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Retnosari R, Ali AH, Zainalabidin S, Ugusman A, Oka N, Latip J. The recent discovery of a promising pharmacological scaffold derived from carvacrol: A review. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 109:129826. [PMID: 38830427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Carvacrol, called CA, is a dynamic phytoconstituent characterized by a phenol ring abundantly sourced from various natural reservoirs. This versatile scaffold serves as a pivotal template for the design and synthesis of novel drug molecules, harboring promising biological activities. The active sites positioned at C-4, C-6, and the hydroxyl group (-OH) of CA offer fertile ground for creating potent drug candidates from a pharmacological standpoint. In this comprehensive review, we delve into diverse synthesis pathways and explore the biological activity of CA derivatives. We aim to illuminate the potential of these derivatives in discovering and developing efficacious treatments against a myriad of life-threatening diseases. By scrutinizing the structural modifications and pharmacophore placements that enhance the activity of CA derivatives, we aspire to inspire the innovation of novel therapeutics with heightened potency and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Retnosari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang, Indonesia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Programme of Biomedical Science, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Natsuhisa Oka
- International Joint Department of Materials Science and Engineering Between National University of Malaysia and Gifu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jalifah Latip
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ghaderi S, Gholipour P, Komaki A, Shahidi S, Seif F, Bahrami-Tapehebur M, Salehi I, Zarei M, Sarihi A, Rashno M. Underlying mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effect of vanillic acid against diabetes-associated cognitive decline: An in vivo study in a rat model. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1262-1277. [PMID: 38185917 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss play critical roles in the pathophysiology of diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD). The study aimed to investigate the effects of vanillic acid (VA), a phenolic compound, against DACD and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Following confirmation of diabetes, rats were treated with VA (50 mg/kg/day; P.O.) or insulin (6 IU/rat/day; S.C.) for 8 consecutive weeks. The cognitive performance of the rats was evaluated using passive-avoidance and water-maze tasks. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced at hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) synapses in response to high-frequency stimulation (HFS) applied to the perforant pathway (PP) to evaluate synaptic plasticity. Oxidative stress factors, inflammatory markers, and histological changes were evaluated in the rat hippocampus. This study showed that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes caused cognitive decline that was associated with inhibition of LTP induction, suppression of enzymatic antioxidant activities, enhanced lipid peroxidation, elevated levels of inflammatory proteins, and neuronal loss. Interestingly, chronic treatment with VA alleviated blood glucose levels, improved cognitive decline, ameliorated LTP impairment, modulated oxidative-antioxidative status, inhibited inflammatory response, and prevented neuronal loss in diabetic rats at a level comparable to insulin therapy. The results suggest that the antihyperglycemic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroplastic properties of VA may be the mechanisms behind its neuroprotective effect against DACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parsa Gholipour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Seif
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bahrami-Tapehebur
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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3
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Hoca M, Becer E, Vatansever HS. Carvacrol is potential molecule for diabetes treatment. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38019023 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2288537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important chronic disease that can lead to various negative consequences and complications. In recent years, several new alternative treatments have been developed to improve diabetes. Carvacrol found in essential oils of numerous plant species and has crucial potential effects on diabetes. The anti-diabetic effects of carvacrol have also been comprehensively studied in diabetic animal and cell models. In addition, carvacrol could improve diabetes through affecting diabetes-related enzymes, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The use of carvacrol alone or in combination with anti-diabetic therapies could show a significant potential effect in the treatment of diabetes. This review contributes an overview of the effect of carvacrol in diabetes and anti-diabetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Hoca
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Eda Becer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hafize Seda Vatansever
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Mersin, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Dragomanova S, Andonova V, Volcho K, Salakhutdinov N, Kalfin R, Tancheva L. Therapeutic Potential of Myrtenal and Its Derivatives-A Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2086. [PMID: 37895468 PMCID: PMC10608190 DOI: 10.3390/life13102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of monoterpenes as natural products has gained significant attention in the search for new pharmacological agents due to their ability to exhibit a wide range in biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and vasodilating properties. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal their antidepressant, anxiolytic, and memory-enhancing effects in experimental dementia and Parkinson's disease. Chemical modification of natural substances by conjugation with various synthetic components is a modern method of obtaining new biologically active compounds. The discovery of new potential drugs among monoterpene derivatives is a progressive avenue within experimental pharmacology, offering a promising approach for the therapy of diverse pathological conditions. Biologically active substances such as monoterpenes, for example, borneol, camphor, geraniol, pinene, and thymol, are used to synthesize compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, anti-Alzheimer's, antiparkinsonian, antiviral and antibacterial (antituberculosis) properties. Myrtenal is a perspective monoterpenoid with therapeutic potential in various fields of medicine. Its chemical modifications often lead to new or more pronounced biological effects. As an example, the conjugation of myrtenal with the established pharmacophore adamantane enables the augmentation of several of its pivotal properties. Myrtenal-adamantane derivatives exhibited a variety of beneficial characteristics, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties, which are worth examining in more detail and at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Dragomanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 A Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Velichka Andonova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 A Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Konstantin Volcho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Av., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Nariman Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Lavrentiev Av., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.V.); (N.S.)
