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Peña JE, Corbett BF, Tamminga CA, Bhatnagar S, Hitti FL. Investigating Resistance to Antidepressants in Animal Models. Neuroscience 2024; 548:69-80. [PMID: 38697464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric diseases, and up to 30-40% of patients remain symptomatic despite treatment. Novel therapies are sorely needed, and animal models may be used to elucidate fundamental neurobiological processes that contribute to human disease states. We conducted a systematic review of current preclinical approaches to investigating treatment resistance with the goal of describing a path forward for improving our understanding of treatment resistant depression. We conducted a broad literature search to identify studies relevant to the preclinical investigation of treatment resistant depression. We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and included all relevant studies. We identified 467 studies in our initial search. Of these studies, we included 69 in our systematic review after applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria. We identified 10 broad strategies for investigating treatment resistance in animal models. Stress hormone administration was the most commonly used model, and the most common behavioral test was the forced swim test. We systematically identified and reviewed current approaches for gaining insight into the neurobiology underlying treatment resistant depression using animal models. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, but all require careful consideration of their potential limitations regarding therapeutic translation. An enhanced understanding of treatment resistant depression is sorely needed given the burden of disease and lack of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna E Peña
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brian F Corbett
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Frederick L Hitti
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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2
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Bo Y, Yu Q, Gao W. Progress of depression mechanism based on Omics method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115884. [PMID: 38183729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a very common disabling mental disorder, which is typically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Although research into the various mechanisms of depression was still underway, its physiopathology remains uncertain. The rapid developments in new technologies and the combined use of a variety of techniques will help to understand the pathogenesis of depression and explore effective treatment methods. In this review, we focus on the combination of proteomic and metabolomic approaches to analyze metabolites and proteins in animal models of depression induced by different modeling approaches, with the aim of broadening the understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms of depression using complementary "omics" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Bo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
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3
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Filipović D, Novak B, Xiao J, Tadić P, Turck CW. Prefrontal Cortex Cytosolic Proteome and Machine Learning-Based Predictors of Resilience toward Chronic Social Isolation in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3026. [PMID: 38474271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic social isolation (CSIS) generates two stress-related phenotypes: resilience and susceptibility. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CSIS resilience remain unclear. We identified altered proteome components and biochemical pathways and processes in the prefrontal cortex cytosolic fraction in CSIS-resilient rats compared to CSIS-susceptible and control rats using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry followed by label-free quantification and STRING bioinformatics. A sucrose preference test was performed to distinguish rat phenotypes. Potential predictive proteins discriminating between the CSIS-resilient and CSIS-susceptible groups were identified using machine learning (ML) algorithms: support vector machine-based sequential feature selection and random forest-based feature importance scores. Predominantly, decreased levels of some glycolytic enzymes, G protein-coupled receptor proteins, the Ras subfamily of GTPases proteins, and antioxidant proteins were found in the CSIS-resilient vs. CSIS-susceptible groups. Altered levels of Gapdh, microtubular, cytoskeletal, and calcium-binding proteins were identified between the two phenotypes. Increased levels of proteins involved in GABA synthesis, the proteasome system, nitrogen metabolism, and chaperone-mediated protein folding were identified. Predictive proteins make CSIS-resilient vs. CSIS-susceptible groups linearly separable, whereby a 100% validation accuracy was achieved by ML models. The overall ratio of significantly up- and downregulated cytosolic proteins suggests adaptive cellular alterations as part of the stress-coping process specific for the CSIS-resilient phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Filipović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Božidar Novak
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Jinqiu Xiao
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Predrag Tadić
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
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Hu X, Zhao HL, Kurban N, Qin Y, Chen X, Cui SY, Zhang YH. Reduction of BDNF Levels and Biphasic Changes in Glutamate Release in the Prefrontal Cortex Correlate with Susceptibility to Chronic Stress-Induced Anhedonia. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0406-23.2023. [PMID: 37989582 PMCID: PMC10668226 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0406-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress has been considered to induce depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia, particularly in susceptible individuals. Synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is closely associated with susceptibility or resilience to chronic stress-induced anhedonia. However, effects of chronic stress with different durations on the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to anhedonia remain unclear. The present study investigated effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) for 14, 21, and 35 d on anhedonia-like behavior and glutamate synapses in the PFC. We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the PFC significantly decreased only in anhedonia-susceptible rats that were exposed to CMS for 14, 21, and 35 d. Additionally, 14 d of CMS increased prefrontal glutamate release, and 35 d of CMS decreased glutamate release, in addition to reducing synaptic proteins and spine density in the PFC. Moreover, we found that anhedonia-like behavior in a subset of rats spontaneously decreased, accompanied by the restoration of BDNF levels and glutamate release, on day 21 of CMS. Ketamine treatment restored the reduction of BDNF levels and biphasic changes in glutamate release that were induced by CMS. Our findings revealed a progressive reduction of synaptic plasticity and biphasic changes in glutamate release in the PFC during CMS. Reductions of BDNF levels may be key neurobiological markers of susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nurhumar Kurban
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Kim J, Kim TE, Lee SH, Koo JW. The Role of Glutamate Underlying Treatment-resistant Depression. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:429-446. [PMID: 37424412 PMCID: PMC10335903 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.22.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis has significantly improved our understanding of mood disorders and their treatment by linking monoaminergic abnormalities to the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Even 50 years after the monoamine hypothesis was established, some patients do not respond to treatments for depression, including selective serotonin reuptake drugs. Accumulating evidence shows that patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have severe abnormalities in the neuroplasticity and neurotrophic factor pathways, indicating that different treatment approaches may be necessary. Therefore, the glutamate hypothesis is gaining attention as a novel hypothesis that can overcome monoamine restrictions. Glutamate has been linked to structural and maladaptive morphological alterations in several brain areas associated with mood disorders. Recently, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has shown efficacy in TRD treatment and has received the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, revitalizing psychiatry research. However, the mechanism by which ketamine improves TRD remains unclear. In this review, we re-examined the glutamate hypothesis, bringing the glutamate system onboard to join the modulation of the monoamine systems, emphasizing the most prominent ketamine antidepressant mechanisms, such as NMDAR inhibition and NMDAR disinhibition in GABAergic interneurons. Furthermore, we discuss the animal models used in preclinical studies and the sex differences in the effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseop Kim
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
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Khan M, Baussan Y, Hebert-Chatelain E. Connecting Dots between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Depression. Biomolecules 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37189442 PMCID: PMC10135685 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the prime source of cellular energy, and are also responsible for important processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and Ca2+ homeostasis. Depression is a psychiatric disease characterized by alteration in the metabolism, neurotransmission and neuroplasticity. In this manuscript, we summarize the recent evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the pathophysiology of depression. Impaired expression of mitochondria-related genes, damage to mitochondrial membrane proteins and lipids, disruption of the electron transport chain, higher oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis are all observed in preclinical models of depression and most of these parameters can be altered in the brain of patients with depression. A deeper knowledge of the depression pathophysiology and the identification of phenotypes and biomarkers with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction are needed to help early diagnosis and the development of new treatment strategies for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtab Khan
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Mitochondrial Signaling and Pathophysiology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Yann Baussan
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Mitochondrial Signaling and Pathophysiology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Etienne Hebert-Chatelain
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Mitochondrial Signaling and Pathophysiology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
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Guliyeva SM, Mekhtiev AA. Involvement of Dihydropyrimidinase-Related Protein 2 in Human Anxiety Regulation. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Larosa A, Wong TP. The hippocampus in stress susceptibility and resilience: Reviewing molecular and functional markers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110601. [PMID: 35842073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the individual variability that comes with the likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathologies is of paramount importance when addressing mechanisms of their neurobiology. This article focuses on the hippocampus as a region that is highly influenced by chronic stress exposure and that has strong ties to the development of related disorders, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. We first outline three commonly used animal models that have been used to separate animals into susceptible and resilient cohorts. Next, we review molecular and functional hippocampal markers of susceptibility and resilience. We propose that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the differences in the processing and storage of stress-related information in animals with different stress susceptibilities. These hippocampal markers not only help us attain a more comprehensive understanding of the various facets of stress-related pathophysiology, but also could be targeted for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Larosa
