI 1.04-4.61, P = 0.03) in the crude model. Moreover, differences in vitamin C and RMR/FFM was marginal significant (β = 0.75; 95% CI 0.95-4.77, P = 0.06). After adjusting for confounders the riboflavin association change to marginal significance (β = 1.52; 95% CI 0.91-23.04, P = 0.06). After controlling for potential confounders, the associations change between zinc and RMR/FFM (β = 0.66; 95% CI 0.78-4.86, P = 0.15) and between RMR/FFM and vitamin C (β = 0.48; 95% CI 0.66-3.96, P = 0.28). Our study showed a significant association between dietary intake of zinc, riboflavin, and vitamin C and change in RMR/FFM in overweight and obese women.

Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) and the Risk of Obesity in Male Adolescents: a Case-Control Study

Dietary factors may play a key role in the etiology of obesity. The Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) provides a comprehensive overview of the nutrients content of the diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between INQ and obesity in male adolescents. We hypothesize that receiving a high-quality diet reduces the risk of overweight or obese. This study was carried out on 214 obese/overweight as the case group and 321 normal-weight male adolescents as the control group. Dietary intakes of the participants were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ-derived dietary data were used to calculate the INQ scores. After adjustments for age and height, an inverse association was found between obesity and INQ of iron, vitamin B6, and magnesium, and a positive association was found between obesity and INQ of zinc (all P < 0.05). After further adjustments for nutritional knowledge and calorie intake, an inverse association was observed between obesity and INQ of vitamin C, iron, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, selenium, and magnesium (all P < 0.05). The positive association of obesity and INQ of zinc remained significant after adjustments. A higher intake of vitamin C, iron, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, selenium, and magnesium and a lower intake of zinc may be protective against adolescent obesity. More longitudinal studies are required to investigate the relationship between these nutrients and obesity.

Anthropometric and Biochemical Measures in Bariatric Surgery Candidates: What Is the Role of Inflammatory Potential of Diet?

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to assess dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), dietary phytochemical intake (PI), and dietary inflammatory index (DII) in patients with morbid obesity who are candidates of bariatric surgery and their association with anthropometric and biochemical parameters.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

One hundred seventy patients with morbid obesity who were referred to surgery clinic of Firoozgar Hospital were enrolled in the study. Ideal body weight and adjusted ideal body weight were calculated. The dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical parameters were assessed. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

The strongest correlations of DII with dietary intakes and anthropometric and biochemical biomarkers were found for iron (p<0.0001). Significant association was also observed for ferritin (p=0.02) and transferrin (p=0.02). In terms of PI, The strongest associations were also found for iron (p<0.0001). Additionally, the value of body mass index (BMI) showed significant correlation with PI (p=0.04). The correlations of dietary total antioxidant indices with dietary intakes and anthropometric and biochemical biomarkers were assessed. Non-significant correlation was found between fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), vitamin B12, and vitamin D3 with ORAC index. Significant strong correlation showed for the value of iron in both ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) indices (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

We find statistical significance correlation for dietary PI and BMI. The inflammatory and antioxidant properties of diet were not related to biochemical markers associated with obesity. Graphical abstract.

Tea as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds in the Human Diet

Due to the different levels of bioactive compounds in tea reported in the literature, the aim of this study was to determine whether commercially available leaf teas could be an important source of phenolics and selected minerals (copper, manganese, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium) and if the differences in the content of these components between various types of tea are significant. It was found that both the amount of these compounds in tea and the antioxidant activity of tea infusions were largely determined by the origin of tea leaves as well as the processing method, which can modify the content of the studied components up to several hundred-fold. The group of green teas was the best source of phenolic compounds (110.73 mg/100 mL) and magnesium (1885 µg/100 mL) and was also characterised by the highest antioxidant activity (59.02%). This type of tea is a great contributor to the daily intake of the studied components. The average consumption of green tea infusions, assumed to be 3–4 cups (1 L) a day, provides the body with health-promoting polyphenol levels significantly exceeding the recommended daily dose. Moreover, drinking one litre of an unfermented tea infusion provides more than three times the recommended daily intake of manganese. Tea infusions can be a fairly adequate, but only a supplementary, source of potassium, zinc, magnesium, and copper in the diet. Moreover, it could be concluded that the antioxidant activity of all the analysed types of tea infusions results not only from the high content of phenolic compounds and manganese but is also related to the presence of magnesium and potassium.