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University, 66 Ivan Mihailov St., 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Omer AB, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Patil S, AlGhamdi SA, Alghamdi AM, Alzarea SI, Almalki WH, Kazmi I. Neuroprotective Effect of Barbaloin on Streptozotocin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats via Inhibiting Cholinergic and Neuroinflammatory Cytokines Pathway-TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/NF-κB. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8110-8118. [PMID: 36872976 PMCID: PMC9979232 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) impairs memory in rats through altering the central nervous systems (CNS) as a result of impaired cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, persistent hyperglycemia, and alterations in the glucagon-like peptide (GLP). In this model cholinergic agonist, antioxidant and antihyperglycemic treatment has been shown to have positive effects. Barbaloin has a variety of pharmacological effects. However, there is no evidence on how barbaloin improves memory dysfunction caused by STZ. Thus, we examined its effectiveness against cognitive damage caused by STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg i.p. in Wistar rats. Blood glucose levels (BGL) and body weight (BW) were assessed. To assess learning and memory skills, the Y-maze test and Morris water maze (MWM) test were utilized. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) as oxidative stress markers were regulated to reverse the cognitive deterioration, and choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) as indicators of cholinergic dysfunction, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents were used. Barbaloin treatment thereby significantly decreased the BW and learning and memory capacities, resulting in substantial behavioral improvement in the Y-maze and MWM test. BGL, SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH, AChE, ChAT, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels were also altered. In conclusion, the findings revealed that barbaloin had a protective impact against cognitive dysfunction caused by STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma B. Omer
- Department
of Basic Health Sciences, Foundation Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaktipal Patil
- Department
of Pharmacology, H. R. Patel Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Karwand naka, Shirpur- 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shareefa A. AlGhamdi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental
Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M. Alghamdi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf
University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm
Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Gandhi GR, Hillary VE, Antony PJ, Zhong LLD, Yogesh D, Krishnakumar NM, Ceasar SA, Gan RY. A systematic review on anti-diabetic plant essential oil compounds: Dietary sources, effects, molecular mechanisms, and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6526-6545. [PMID: 36708221 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted metabolic syndrome defined through the dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells driven by a confluence of genetic and environmental elements. Insulin resistance, mediated by interleukins and other inflammatory elements, is one of the key factors contributing to the progression of T2DM. Many essential oils derived from dietary plants are beneficial against various chronic diseases. We reviewed the anti-diabetic properties of dietary plant-derived essential oil compounds, with a focus on their molecular mechanisms by modulating specific signaling pathways and other critical inflammatory mediators involved in insulin resistance. High-quality literature published in the last 12 years, from 2010 to 2022, was collected from the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase databases using the search terms "dietary plants," "essential oils," "anti-diabetic," "insulin resistance," "antihyperglycemic," "T2DM," "anti-diabetic essential oils," and anti-diabetic mechanism." According to the results, the essential oil compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, zingerone, sclareol, zerumbone, myrtenol, thujone, geraniol, citral, eugenol, thymoquinone, thymol, citronellol, α-terpineol, and linalool have been demonstrated to contain strong anti-diabetic effects via modulating various signal transduction pathways linked to glucose metabolism. Additionally, in diabetes-related animal models, they can also considerably reduce the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2. The main signaling molecules regulated by these compounds include AMPK, GLUT4, Caspase-3, PPARγ, PPARα, NF-κB, p-IκBα, MyD88, MCP-1, SREBP-1c, AGEs, RAGE, VEGF, Nrf2/HO-1, and SIRT-1. They can also significantly inhibit the generation of TBARS and MDA, reduce oxidative stress, increase insulin levels, adiponectin, and glycoprotein enzymes, boost antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, and GPx, as well as reduce glutathione and vital glycolytic enzymes. Besides, they can significantly lower the levels of liver enzymes and lipid profile markers. Moreover, most essential oil compounds are generally safe based on animal studies. In conclusion, dietary plant-derived essential oil compounds have potential anti-diabetic effects by influencing different signaling pathways and molecular targets linked to glucose metabolism, and should be safe and beneficial against diabetes and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kochi, India
| | - Varghese Edwin Hillary
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kochi, India
| | | | - Linda L D Zhong
- Biomedical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Devarajan Yogesh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Imran M, Aslam M, Alsagaby SA, Saeed F, Ahmad I, Afzaal M, Arshad MU, Abdelgawad MA, El‐Ghorab AH, Khames A, Shariati MA, Ahmad A, Hussain M, Imran A, Islam S. Therapeutic application of carvacrol: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3544-3561. [PMID: 36348778 PMCID: PMC9632228 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a major natural constituent and is significantly present as an essential oil in aromatic plants and is well known for its numerous biological activities. Therapeutic properties of carvacrol have been demonstrated as anti-oxidant, anticancer, diabetes prevention, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and reproductive role, antiaging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The carvacrol biosynthesis has been mediated through mevalonate pathway. Carvacrol has the anticancer ability against malignant cells via decreasing the expressions of matrix metalloprotease 2 and 9, inducing apoptosis, enhancing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, disrupting mitochondrial membrane, suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction, and also decreasing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B. It also decreased the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as also restored liver function, insulin level, and plasma glucose level. Carvacrol also has been found to exert antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus sp. Shigella, and Escherichia coli. The current review article summarizes the health-promoting perspectives of carvacrol through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of NarowalNarowalPakistan
| | - Mahwish Aslam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaahSaudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Dairy Technology, FAPTUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhamamd Afzaal
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. El‐Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of PharmacyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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Gamboa-Gómez CI, Denise-Herrera M, Simental-Mendía LE, Zamilpa-Alvarez A, González-Cortazar M, Martínez-Aguilar G, Alvarado-Aguilar P, Morales-Castro EP, Ávila-Soto JA, Amador-Herrera JA, Guerrero-Romero F. Inhibitory effect of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) extracts on digestive enzymes in vitro, and beneficial impact on carbohydrates and lipids absorption in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115527. [PMID: 35817248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although Mexican oregano inhibits digestive enzymes in vitro its effect on the absorption of carbohydrates and lipids in vivo has not been addressed. AIM OF THE STUDY Assess the effect of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) on carbohydrates and lipids absorption in vivo. The antioxidant activity also was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzymatic inhibitory action of lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase was evaluated in vitro. Oral lipid (OLTT) and starch tolerance tests (OSTT) were conducted with L. graveolens acetone (O-A) and ethanol (O-E) extracts (at 102 mg/kg body weight equivalent to a 1 g human doses) in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging radical. RESULTS Both extracts exhibited higher inhibitory median concentration (IC50) of lipase activity (1.9 μg/μL for O-E and 1.8 μg/μL for O-A) than the positive control (Orlistat) (0.07 μg/μL). The IC50 of α-amylase was higher (41.8 μg/μL for O-E and 25.2 μg/μL for O-A) than the Acarbose (2.5 μg/μL); while α-glucosidase results showed not statistically differences between groups (∼1.7 μg/μL). The OLTT results showed that both extracts significantly reduced serum triglycerides (∼147 mg/dL for O-E and ∼155 mg/dL for O-A) as compared with negative control group (only lipid load). In the OSTT, glucose levels showed a significant decrease (∼31 mg/dL for O-E and ∼17 mg/dL for O-A) than the negative control group (only starch load). About in vitro antioxidant evaluation, not statistically differences between extracts and positive control (Trolox) were observed for scavenged free radicals (∼2.0 μg/μL); whereas O-A inhibited lipid peroxidation similar to the Trolox (∼0.8 μg/μL IC50). The main chemical composition of both extracts was coumaric acid, luteolin, rutinoside, naringenin, and carvacrol. CONCLUSIONS Both extracts reduce lipid absorption; whereas O-E decreases carbohydrate absorption in vivo. Both extracts inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Gamboa-Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Mayra Denise-Herrera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) Campo Experimental Zacatecas, Km 24.5 Carretera Zacatecas-Fresnillo, 98500, Calera de V.R., Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Aguilar
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Pablo Alvarado-Aguilar
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Elisa P Morales-Castro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - José A Ávila-Soto
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Juan A Amador-Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico
| | - Fernando Guerrero-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Canoas 100, 34067, Durango, Mexico.
