1
|
Ashtiwi NM, Kim SO, Chandler JD, Rada B. The therapeutic potential of thiocyanate and hypothiocyanous acid against pulmonary infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:104-111. [PMID: 38608822 PMCID: PMC11088529 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) is an endogenous oxidant produced by peroxidase oxidation of thiocyanate (SCN-), an ubiquitous sulfur-containing pseudohalide synthesized from cyanide. HOSCN serves as a potent microbicidal agent against pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, functioning through thiol-targeting mechanisms, independent of currently approved antimicrobials. Additionally, SCN- reacts with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly reactive oxidant produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO) at sites of inflammation, also producing HOSCN. This imparts both antioxidant and antimicrobial potential to SCN-. In this review, we discuss roles of HOSCN/SCN- in immunity and potential therapeutic implications for combating infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Milad Ashtiwi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Susan O Kim
- Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hsu AP, Korzeniowska A, Aguilar CC, Gu J, Karlins E, Oler AJ, Chen G, Reynoso GV, Davis J, Chaput A, Peng T, Sun L, Lack JB, Bays DJ, Stewart ER, Waldman SE, Powell DA, Donovan FM, Desai JV, Pouladi N, Long Priel DA, Yamanaka D, Rosenzweig SD, Niemela JE, Stoddard J, Freeman AF, Zerbe CS, Kuhns DB, Lussier YA, Olivier KN, Boucher RC, Hickman HD, Frelinger J, Fierer J, Shubitz LF, Leto TL, Thompson GR, Galgiani JN, Lionakis MS, Holland SM. Immunogenetics associated with severe coccidioidomycosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e159491. [PMID: 36166305 PMCID: PMC9746810 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) is caused by Coccidioides, pathogenic fungi endemic to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Illness occurs in approximately 30% of those infected, less than 1% of whom develop disseminated disease. To address why some individuals allow dissemination, we enrolled patients with DCM and performed whole-exome sequencing. In an exploratory set of 67 patients with DCM, 2 had haploinsufficient STAT3 mutations, and defects in β-glucan sensing and response were seen in 34 of 67 cases. Damaging CLEC7A and PLCG2 variants were associated with impaired production of β-glucan-stimulated TNF-α from PBMCs compared with healthy controls. Using ancestry-matched controls, damaging CLEC7A and PLCG2 variants were overrepresented in DCM, including CLEC7A Y238* and PLCG2 R268W. A validation cohort of 111 patients with DCM confirmed the PLCG2 R268W, CLEC7A I223S, and CLEC7A Y238* variants. Stimulation with a DECTIN-1 agonist induced DUOX1/DUOXA1-derived hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] in transfected cells. Heterozygous DUOX1 or DUOXA1 variants that impaired H2O2 production were overrepresented in discovery and validation cohorts. Patients with DCM have impaired β-glucan sensing or response affecting TNF-α and H2O2 production. Impaired Coccidioides recognition and decreased cellular response are associated with disseminated coccidioidomycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy P. Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Aguilar
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jingwen Gu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Karlins
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew J. Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joie Davis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandria Chaput
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ling Sun
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Justin B. Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek J. Bays
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ethan R. Stewart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah E. Waldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Daniel A. Powell
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Fariba M. Donovan
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jigar V. Desai
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nima Pouladi
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics and
- The Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Debra A. Long Priel
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Julie E. Niemela
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center and
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Immunology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center and
| | - Alexandra F. Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christa S. Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yves A. Lussier
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics and
- The Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kenneth N. Olivier
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard C. Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Frelinger
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joshua Fierer
- VA HealthCare San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa F. Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George R. Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John N. Galgiani
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genomic and Metabolic Characteristics of the Pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312892. [PMID: 34884697 PMCID: PMC8657582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, in immunocompromised hosts, such as neutropenic cancer, burns, and AIDS patients. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes diseases in both livestock and pets. The highly flexible and versatile genome of P. aeruginosa allows it to have a high rate of pathogenicity. The numerous secreted virulence factors, resulting from its numerous secretion systems, the multi-resistance to different classes of antibiotics, and the ability to produce biofilms are pathogenicity factors that cause numerous problems in the fight against P. aeruginosa infections and that must be better understood for an effective treatment. Infections by P. aeruginosa represent, therefore, a major health problem and, as resistance genes can be disseminated between the microbiotas associated with humans, animals, and the environment, this issue needs be addressed on the basis of an One Health approach. This review intends to bring together and describe in detail the molecular and metabolic pathways in P. aeruginosa's pathogenesis, to contribute for the development of a more targeted therapy against this pathogen.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nolan C, Behrends V. Sub-Inhibitory Antibiotic Exposure and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111393. [PMID: 34827331 PMCID: PMC8615142 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prime opportunistic pathogen, one of the most important causes of hospital-acquired infections and the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis lung infections. One reason for the bacterium's pathogenic success is the large array of virulence factors that it can employ. Another is its high degree of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. In this review, we first summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of virulence factor expression and production. We then look at the impact of sub-MIC antibiotic exposure and find that the virulence-antibiotic interaction for P. aeruginosa is antibiotic-specific, multifaceted, and complex. Most studies undertaken to date have been in vitro assays in batch culture systems, involving short-term (<24 h) antibiotic exposure. Therefore, we discuss the importance of long-term, in vivo-mimicking models for future work, particularly highlighting the need to account for bacterial physiology, which by extension governs both virulence factor expression and antibiotic tolerance/resistance.