Reduced plasma carotenoids in individuals suffering from metabolic diseases with disturbances in lipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

This review summarises the association between serum carotenoids, serum retinoids and dietary intake outcomes with obesity/overweight and individuals with metabolic diseases with disturbances in lipid metabolism. Observational studies reporting dietary intakes and serum concentrations of carotenoids and retinol were collected from Medline and Web of Science. Mean differences were calculated between "cases" (classified as obese, overweight or having a metabolic disease with disturbances in lipid metabolism; i.e. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia or metabolic syndrome) and "comparator group" (classified as normal weight healthy individuals) and summarised in meta-analyses. Significant summary measures were observed for most serum provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. Studies reporting total serum carotenoids had shown the greatest decrease (-0.28 µmol/l [-0.33, -0.23], p<.001, I²=62.5%, n = 7). There were no significant summary measures for dietary outcomes, suggesting a physiological role of low serum carotenoids in the development of obesity and associated diseases.

Selenium, Zinc, Chromium, and Vanadium Levels in Serum, Hair, and Urine Samples of Obese Adults Assessed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The objective of this study was to investigate of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and vanadium (V) levels in blood serum, hair, and urine of adult obese patients. A total of 199 lean and 196 obese subjects were enrolled in the study. Serum, hair, and urinary metal and metalloid analysis were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at NexION 300D (PerkinElmer Inc., USA). The results established that obese subjects were characterized by 47% and 30% lower serum Cr and V levels compared with controls, respectively, whereas serum Se levels exceeded control values by 9%. In contrast, hair Cr, Se, and V content in obese subjects exceeded the control values by 51%, 21%, and 50%, respectively. In turn, hair Zn levels were found to be significantly lower by 11% compared with the lean control values. In urine, the levels of V and Zn were found to be 30% and 18% higher in obese patients. Prevalence of hypertension in obese subjects was associated with a trend for impaired Se and Zn levels. In a regression model adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and glucose intolerance, serum Cr, V, and hair Zn were inversely associated with body mass index (BMI), whereas hair Se was considered as the positive predictor. Our data allow proposing that the observed alterations may at least partially contribute to metabolic disturbances in obesity. In turn, monitoring of Se exposure in a well-nourished adult population is required to reduce its potential contribution to obesity.

The Association between Excess Body Mass and Disturbances in Somatic Mineral Levels

BACKGROUND

Obesity and excess body weight are significant epidemiological issues, not only because they are costly to treat, but also because they are among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, an estimated 40% of the global population was overweight, reflecting the importance of the issue. Obesity is linked to metabolism malfunction and concomitantly with altered mineral levels in the body. In this paper, we review alterations in somatic levels of iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, iodine, chromium, selenium, and zinc in relation to excess body mass.

METHODOLOGY

An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed. Our search covered original English research articles published over the past five years, culminating in 63 papers included for study.

RESULTS

The reviewed papers presented correlation between obesity and hypomagnesemia and hypozincemia. They also indicated that patients with excess body mass present increased body copper levels. Studies have similarly indicated that obesity appears to be associated with lower selenium levels in both blood and urine, which may be correlated with the decline and weakening of defenses against oxidative stress. It has been found that decreased level of chromium is connected with metabolic syndrome. Chromium supplementation influences body mass, but the effect of the supplementation depends on the chemical form of the chromium. It is hypothesized that obesity poses a risk of iodine deficiency and iodine absorption may be disrupted by increased fat intake in obese women. A range of studies have suggested that obesity is correlated with iron deficiency. On the other hand, some reports have indicated that excess body mass may coexist with iron excess. The relation between obesity and body iron level requires further investigation. Calcium signaling seems to be disturbed in obesity, due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species and low level of fast troponin isoform responsible for mediating calcium sensitivity of muscle relaxation. Correlation between excess body mass and calcium levels needs further research.