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Dept. of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Chronic mild stress paradigm as a rat model of depression: facts, artifacts, and future perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:663-693. [PMID: 35072761 PMCID: PMC8785013 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was first described almost 40 years ago and has become a widely used model in the search for antidepressant drugs for major depression disorder (MDD). It has resulted in the publication of almost 1700 studies in rats alone. Under the original CMS procedure, the expression of an anhedonic response, a key symptom of depression, was seen as an essential feature of both the model and a depressive state. The prolonged exposure of rodents to unpredictable/uncontrollable mild stressors leads to a reduction in the intake of palatable liquids, behavioral despair, locomotor inhibition, anxiety-like changes, and vegetative (somatic) abnormalities. Many of the CMS studies do not report these patterns of behaviors, and they often fail to include consistent molecular, neuroanatomical, and physiological phenotypes of CMS-exposed animals. OBJECTIVES To critically review the CMS studies in rats so that conceptual and methodological flaws can be avoided in future studies. RESULTS Analysis of the literature supports the validity of the CMS model and its impact on the field. However, further improvements could be achieved by (i) the stratification of animals into 'resilient' and 'susceptible' cohorts within the CMS animals, (ii) the use of more refined protocols in the sucrose test to mitigate physiological and physical artifacts, and (iii) the systematic evaluation of the non-specific effects of CMS and implementation of appropriate adjustments within the behavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS We propose methodological revisions and the use of more advanced behavioral tests to refine the rat CMS paradigm, which offers a valuable tool for developing new antidepressant medications.
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10
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Zhang T, Yang C, Chu J, Ning LN, Zeng P, Wang XM, Shi Y, Qin BJ, Qu N, Zhang Q, Tian Q. Emodin Prevented Depression in Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress-Exposed Rats by Targeting miR-139-5p/5-Lipoxygenase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696619. [PMID: 34381778 PMCID: PMC8350171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of medicinal plant ingredients is one of the goals of developing potential drugs for treating depression. Compelling evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory medicines may block the occurrence of depression. We studied the effect of a natural compound, emodin, on the development of psychosocial stress-induced depression and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) for 7 weeks was performed to replicate psychosocial stress in rats. The sucrose preference test, force swimming test, and open field test were used to evaluate their behaviors. The differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus were analyzed using proteomics. Nissl staining and Golgi staining were used to detect the loss of neurons and synapses, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the activation of microglia, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were also performed. Results Hippocampal inflammation with up-regulated 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) was observed in the depressed rats after CUMS exposure. The upregulation of 5-LO was caused by decreased miR-139-5p. To observe the effect of emodin, we screened out depression-susceptible (DeS) rats during CUMS and treated them with emodin (80 mg/kg/day). Two weeks later, emodin prevented the depression behaviors in DeS rats along with a series of pathological changes in their hippocampi, such as loss of neurons and spines, microglial activation, increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the activation of 5-LO. Furthermore, we demonstrated that emodin inhibited its excess inflammatory response, possibly by targeting miR-139-5p/5-LO and modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3β and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Conclusion These results provide important evidence that emodin may be a candidate agent for the treatment of depression and established a key role of miR-139-5p/5-LO in the inflammation of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, the Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Can Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Gannan Medical University Pingxiang Hospital, Pingxiang, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Jian Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, the Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Multi-omics Analysis of the Amygdala in a Rat Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression. Neuroscience 2021; 463:174-183. [PMID: 33836246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious and complex mental illness, and multiple brain regions are involved in its pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence that the amygdala is involved in depression; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomic and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic to study changes in the amygdala in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model of depression. Differential analysis identified 42 metabolites and 171 proteins that were differentially expressed in the CUMS and control groups. Integrated analyses revealed two major changes in the amygdala of CUMS rats: (1) perturbations in amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism, transport-/catabolism-related proteins activity, and metabolic enzyme activity; (2) abnormal expression of synaptogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation-associated proteins.
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12
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Li S, Zhang H, Gao X, Huang H, He W, Zhang H, Sun H. Prenatal stress induced depressive-like behavior and region dependently high CRP level in offspring rats. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02046. [PMID: 33599398 PMCID: PMC8035444 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore the changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) level in different regions of one old offspring rats exposed to prenatal stress (PS). METHODS The rat model was constructed with prenatal restraint stress on pregnant dams on days 14-20 of gestation. Offspring rats were randomly divided into PS susceptibility (PS-S) group and control (CON) group. Behavioral experiments including sucrose preference test (SPT), open-field test (OFT), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to measure depressive-like behaviors. Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting were applied to detect the changes in CRP level. RESULTS The results showed that PS could cause depressive-like behaviors in all SPT, OFT, and FST. Concomitantly, CRP mRNA and protein expression significantly increased in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus in the PS-S group when compared that in the CON group, while no significantly changes in liver, heart, olfactory bulb, striatum, and cerebellum in the PS-S group when compared that in the CON group. CONCLUSION Increasing of CRP expression in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus may play a critical role in the mechanism under depressive-like behavior in offspring rats exposed to PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoning Li
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xueyun Gao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huimei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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13
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Yu Z, Chen N, Hu D, Chen W, Yuan Y, Meng S, Zhang W, Lu L, Han Y, Shi J. Decreased Density of Perineuronal Net in Prelimbic Cortex Is Linked to Depressive-Like Behavior in Young-Aged Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 32116542 PMCID: PMC7025547 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are condensed extracellular matrix (ECM) structures regulating developmental plasticity and protecting neurons against oxidative stress. PNN abnormalities have been observed in various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but the relationship between PNN density and depression still remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the density and components of PNNs including aggrecan, neurocan and Tenascin-R in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) after chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). We found that depressive-like behaviors were induced after 30 days of CUMS accompanied by decreases in PNN+ cell density and aggrecan expression in the PrL. In addition, rats subjected to 20 days of CUMS were separated into vulnerable and resilient subpopulations that differ along several behavioral domains. Consistently, the density of PNNs and the expression level of neurocan in the vulnerable group were decreased compared to control and resilient groups. Finally, we examined individual differences based on locomotion in a novel context and classified rats as high responding (HR) and low responding (LR) phenotypes. The density of PNNs and the expression level of neurocan in the LR group were lower than the HR group. Moreover, the LR rats were more susceptible to depressive-like behaviors compared with HR rats. Altogether, these results suggest that the density of PNNs in the PrL is associated with depressive-like behaviors in young-aged rats, and it may serve as a potential endophenotype or therapeutic target for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Yu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Na Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Die Hu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxi Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Validation of chronic mild stress in the Wistar-Kyoto rat as an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:239-250. [PMID: 30204592 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent review proposed four criteria for an animal model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD): a phenotypic resemblance to a risk factor for depression; enhanced response to stress; nonresponse to antidepressant drugs and response to treatments effective in TRD, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the prefrontal cortex or ketamine. Chronic mild stress (CMS) provides a valid model of depression; the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is considered to be nonresponsive to antidepressant drugs. Here, we applied CMS to WKY rats. WKY and Wistar rats were exposed to CMS, then treated with saline, imipramine, citalopram or venlafaxine. After 5 weeks of CMS and 3 weeks of drug treatment, all WKY groups were implanted unilaterally with DBS electrodes in the prefrontal cortex, and examined in sucrose intake, elevated plus maze (EPM; decreased entries and time in the open arms) and novel object recognition (decreased exploration) tests, following 2×2 h of DBS. CMS decreased sucrose intake, open arm entries on the EPM, and object recognition. Relative to Wistars, WKY rats showed evidence of increased emotionality in the EPM and novel object recognition tests, and a greater impact of CMS on body weight gain and open arm entries. Wistars responded to drug treatment with an increase in sucrose intake but WKY were nonresponsive to drug treatment on all three behavioural tests. With one exception, DBS reversed the anhedonic, anxiogenic and dyscognitive effects of CMS in all groups of WKY rats. In a further experiment, subacute ketamine (10 mg/kg) also normalized behaviour on all three tests. We conclude that WKY rats subjected to CMS meet all four criteria for a valid model of TRD, and provide a basis for studying the mechanism of action of DBS.