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vilaplana L, Marco MP. Phenazines as potential biomarkers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: synthesis regulation, pathogenesis and analytical methods for their detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5897-5912. [PMID: 32462363 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are still a worldwide important problem. This fact has led to the characterization of new biomarkers that would allow an early, fast and reliable diagnostic and targeted therapy. In this context, Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be considered one of the most threatening pathogens since it causes a wide range of infections, mainly in patients that suffer other diseases. Antibiotic treatment is not trivial given the incidence of resistance processes and the fewer new antibiotics that are placed on the market. With this scenario, relevant quorum sensing (QS) molecules that regulate the secretion of virulence factors and biofilm formation can play an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic issues. In this review, we have focused our attention on phenazines, as possible new biomarkers. They are pigmented metabolites that are produced by diverse bacteria, characterized for presenting unique redox properties. Phenazines are involved in virulence, competitive fitness and are an essential component of the bacterial QS system. Here we describe their role in bacterial pathogenesis and we revise phenazine production regulation systems. We also discuss phenazine levels previously reported in bacterial isolates and in clinical samples to evaluate them as putative good candidates to be used as P. aeruginosa infection biomarkers. Moreover we deeply go through all analytical techniques that have been used for their detection and also new approaches are discussed from a critical point. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Vilaplana
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M-Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa T6SS-VgrG1b spike is topped by a PAAR protein eliciting DNA damage to bacterial competitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12519-12524. [PMID: 30455305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a supramolecular complex involved in the delivery of potent toxins during bacterial competition. Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses three T6SS gene clusters and several hcp and vgrG gene islands, the latter encoding the spike at the T6SS tip. The vgrG1b cluster encompasses seven genes whose organization and sequences are highly conserved in P. aeruginosa genomes, except for two genes that we called tse7 and tsi7 We show that Tse7 is a Tox-GHH2 domain nuclease which is distinct from other T6SS nucleases identified thus far. Expression of this toxin induces the SOS response, causes growth arrest and ultimately results in DNA degradation. The cytotoxic domain of Tse7 lies at its C terminus, while the N terminus is a predicted PAAR domain. We find that Tse7 sits on the tip of the VgrG1b spike and that specific residues at the PAAR-VgrG1b interface are essential for VgrG1b-dependent delivery of Tse7 into bacterial prey. We also show that the delivery of Tse7 is dependent on the H1-T6SS cluster, and injection of the nuclease into bacterial competitors is deployed for interbacterial competition. Tsi7, the cognate immunity protein, protects the producer from the deleterious effect of Tse7 through a direct protein-protein interaction so specific that toxin/immunity pairs are effective only if they originate from the same P. aeruginosa isolate. Overall, our study highlights the diversity of T6SS effectors, the exquisite fitting of toxins on the tip of the T6SS, and the specificity in Tsi7-dependent protection, suggesting a role in interstrain competition.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li T, Huang X, Yuan Z, Wang L, Chen M, Su F, Ling X, Piao Z. Pyocyanin induces NK92 cell apoptosis via mitochondrial damage and elevated intracellular Ca 2. Innate Immun 2018; 25:3-12. [PMID: 30426809 PMCID: PMC6830894 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918809860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment pyocyanin (PCN) has been
proved to induce cell apoptosis mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which has been studied mainly in epithelial cells and
neutrophils. However, we previously found that the PCN-producing strain PA14
induces cell apoptosis in human NK cell line NK92 more effectively than in
PCN-deficient strain PA14-phZ1/2 via a yet undetermined mechanism. In the
current study, we found that PCN-induced NK92 cell apoptosis occurs through
mitochondrial damage despite inhibiting intracellular ROS generation.
Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and Bcl-2 family
proteins act as important “priming signals” for apoptosis. PCN treatment
increased [Ca2+]i in NK92 cells more than twofold after 2
h stimulation, whereas the Ca2+-chelating agent ethylene glycol
tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) inhibited apoptosis. PCN triggered the activation of
Bim, Bid, Bik, Bak, and phospho-Bad in NK92 cells in a concentration-dependent
manner, but these pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins were not inhibited by
EGTA. In this study, we describe the function of PCN in NK92 cells and identify
mitochondrial damage as the mechanism underlying the apoptosis.
[Ca2+]i and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins are
novel targets for PCN-induced apoptosis. Clarification of the cytotoxic
diversity of PCN provides a new therapeutic target for defense from P.
aeruginosa-induced immune cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhechen Yuan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Miaobo Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Fenfen Su
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Xiaojing Ling
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhenghao Piao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is critically important in protecting the airways from infection and from the harmful effects of smoke and various inspired substances known to induce oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. An essential feature of the clearance mechanism involves regulation of the periciliary liquid layer on the surface of the airway epithelium, which is necessary for normal ciliary beating and maintenance of mucus hydration. The underlying ion transport processes associated with airway surface hydration include epithelial Na+ channel-dependent Na+ absorption occurring in parallel with CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel-dependent anion secretion, which are coordinately regulated to control the depth of the periciliary liquid layer. Oxidative stress is known to cause both acute and chronic effects on airway ion transport function, and an increasing number of studies in the past few years have identified an important role for autophagy as part of the physiological response to the damaging effects of oxidation. In this review, recent studies addressing the influence of oxidative stress and autophagy on airway ion transport pathways, along with results showing the potential of autophagy modulators in restoring the function of ion channels involved in transepithelial electrolyte transport necessary for effective mucociliary clearance, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Interaction of Bacterial Phenazines with Colistimethate in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02349-17. [PMID: 29784845 PMCID: PMC6105780 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02349-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections are being increasingly treated in clinics with polymyxins, a class of antibiotics associated with adverse effects on the kidney, nervous system, or airways of a significant proportion of human and animal patients. Although many of the resistant pathogens display enhanced virulence, the hazard of cytotoxic interactions between polymyxin antibiotics and bacterial virulence factors (VFs) has not been assessed, to date. We report here the testing of paired combinations of four Pseudomonas aeruginosa VF phenazine toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), and phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), and two commonly prescribed polymyxin drugs, colistin-colistimethate sodium (CMS) and polymyxin B, in three human airway cell lines, BEAS-2B, HBE-1, and CFT-1. Cytotoxicities of individual antibiotics, individual toxins, and