CONCLUSIONS

Excess body mass is associated with alterations in mineral levels in the body, in particular hypomagnesemia and decreased selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) levels. Chromium (Cr) deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome. Obese patients are at risk of iodine deficiency. Excess body mass is associated with elevated levels of copper (Cu). Data on the association between obesity and iron (Fe) levels are contradictory. Obesity coexists with disturbed calcium (Ca) signaling pathways. The association between obesity and body Ca levels has not been investigated in detail.

Adherence to Daily Food Guides Is Associated with Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan

Although nutritional health knowledge serves as the basis for the daily food guides, limited epidemiologic studies were conducted to verify whether adherence to the daily food guides reduced the prevalence of diseases. This study aims to examine whether adherence to the daily food guides relates to the lower risk of having metabolic syndrome, as well as to assess the association between levels of adherence to daily food guides and demographic characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2014-2016. Face-to-face dietary assessments were conducted using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Six food groups were defined according to the daily food guides in Taiwan. We constructed a daily food guide index to measure the levels of adherence to the daily food guides. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association between the levels of adherence to the daily food guides and the risk of having metabolic syndrome. A total of 2534 participants (51% of females) were included in the final analysis. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education level, marital status, and family income, we found a negative correlation between the levels of adherence to daily food guides and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The odds ratios (ORs) for the highest versus lowest quartile of the adherence level was 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.48-0.88). In addition, males, younger age, lower education, divorced, separated, and widowed, and lower family income were associated with lower adherence to daily food guides. In conclusion, participants reporting better adherence to the daily food guides during the past month had a lower risk of having metabolic syndrome.

Intra-Individual Double Burden of Malnutrition among Adults in China: Evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2015

Few studies have focused on quantifying the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) phenomenon in China. We aimed to clarify the prevalence of DBM among Chinese adults as well as to examine whether usual daily dietary micronutrient status varies by body mass index (BMI) categories. In this study, a sample of 6602 adults aged 18-59 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was analyzed. Information was obtained on dietary intake and anthropometric measurements. Dietary intakes of 11 micronutrients were estimated based on the data collected by three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Dietary micronutrient deficiency was defined according to the cutoff of the Chinese estimated average requirement (EARs). 44% of Chinese adults faced the problem of DBM, of which nearly 40% experienced overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiency simultaneously. Comparable percentages (>50%) of Chinese adults had dietary intake less than the Chinese EARs for key micronutrients including retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, selenium, zinc, and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. More than 80% participants had at least two selected vitamin or mineral deficiencies in all BMI categories. These findings indicate that Chinese adults have a high DBM and micronutrient inadequacies prevail among and within gender and all BMI categories. All body weight groups need advice on the changing needs for dietary variety to ensure optimal health.

Selenium and RNA Virus Interactions: Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that already claimed more than 340,000 lives worldwide as of May 23, 2020, the majority of which are elderly. Selenium (Se), a natural trace element, has a key and complex role in the immune system. It is well-documented that Se deficiency is associated with higher susceptibility to RNA viral infections and more severe disease outcome. In this article, we firstly present evidence on how Se deficiency promotes mutations, replication and virulence of RNA viruses. Next, we review how Se might be beneficial via restoration of host antioxidant capacity, reduction of apoptosis and endothelial cell damages as well as platelet aggregation. It also appears that low Se status is a common finding in conditions considered at risk of severe COVID-19, especially in the elderly. Finally, we present a rationale for Se use at different stages of COVID-19. Se has been overlooked but may have a significant place in COVID-19 spectrum management, particularly in vulnerable elderly, and might represent a game changer in the global response to COVID-19.