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9
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Carvacrol protects the ARPE19 retinal pigment epithelial cells against high glucose-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation by suppressing the TRPM2 channel signaling pathways. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2567-2583. [PMID: 35704089 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The concentration of plasma high glucose (HGu) in diabetes mellitus (DM) induces the retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE19) death via the increase of inflammation, cytosolic (cytROS), and mitochondrial (mitROS) free oxygen radical generations. Transient potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) cation channel is stimulated by cytROS and mitROS. Hence, the cytROS and mitROS-mediated excessive Ca2+ influxes via the stimulation of TRPM2 channel cause to the induction of DM-mediated retina oxidative cytotoxicity. Because of the antioxidant role of carvacrol (CRV), it may modulate oxidative cytotoxicity via the attenuation of TRPM2 in the ARPE19. We aimed to investigate the modulator action of CRV treatment on the HGu-mediated TRPM2 stimulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the ARPE19 cell model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ARPE19 cells were divided into four groups as normal glucose (NGu), NGu + Carv, HGu, and HGu + CRV. RESULTS The levels of cell death (propidium iodide/Hoechst rate) and apoptosis markers (caspases 3, 8, and 9), cytokine generations (IL-1β and TNF-α), ROS productions (cytROS, mitROS, and lipid peroxidation), TRPM2 currents, and intracellular free Ca2+ (Fluo/3) were increased in the HGu group after the stimulations of hydrogen peroxide and ADP-ribose, although their levels were diminished via upregulation of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase by the treatments of CRV and TRPM2 blockers. CONCLUSION Current results confirmed that the HGu-induced overload Ca2+ influx and oxidative retinal toxicity in the ARPE19 cells were induced by the stimulation of TRPM2, although they were modulated via the inhibition of TRPM2 by CRV. CRV may be noted as a potential therapeutic antioxidant to the TRPM2 activation-mediated retinal oxidative injury.
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Rajaei Z, Amooheydari Z, Alaei H, Esmaeil N. Supplementation of carvacrol attenuates hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-alpha level, oxidative stress, and learning and memory dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rats. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35720215 PMCID: PMC9201230 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_194_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Carvacrol is a natural phenolic monoterpene with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities. Neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined the effect of carvacrol on brain tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level and oxidative stress as well as spatial learning and memory performances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were treated with either carvacrol (25 and 50 mg/kg) or Tween 80 for 2 weeks. Thereafter, LPS (1 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally administered on days 15–19, 2 h before Morris water maze task, and treatments with carvacrol or Tween 80 were performed 30 min prior to behavioral testing. The level of TNF-α, lipid peroxidation, and total thiol concentration were measured in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex at the end of the experiment. Results: It was found that LPS-exposed rats exhibited spatial learning and memory dysfunction, which was accompanied by increased TNF-α level and lipid peroxidation, and decreased total thiol concentration in the hippocampus and/or cortex. Moreover, treatment with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg attenuated learning and memory impairments, decreased TNF-α and lipid peroxidation level in the hippocampus and cortex, and increased total thiol concentration in the cortex. Conclusion: Carvacrol exerts neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced spatial memory deficits through attenuating hippocampal TNF-α level and oxidative stress in rats.
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de Alvarenga JFR, Genaro B, Costa BL, Purgatto E, Manach C, Fiamoncini J. Monoterpenes: current knowledge on food source, metabolism, and health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1352-1389. [PMID: 34387521 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, volatile metabolites produced by plants, are involved in the taste and aroma perception of fruits and vegetables and have been used for centuries in gastronomy, as food preservatives and for therapeutic purposes. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory are well-established for some of these molecules. More recently, the ability of monoterpenes to regulate energy metabolism, and exert antidiabetic, anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulation activities have been described. Despite their promising health effects, the lack of reliable quantification of monoterpenes in food, hindered the investigation of their role as dietary bioactive compounds in epidemiological studies. Moreover, only few studies have documented the biotransformation of these compounds and identified the monoterpene metabolites with biological activity. This review presents up-to-date knowledge about the occurrence of monoterpenes in food, their bioavailability and potential role in the modulation of intermediate metabolism and inflammation, focusing on novel findings of molecular mechanisms, underlining research gaps and new avenues to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brunna Genaro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lamesa Costa
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xanthohumol protect cognitive performance in diabetic model rats by inhibiting protein kinase B/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway. Neuroreport 2021; 32:651-658. [PMID: 33913932 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN, 2', 4', 4-trihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3'-prenylchalcone), a polyphenol chalcone from hops (Humulus lupulus), has received increasing attention due to its multiple pharmacologic activities. As an active component in beers, its presence has been suggested to be linked to the epidemiologic observation of the beneficial effect of regular beer drinking. But regarding cardiovascular and immunologic effects of polyphenols and ethanol, benefits of beer drinking in patients with diabetes were still in doubt. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administering a high-fat diet and an intraperitoneal 30 mg/kg streptozotocin injection. The animals were treated orally with saline or XN at 50 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, hippocampus from different groups were collected for biochemical examination. In this study, we found XN inhibit phosphorylation of protein kinase B and nuclear factor kappa-B which was overactivated in diabetic rats, followed by decreased blood glucose and increased body weight. Additionally, XN treatment significantly increased freezing time in a fear memory test. In further research, we found XN increased synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine density, while decreased reactive oxygen species in hippocampus slices from diabetic rats. All these results indicate that XN might be a promising drug to treat diabetic encephalopathy.