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15
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Xu L, Lu Z, Ji C, Cong M, Li F, Shan X, Wu H. Toxicological effects of As (V) in juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii by a combined metabolomic and proteomic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113333. [PMID: 31610518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid element that is ubiquitous in the marine environment and its contamination has received worldwide attention due to its potential toxicity. Arsenic can induce multiple adverse effects, such as lipid metabolism disorder, immune system dysfunction, oxidative stress and carcinogenesis, in animals. Inorganic arsenic includes two chemical forms, arsenite (As (III)) and arsenate (As (V)), in natural environment. As (V) is the dominant form in natural waters. In the present study, metabolomic and proteomic alterations were investigated in juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of As (V) for 14 d. The analysis of iTRAQ-based proteomics combined with untargeted NMR-based metabolomics indicated apparent toxicological effects induced by As (V) in juvenile rockfish. In details, the metabolites, including lactate, alanine, ATP, inosine and phosphocholine were significantly altered in As-treated groups. Proteomic responses suggested that As (V) could not only affected energy and primary metabolisms and signal transduction, but also influenced cytoskeleton structure in juvenile rockfish. This work suggested that the combined proteomic and metabolomic approach could shed light on the toxicological effects of pollutants in rockfish S. schlegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Shan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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16
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Planchez B, Surget A, Belzung C. Animal models of major depression: drawbacks and challenges. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1383-1408. [PMID: 31584111 PMCID: PMC6815270 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to antidepressant therapy. Progress in this area requires valid animal models. Current models are based either on manipulating the environment to which rodents are exposed (during the developmental period or adulthood) or biological underpinnings (i.e. gene deletion or overexpression of candidate genes, targeted lesions of brain areas, optogenetic control of specific neuronal populations, etc.). These manipulations can alter specific behavioural and biological outcomes that can be related to different symptomatic and pathophysiological dimensions of major depression. However, animal models of major depression display substantial shortcomings that contribute to the lack of innovative pharmacological approaches in recent decades and which hamper our capabilities to investigate treatment-resistant depression. Here, we discuss the validity of these models, review putative models of treatment-resistant depression, major depression subtypes and recurrent depression. Furthermore, we identify future challenges regarding new paradigms such as those proposing dimensional rather than categorical approaches to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Belzung
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
- UMR 1253, iBrain, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
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17
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Lamontagne SJ, Melendez SI, Olmstead MC. Investigating dopamine and glucocorticoid systems as underlying mechanisms of anhedonia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3103-3113. [PMID: 30136143 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anhedonia, a deficit in reward processing, is an endophenotype of several neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite its prevalence and debilitating effects, treatments for anhedonia are lacking, primarily because its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Dopamine (DA) has been implicated in anhedonia through its role in reward-related learning; glucocorticoid systems may also be involved in that anhedonia is often preceded by chronic stress. OBJECTIVE This study investigated DA and glucocorticoid systems in anhedonia using a rat version of the probabilistic reward task (PRT). METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were trained on the PRT and then tested following: (1) activation or inhibition of DA activity induced by amphetamine (AMPH) or pramipexole (PRAMI) injections, (2) chronic mild stress (CMS), or (3) glucocorticoid system activation (dexamethasone (DEX)) or inhibition (mifepristone (MIFE)). RESULTS AMPH increased and PRAMI decreased response bias, pointing to enhanced and diminished reward responsiveness with DA agonism and antagonism, respectively. CMS reduced response bias but only in a subpopulation of rats. DEX also decreased response bias, suggesting that glucocorticoid processes contribute to anhedonia, although glucocorticoid inhibition (MIFE) had no effect. None of the manipulations altered the ability to detect and respond to reward-paired stimuli. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm a role of DA in anhedonia and elucidate the contribution of the glucocorticoid system to this effect. In addition, chronic stress may interfere with normal DA functioning, leading to impaired reward-related learning in some animals. These findings may direct future treatment of anhedonia by targeting DA and glucocorticoid systems, as well as a possible interaction between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lamontagne
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, 62 Arch St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sofia I Melendez
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, 62 Arch St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, 62 Arch St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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18
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason M, Tota-Glowczyk K, Niemczyk M, Litwa E, Willner P. Rapid antidepressant effects of deep brain stimulation of the pre-frontal cortex in an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1133-1140. [PMID: 30182787 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118791737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of depressed patients fail to respond to treatment with antidepressant drugs. Such patients might nonetheless respond to deep brain stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. Deep brain stimulation has also been shown to normalize behaviour in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. However, these studies have involved animals that are in general treatment responsive. Thus, this is not the ideal situation in which to investigate how deep brain stimulation is effective where antidepressant drugs are not. AIMS Here, we studied the behavioural effects of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant animals. METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to chronic mild stress and concurrent treatment with saline or one of three antidepressant drugs, imipramine, citalopram and venlafaxine. Individuals were selected from the CMS-exposed drug-treated groups that had failed to increase their sucrose intake by week 5 of drug treatment. All animals were then implanted with deep brain stimulation electrodes in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, and tested for sucrose intake and in the elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test, following 2 × 2 h of deep brain stimulation. RESULTS The selected drug-treated animals were found to be antidepressant-resistant in all three tests. With a single exception (sucrose intake in imipramine-treated animals), deep brain stimulation reversed the anhedonic, anxiogenic and dyscognitive effects of CMS in all four conditions, with no significant differences between saline- and drug-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a proof of principle that deep brain stimulation of the prefrontal cortex can be effective in a rat model of resistance to chronic antidepressant treatment, replicating the clinical effect of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Monika Niemczyk
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- 2 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, UK
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19