their combinations were evaluated by the simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial metabolic, total transcriptional/translational, and Nrf2 stress response regulator activities in treated cells. Two phenazines, PYO and 1-HP, were cytotoxic at clinically relevant concentrations (100 to 150 μM) and prompted a significant increase in oxidative stress-induced transcriptional activity in surviving cells. The polymyxin antibiotics arrested cell proliferation at clinically achievable (<1 mM) concentrations as well, with CMS displaying surprisingly high cytotoxicity (50% effective dose [ED50] = 180 μM) in BEAS-2B cells. The dose-response curves were probed by a median-effect analysis, which established a synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity of the PYO-CMS combination in all three airway cell lines; a particularly strong effect on BEAS-2B cells was observed, with a combination index (CI) of 0.27 at the ED50. PCA, PCN, and 1-HP potentiated CMS cytotoxicity to a smaller extent. The cytotoxicity of CMS could be reduced with 10 mM N-acetyl-cysteine. Iron chelators, while ineffective against the polymyxins, could rescue all three bronchial epithelial cell lines treated with lethal PYO or CMS-PYO doses. These findings suggest that further evaluations of CMS safety are needed, along with a search for means to moderate potentially cytotoxic interactions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Patel U, Gingerich A, Widman L, Sarr D, Tripp RA, Rada B. Susceptibility of influenza viruses to hypothiocyanite and hypoiodite produced by lactoperoxidase in a cell-free system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199167. [PMID: 30044776 PMCID: PMC6059396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an enzyme found in several exocrine secretions including the airway surface liquid producing antimicrobial substances from mainly halide and pseudohalide substrates. Although the innate immune function of LPO has been documented against several microbes, a detailed characterization of its mechanism of action against influenza viruses is still missing. Our aim was to study the antiviral effect and substrate specificity of LPO to inactivate influenza viruses using a cell-free experimental system. Inactivation of different influenza virus strains was measured in vitro system containing LPO, its substrates, thiocyanate (SCN-) or iodide (I-), and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing system, glucose and glucose oxidase (GO). Physiologically relevant concentrations of the components of the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) antimicrobial system were exposed to twelve different strains of influenza A and B viruses in vitro and viral inactivation was assessed by determining plaque-forming units of non-inactivated viruses using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) cells. Our data show that LPO is capable of inactivating all influenza virus strains tested: H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAV) and influenza B viruses (IBV) of both, Yamagata and Victoria lineages. The extent of viral inactivation, however, varied among the strains and was in part dependent on the LPO substrate. Inactivation of H1N1 and H1N2 viruses by LPO showed no substrate preference, whereas H3N2 influenza strains were inactivated significantly more efficiently when iodide, not thiocyanate, was the LPO substrate. Although LPO-mediated inactivation of the influenza B strains tested was strain-dependent, it showed slight preference towards thiocyanate as the substrate. The results presented here show that the LPO/H2O2/(SCN-/I-) cell-free, in vitro experimental system is a functional tool to study the specificity, efficiency and the molecular mechanism of action of influenza inactivation by LPO. These studies tested the hypothesis that influenza strains are all susceptible to the LPO-based antiviral system but exhibit differences in their substrate specificities. We propose that a LPO-based antiviral system is an important contributor to anti-influenza virus defense of the airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Patel
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron Gingerich
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Widman
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Demba Sarr
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balázs Rada
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Antimicrobial actions of dual oxidases and lactoperoxidase. J Microbiol 2018; 56:373-386. [PMID: 29858825 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases are transmembrane proteins generating reactive oxygen species as their primary enzymatic products. NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1-5 and Dual oxidase (DUOX) 1 and 2 are members of this family. These enzymes have several biological functions including immune defense, hormone biosynthesis, fertilization, cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix formation and vascular regulation. They are found in a variety of tissues such as the airways, salivary glands, colon, thyroid gland and lymphoid organs. The discovery of NADPH oxidases has drastically transformed our view of the biology of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Roles of several isoforms including DUOX1 and DUOX2 in host innate immune defense have been implicated and are still being uncovered. DUOX enzymes highly expressed in the respiratory and salivary gland epithelium have been proposed as the major sources of hydrogen peroxide supporting mucosal oxidative antimicrobial defenses. In this review, we shortly present data on DUOX discovery, structure and function, and provide a detailed, up-to-date summary of discoveries regarding antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic functions of DUOX enzymes. We also present all the literature describing the immune functions of lactoperoxidase, an enzyme working in partnership with DUOX to produce antimicrobial substances.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cysteamine, an Endogenous Aminothiol, and Cystamine, the Disulfide Product of Oxidation, Increase Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sensitivity to Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Potentiate Therapeutic Antibiotics against Bacterial Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00947-17. [PMID: 29581193 PMCID: PMC5964511 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00947-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine is an endogenous aminothiol produced in mammalian cells as a consequence of coenzyme A metabolism through the activity of the vanin family of pantetheinase ectoenzymes. It is known to have a biological role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell migration. There have been several reports demonstrating anti-infective properties targeting viruses, bacteria, and even the malarial parasite. We and others have previously described broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of cysteamine. Here, we go further to demonstrate redox-dependent mechanisms of action for the compound and how its antimicrobial effects are, at least in part, due to undermining bacterial defenses against oxidative and nitrosative challenges. We demonstrate the therapeutic potentiation of antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mouse models of infection. We also demonstrate potentiation of many different classes of antibiotics against a selection of priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including colistin (often considered an antibiotic of last resort), and we discuss how this endogenous antimicrobial component of innate immunity has a role in infectious disease that is beginning to be explored and is not yet fully understood.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wolloscheck D, Krishnamoorthy G, Nguyen J, Zgurskaya HI. Kinetic Control of Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Multidrug Efflux Pumps. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:185-195. [PMID: 29115136 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen, the physiology and virulence of which are under the control of quorum sensing signals. These signals often have dual roles, functioning as toxins to some cells and as oxidative-stress protectors for their producer cells. Hence, their internal and external concentrations should be tightly controlled. In this study, we analyzed the interplay between the multidrug efflux transporters MexEF-OprN and MexG/HI-OpmD in quorum sensing of P. aeruginosa. We found that the two transporters have overlapping substrate specificities but different efficiencies. When overproduced, both MexEF-OprN and MexG/HI-OpmD provide clinical levels of resistance to diverse fluoroquinolones and protect P. aeruginosa against toxic phenazines. However, this similarity is enabled by synergistic interactions with the outer membrane. In hyperporinated cells, MexG/HI-OpmD is saturated by much lower concentrations of fluoroquinolones but is more efficient than MexEF-OprN in efflux of phenazines. Unlike MexEF-OprN, mutational inactivation of MexG/HI-OpmD reduces the levels of pyocyanin and makes P. aeruginosa cells hypersusceptible to phenazines. Our results further show that MexG binds pyocyanin, physically associates with MexHI, and represses the activity of the transporter, revealing a negative regulatory role of this protein. We conclude that differences in kinetic properties of transporters are critical to maintain proper intra- and extracellular concentrations of phenazines and other signaling molecules and that MexG/HI-OpmD controls the steady state in the synthesis and secretion of phenazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Wolloscheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ganesh Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mechanisms of Pyocyanin Toxicity and Genetic Determinants of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00221-17. [PMID: 28607159 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00221-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly isolated from polymicrobial infections, such as wound infections and chronic respiratory infections of persons with cystic fibrosis. Despite their coisolation, P. aeruginosa produces substances toxic to S. aureus, including pyocyanin, a blue-pigmented molecule that functions in P. aeruginosa virulence. Pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus respiration, forcing it to derive energy from fermentation and adopt a small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype. The mechanisms by which S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of pyocyanin are not clear. We sought to clarify the mechanisms of pyocyanin toxicity in S. aureus as well as identify the staphylococcal factors involved in its resistance to pyocyanin toxicity. Nonrespiring S. aureus SCVs are inhibited by pyocyanin through pyocyanin-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, indicating that pyocyanin toxicity is mediated through respiratory inhibition and ROS generation. Selection on pyocyanin yielded a menadione auxotrophic SCV capable of growth on high concentrations of pyocyanin. Genome sequencing of this isolate identified mutations in four genes, including saeS, menD, NWMN_0006, and qsrR QsrR is a quinone-sensing repressor of quinone detoxification genes. Inactivation of qsrR resulted in significant pyocyanin resistance, and additional pyocyanin resistance was achieved through combined inactivation of qsrR and menadione biosynthesis. Pyocyanin-resistant S. aureus has an enhanced capability to inactivate pyocyanin, suggesting QsrR-regulated gene products may degrade pyocyanin to alleviate toxicity. These findings demonstrate pyocyanin-mediated ROS generation as an additional mechanism of pyocyanin toxicity and define QsrR as a key mediator of pyocyanin resistance in S. aureus IMPORTANCE Many bacterial infections occur in the presence of other microbes, where interactions between different microbes and the host impact disease. In patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic lung infection with multiple microbes results in the most severe disease manifestations. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent cystic fibrosis pathogens, and infection with both is associated with worse outcomes. These organisms have evolved mechanisms of competing with one another. For example, P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin, which inhibits S. aureus growth. Our research has identified how pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus growth and how S. aureus can adapt to survive in the presence of pyocyanin. Understanding how S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of P. aeruginosa may identify means of disrupting these microbial communities.
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith WD, Bardin E, Cameron L, Edmondson CL, Farrant KV, Martin I, Murphy RA, Soren O, Turnbull AR, Wierre-Gore N, Alton EW, Bundy JG, Bush A, Connett GJ, Faust SN, Filloux A, Freemont PS, Jones AL, Takats Z, Webb JS, Williams HD, Davies JC. Current and future therapies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3868374. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
16
|
Guttenberger N, Blankenfeldt W, Breinbauer R. Recent developments in the isolation, biological function, biosynthesis, and synthesis of phenazine natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6149-6166. [PMID: 28094222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenazines are natural products which are produced by bacteria or by archaeal Methanosarcina species. The tricyclic ring system enables redox processes, which producing organisms use for oxidation of NADH or for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving them advantages over other microorganisms. In this review we summarize the progress in the field since 2005 regarding the isolation of new phenazine natural products, new insights in their biological function, and particularly the now almost completely understood biosynthesis. The review is complemented by a description of new synthetic methods and total syntheses of phenazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Guttenberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mossine VV, Waters JK, Chance DL, Mawhinney TP. Transient Proteotoxicity of Bacterial Virulence Factor Pyocyanin in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Induces ER-Related Vacuolation and Can Be Efficiently Modulated by Iron Chelators. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:403-415. [PMID: 27613716 PMCID: PMC5139071 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections of biofilm forming bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are common among human populations, due to the bacterial resistance to antibiotics and other adaptation strategies, including release of cytotoxic virulent factors such as pigment pyocyanin (PCN). Urinary tract infections harbor P. aeruginosa strains characterized by the highest PCN-producing capacity, yet no information is available on PCN cytotoxicity mechanism in kidney. We report here that renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) line NRK-52E responds to PCN treatments with paraptosis-like activity features. Specifically, PCN-treated cells experienced dilation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an extensive development of ER-derived vacuoles after about 8 h. This process was accompanied with hyper-activation of proteotoxic stress-inducible transcription factors Nrf2, ATF6, and HSF-1. The cells could be rescued by withdrawal of PCN from the culture media before the vacuoles burst and cells die of non-programmed necrosis after about 24–30 h. The paraptosis-like activity was abrogated by co-treatment of the cells with metal-chelating antioxidants. A microscopic examination of cells co-treated with PCN and agents aiming at a variety of the cellular stress mediators and pathways have identified iron as a single most significant co-factor of the PCN cytotoxicity in the RTECs. Among biologically relevant metal ions, low micromolar Fe2+ specifically mediated anaerobic oxidation of glutathione by PCN, but catechol derivatives and other strong iron complexing agents could inhibit the reaction. Our data suggest that iron chelation could be considered as a supplementary treatment in the PCN-positive infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry .,Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - James K Waters
- Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Deborah L Chance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry.,Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gingerich A, Pang L, Hanson J, Dlugolenski D, Streich R, Lafontaine ER, Nagy T, Tripp RA, Rada B. Hypothiocyanite produced by human and rat respiratory epithelial cells inactivates extracellular H1N2 influenza A virus. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:71-80. [PMID: 26608498 PMCID: PMC10483388 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Our aim was to study whether an extracellular, oxidative antimicrobial mechanism inherent to tracheal epithelial cells is capable of inactivating influenza H1N2 virus. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Epithelial cells were isolated from tracheas of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Both primary human and rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells were differentiated in air-liquid interface cultures. TREATMENT A/swine/Illinois/02860/09 (swH1N2) influenza A virions were added to the apical side of airway cells for 1 h in the presence or absence of lactoperoxidase or thiocyanate. METHODS Characterization of rat epithelial cells (morphology, Duox expression) occurred via western blotting, PCR, hydrogen peroxide production measurement and histology. The number of viable virions was determined by plaque assays. Statistical difference of the results was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Our data show that rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells develop a differentiated, polarized monolayer with high transepithelial electrical resistance, mucin production and expression of dual oxidases. Influenza A virions are inactivated by human and rat epithelial cells via a dual oxidase-, lactoperoxidase- and thiocyanate-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Differentiated air-liquid interface cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells provide a novel model to study airway epithelium-influenza interactions. The dual oxidase/lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate extracellular oxidative system producing hypothiocyanite is a fast and potent anti-influenza mechanism inactivating H1N2 viruses prior to infection of the epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gingerich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jarod Hanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rebecca Streich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johnson EA, Lecomte JTJ. Characterization of the truncated hemoglobin THB1 from protein extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. F1000Res 2014; 3:294. [PMID: 25653846 PMCID: PMC4304232 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5873.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated hemoglobins (TrHbs) belong to the hemoglobin superfamily, but unlike their distant vertebrate relatives, little is known about their principal physiologic functions. Several TrHbs have been studied in vitro using engineered recombinant peptides. These efforts have resulted in a wealth of knowledge about the chemical properties of TrHbs and have generated interesting functional leads. However, questions persist as to how closely these engineered proteins mimic their counterparts within the native cell. In this report, we examined THB1, one of several TrHbs from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The recombinant THB1 (rTHB1) has favorable solubility and stability properties and is an excellent candidate for in vitro characterization. Linking rTHB1 to the in vivo protein is a critical step in understanding the physiologic function of this protein. Using a simplified three-step purification protocol, 3.5-L batches of algal culture were processed to isolate 50-60 μL fractions enriched in THB1. These fractions of C. reinhardtii proteins were then subjected to physical examination. Using gel mobility, optical absorbance and immunoreactivity, THB1 was identified in these enriched fractions and its presence correlated with that of a heme molecule. Mass spectrometry confirmed this cofactor to be a type b heme and revealed that the native protein contains a co-translational modification consistent with amino-terminal acetylation following initial methionine cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Johnson
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Silva LV, Galdino ACM, Nunes APF, dos Santos KRN, Moreira BM, Cacci LC, Sodré CL, Ziccardi M, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Virulence attributes in Brazilian clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:990-1000. [PMID: 25127423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for causing a huge variety of acute and chronic infections with significant levels of morbidity and mortality. Its success as a pathogen comes from its genetic/metabolic plasticity, intrinsic/acquired antimicrobial resistance, capacity to form biofilm and expression of numerous virulence factors. Herein, we have analyzed the genetic variability, antimicrobial susceptibility as well as the production of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and virulence attributes (elastase, pyocyanin and biofilm) in 96 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from different anatomical sites of patients attended at Brazilian hospitals. Our results revealed a great genetic variability, in which 86 distinct RAPD types (89.6% of polymorphisms) were detected. Regarding the susceptibility profile, 48 strains (50%) were resistant to the antimicrobials, as follows: 22.92% to the three tested antibiotics, 12.5% to both imipenem and meropenem, 11.46% to ceftazidime only, 2.08% to imipenem only and 1.04% to both ceftazidime and meropenem. Out of the 34 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa resistant to both imipenem and meropenem, 25 (73.53%) were MBL producers by phenotypic method while 12 (35.29%) were PCR positive for the MBL gene SPM-1. All P. aeruginosa strains produced pyocyanin, elastase and biofilm, although in different levels. Some associations were demonstrated among the susceptibility and/or production of these virulence traits with the anatomical site of strain isolation. For instance, almost all strains isolated from urine (85.71%) were resistant to the three antibiotics, while the vast majority of strains isolated from rectum (95%) and mouth (66.67%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Urine isolates produced the highest pyocyanin concentration (20.15±5.65 μg/ml), while strains isolated from pleural secretion and mouth produced elevated elastase activity (1441.43±303.08 FAU) and biofilm formation (OD590 0.676±0.32), respectively. Also, MBL-positive strains produced robust biofilm compared to MBL-negative strains. Collectively, the production of site-dependent virulence factors can be highlighted as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of infections caused by heterogeneous and resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia V Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara M Galdino
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Nunes
- Departamento de Patologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Kátia R N dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Moreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Cacci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cátia L Sodré