Intake of Watermelon and Watermelon Byproducts in Male Mice Fed a Western-Style Obesogenic Diet Alters Hepatic Gene Expression Patterns, as Determined by RNA Sequencing

BACKGROUND

Consumption of watermelon has been associated with beneficial effects on metabolism, including reductions in systolic blood pressure, improved fasting blood glucose levels, and changes in hepatic metabolite accumulation.

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, we investigated the impact of consumption of watermelon flesh (WF), watermelon rind (WR), and watermelon skin (WS) on hepatic gene expression patterns in an obesogenic mouse model.

METHODS

Hepatic RNA was isolated and RNA sequencing was performed following a 10-week feeding trial during which C57BL/6 J mice were provided either a low-fat diet (LF), high-fat diet (HF; controls), or HF plus either WS, WR, or WF. Bioinformatic approaches were used to determine changes in the canonical pathways and gene expression levels for lipid- and xenobiotic-regulating nuclear hormone receptors and other related transcription factors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesyl X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, liver X receptor, pregnane X receptor, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.

RESULTS

There were 9394 genes that had unchanged expression levels between all 5 diet groups, and 247, 58, and 34 genes were uniquely expressed in the WF, WR, and WS groups, respectively. The relative levels of mRNAs regulated by AhR, CAR, and PPARα were upregulated in mice in the WF group, as compared to the HF control mice; in comparison, mRNAs regulated mainly by CAR were upregulated in mice in the WR and WS groups, compared to those in the HF control group.

CONCLUSIONS

At modest levels of intake reflective of typical human consumption, mice in the WF, WS, and WR groups exhibited hepatic gene expression profiles that were altered when compared to mice in the HF control group. Several of these changes involve genes regulated by ligand-responsive transcription factors implicated in xenobiotic and lipid metabolisms, suggesting that the modulation of these transcription factors occurred in response to the consumption of WS, WR, and WF. Some of these changes are likely due to nuclear hormone receptor-mediated changes involved in lipid and xenobiotic metabolisms.

Low intakes of vitamins C and A are associated with obesity in early adulthood

To evaluate the relationships between the intake of individual antioxidants as well as the dietary antioxidant quality score and obesity-related measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 562 young adults. Fat mass, fat-mass percentage, and fat-free mass were measured using a body composition analyzer. The intake of antioxidant nutrients including vitamins C, E, and A, selenium, zinc, and magnesium were calculated based on a 72-hour diet recall interview. We observed significant differences in the vitamin C (88.6 ± 72.6 mg/day vs. 70.7 ± 60.6 mg/day, p = 0.010), vitamin A (635.8 ± 519.8 μg/day vs. 492.6 ± 318.9 μg/day, p = 0.014), and selenium (135.3 ± 88.7 μg/day vs. 139.3 ± 79.3 μg/day, p = 0.034) intake between normal-weight and overweight or obese young adults. When the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) was analyzed, there were no significant differences between normal-weight versus overweight or obese young adults after adjusting for confounders. Logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin C intake (odds ratio (OR) 0.995, 95% CI 0.992-0.999, p = 0.013) and vitamin A intake (OR 0.999, 95% CI 0.999-1.000, p = 0.016) were independent predictors of overweight/obesity after adjusting for age, sex and energy intake. In contrast, a higher selenium intake was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.000-1.006, p = 0.034). Future longitudinal investigations of dietary antioxidant intake in relation to the development of obesity would be of interest to better understand the effect of dietary antioxidants on obesity.