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Czéh B, Vardya I, Varga Z, Febbraro F, Csabai D, Martis LS, Højgaard K, Henningsen K, Bouzinova EV, Miseta A, Jensen K, Wiborg O. Long-Term Stress Disrupts the Structural and Functional Integrity of GABAergic Neuronal Networks in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:148. [PMID: 29973870 PMCID: PMC6020798 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data suggest that fronto-cortical GABAergic deficits contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). To further test this hypothesis, we used a well characterized rat model for depression and examined the effect of stress on GABAergic neuron numbers and GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 9-weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) and based on their hedonic-anhedonic behavior they were behaviorally phenotyped as being stress-susceptible (anhedonic) or stress-resilient. Post mortem quantitative histopathology was used to examine the effect of stress on parvalbumin (PV)-, calretinin- (CR), calbindin- (CB), cholecystokinin- (CCK), somatostatin-(SST) and neuropeptide Y-positive (NPY+) GABAergic neuron numbers in all cortical subareas of the mPFC (anterior cingulate (Cg1), prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) cortexes). In vitro, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from layer II–III pyramidal neurons of the ventral mPFC was used to examine GABAergic neurotransmission. The cognitive performance of the animals was assessed in a hippocampal-prefrontal-cortical circuit dependent learning task. Stress exposure reduced the number of CCK-, CR- and PV-positive GABAergic neurons in the mPFC, most prominently in the IL cortex. Interestingly, in the stress-resilient animals, we found higher number of neuropeptide Y-positive neurons in the entire mPFC. The electrophysiological analysis revealed reduced frequencies of spontaneous and miniature IPSCs in the anhedonic rats and decreased release probability of perisomatic-targeting GABAergic synapses and alterations in GABAB receptor mediated signaling. In turn, pyramidal neurons showed higher excitability. Anhedonic rats were also significantly impaired in the object-place paired-associate learning task. These data demonstrate that long-term stress results in functional and structural deficits of prefrontal GABAergic networks. Our findings support the concept that fronto-limbic GABAergic dysfunctions may contribute to emotional and cognitive symptoms of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsár Czéh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark.,Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Irina Vardya
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zsófia Varga
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fabia Febbraro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Dávid Csabai
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | - Kim Henningsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Elena V Bouzinova
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kimmo Jensen
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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20
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P11 promoter methylation predicts the antidepressant effect of electroconvulsive therapy. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:25. [PMID: 29353887 PMCID: PMC5802592 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is among the most effective treatment options for pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder (MDD), some patients still remain refractory to standard ECT practise. Thus, there is a need for markers reliably predicting ECT non/response. In our study, we have taken a novel translational approach for discovering potential biomarkers for the prediction of ECT response. Our hypothesis was that the promoter methylation of p11, a multifunctional protein involved in both depressive-like states and antidepressant treatment responses, is differently regulated in ECT responders vs. nonresponders and thus be a putative biomarker of ECT response. The chronic mild stress model of MDD was adapted with the aim to obtain rats that are resistant to conventional antidepressant drugs (citalopram). Subsequently, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) was used to select responders and nonresponders, and compare p11 expression and promoter methylation. In the rat experiments we found that the gene promoter methylation and expression of p11 significantly correlate with the antidepressant effect of ECS. Next, we investigated the predictive properties of p11 promoter methylation in two clinical cohorts of patients with pharmacoresistant MDD. In a proof-of-concept clinical trial in 11 patients with refractory MDD, higher p11 promoter methylation was found in responders to ECT. This finding was replicated in an independent sample of 65 patients with pharmacoresistant MDD. This translational study successfully validated the first biomarker reliably predicting the responsiveness to ECT. Prescreening of this biomarker could help to identify patients eligible for first-line ECT treatment and also help to develop novel antidepressant treatment procedures for depressed patients resistant to all currently approved antidepressant treatments.
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21
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Borovok N, Nesher E, Reichenstein M, Tikhonova T, Levin Y, Pinhasov A, Michaelevski I. Effect of social interactions on hippocampal protein expression in animal dominant and submissive model of behavioral disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 11. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borovok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | - Michal Reichenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | - Yishai Levin
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling; The Nancy & Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology; Ariel University; Ariel Israel
| | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Molecular Biology; Ariel University; Ariel Israel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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22
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Abstract
Background Stress and stressful life events have repeatedly been shown as causally related to depression. The Chronic Mild Stress rat model is a valid model of stress-induced depression. Like humans, rats display great heterogeneity in their response to stress and adversity. Hence some individuals are stress-sensitive and prone to develop depression-like behaviour in response to modest stressors, while others are stress-resilient and remain essentially symptom free. Objectives Compared to the large body of research, which describes stress-induced maladaptive neurobiological changes, relatively little attention has been devoted to understand resiliency to stress. The aim of the present study was to identify changes in neuronal activity, associated with stress-resilient and stress-susceptible chronic mild stress endophenotypes, by examining c-Fos expression in 13 different brain areas. Changes in c-Fos expression have been reported as associated to stressful conditions. Methods Stress-induced modulation of neuronal activation patterns in response to the chronic mild stress paradigm was mapped using the immediate early gene expression c-Fos as a marker. Quantification of the c-Fos-like immunoreactivity responses was done by semi-automated profile counting procedures and design-based stereology. Results Exposure to chronic mild stress significantly altered c-Fos expression in a total of 6 out of 13 investigated areas. Chronic mild stress was found to suppress the c-Fos response within the magnocellular ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of both stress subgroups. In the the lateral and ventral orbital cortices of stress-resilient rats, the c-Fos like immunoreactivity response was also repressed by stress exposure. On the contrary the c-Fos response within the amygdala, medial habenula, and infralimbic cortex was increased selectively for the stress-susceptible rats. Conclusions The study was initiated to characterize neuronal substrates associated with stress-coping mechanisms. Six areas, all of which represents limbic structures, were found to be sensitive to stress exposure. The effects within these areas associate to the hedonic status of the rats. Hence, these areas might be associated to stress-coping mechanisms underlying the chronic mild stress induced segregation into stress-susceptible and stress-resilient endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Febbraro
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (FF); (OW)
| | - Katrine Svenningsen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research IRS-Center Sonderjylland, Laboratory Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Åbenrå, Denmark
| | - Thao Phuong Tran
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (FF); (OW)
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23
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Willner P. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:78-93. [PMID: 28229111 PMCID: PMC5314424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in >1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to >200 papers in 2015. Data from a survey of users show that while a variety of names are in use (chronic mild/unpredictable/varied stress), these describe essentially the same procedure. This paper provides an update on the validity and reliability of the CMS model, and reviews recent data on the neurobiological basis of CMS effects and the mechanisms of antidepressant action: the volume of this research may be unique in providing a comprehensive account of antidepressant action within a single model. Also discussed is the use of CMS in drug discovery, with particular reference to hippocampal and extra-hippocampal targets. The high translational potential of the CMS model means that the neurobiological mechanisms described may be of particular relevance to human depression and mechanisms of clinical antidepressant action.