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Ziccardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chai W, Zhang J, Duan Y, Pan D, Liu W, Li Y, Yan X, Chen B. Pseudomonas pyocyanin stimulates IL-8 expression through MAPK and NF-κB pathways in differentiated U937 cells. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24499192 PMCID: PMC3925954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyocyanin (PCN), an extracellular product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a blue redox active secondary metabolite, plays an important role in invasive pulmonary infection. However, the detailed inflammatory response triggered by PCN infection in inflammatory cells (particularly macrophages), if present, remains to be clarified. To investigate the effects of PCN on macrophages, the ability of PCN to induce inflammation reaction and the signaling pathway for IL-8 release in PCN-induced differentiated U937 cells were examined. Results It was found that PCN increased IL-8 release and mRNA expression in Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiated U937 cells in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). P38 and ERK MAPKs were activated after 10 min of induction with PCN and their levels returned to baselines after 30 min by Western blotting. It was also found that within 10 min of PCN incubation, the level of p-I-κBα in the cytosol was increased, which returned to baseline level after 60 min. Meanwhile, the level of p-p65 was increased in the nuclear extract and cytosol, and maintained high in total cell lysates. The results were further confirmed by the observation that p38, ERK1/2 and NF-κB inhibitors inhibited PCN-induced NF-κB activation and attenuated PCN-induced IL-8 expression in U937 cells as a function of their concentrations. Moreover, it was shown that PCN induced oxidative stress in U937 cells and N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, was able to inhibit PCN-induced IL-8 protein expression. Conclusions It is concluded that PCN induces IL-8 secretion and mRNA expression in PMA-differentiated U937 cells in a concentration- and time- dependent manner. Furthermore, p38 and ERK MAPKs and NF-κΒ signaling pathways may be involved in the expression of IL-8 in PCN-incubated PMA-differentiated U937 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Chai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barakat R, Goubet I, Manon S, Berges T, Rosenfeld E. Unsuspected pyocyanin effect in yeast under anaerobiosis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 3:1-14. [PMID: 24307284 PMCID: PMC3937724 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue–green phenazine, Pyocyanin (PYO), is a well-known virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, notably during cystic fibrosis lung infections. It is toxic to both eukaryotic and bacterial cells and several mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress, have been postulated. However, the mechanism of PYO toxicity under the physiological conditions of oxygen limitation that are encountered by P. aeruginosa and by target organisms in vivo remains unclear. In this study, wild-type and mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as an effective eukaryotic model to determine the toxicity of PYO (100–500 μmol/L) under key growth conditions. Under respiro-fermentative conditions (with glucose as substrate), WT strains and certain H2O2-hypersensitive strains showed a low-toxic response to PYO. Under respiratory conditions (with glycerol as substrate) all the strains tested were significantly more sensitive to PYO. Four antioxidants were tested but only N-acetylcysteine was capable of partially counteracting PYO toxicity. PYO did not appear to affect short-term respiratory O2 uptake, but it did seem to interfere with cyanide-poisoned mitochondria through a complex III-dependent mechanism. Therefore, a combination of oxidative stress and respiration disturbance could partly explain aerobic PYO toxicity. Surprisingly, the toxic effects of PYO were more significant under anaerobic conditions. More pronounced effects were observed in several strains including a ‘petite’ strain lacking mitochondrial DNA, strains with increased or decreased levels of ABC transporters, and strains deficient in DNA damage repair. Therefore, even though PYO is toxic for actively respiring cells, O2 may indirectly protect the cells from the higher anaerobic-linked toxicity of PYO. The increased sensitivity to PYO under anaerobic conditions is not unique to S. cerevisiae and was also observed in another yeast, Candida albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Barakat
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - UMR 7266 - LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - Team: Approches Moléculaires: Environnement, Santé - Microbial Physiology Group, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042, La Rochelle Cedex 1, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaman WE, Arkoubi-El Arkoubi NE, Roffel S, Endtz HP, van Belkum A, Bikker FJ, Hays JP. Evaluation of a FRET-peptide substrate to predict virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81428. [PMID: 24303047 PMCID: PMC3841150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a number of proteases that are associated with virulence and disease progression. A substrate able to detect P. aeruginosa-specific proteolytic activity could help to rapidly alert clinicians to the virulence potential of individual P. aeruginosa strains. For this purpose we designed a set of P. aeruginosa-specific fluorogenic substrates, comprising fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-labeled peptides, and evaluated their applicability to P. aeruginosa virulence in a range of clinical isolates. A FRET-peptide comprising three glycines (3xGly) was found to be specific for the detection of P. aeruginosa proteases. Further screening of 97 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates showed a wide variation in 3xGly cleavage activity. The absence of 3xGly degradation by a lasI knock out strain indicated that 3xGly cleavage by P. aeruginosa could be quorum sensing (QS)-related, a hypothesis strengthened by the observation of a strong correlation between 3xGly cleavage, LasA staphylolytic activity and pyocyanin production. Additionally, isolates able to cleave 3xGly were more susceptible to the QS inhibiting antibiotic azithromycin (AZM). In conclusion, we designed and evaluated a 3xGly substrate possibly useful as a simple tool to predict virulence and AZM susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E. Kaman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Nora El Arkoubi-El Arkoubi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert P. Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Research & Development Microbiology, BioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caswell JL. Failure of respiratory defenses in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:393-409. [PMID: 24021557 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is well defended against inhaled bacteria by a dynamic system of interacting layers, including mucociliary clearance, host defense factors including antimicrobial peptides in the epithelial lining fluid, proinflammatory responses of the respiratory epithelium, resident alveolar macrophages, and recruited neutrophils and monocytes. Nevertheless, these manifold defenses are susceptible to failure as a result of stress, glucocorticoids, viral infections, abrupt exposure to cold air, and poor air quality. When some of these defenses fail, the lung can be colonized by bacterial pathogens that are equipped to evade the remaining defenses, resulting in the development of pneumonia. This review considers the mechanisms by which these predisposing factors compromise the defenses of the lung, with a focus on the development of bacterial pneumonia in cattle and supplemented with advances based on mouse models and the study of human disease. Deepening our understanding of how the respiratory defenses fail is expected to lead to interventions that restore these dynamic immune responses and prevent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kalmár J, Lente G, Fábián I. Detailed Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Thiocyanate Ion (SCN–) by Peroxomonosulfate Ion (HSO5–). Formation and Subsequent Oxidation of Hypothiocyanite Ion (OSCN–). Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2150-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302544y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Gábor Lente