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Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols in the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9940169. [PMID: 34093722 PMCID: PMC8137294 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9940169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common and serious diabetes-associated complication that primarily takes place because of neuronal dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Use of current therapeutic agents in DN treatment is quite challenging because of their severe adverse effects. Therefore, there is an increased need of identifying new safe and effective therapeutic agents. DN complications are associated with poor glycemic control and metabolic imbalances, primarily oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Various mediators and signaling pathways such as glutamate pathway, activation of channels, trophic factors, inflammation, OS, advanced glycation end products, and polyol pathway have a significant contribution to the progression and pathogenesis of DN. It has been indicated that polyphenols have the potential to affect DN pathogenesis and could be used as potential alternative therapy. Several polyphenols including kolaviron, resveratrol, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and curcumin have been administered in patients with DN. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid can provide protection against glutamate neurotoxicity via its hydrolysate, caffeoyl acid group, and caffeic acid through regulating the entry of calcium into neurons. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment can protect motor neurons by regulating the glutamate level. It has been demonstrated that these polyphenols can be promising in combating DN-associated damaging pathways. In this article, we have summarized DN-associated metabolic pathways and clinical manifestations. Finally, we have also focused on the roles of polyphenols in the treatment of DN.
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Cai S, Wu L, Yuan S, Liu G, Wang Y, Fang L, Xu D. Carvacrol alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting TRPM7 and modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173982. [PMID: 33647257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a compensatory response to the tissue repair process. The activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are thought to be related to the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs is a key step in alleviating liver fibrosis. As a non-specific inhibitor of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), carvacrol has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatic fibrosis activities. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of carvacrol on liver fibrosis and related molecular mechanisms. A CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB)-activated HSC-T6 cells (a rat hepatic stellate cell line) were employed for in vivo and in vitro experiments. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered different concentrations of carvacrol every day for 6 weeks during the development of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The results show that carvacrol could effectively reduce liver damage and the progression of liver fibrosis in mice, which are expressed as fibrotic markers levels were reduced and histopathological characteristics were improved. Moreover, carvacrol inhibited the proliferation and activation of HSC-T6 cells induced by PDGF-BB. In addition, it was found that carvacrol inhibits the expression of TRPM7 and mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Collectively, our study shows that carvacrol can reduce liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, and the MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Cai
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guofang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yalu Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Dujuan Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui, Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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15
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Salehi B, Quispe C, Imran M, Ul-Haq I, Živković J, Abu-Reidah IM, Sen S, Taheri Y, Acharya K, Azadi H, del Mar Contreras M, Segura-Carretero A, Mnayer D, Sethi G, Martorell M, Abdull Razis AF, Sunusi U, Kamal RM, Rasul Suleria HA, Sharifi-Rad J. Nigella Plants - Traditional Uses, Bioactive Phytoconstituents, Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625386. [PMID: 33981219 PMCID: PMC8107825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigella is a small genus of the family Ranunculaceae, which includes some popular species due to their culinary and medicinal properties, especially in Eastern Europe, Middle East, Western, and Central Asia. Therefore, this review covers the traditional uses and phytochemical composition of Nigella and, in particular, Nigella sativa. The pharmacological studies reported in vitro, in vivo, and in humans have also been reviewed. One of the main strength of the use of Nigella is that the seeds are rich in the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid and provide an extra-source of dietary phytochemicals, including the bioactive thymoquinone, and characteristics saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Among Nigella species, N. sativa L. is the most studied plant from the genus. Due to the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties, the seed and seed oil from this plant can be considered as good candidates to formulate functional ingredients on the basis of folklore and scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, the main limations are that more studies, especially, clinical trials are required to standardize the results, e.g. to establish active molecules, dosage, chemical profile, long-term effects and impact of cooking/incorporation into foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iahtisham Ul-Haq
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences, Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jelena Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah
- Department of Environmental Science/Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Surjit Sen
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Department of Botany, Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour, India
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Hamed Azadi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Dima Mnayer
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Usman Sunusi
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ramla Muhammad Kamal
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
| | | | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Sisti FM, Dos Santos NAG, do Amaral L, Dos Santos AC. The Neurotrophic-Like Effect of Carvacrol: Perspective for Axonal and Synaptic Regeneration. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:886-896. [PMID: 33666886 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CARV) is a phytochemical widely used as flavoring, preservative, and fragrance in food and cosmetic industries. CARV is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has demonstrated protective potential against neurodegenerative diseases by several mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, and antiapoptotic effects. However, it is not known whether CARV is able to modulate axonal and synaptic plasticity, crucial events in cognition, memory, and learning. Abnormalities in axonal and synaptic plasticity, low levels of neurotrophins, and bioenergetic failure have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's diseases (ADs). Small lipophilic molecules with neurotrophic activity might be able to restore the axonal and synaptic networks that are lost in neurodegenerative processes. Therefore, this study investigated the neurotrophic potential of CARV in PC12 cell-based neuronal model. Carvacrol induced neurite outgrowth by activating the NGF high-affinity trkA receptor and the downstream PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK pathways, without depending on NGF. In addition, CARV increased the expression of proteins involved in neuronal plasticity (β-tubulin III, F-actin, 200-kDa neurofilament, GAP-43 and synapsin-I) and improved bioenergetics (AMPKα, p-AMPKα, and ATP). Our study showed, for the first time, a promising neurotrophic mechanism of CARV that could be beneficial in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Malvestio Sisti
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Neife Aparecida Guinaim Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Lilian do Amaral