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24
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Li J, Zhang SX, Wang W, Cheng K, Guo H, Rao CL, Yang DY, He Y, Zou DZ, Han Y, Zhao LB, Li PF, Xie P. Potential antidepressant and resilience mechanism revealed by metabolomic study on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of stress resilient rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:12-20. [PMID: 27880890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is an active coping response to stress, which plays a very important role in major depressive disorder study. The molecular mechanisms underlying such resilience are poorly understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were promising objects in unveiling the underlying pathogenesis of resilience. Hereby we carried out successive study on PBMCs metabolomics in resilient rats of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomic approach coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to detect differential metabolites in PBMCs of resilient rats. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) was applied for pathway analysis. A set of differential metabolites including Malic acid, Ornithine, l-Lysine, Stigmasterol, Oleic acid, γ-Tocopherol, Adenosine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were significantly altered in resilient rats, meanwhile promoting antidepressant research. As revealed by IPA that aberrant energy metabolism, HIFα signaling, neurotransmitter, O-GlcNAcylation and cAMP signaling cascade in peripheral might be evolved in the pathogenesis of coping mechanism. The GC-MS based metabolomics may contribute to better understanding of resilience, as well as shedding light on antidepressant discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Cheng-Long Rao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - De-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - De-Zhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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Carboni L, Nguyen TP, Caberlotto L. Systems biology integration of proteomic data in rodent models of depression reveals involvement of the immune response and glutamatergic signaling. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1254-1263. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | | | - Laura Caberlotto
- Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI); The Microsoft Research-University of Trento; Trento Italy
- Aptuit (Verona); Verona Italy
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MicroRNA Profiling in the Medial and Lateral Habenula of Rats Exposed to the Learned Helplessness Paradigm: Candidate Biomarkers for Susceptibility and Resilience to Inescapable Shock. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160318. [PMID: 27494716 PMCID: PMC4975463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a highly heterogeneous disorder presumably caused by a combination of several factors ultimately causing the pathological condition. The genetic liability model of depression is likely to be of polygenic heterogeneity. miRNAs can regulate multiple genes simultaneously and therefore are candidates that align with this model. The habenula has been linked to depression in both clinical and animal studies, shifting interest towards this region as a neural substrate in depression. The goal of the present study was to search for alterations in miRNA expression levels in the medial and lateral habenula of rats exposed to the learned helplessness (LH) rat model of depression. Ten miRNAs showed significant alterations associating with their response to the LH paradigm. Of these, six and four miRNAs were significantly regulated in the MHb and LHb, respectively. In the MHb we identified miR-490, miR-291a-3p, MiR-467a, miR-216a, miR-18b, and miR-302a. In the LHb miR-543, miR-367, miR-467c, and miR-760-5p were significantly regulated. A target gene analysis showed that several of the target genes are involved in MAPK signaling, neutrophin signaling, and ErbB signaling, indicating that neurotransmission is affected in the habenula as a consequence of exposure to the LH paradigm.
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Young-Adult Male Rats' Vulnerability to Chronic Mild Stress Is Reflected by Anxious-Like instead of Depressive-Like Behaviors. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2016; 2016:5317242. [PMID: 27433469 PMCID: PMC4940564 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5317242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm did not induce anhedonia in young-adult male rats but it reduced their body weight gain. These contrasting results encouraged us to explore other indicators of animal's vulnerability to stress such as anxious-like behaviors, since stress is an etiologic factor also for anxiety. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the vulnerability of these animals to CMS using behavioral tests of depression or anxiety and measuring serum corticosterone. Male Wistar rats were exposed to four weeks of CMS; the animals' body weight and sucrose preference (indicator of anhedonia) were assessed after three weeks, and, after the fourth week, some animals were evaluated in a behavioral battery (elevated plus maze, defensive burying behavior, and forced swimming tests); meanwhile, others were used to measure serum corticosterone. We found that CMS (1) did not affect sucrose preference, immobility behavior in the forced swimming test, or serum corticosterone; (2) decreased body weight gain; and (3) increased the rat's entries into closed arms of the plus maze and the cumulative burying behavior. These data indicate that young male rats' vulnerability to CMS is reflected as poor body weight gain and anxious-like instead of depressive-like behaviors.
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Shao WH, Chen JJ, Fan SH, Lei Y, Xu HB, Zhou J, Cheng PF, Yang YT, Rao CL, Wu B, Liu HP, Xie P. Combined Metabolomics and Proteomics Analysis of Major Depression in an Animal Model: Perturbed Energy Metabolism in the Chronic Mild Stressed Rat Cerebellum. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:383-92. [PMID: 26134254 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, debilitating mental illness of importance for global health. However, its molecular pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Combined proteomics and metabolomics approaches should provide a comprehensive understanding of MDD's etiology. The present study reports novel "-omics" insights from a rodent model of MDD. Cerebellar samples from chronic mild stressed (CMS)-treated depressed rats and controls were compared with a focus on the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics and gas chromotography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics techniques, respectively. The combined analyses found significant alterations associated with cerebellar energy metabolism, as indicated by (1) abnormal amino acid metabolism accompanied by corresponding metabolic enzymatic alterations and disturbed protein turnover, (2) increased glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme levels paralleled by changes in the concentrations of associated metabolites, and (3) perturbation of ATP biosynthesis through adenosine accompanied by perturbation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to integrate proteomics and metabolomics analyses to examine the pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying MDD in a CMS rodent model of depression. These results can offer important insights into the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hua Shao
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-jun Chen
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Song-hua Fan
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Lei
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-bo Xu
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Peng-fei Cheng
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-tao Yang
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng-long Rao
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-peng Liu
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- 2 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,3 Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,4 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology , Chongqing, China
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Niu L, Jin X, Jin L, Zhang Y, Liu B, Li C. Feasibility of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion surgery combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress to simulate the post-stroke depressive state in rats. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:39. [PMID: 26704068 PMCID: PMC4690325 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the feasibility of focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (FCIR) surgery combined chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to simulate the post-stroke depression (PSD) state in rats. Methods Sprague–Dawley male rats were divided randomly into five groups: the normal, sham, FCIR, CUMS, and FCIR + CUMS (F/C) groups. Rats in the FCIR and F/C groups underwent an FCIR operation. Rats in CUMS and F/C groups were single-housed and exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks. Rats in the F/C group underwent CUMS for 4 weeks after FCIR surgery. The gain in bodyweight, the sugar consumption ratio in a sucrose preference test (SPT), and behavior, including spontaneous moves (SM), the duration of time spent in the center arena (duration), and the number of rearings (rearing) in an open field test (OFT), were evaluated. Results Rats in the CUMS and F/C groups had a smaller gain in bodyweight (P < 0.05). The sugar consumption ratio was reduced significantly in the CUMS and F/C groups compared with the normal and FCIR groups (P < 0.05). The number of SM was significantly lower in the FCIR group compared with the normal group. SM, duration, and rearing were reduced significantly in the CUMS and F/C groups relative to the normal group. Furthermore, the number of rearings was lower in the F/C group compared with the CUMS group. Conclusion Anhedonia, a lack of curiosity, and inactivity were observed in the F/C rats, which exhibited depression-like symptoms after FCIR surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchuan Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Load 76, Chongqing, China.
| | | | - LiXinhao Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Load 76, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Load 76, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Load 76, Chongqing, China.
| | - Changqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Load 76, Chongqing, China.