The Role of Diet in Cancer Prevention and Chemotherapy Efficacy

Despite great advances in treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Diet can greatly impact health, while caloric restriction and fasting have putative benefits for disease prevention and longevity. Strong epidemiological associations exist between obesity and cancer, whereas healthy diets can reduce cancer risk. However, less is known about how diet might impact cancer once it has been diagnosed and particularly how diet can impact cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the links between obesity, diet, and cancer. We explore potential mechanisms by which diet can improve cancer outcomes, including through hormonal, metabolic, and immune/inflammatory effects, and present the limited clinical research that has been published in this arena. Though data are sparse, diet intervention may reduce toxicity, improve chemotherapy efficacy, and lower the risk of long-term complications in cancer patients. Thus, it is important that we understand and expand the science of this important but complex adjunctive cancer treatment strategy.

Association between dietary mineral nutrient intake, body mass index, and waist circumference in U.S. adults using quantile regression analysis NHANES 2007-2014

OBJECTIVE

Mineral nutrients play an important role in maintaining material and energy metabolism. Reports on mineral nutrient intakes and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are rare in the United States. This study examined the relationship between BMI, WC and dietary mineral intakes.

METHOD

We used the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014. Nutrient intakes were adjusted for energy according to the residual adjustment method. We used the quantile regression model to analyze the relationship between BMI, WC under different distributions and the average daily mineral intakes.

RESULT

A total of 19,952 people were included in the study, including 9,879 men and 10,073 women (≥20 years old). The median BMI was 27.935 kg/m2 and the median WC was 97.700 cm. The results of quantile regression showed that calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron intakes were negatively correlated with BMI and WC, after adjusting for age and gender. Sodium and phosphorus intakes were positively correlated with BMI, sodium intakes were positively correlated with WC. This correlation was enhanced with increasing quantiles of risk levels. In high BMI or high WC populations, mineral intakes had a greater impact on BMI and WC. The quantile regression coefficients of selenium intakes were not statistically significant at each quantile.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that the mineral nutrient intakes were associated with BMI and WC in American adults. However, we also need to further study the longitudinal effects of mineral intakes and obesity.

Selenium Deficiency in Lymphedema and Lipedema-A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study from a Specialized Clinic

Background: Selenium is a trace element, which is utilized by the human body in selenoproteins. Their main function is to reduce oxidative stress, which plays an important role in lymphedema and lipedema. In addition, selenium deficiency is associated with an impaired immune function. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of selenium deficiency in these conditions, and if it is associated with disease severity and an associated medical condition such as obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study is an anonymized, retrospective analysis of clinical data that was routinely recorded in a clinic specialized in lymphology. The data was comprised from 791 patients during 2012–2019, in which the selenium status was determined as part of their treatment. Results: Selenium deficiency proved common in patients with lymphedema, lipedema, and lipo-lymphedema affecting 47.5% of the study population. Selenium levels were significantly lower in patients with obesity-related lymphedema compared to patients with cancer-related lymphedema (96.6 ± 18.0 μg/L vs. 105.1 ± 20.2 μg/L; p < 0.0001). Obesity was a risk factor for selenium deficiency in lymphedema (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.49 to 3.21), but not in lipedema. Conclusions: In countries with low selenium supply, selenium deficiency is common, especially in lymphedema patients. Therefore, it would be sensible to check the selenium status in lymphedema patients, especially those with obesity, as the infection risk of lymphedema is already increased.

Selenium and Selenoproteins in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity

Selenium (Se) homeostasis is tightly related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, but its possible roles in obesity development and in adipocyte metabolism are unclear. The objective of the present study is to review the current data on Se status in obesity and to discuss the interference between Se and selenoprotein metabolism in adipocyte physiology and obesity pathogenesis. The overview and meta-analysis of the studies on blood Se and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) levels, as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in obese subjects, have yielded heterogenous and even conflicting results. Laboratory studies demonstrate that Se may modulate preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation, and also interfere with insulin signaling, and regulate lipolysis. Knockout models have demonstrated that the selenoprotein machinery, including endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins together with GPXs and thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs), are tightly related to adipocyte development and functioning. In conclusion, Se and selenoproteins appear to play an essential role in adipose tissue physiology, although human data are inconsistent. Taken together, these findings do not support the utility of Se supplementation to prevent or alleviate obesity in humans. Further human and laboratory studies are required to elucidate associations between Se metabolism and obesity.