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rada B, Jendrysik MA, Pang L, Hayes CP, Yoo DG, Park JJ, Moskowitz SM, Malech HL, Leto TL. Pyocyanin-enhanced neutrophil extracellular trap formation requires the NADPH oxidase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54205. [PMID: 23342104 PMCID: PMC3544820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond intracellular killing, a novel neutrophil-based antimicrobial mechanism has been recently discovered: entrapment and killing by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs consist of extruded nuclear DNA webs decorated with granule proteins. Although NET formation is an important innate immune mechanism, uncontrolled NET release damages host tissues and has been linked to several diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF). The major CF airway pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes chronic infection. Pseudomonas imbedded within biofilms is protected against the immune system, but maintains chronic inflammation that worsens disease symptoms. Aberrant NET release from recruited neutrophils was found in CF, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One of the most important Pseudomonas virulence factors is pyocyanin, a redox-active pigment that has been associated with diminished lung function in CF. Here we show that pyocyanin promotes NET formation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Most CF Pseudomonas clinical isolates tested produce pyocyanin in vitro. Pyocyanin-derived reactive oxygen species are required for its NET release. Inhibitor experiments demonstrated involvement of Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) in pyocyanin-induced NET formation. Pyocyanin-induced NETs also require the NADPH oxidase because NET release in chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils was greatly reduced. Comparison of neutrophils from gp91phox- and p47phox-deficient patients revealed that pyocyanin-triggered NET formation is proportional to their residual superoxide production. Our studies identify pyocyanin as the first secreted bacterial toxin that enhances NET formation. The involvement of NADPH oxidase in pyocyanin-induced NET formation represents a novel mechanism of pyocyanin toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Rada
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TLL); (BR)
| | - Meghan A. Jendrysik
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Craig P. Hayes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dae-goon Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Park
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TLL); (BR)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rada B, Leto TL. Pyocyanin effects on respiratory epithelium: relevance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infections. Trends Microbiol 2012; 21:73-81. [PMID: 23140890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) uses several virulence factors to establish chronic respiratory infections in bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One of its toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), is a redox-active pigment that is required for full virulence in animal models and has been detected in patients' airway secretions. PYO promotes virulence by interfering with several cellular functions in host cells including electron transport, cellular respiration, energy metabolism, gene expression, and innate immune mechanisms. This review summarizes recent advances in PYO biology with special attention to current views on its role in human airway infections and on its interactions with the first line of our airway defense, the respiratory epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Rada
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim BW, Esworthy RS, Hahn MA, Pfeifer GP, Chu FF. Expression of lactoperoxidase in differentiated mouse colon epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1569-76. [PMID: 22343415 PMCID: PMC3341587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is known to be present in secreted fluids, such as milk and saliva. Functionally, LPO teams up with dual oxidases (DUOXs) to generate bactericidal hypothiocyanite in the presence of thiocyanate. DUOX2 is expressed in intestinal epithelium, but there is little information on LPO expression in this tissue. To fill the gap of knowledge, we have analyzed Lpo gene expression and its regulation in mouse intestine. In wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) mouse intestine, an appreciable level of mouse Lpo gene expression was detected in the colon, but not the ileum. However, in B6 mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1 and -2, GPx1/2-double-knockout (DKO), which had intestinal pathology, the colon Lpo mRNA levels increased 5- to 12-fold depending on mouse age. The Lpo mRNA levels in WT and DKO 129S1/SvlmJ (129) colon were even higher, 9- and 5-fold, than in B6 DKO colon. Higher levels of Lpo protein and enzymatic activity were also detected in the 129 mouse colon compared to B6 colon. Lpo protein was expressed in the differentiated colon epithelial cells, away from the crypt base, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Similar to human LPO mRNA, mouse Lpo mRNA had multiple spliced forms, although only the full-length variant 1 was translated. Higher methylation was found in the 129 than in the B6 strain, in DKO than in control colon, and in older than in juvenile mice. However, methylation of the Lpo intragenic CpG island was not directly induced by inflammation, because dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis did not increase DNA methylation in B6 DKO colon. Also, Lpo DNA methylation is not correlated with gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fong-Fong Chu
- Corresponding author: Fong-Fong Chu, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. Tel: 626-359-8111 x63831, FAX: 626-930-5330,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hare NJ, Solis N, Harmer C, Marzook NB, Rose B, Harbour C, Crossett B, Manos J, Cordwell SJ. Proteomic profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AES-1R, PAO1 and PA14 reveals potential virulence determinants associated with a transmissible cystic fibrosis-associated strain. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:16. [PMID: 22264352 PMCID: PMC3398322 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While most CF patients are thought to acquire P. aeruginosa from the environment, person-person transmissible strains have been identified in CF clinics worldwide. The molecular basis for transmissibility and colonization of the CF lung remains poorly understood. Results A dual proteomics approach consisting of gel-based and gel-free comparisons were undertaken to analyse protein profiles in a transmissible, early (acute) isolate of the Australian epidemic strain 1 (AES-1R), the virulent burns/wound isolate PA14, and the poorly virulent, laboratory-associated strain PAO1. Over 1700 P. aeruginosa proteins were confidently identified. AES-1R protein profiles revealed elevated abundance of proteins associated with virulence and siderophore biosynthesis and acquisition, antibiotic resistance and lipopolysaccharide and fatty acid biosynthesis. The most abundant protein in AES-1R was confirmed as a previously hypothetical protein with sequence similarity to carbohydrate-binding proteins and database search revealed this gene is only found in the CF-associated strain PA2192. The link with CF infection may suggest that transmissible strains have acquired an ability to rapidly interact with host mucosal glycoproteins. Conclusions Our data suggest that AES-1R expresses higher levels of proteins, such as those involved in antibiotic resistance, iron acquisition and virulence that may provide a competitive advantage during early infection in the CF lung. Identification of novel proteins associated with transmissibility and acute infection may aid in deciphering new strategies for intervention to limit P. aeruginosa infections in CF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Hare