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Matchkov VV, Kravtsova VV, Wiborg O, Aalkjaer C, Bouzinova EV. Chronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibition modulates endothelial dysfunction and oxidative state in rat chronic mild stress model of depression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R814-23. [PMID: 26269522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00337.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is known to be associated with cardiovascular abnormalities, and oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role. We tested the hypothesis that antidepressant treatment reduces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunctions in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression in rats. Rats with >30% reduction in sucrose intake after 4 wk of CMS were defined in the study as CMS-susceptible and compared with unstressed controls. Sixteen CMS-susceptible and eight unstressed rats were treated during weeks 5 to 8 of the CMS protocol with escitalopram. Escitalopram-treated rats with >20% recovery in the sucrose consumption during the last 2 wk of treatment were defined as escitalopram responders. Rats that did not reach these criteria were defined as escitalopram nonresponders. In the open field test, escitalopram responders demonstrated anxiolytic effect of treatment. In mesenteric small arteries, escitalopram affected neither NO nor cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-mediated vasodilation. Escitalopram potentiated endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like response, which was suppressed in the vehicle-treated CMS-susceptible rats and reduced COX-2-dependent relaxation, which was elevated in the vehicle-treated CMS-susceptible rats. Escitalopram did not affect blood pressure and heart rate, which were elevated in the vehicle-treated CMS-susceptible rats. Oxidative stress markers were changed in association with CMS in liver, heart, and brain. Escitalopram normalized oxidative stress markers in the majority of tissues. This study demonstrates that the antidepressant effect of escitalopram is associated with partial improvement of endothelial function in small arteries affecting COX-2 and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Violetta V Kravtsova
- Department of General Physiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; and
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Elena V Bouzinova
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
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Reisinger S, Khan D, Kong E, Berger A, Pollak A, Pollak DD. The poly(I:C)-induced maternal immune activation model in preclinical neuropsychiatric drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 149:213-26. [PMID: 25562580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological and experimental evidence implicates gestational infections as one important factor involved in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Corresponding preclinical model systems based upon maternal immune activation (MIA) by treatment of the pregnant female have been developed. These MIA animal model systems have been successfully used in basic and translational research approaches, contributing to the investigation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels. The present article focuses on the application of a specific MIA rodent paradigm, based upon treatment of the gestating dam with the viral mimic polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (Poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) which activates the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathway. Important advantages and constraints of this animal model will be discussed, specifically in light of gestational infection as one vulnerability factor contributing to the complex etiology of mood and psychotic disorders, which are likely the result of intricate multi-level gene×environment interactions. Improving our currently incomplete understanding of the molecular pathomechanistic principles underlying these disorders is a prerequisite for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches which are critically needed in light of the important drawbacks and limitations of currently available pharmacological treatment options regarding efficacy and side effects. The particular relevance of the Poly(I:C) MIA model for the discovery of novel drug targets for symptomatic and preventive therapeutic strategies in mood and psychotic disorders is highlighted in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Reisinger
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Deeba Khan
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Eryan Kong
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Remus JL, Stewart LT, Camp RM, Novak CM, Johnson JD. Interaction of metabolic stress with chronic mild stress in altering brain cytokines and sucrose preference. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:321-30. [PMID: 25914924 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that metabolic stressors increase an organism's risk of depression. Chronic mild stress is a popular animal model of depression and several serendipitous findings have suggested that food deprivation prior to sucrose testing in this model is necessary to observe anhedonic behaviors. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by exposing animals to chronic mild stress and used an overnight 2-bottle sucrose test (food ad libitum) on Day 5 and 10, then food and water deprive animals overnight and tested their sucrose consumption and preference in a 1-hr sucrose test the following morning. Approximately 65% of stressed animals consumed sucrose and showed a sucrose preference similar to nonstressed controls in an overnight sucrose test, and 35% showed a decrease in sucrose intake and preference. Following overnight food and water deprivation the previously "resilient" animals showed a significant decrease in sucrose preference and greatly reduced sucrose intake. In addition, we evaluated whether the onset of anhedonia following food and water deprivation corresponds to alterations in corticosterone, epinephrine, circulating glucose, or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in limbic brain areas. Although all stressed animals showed adrenal hypertrophy and elevated circulating epinephrine, only stressed animals that were food deprived were hypoglycemic compared with food-deprived controls. Additionally, food and water deprivation significantly increased hippocampus IL-1β while food and water deprivation only increased hypothalamus IL-1β in stress-susceptible animals. These data demonstrate that metabolic stress of food and water deprivation interacts with chronic stressor exposure to induce physiological and anhedonic responses.
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Carboni L. The contribution of proteomic studies in humans, animal models, and after antidepressant treatments to investigate the molecular neurobiology of major depression. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:889-98. [PMID: 25488430 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is only partially understood. The proposed hypotheses postulate dysregulations of monoaminergic and other neurotransmitter pathways, impaired stress responses, insufficient neurogenetic and neurotrophic processes generating maladaptive neuroplasticity, inappropriate inflammatory and metabolic responses. Proteomic approaches can provide useful contributions to the investigation of the molecular neurobiology of MDD due to their open-ended nature. Studies performed in brain regions of MDD patients which had received antidepressant (AD) treatment showed that affected proteins mainly belonged to energy pathways, transport of molecules, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Studies performed in animal models offer the advantage of more controlled experimental conditions at the expense of potential loss in relevance. The design of proteomic investigations included experiments carried out in MDD models, in naive animals treated with ADs, and in animal models subjected to AD treatments. A comparison of results suggested an overlap of several modulated pathways between MDD patients and animal models. Examples include the regulation of energy metabolism, especially oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, signal transduction pathways, including calcium-calmodulin kinase II, synaptic proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Nevertheless, the paucity of studies performed in human brains requires additional studies to confirm the correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Holm MM, Vardya I, Christensen T, Wiborg O, Jensen K. Presynaptic plasticity as a hallmark of rat stress susceptibility and antidepressant response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119993. [PMID: 25742132 PMCID: PMC4350919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main questions are important for understanding and treating affective disorders: why are certain individuals susceptible or resilient to stress, and what are the features of treatment response and resistance? To address these questions, we used a chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model of depression. When exposed to stress, a fraction of rats develops anhedonic-like behavior, a core symptom of major depression, while another subgroup of rats is resilient to CMS. Furthermore, the anhedonic-like state is reversed in about half the animals in response to chronic escitalopram treatment (responders), while the remaining animals are resistant (non-responder animals). Electrophysiology in hippocampal brain slices was used to identify a synaptic hallmark characterizing these groups of animals. Presynaptic properties were investigated at GABAergic synapses onto single dentate gyrus granule cells. Stress-susceptible rats displayed a reduced probability of GABA release judged by an altered paired-pulse ratio of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) (1.48 ± 0.25) compared with control (0.81 ± 0.05) and stress-resilient rats (0.78 ± 0.03). Spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) occurred less frequently in stress-susceptible rats compared with control and resilient rats. Finally, a subset of stress-susceptible rats responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment showed a normalization of the paired-pulse ratio (0.73 ± 0.06) whereas non-responder rats showed no normalization (1.2 ± 0.2). No changes in the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons were observed. Thus, we provide evidence for a distinct GABAergic synaptopathy which associates closely with stress-susceptibility and treatment-resistance in an animal model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Nieto-Gonzalez
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Mai Marie Holm
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Irina Vardya
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Christensen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Kimmo Jensen
- Synaptic Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Building 1160, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8240, Risskov, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Stelzhammer V, Ozcan S, Gottschalk MG, Steeb H, Hodes GE, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Wong EH, Russo SJ, Bahn S. Central and peripheral changes underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat stress – A proteomic profiling study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dineu.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Caldarone BJ, Zachariou V, King SL. Rodent models of treatment-resistant depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:51-65. [PMID: 25460020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is a prevalent and debilitating disorder and a substantial proportion of patients fail to reach remission following standard antidepressant pharmacological treatment. Limited efficacy with currently available antidepressant drugs highlights the need to develop more effective medications for treatment- resistant patients and emphasizes the importance of developing better preclinical models that focus on treatment- resistant populations. This review discusses methods to adapt and refine rodent behavioral models that are predictive of antidepressant efficacy to identify populations that show reduced responsiveness or are resistant to traditional antidepressants. Methods include separating antidepressant responders from non-responders, administering treatments that render animals resistant to traditional pharmacological treatments, and identifying genetic models that show antidepressant resistance. This review also examines pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments regimes that have been effective in refractory patients and how some of these approaches have been used to validate animal models of treatment-resistant depression. The goals in developing rodent models of treatment-resistant depression are to understand the neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant resistance and to develop valid models to test novel therapies that would be effective in patients that do not respond to traditional monoaminergic antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Caldarone