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Antonio Cardozo Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas E Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Zhu N, Liang X, Zhang M, Yin X, Yang H, Zhi Y, Ying G, Zou J, Chen L, Yao X, Li H. Astaxanthin protects cognitive function of vascular dementia. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2020; 16:10. [PMID: 33208152 PMCID: PMC7672991 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-020-00172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on cognition function, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vascular dementia (VD) mice. METHOD VD mice model was established by left unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (LUCCAO). Following LUCCAO, AST was intragastrically administered for 30 days. Object recognition test and morris water maze test were used to evaluate cognitive function. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the hippocampal neuron structure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and bicinchoninic acid kit were respectively adopted to measure IL-1β and IL-4 protein expression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. RESULTS AST improved the discrimination ability of VD mice. The escape latency and path length of VD mice treated with AST were dramatically reduced. Besides, AST 200 mg/kg enhanced crossing platform time and the number of times crossing the platform quadrant, and alleviated the morphological impairment in VD mice. Moreover, we found that AST inhibited IL-1β expression and MDA content, whereas promoted IL-4 expression and SOD activity in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION AST could improve cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurons in VD mice, which may be related to suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolan Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Zhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guizhen Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialing Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, 888 Yinxian Road, YinZhou District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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Li JM, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Kong LD. Potential effect of herbal antidepressants on cognitive deficit: Pharmacological activity and possible molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112830. [PMID: 32259666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cognitive symptom is a "core" symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with clear deficit in memory, social and occupational function, and may persist during the remitting phase. Therefore, the remission of cognitive symptom has been considered as one of the main objectives in the treatment of MDD. Herbal antidepressants have been used to treat MDD, and there has been great advances in the understanding of the ability of these herbs to improve cognitive deficit linked to brain injury and various diseases including depression, Alzheimer disease, diabetes and age-related disorders. This systematic review summarizes the evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials of herbal antidepressants with positive effects on cognitive deficit. The potential mechanisms by which herbal antidepressants prevent cognitive deficit are also reviewed. This review will facilitate further research and applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an open-ended, English restricted search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus for all available articles published or online before 31 December 2019, using terms pertaining to medical herb/phytomedicine/phytochemical/Chinese medicine and depression/major depressive disorder/antidepressant and/or cognitive impairment/cognitive deficit/cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS 7 prescriptions, more than 30 individual herbs and 50 phytochemicals from China, Japan, Korea and India with positive effects on the depressive state and cognitive deficit are reviewed herein. The evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials proves that these herbal antidepressants exhibit positive effects on one or more aspects of cognitive defect including spatial, episodic, aversive, and short- and long-term memory. The action mode of the improvement of cognitive deficit by these herbal antidepressants is mediated mainly through two pathways. One pathway is to promote hippocampal neurogenesis through activating brain derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling. The other pathway is to prevent neuronal apoptosis through the inhibition of neuro-inflammation and neuro-oxidation. CONCLUSION These herbal antidepressants, having potential therapy for cognitive deficit, may prevent pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, these herbal medicines should provide a treasure trove, which will accelerate the development of new antidepressants that can effectively improve cognitive symptom in MDD. Studies on their molecular mechanisms may provide more potential targets and therapeutic approaches for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Zare Mehrjerdi F, Niknazar S, Yadegari M, Akbari FA, Pirmoradi Z, Khaksari M. Carvacrol reduces hippocampal cell death and improves learning and memory deficits following lead-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant activity. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1229-1237. [PMID: 32303785 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a monoterpene with neuroprotective effects in several animal models of neurodegeneration, including epilepsy, ischemia, and traumatic neuronal events. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of carvacrol on neurodegeneration induced by lead acetate in rats. A total of 50 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups. The control group received drinking water, while the neurotoxic group was exposed to 500 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for 40 days. The three remaining groups, which were also exposed to 500 ppm of lead acetate, received carvacrol at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg orally for 40 days. The Morris water maze test was employed to examine spatial learning and memory. Pathological damage to the hippocampus was determined by Nissl staining. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were detected using biochemical analysis and the free radical scavenging activity as evaluated by the DPPH test. Administration of carvacrol significantly restored learning and memory impairment induced by lead acetate. Moreover, carvacrol ameliorated neurodegeneration, antioxidative capacity, and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of rats exposed to lead. The present results provide a rationale for the inhibitory role of carvacrol in the attenuation of lead-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zare Mehrjerdi
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yadegari
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ali Akbari
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeynab Pirmoradi
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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Li Y, Mai Y, Qiu X, Chen X, Li C, Yuan W, Hou N. Effect of long-term treatment of Carvacrol on glucose metabolism in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32393384 PMCID: PMC7216511 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carvacrol is a food additive with various bioactivities, including reducing the blood glucose level as well as improvement of heart function, in diabetic mice. We explored the antihyperglycemic effect of carvacrol and its effect on the key hepatic enzymes accounting for glucose metabolism. METHODS A streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes-mellitus model in mice was used. Mice were divided randomly into a control group, diabetic group, low dose carvacrol-treated diabetic group (10 mg/kg body weight [BW]), and high dose carvacrol-treated diabetic group (20 mg/kg BW). Carvacrol was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in each carvacrol-treated group daily for 4 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. The level of random plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, and plasma insulin was determined at 4 weeks and 6 weeks after carvacrol administration. The plasma level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the activity of hepatic key enzymes related to glucose metabolism were determined. RESULTS Carvacrol treatment decreased the levels of random plasma glucose and fasting plasma glucose, significantly in a dose-dependent manner. A significant improvement in glucose tolerance and a significant decrease in the plasma level of TG were observed in carvacrol-treated diabetic mice at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW compared with that in vehicle-treated diabetic mice. There was no significant difference in the plasma level of TC and insulin between vehicle-treated diabetic mice and carvacrol-treated diabetic mice. Carvacrol treatment at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW significantly reduced the plasma level of LDH but not AST, ALT, or ALP, compared with that in the vehicle-treated diabetic group. The activity of hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK), and citrate synthetase (CS) was increased by carvacrol treatment in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol exerted an anti-hyperglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic mice. This was achieved through regulating glucose metabolism by increasing the activity of the hepatic enzymes HK, PFK, and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yunpei Mai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Conglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wenchang Yuan