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine protects 1321N1 astrocytoma cells against pyocyanin- and 1-hydroxyphenazine-induced toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:275-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Gloyne LS, Grant GD, Perkins AV, Powell KL, McDermott CM, Johnson PV, Anderson GJ, Kiefel M, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Pyocyanin-induced toxicity in A549 respiratory cells is causally linked to oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1353-8. [PMID: 21596130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyocyanin, a virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has many damaging effects on mammalian cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that this damage is primarily mediated by its ability to generate ROS and deplete host antioxidant defence mechanisms. However, a causal role for oxidative stress has not yet been demonstrated conclusively. Parallel measures of ROS production, antioxidant levels and cytotoxicity provide convincing evidence that pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity in A549 respiratory cells is mediated by acute ROS production and subsequent oxidative stress. Pyocyanin increased ROS levels in A549 cells as measured by the fluorescent H(2)O(2) probes Amplex Red and DCFH-DA. These effects were attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, pyocyanin-induced depletion of intracellular GSH levels 24h after exposure was also prevented by pre-treatment of cells with NAC. Under these conditions, NAC protected cells against pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity as measured by resazurin reduction to resorufin and viable cell counts, strongly supporting a causal role for oxidative stress. Finally, we also show that pyocyanin-induced activation of the immune and inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in A549 cells is likely mediated by increased ROS. This increased understanding of mechanisms underlying pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity may ultimately lead to better strategies for reducing the virulence associated with chronic P. aeruginosa infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Gloyne
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rada B, Gardina P, Myers TG, Leto TL. Reactive oxygen species mediate inflammatory cytokine release and EGFR-dependent mucin secretion in airway epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas pyocyanin. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:158-71. [PMID: 20962773 PMCID: PMC3026888 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long-appreciated in vivo role of the redox-active virulence factor pyocyanin in Pseudomonas airway infections and the importance of airway epithelial cells in combating bacterial pathogens, little is known about pyocyanin's effect on airway epithelial cells. We find that exposure of bronchiolar epithelial cells to pyocyanin results in MUC2/MUC5AC induction and mucin secretion through release of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, heparin-bound epidermal growth factor, tissue growth factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-α) that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. These changes are mediated by reactive oxygen species produced by pyocyanin. Microarray analysis identified 286 pyocyanin-induced genes in airway epithelial cells, including many inflammatory mediators elevated in cystic fibrosis (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-monocyte CSF, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), serum amyloid, IL-23) and several novel pyocyanin-responsive genes of potential importance in the infection process (IL-24, CXCL2, CXCL3, CCL20, CXCR4). This comprehensive study uncovers numerous details of pyocyanin's proinflammatory action and establishes airway epithelial cells as key responders to this microbial toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Rada
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Drive, 20852 Rockville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Paul Gardina
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies Section, 50 South Drive, 20892 Bethesda MD, U.S.A
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies Section, 50 South Drive, 20892 Bethesda MD, U.S.A
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Drive, 20852 Rockville, MD, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bae YS, Choi MK, Lee WJ. Dual oxidase in mucosal immunity and host-microbe homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:278-87. [PMID: 20579935 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia are in direct contact with microbes, which range from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Accordingly, hosts must have a conflicting strategy to combat pathogens efficiently while tolerating symbionts. Recent progress has revealed that dual oxidase (DUOX) plays a key role in mucosal immunity in organisms that range from flies to humans. Information from the genetic model of Drosophila has advanced our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of DUOX and its role in mucosal immunity. Further investigations of DUOX regulation in response to symbiotic or non-symbiotic bacteria and the in vivo consequences in host physiology will give a novel insight into the microbe-controlling system of the mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Soo Bae
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Life Science, Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pierson LS, Pierson EA. Metabolism and function of phenazines in bacteria: impacts on the behavior of bacteria in the environment and biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1659-70. [PMID: 20352425 PMCID: PMC2858273 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenazines constitute a large group of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds produced by a diverse range of bacteria. Both natural and synthetic phenazine derivatives are studied due their impacts on bacterial interactions and biotechnological processes. Phenazines serve as electron shuttles to alternate terminal acceptors, modify cellular redox states, act as cell signals that regulate patterns of gene expression, contribute to biofilm formation and architecture, and enhance bacterial survival. Phenazines have diverse effects on eukaryotic hosts and host tissues, including the modification of multiple host cellular responses. In plants, phenazines also may influence growth and elicit induced systemic resistance. Here, we discuss emerging evidence that phenazines play multiple roles for the producing organism and contribute to their behavior and ecological fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leland S Pierson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 202 Horticultural and Forestry Sciences Building, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ce-Duox1/BLI-3 generates reactive oxygen species as a protective innate immune mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4983-9. [PMID: 19687201 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00627-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans was recently developed as a model system to study both pathogen virulence mechanisms and host defense responses. We previously demonstrated that C. elegans produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to exposure to the important gram-positive nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. We also presented evidence of oxidative stress and upregulation of stress responses after exposure to the pathogen. As in mammalian systems, this new work shows that production of ROS for innate immune functions occurs via an NADPH oxidase. Specifically, reducing expression of a dual oxidase, Ce-Duox1/BLI-3, causes a decrease in ROS production in response to E. faecalis. We also present evidence that reduction of expression of Ce-Duox1/BLI-3 increases susceptibility to this pathogen, specifically when expression is reduced in the intestine and the hypodermis. Ce-Duox1/BLI-3 was previously characterized as having a role in cuticle cross-linking. Two C. elegans mutants with point mutations in the peroxidase domain that exhibit severe cuticle defects were discovered to be unaffected in ROS production or pathogen susceptibility. These results demonstrate an important biological role for the peroxidase domain in cuticle cross-linking that is unrelated to ROS production. To further demonstrate the protective effects of the pathogen-induced ROS production, we show that antioxidants that scavenge ROS increase the sensitivity of the nematode to the infection, in stark contrast to their longevity-promoting effects under nonpathogenic conditions. In conclusion, we postulate that the generation of ROS by NADPH oxidases in the barrier epithelium is an ancient, highly conserved innate immune defense mechanism.
Collapse
|