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
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Levinstein MR, Samuels BA. Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant response and treatment resistance. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:208. [PMID: 25018708 PMCID: PMC4073308 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex and heterogeneous disorder affecting millions of Americans. There are several different medications and other treatments that are available and effective for many patients with depression. However, a substantial percentage of patients fail to achieve remission with these currently available interventions, and relapse rates are high. Therefore, it is necessary to determine both the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant response and the differences between responders and non-responders to treatment. Delineation of these mechanisms largely relies on experiments that utilize animal models. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the various mouse models that are currently used to assess the antidepressant response, such as chronic mild stress, social defeat, and chronic corticosterone. We discuss how these mouse models can be used to advance our understanding of the differences between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment. We also provide an overview of experimental treatment modalities that are used for treatment-resistant depression, such as deep brain stimulation and ketamine administration. We will then review the various genetic polymorphisms and transgenic mice that display resistance to antidepressant treatment. Finally, we synthesize the published data to describe a potential neural circuit underlying the antidepressant response and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Levinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. New York, NY, USA
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Farhang S, Barar J, Fakhari A, Mesgariabbasi M, Khani S, Omidi Y, Farnam A. Asymmetrical expression of BDNF and NTRK3 genes in frontoparietal cortex of stress-resilient rats in an animal model of depression. Synapse 2014; 68:387-93. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Farhang
- Clinical Psychiatry Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Fakhari
- Clinical Psychiatry Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehran Mesgariabbasi
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sajjad Khani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Alireza Farnam
- Clinical Psychiatry Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Delgado y Palacios R, Verhoye M, Henningsen K, Wiborg O, Van der Linden A. Diffusion kurtosis imaging and high-resolution MRI demonstrate structural aberrations of caudate putamen and amygdala after chronic mild stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95077. [PMID: 24740310 PMCID: PMC3989315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other stress related disorders has been associated with aberrations in the hippocampus and the frontal brain areas. More recently, other brain regions, such as the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the amygdala have also been suggested to play a role in the development of mood disorders. By exposing rats to a variety of stressors over a period of eight weeks, different phenotypes, i.e. stress susceptible (anhedonic-like) and stress resilient animals, can be discriminated based on the sucrose consumption test. The anhedonic-like animals are a well validated model for MDD. Previously, we reported that in vivo diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) of the hippocampus shows altered diffusion properties in chronically stressed rats independent of the hedonic state and that the shape of the right hippocampus is differing among the three groups, including unchallenged controls. In this study we evaluated diffusion properties in the prefrontal cortex, caudate putamen (CPu) and amygdala of anhedonic-like and resilient phenotypes and found that mean kurtosis in the CPu was significantly different between the anhedonic-like and resilient animals. In addition, axial diffusion and radial diffusion were increased in the stressed animal groups in the CPu and the amygdala, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the CPu/brain volume ratio was increased significantly in anhedonic-like animals as compared with control animals. Concurrently, our results indicate that the effects of chronic stress on the brain are not lateralized in these regions. These findings confirm the involvement of the CPu and the amygdala in stress related disorders and MDD. Additionally, we also show that DKI is a potentially important tool to promote the objective assessment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Henningsen
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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Li Y, Wang H, Wang X, Liu Z, Wan Q, Wang G. Differential expression of hippocampal EphA4 and ephrinA3 in anhedonic-like behavior, stress resilience, and antidepressant drug treatment after chronic unpredicted mild stress. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:292-7. [PMID: 24631563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure is one of the major risk factors of depression, but the mechanism is not understood. While some individuals show resilience to stress exposure, antidepressants only partially reduce stress-induced depression in both humans and rodents. Stress could dysregulate the remodeling of neuronal dendrites and spines in hippocampus while antidepressants could recover the deficiency induced by stress. EphA4 and its ligand ephrinA3 are critical in the remodeling of neuronal dendrites and spines, but the relationship between ephrinA3/EphA4, stress-induced depression and antidepressants treatment is largely unknown. Based on a rat chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) model, we investigated ephrinA3/EphA4 expression in stress susceptibility, stress resilience, treatment response and treatment resistance in rats. CUMS led to downregulation of EphA4 expression and upregulation of ephrinA3 expression in the hippocampus of stress-susceptible rats, but not in stress-resilient rats. Dysregulated EphA4 and ephrinA3 can be rescued by fluoxetine administration in drug responders, but not in fluoxetine resistant rats. These data provide insights into the potential role of EphA4 and ephrinA3 after stressor exposure, stress adaptation, fluoxetine response and drug treatment refraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qirong Wan
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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Li J, Tang G, Cheng K, Yang D, Chen G, Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhou J, Fang L, Fang Z, Du X, Xie P. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based metabolomic profiling of a chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model of depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2994-3001. [PMID: 25182291 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mood disorder with various etiopathological hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ge Tang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rufang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine
- the Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing
- , China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
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Christensen T, Jensen L, Bouzinova EV, Wiborg O. Molecular profiling of the lateral habenula in a rat model of depression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80666. [PMID: 24339877 PMCID: PMC3855087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study systematically investigated the effect of chronic mild stress and response to antidepressant treatment in the lateral habenula at the whole genome level. Methods Rat whole genome expression chips (Affymetrix) were used to detect gene expression regulations in the lateral habenula of rats subjected to chronic mild stress (mild stressors exchanged twice a day for 8 weeks). Some rats received antidepressant treatment during fifth to eights week of CMS. The lateral habenula gene expression profile was studied through the gene ontology and signal pathway analyses using bioinformatics. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the microarray results and determine the expression of the Fcrla, Eif3k, Sec3l1, Ubr5, Abca8a, Ankrd49, Cyp2j10, Frs3, Syn2, and Znf503 genes in the lateral habenula tissue. Results In particular we found that stress and antidepressant treatment affected intracellular cascades like growth factor receptor signaling, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling – processes involved in the neuroplastic changes observed during the progression of depression and antidepressant treatment. Conclusion The present study suggests an important role of the lateral habenula in the development of depression-like conditions and correlates to previous studies demonstrating a significant role of the lateral habenula in depressive-like conditions and antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Christensen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Line Jensen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Elena V. Bouzinova
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
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O'Leary OF, Cryan JF. Towards translational rodent models of depression. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:141-53. [PMID: 23525777 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of depression have been developed in an effort to identify novel antidepressant compounds and to further our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression. Various rodent models of depression and antidepressant-like behaviour are currently used but, clearly, none of these current models fully recapitulate all features of depression. Moreover, these models have not resulted in the development of novel non-monoaminergic-based antidepressants with clinical efficacy. Thus, a refinement of the current models of depression is required. The present review outlines the most commonly used models of depression and antidepressant drug-like activity and suggests several factors that should be considered when refining these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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The neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2331-71. [PMID: 23261405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro- and psychopharmacology, neuroendocrinology, neuroanatomy, and molecular biology. We suggest that the problem of depression comprises three sub-problems: first episodes in people with low vulnerability ('simple' depressions), which are strongly stress-dependent; an increase in vulnerability and autonomy from stress that develops over episodes of depression (kindling); and factors that confer vulnerability to a first episode (a depressive diathesis). We describe key processes in the onset of a 'simple' depression and show that kindling and depressive diatheses reproduce many of the neurobiological features of depression. We also review the neurobiological mechanisms of antidepressant drug action, and show that resistance to antidepressant treatment is associated with genetic and other factors that are largely similar to those implicated in vulnerability to depression. We discuss the implications of these conclusions for the understanding and treatment of depression, and make some strategic recommendations for future research.