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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21
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Hakimi Z, Salmani H, Marefati N, Arab Z, Gholamnezhad Z, Beheshti F, Shafei MN, Hosseini M. Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Brain Tissue Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as well as Learning and Memory in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:965-976. [PMID: 31811590 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can cause memory impairment. In the present study, the effect of carvacrol on brain tissue inflammation and oxidative stress as well as learning and memory in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats was evaluated. The animals were grouped and treated: (1) control which received vehicle instead of LPS and carvacrol, (2) LPS (1 mg/kg; i.p. 120 min before behavioral tests), and (3-5) in these groups, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of carvacrol (i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to LPS. In a Morris water maze test, compared to LPS group, administration of all three doses of carvacrol shortened the elapsed time and the traveled distance to find the platform, while it prolonged the traveled time in the target area. In a passive avoidance test, administration of all 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg carvacrol significantly increased the latency at the 3 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after the shock compared to the LPS group. Interleukin (IL)-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), and NO (nitric oxide) metabolites were increased in the brain by LPS injection, while thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased. Pretreatment with carvacrol reduced IL-6, NO metabolites, and MDA, while it improved thiol content, CAT, and SOD. The results indicated that carvacrol protected from learning and memory impairment and the brain tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-challenged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhara Hakimi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohre Arab
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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22
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Naseri R, Farzaei F, Fakhri S, El-Senduny FF, Altouhamy M, Bahramsoltani R, Ebrahimi F, Rahimi R, Farzaei MH. Polyphenols for diabetes associated neuropathy: Pharmacological targets and clinical perspective. Daru 2019; 27:781-798. [PMID: 31352568 PMCID: PMC6895369 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic neuropathy (DNP) is a widespread and debilitating complication with complex pathophysiology that is caused by neuronal dysfunction in diabetic patients. Conventional therapeutics for DNP are quite challenging due to their serious adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to investigate novel effective and safe options. The novelty of the present study was to provide available therapeutic approaches, emerging molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways and future directions of DNP as well as polyphenols' effect, which accordingly, give new insights for paving the way for novel treatments in DNP. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive review was done in electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, national database (Irandoc and SID), and related articles regarding metabolic pathways on the pathogenesis of DNP as well as the polyphenols' effect. The keywords "diabetic neuropathy" and "diabetes mellitus" in the title/abstract and "polyphenol" in the whole text were used. Data were collected from inception until May 2019. RESULTS DNP complications is mostly related to a poor glycemic control and metabolic imbalances mainly inflammation and oxidative stress. Several signaling and molecular pathways play key roles in the pathogenesis and progression of DNP. Among natural entities, polyphenols are suggested as multi-target alternatives affecting most of these pathogenesis mechanisms in DNP. CONCLUSION The findings revealed novel pathogenicity signaling pathways of DNP and affirmed the auspicious role of polyphenols to tackle these destructive pathways in order to prevent, manage, and treat various diseases. Graphical Abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Naseri
- Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fardous F El-Senduny
- Biochemistry division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Miram Altouhamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Pharmacy in Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ebrahimi
- Pharmacy students` research committee, School of pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacy in Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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23
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Shahrokhi Raeini A, Hafizibarjin Z, Rezvani ME, Safari F, Afkhami Aghda F, Zare Mehrjerdi F. Carvacrol suppresses learning and memory dysfunction and hippocampal damages caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:581-589. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Hou N, Mai Y, Qiu X, Yuan W, Li Y, Luo C, Liu Y, Zhang G, Zhao G, Luo JD. Carvacrol Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Modulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 Pathway in Diabetic Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:998. [PMID: 31572181 PMCID: PMC6751321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common complication of diabetes mellitus, eventually leads to heart failure. Carvacrol is a food additive with diverse bioactivities. We aimed to study the protective effects and mechanisms of carvacrol in DCM. Methods: We used a streptozotocin-induced and db/db mouse model of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM), respectively. Both study groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of carvacrol for 6 weeks. Cardiac remodeling was evaluated by histological analysis. We determined gene expression of cardiac remodeling markers (Nppa and Myh7) by quantitative real-time PCR and cardiac function by echocardiography. Changes of PI3K/AKT signaling were determined with Western blotting. GLUT4 translocation was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Compared with control mice, both T1DM and T2DM mice showed cardiac remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction. Carvacrol significantly reduced blood glucose levels and suppressed cardiac remodeling in mice with T1DM and T2DM. At the end of the treatment period, both T1DM and T2DM mice showed lesser cardiac hypertrophy, Nppa and Myh7 mRNA expressions, and cardiac fibrosis, compared to mice administered only the vehicle. Moreover, carvacrol significantly restored PI3K/AKT signaling, which was impaired in mice with T1DM and T2DM. Carvacrol increased levels of phosphorylated PI3K, PDK1, AKT, and AS160 and inhibited PTEN phosphorylation in mice with T1DM and T2DM. Carvacrol treatment promoted GLUT4 membrane translocation in mice with T1DM and T2DM. Metformin was used as the positive drug control in T2DM mice, and carvacrol showed comparable effects to that of metformin on cardiac remodeling and modulation of signaling pathways. Conclusion: Carvacrol protected against DCM in mice with T1DM and T2DM by restoring PI3K/AKT signaling-mediated GLUT4 membrane translocation and is a potential treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunpei Mai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Technology, Forevergen Biosciences Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengfeng Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganjiang Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Hamzehloei L, Rezvani ME, Rajaei Z. Effects of carvacrol and physical exercise on motor and memory impairments associated with Parkinson's disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 77:493-500. [PMID: 31365641 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of carvacrol and treadmill exercise on memory deficit, rotational behavior and oxidative stress biomarkers in a 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Wistar rats were treated with carvacrol at a dose of 25 mg/kg and/or ran on a treadmill for a week. Then, 6-OHDA was microinjected into the medial forebrain bundle and treatments continued for six more weeks. Aversive memory, rotational behavior and oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed at the end of week six. The 6-OHDA-lesioned group showed a significant increase in rotational behavior and a decrease in step-through latency in the passive avoidance test compared with the sham group. These behaviors were accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation levels and decreased total thiol concentration in the striatum and/or hippocampus of the hemiparkinsonian rats. Moreover, treatment with carvacrol and exercise reduced rotational behavior and improved aversive memory deficit, which was accompanied by decreased lipid peroxidation levels and increased total thiol concentration in the striatum and/or hippocampus. In conclusion, treatment with carvacrol and treadmill exercise ameliorated motor and memory deficits by modulating oxidative stress in the striatum and hippocampus of hemiparkinsonian rats. Therefore, the combination of carvacrol and treadmill exercise could be an effective therapeutic tool for treatment of neurobehavioral deficits in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehloei
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ziba Rajaei
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Polli FDS, Gomes JN, Ferreira HS, Santana RC, Fregoneze JB. Inhibition of salt appetite in sodium-depleted rats by carvacrol: Involvement of noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:119-127. [PMID: 30986399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol, a monoterpene phenol present in the essential oil of oregano, possesses several biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive and antinociceptive. In vitro studies have shown that carvacrol inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine transporters and the enzymes monoamine oxidase-A and B. Different brain functions are controlled by monoamines, including cardiovascular control, thirst and sodium appetite. In the present study we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of carvacrol on sodium appetite, and the participation of brain serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways on carvacrol effects. Neuronal activation in homeostasis-related brain areas induced by i.c.v. injection of carvacrol was also evaluated. Carvacrol dose-dependently inhibited hypertonic saline intake (1.5%) in sodium-depleted rats, and this antinatriorexigenic effect was reduced by brain serotonergic depletion and by alpha-adrenergic blockade. Furthermore, i.c.v. injections of carvacrol significantly increased the neuronal activation in brain areas involved in the control of salt appetite, such as MnPO, OVLT, PVN, SON, CeA and MeA. Taken together, our data show that carvacrol presents antinatriorexigenic activity through serotonin and noradrenaline pathways within brain circuits involved in the modulation of the body fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip de Souza Polli
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Novaes Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hilda Silva Ferreira
- Life Sciences Department, Bahia State University, 41195-001, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rejane Conceição Santana
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Josmara Bartolomei Fregoneze
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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27
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Oral administration of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin complex protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic denervation. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:27-35. [PMID: 30849398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CARV) presents valuable biological properties such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, pharmacological uses of CARV are largely limited due to disadvantages related to solubility, bioavailability, preparation and storage processes. The complexation of monoterpenes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) increases their stability, solubility and oral bioavailability. Here, the protective effect of oral treatment with CARV/β-CD complex (25 μg/kg/day) against dopaminergic (DA) denervation induced by unilateral intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - 10 μg per rat) was analyzed, in order to evaluate a putative application in the development of neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pretreatment with CARV/β-CD for 15 days prevented the loss of DA neurons induced by 6-OHDA in adult Wistar rats. This effect may occur through CARV anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as the pretreatment with CARV/β-CD inhibited the release of IL-1β and TNF-α; besides, CARV prevented the increase of mitochondrial superoxide production induced by 6-OHDA in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, hepatotoxicity or alterations in blood cell profile were not observed with oral administration of CARV/β-CD. Therefore, this study showed a potential pharmacological application of CARV/β-CD in PD using a non-invasive route of drug delivery, i.e., oral administration.
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28
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Zhang SY, Ji SX, Bai XM, Yuan F, Zhang LH, Li J. L-3-n-butylphthalide attenuates cognitive deficits in db/db diabetic mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:309-318. [PMID: 30506335 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with dementia and cognition decline. However, there is currently no effective treatment for diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction. The neuroprotective effect of L-3-n-butylphthalide (L-NBP) has been demonstrated in vascular dementia animal models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether L-NBP can ameliorate cognitive deficits in db/db mice, a model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The mice were administered with vehicle or L-NBP (120 mg/kg) by gavage daily for 6 weeks. Then, Morris water maze tasks were performed, and hippocampal LTP was recorded in vivo. Next, the synaptic structure of the CA1 hippocampus region was investigated via electron microscopy. Finally, the expression levels of MDA, SOD, 8-OHdG, and NADPH oxidase subunits gp91 and p67, as well as the expression of NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and caspase-3 were measured by Western blot, RT-PCR and ELISA. Treatment with L-NBP significantly attenuated the learning and memory deficits in db/db mice. Concomitantly, L-NBP also increased hippocampus synaptic plasticity, characterized by an enhanced in vivo LTP, and suppressed oxidative stress, as indicated by increased SOD activity and decreased MDA, 8-OHdG, and NADPH oxidase subunits p67 and gp91. L-NBP also significantly decreased NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1βand caspase-3 levels in the hippocampus. L-NBP significantly ameliorated cognitive decline in type 2 diabetic mice, and this effect was accompanied by an improvement in hippocampal plasticity and an amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis cascades. Thus, L-NBP may be a promising therapeutic agent against DM-mediated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Su-Xiao Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
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29
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Elhady MA, Khalaf AAA, Kamel MM, Noshy PA. Carvacrol ameliorates behavioral disturbances and DNA damage in the brain of rats exposed to propiconazole. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Sadegh M, Sakhaie MH. Carvacrol mitigates proconvulsive effects of lipopolysaccharide, possibly through the hippocampal cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:2045-2050. [PMID: 30229386 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection of LPS changes neuronal excitability and increase susceptibility for convulsions. Carvacrol exerts neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects in animal models. Herein, we investigated the anticonvulsive effect of carvacrol on LPS induced seizure severity and possible involvement of the hippocampal COX-1 and -2 activities in this effect. Adult male wistar rats were used. LPS was injected (400 μg/kg; i.p.) four hours before the PTZ (80 mg/kg; i.p.) injection. Carvacrol was injected (100 mg/kg; i.p.) immediately after the LPS injection. Following the PTZ injection, behavioral seizures were observed for 30 min. Latency and duration for each stage were recorded for analysis. Rats divided into seven groups: (1) PTZ, (2) LPS + PTZ, (3) carvacrol + PTZ, (4) LPS + carvacrol + PTZ, (5) LPS, (6) carvacrol, (7) intact. At the end of the experimental procedure the hippocampus of all animals were extracted to measure COX- 1 and 2 levels using the ELISA. LPS injection four hours before the PTZ injection were significantly reduced latency to seizure stages 3-5 and increased duration of the stage 5 in compare with PTZ group (p < 0.05). Carvacrol significantly reduced these effects of LPS on seizure susceptibility (p < 0.05). However, injection of carvacrol alone before the PTZ injection did not significantly affect seizure indexes in compare with PTZ group. Additionally, LPS significantly increased hippocampal level COX-2 but not COX-1 (p < 0.01) and carvacrol significantly attenuates this effect of LPS (p < 0.001). Carvacrol prevents the proconvulsant effect of LPS possibly through the inhibition of the COX-2 increased activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadegh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 3848176941, Iran.