First Trimester Microelements and their Relationships with Pregnancy Outcomes and Complications

Microelements involved in the oxidative balance have a significant impact on human health, but their role in pregnancy are poorly studied. We examined the relationships between first trimester levels of selenium (Se), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), as well as maternal characteristics and pregnancy results. The data came from a Polish prospective cohort of women in a single pregnancy without chronic diseases. A group of 563 women who had a complete set of data, including serum microelements in the 10–14th week was examined, and the following were found: 47 deliveries <37th week; 48 cases of birth weight <10th and 64 newborns >90th percentile; 13 intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) cases; 105 gestational hypertension (GH) and 15 preeclampsia (PE) cases; and 110 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) cases. The microelements were quantified using mass spectrometry. The average concentrations (and ranges) of the elements were as follows: Se: 60.75 µg/L (40.91–125.54); Zn: 618.50 µg/L (394.04–3238.90); Cu: 1735.91 µg/L (883.61–3956.76); and Fe: 1018.33 µg/L (217.55–2806.24). In the multivariate logistic regression, we found that an increase in Se of 1 µg/L reduces the risk of GH by 6% (AOR = 0.94; p = 0.004), the risk of IUGR by 11% (AOR = 0.89; p = 0.013), and the risk of birth <34th week by 7% (but close to the significance) (AOR = 0.93; p = 0.061). An increase in Fe of 100 µg/L reduces the risk of PE by 27% (AOR = 0.73; p = 0.009). In the multivariable linear regression, we found negative strong associations between prepregnancy BMI, Se (β = −0.130; p = 0.002), and Fe (β = −0.164; p < 0.0001), but positive associations with Cu (β = 0.320; p < 0.000001). The relationships between Se and maternal age (β = 0.167; p < 0.0001), Se and smoking (β = −0.106; p = 0.011) and Cu, and gestational age from the 10–14th week (β = 0.142; p < 0.001) were also found. Secondary education was associated with Zn (β = 0.132; p = 0.004) and higher education was associated with Cu (β = −0.102; p = 0.023). A higher financial status was associated with Fe (β = 0.195; p = 0.005). Other relationships were statistically insignificant. Further research is needed to clarify relationships between first trimester microelements and pregnancy complications. In addition, attention should be paid to lifestyle-related and socioeconomic factors that affect microelement levels.

Serum Microelements in Early Pregnancy and their Risk of Large-for-Gestational Age Birth Weight

Excessive birth weight has serious perinatal consequences, and it “programs” long-term health. Mother’s nutritional status can be an important element in fetal “programming”; microelements such as selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) are involved in many metabolic processes. However, there are no studies assessing the relationship of the microelements in the peri-conceptual period with the risk of excessive birth weight. We performed a nested case control study of serum microelements’ levels in the 10–14th week of pregnancy and assessed the risk of large-for-gestational age (LGA) newborns using the data from a prospective cohort of pregnant women recruited in 2015–2016 in Poznań, Poland. Mothers delivering LGA newborns (n = 66) were examined with matched mothers delivering appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) newborns (n = 264). Microelements’ levels were quantified using mass spectrometry. The odds ratios of LGA (and 95% confidence intervals) were calculated by multivariate logistic regression. In the whole group, women with the lowest quartile of Se had a 3 times higher LGA risk compared with women in the highest Se quartile (AOR = 3.00; p = 0.013). Importantly, the result was sustained in the subgroup of women with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI (AOR = 4.79; p = 0.033) and in women with a male fetus (AOR = 6.28; p = 0.004), but it was not sustained in women with a female fetus. There were no statistical associations between Zn, Cu, and Fe levels and LGA. Our study provides some preliminary evidence for the relationships between lower serum Se levels in early pregnancy and a higher risk of large-for-gestational age birth weight. Appropriate Se intake in the periconceptual period may be important for optimal fetal growth.