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Bisgaard CF, Bak S, Christensen T, Jensen ON, Enghild JJ, Wiborg O. Vesicular signalling and immune modulation as hedonic fingerprints: proteomic profiling in the chronic mild stress depression model. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1569-83. [PMID: 23139383 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112460110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive preclinical research has focused at unravelling the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to depression and recovery. In this study, we investigated the quantitative changes in protein abundance in the ventral hippocampal granular cell layer. We compared different phenotypes from the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression using chronic administration with two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), escitalopram and sertraline. We isolated granular cells using Laser-Capture Microdissection (LCM) and we identified their regulated proteins using two-dimensional (2D) differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The majority of the proteins we identified were enzymes involved in different metabolic activities. Additional proteins were functionally classified as vesicular proteins and immune system proteins. Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (GDIA) and syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXB1) were potential markers for stress reactivity. Dynamin 1 (DYN1), glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1) and peroxiredoxin (PRDX6) were associated with treatment response. In addition, an imbalance between different post-translationally modified versions of DYN1 and GSTO1 potentially accounted for SSRI treatment refraction. In the present study, we searched for new markers of stress reactivity and treatment response as well as any underlying molecular mechanisms correlating to the development of anhedonia and antidepressant therapy refraction. Our results pointed towards an essential role of post-translational modifications in both vesicular and immune protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Bisgaard
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.
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Oxidative parameters in the rat brain of chronic mild stress model for depression: relation to anhedonia-like responses. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:675-81. [PMID: 22772441 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol is widely used to evoke depression-like behaviors in the laboratory. Some animals exposed to CMS are resistant to the development of anhedonia, whereas the remaining are responsive, CMS-resilient and CMS-sensitive, respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic stress on oxidative parameters in the rat brain. The consumption of sweet food, protein and lipid oxidation levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the rat hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum were assessed. We found a significant increase in protein peroxidation (hippocampus and cortex), a significant increase in catalase activity (cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum) and a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum) in the CMS-sensitive group compared to the CMS-resilient group and normal controls as well as an increase in lipid peroxidation (cerebellum) in the CMS-sensitive and CMS-resilient groups compared to normal controls. However, there was no significant difference in protein peroxidation (cerebellum) and lipid peroxidation (cortex and hippocampus) among the three groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that the segregation into CMS-sensitive and -resilient groups based on sucrose intake is paralleled by significant differences in oxidative parameters. CMS induces oxidative damage and alterations in the activity of antioxidants which may lead to increased oxidative damage, irrespective of the anhedonia-like status of the stressed animals.
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Chronic mild stress-induced depression-like symptoms in rats and abnormalities in catecholamine uptake in small arteries. Psychosom Med 2012; 74:278-87. [PMID: 22408132 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e31824c40a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depression and cardiovascular diseases have a strong comorbidity; however, the reason for this is unknown. In the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression, only a fraction of rats develop a major feature of depression-anhedonia-like behavior, whereas other rats are stress resilient. Previous studies suggested that CMS rats also have increased total peripheral vascular resistance. METHODS On the basis of CMS-induced changes of sucrose intake, a reliable measure for anhedonia, rats were divided into "resilient" and "anhedonic" groups. An interaction between hedonic status and vascular function was studied after 4 and 8 weeks of CMS exposure in vitro in wire myograph on saphenous arteries and mesenteric small arteries (MSAs) from these rats. RESULTS When comparing the different experimental rat groups, arterial sensitivities to noradrenaline (NA) were similar under control conditions, but in the presence of the neuronal reuptake inhibitor cocaine, arteries from anhedonic rats were more sensitive to NA. No change in perivascular innervation was found, but elevated expression of neuronal NA transporter was detected. Inhibition of extraneuronal uptake with corticosterone (1 μM) suggests that this transport is diminished in MSAs after CMS. The corticosterone-sensitive transporter organic cation cotransporter 2 was shown to be reduced in MSAs after CMS. No CMS-induced changes in the corticosterone-sensitive transport were found in saphenous arteries. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CMS-induced depression-like symptoms in rats are associated with changes in catecholamine uptake pathways in the vascular wall, which potentially modulates the effect of sympathetic innervation of resistance arteries.
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Henningsen K, Palmfeldt J, Christiansen S, Baiges I, Bak S, Jensen ON, Gregersen N, Wiborg O. Candidate hippocampal biomarkers of susceptibility and resilience to stress in a rat model of depression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.016428. [PMID: 22311638 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to stress plays a crucial role in the development of psychiatric disorders such as unipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the present study the chronic mild stress rat model of depression was used to reveal stress-susceptible and stress-resilient rats. Large-scale proteomics was used to map hippocampal protein alterations in different stress states. Membrane proteins were successfully captured by two-phase separation and peptide based proteomics. Using iTRAQ labeling coupled with mass spectrometry, more than 2000 proteins were quantified and 73 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. Stress susceptibility was associated with increased expression of a sodium-channel protein (SCN9A) currently investigated as a potential antidepressant target. Differential protein profiling also indicated stress susceptibility to be associated with deficits in synaptic vesicle release involving SNCA, SYN-1, and AP-3. Our results indicate that increased oxidative phosphorylation (COX5A, NDUFB7, NDUFS8, COX5B, and UQCRB) within the hippocampal CA regions is part of a stress-protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henningsen
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, University of Aarhus, Risskov, Denmark.
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Andrus BM, Blizinsky K, Vedell PT, Dennis K, Shukla PK, Schaffer DJ, Radulovic J, Churchill GA, Redei EE. Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and amygdala of endogenous depression and chronic stress models. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:49-61. [PMID: 21079605 PMCID: PMC3117129 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of depression is still poorly understood, but two major causative hypotheses have been put forth: the monoamine deficiency and the stress hypotheses of depression. We evaluate these hypotheses using animal models of endogenous depression and chronic stress. The endogenously depressed rat and its control strain were developed by bidirectional selective breeding from the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, an accepted model of major depressive disorder (MDD). The WKY More Immobile (WMI) substrain shows high immobility/despair-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST), while the control substrain, WKY Less Immobile (WLI), shows no depressive behavior in the FST. Chronic stress responses were investigated by using Brown Norway, Fischer 344, Lewis and WKY, genetically and behaviorally distinct strains of rats. Animals were either not stressed (NS) or exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). Genome-wide microarray analyses identified differentially expressed genes in hippocampi and amygdalae of the endogenous depression and the chronic stress models. No significant difference was observed in the expression of monoaminergic transmission-related genes in either model. Furthermore, very few genes showed overlapping changes in the WMI vs WLI and CRS vs NS comparisons, strongly suggesting divergence between endogenous depressive behavior- and chronic stress-related molecular mechanisms. Taken together, these results posit that although chronic stress may induce depressive behavior, its molecular underpinnings differ from those of endogenous depression in animals and possibly in humans, suggesting the need for different treatments. The identification of novel endogenous depression-related and chronic stress response genes suggests that unexplored molecular mechanisms could be targeted for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Andrus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Blizinsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P T Vedell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - K Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P K Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - E E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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