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31
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Quintans JSS, Shanmugam S, Heimfarth L, Araújo AAS, Almeida JRGDS, Picot L, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Monoterpenes modulating cytokines - A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:233-257. [PMID: 30389585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory response can be driven by cytokine production and is a pivotal target in the management of inflammatory diseases. Monoterpenes have shown that promising profile as agents which reduce the inflammatory process and also modulate the key chemical mediators of inflammation, such as pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main interest focused on monoterpenes were to develop the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on monoterpenes that produce anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the release of cytokines, as well as suggesting that which monoterpenoid molecules may be most effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease. Several different inflammatory markers were evaluated as a target of monoterpenes. The proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 IL-13, IL-17A, IFNγ, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. Our review found evidence that NF-κB and MAPK signaling are important pathways for the anti-inflammatory action of monoterpenes. We found 24 monoterpenes that modulate the production of cytokines, which appears to be the major pharmacological mechanism these compounds possess in relation to the attenuation of inflammatory response. Despite the compelling evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory effect of monoterpenes, further studies are necessary to fully explore their potential as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jullyana S S Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Saravanan Shanmugam
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson R G da S Almeida
- Center for Studies and Research of Medicinal Plants (NEPLAME), Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042, La Rochelle, France
| | - Lucindo J Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Sodium valproate ameliorates memory impairment and reduces the elevated levels of apoptotic caspases in the hippocampus of diabetic mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1085-1092. [PMID: 29971457 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits appear in chronic diabetes and valproic acid has been proved to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, the current study investigated the effectiveness of chronic valproate treatment for diabetes-induced memory impairment and increased levels of hippocampal apoptotic caspases. This study was conducted in adult male C57B15/J mice. Diabetes, which was induced by alloxan (150 mg/kg; i.p.), was confirmed when fasting blood sugar (FBS) was > 200 mg/dl. Sodium valproate (100 mg/kg; i.p.) was administrated to the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, every 72 h for 2 months. Next, all groups were evaluated for memory performance using the radial maze and shuttle box. After FBS measurement, animals were killed and the hippocampus was extracted and prepared for ELISA to assess caspase levels. Diabetic animals had significantly high FBS and memory impairment 2 months after the alloxan injection. Hippocampal levels of caspases 3, 6, and 8 were significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the control group. However, valproate treatment of diabetic animals significantly improved memory performance in both the radial maze and shuttle box and reduced the elevated levels of hippocampal apoptotic caspases, in comparison with diabetic animals. Chronic administration of valproate seems to have beneficial effects on diabetic neuropathy.
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Ameliorative effect of carvacrol against propiconazole-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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An inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates diabetes-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 136:84-89. [PMID: 29751149 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enhances the synaptic function in the CNS and has a protective role in cognitive decline. We hypothesized that the sEH inhibitor TPPU might prevent the diabetes-induced decline in learning and memory which is associated with an alteration in the level of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress. METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced in rats and the animals were treated with TPPU for 8 weeks. The learning and memory functions were assessed by the Barnes maze and a step-down test. Indicators of oxidative stress, levels of neurotransmitters, and activity of acetylcholinesterase were measured in the discrete regions of the brain. RESULTS Our results revealed that treatment with TPPU significantly improves learning and memory performance in diabetic rats along with decreasing the level of blood sugar. Moreover, treatment with TPPU significantly prevented the diabetes-induced alteration in levels of neurotransmitters, the activity of acetylcholinesterase and preserved anti-oxidant defence system. CONCLUSION Inhibition of the sEH alleviates diabetes-induced decline in learning and memory.
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Sarkar P, Bhowmick A, Banu S. Comparative analysis of different dietary antioxidants on oxidative stress pathway genes in L6 myotubes under oxidative stress. Cytotechnology 2018. [PMID: 29541961 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression and onset of diabetes and its complications. Strategies or efforts meant to reduce the oxidative stress are needed which may mitigate these pathogenic processes. The present study aims to investigate the in vitro ameliorative potential of nine antioxidant molecules in L6 myotubes under oxidative stress condition induced by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and also to comprehend the gene expression patterns of oxidative stress genes upon the supplementation of different antioxidants in induced stress condition. The study results demonstrated a marked increase in the level of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content with a subsequent increase in the free radicals that was reversed by the pretreatment of different dietary antioxidant. From the expression analysis of the oxidative stress genes, it is evident that the expression of these genes is modulated by the presence of antioxidants. The highest expression was found in the cells treated with Insulin in conjugation with an antioxidant. Resveratrol is the most potent modulator followed by Mangiferin, Estragole, and Capsaicin. This comparative analysis ascertains the potency of Resveratrol along with Insulin in scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under induced stress conditions through antioxidant defense mechanism against excessive ROS production, contributing to the prevention of oxidative damage in L6 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Sarkar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Ananya Bhowmick
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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Lins LCRF, Souza MF, Bispo JMM, Gois AM, Melo TCS, Andrade RAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH, Santos JR, Marchioro M. Carvacrol prevents impairments in motor and neurochemical parameters in a model of progressive parkinsonism induced by reserpine. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:9-15. [PMID: 29378222 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc), with consequent depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which gives rise to the characteristic motor symptoms of PD. Although its etiology is unknown, several studies have suggested that oxidative stress plays a critical function in the pathophysiology of PD, and antioxidant agents could be helpful to slown down the dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Carvacrol (CA) is a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plants that presents antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of CA in a reserpine (RES)-induced rat model of PD. Male Wistar rats received 15 s.c. injections of 0.1 mg/kg RES or vehicle, every other day, concomitantly to daily i.p. injections of CA (12.5 or 25 mg/kg) or vehicle. Across the treatment, the animals were submitted to behavioral evaluation in the catalepsy test (performed daily), open field test (7th day) and assessment of vacuous chewing movements (12th, 20th and 30th days). Upon completion of behavioral tests, rats were perfused and their brains underwent tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical analysis. Our results showed that CA (12.5 e 25 mg/kg) prevented the increase in catalepsy behavior and number of vacuous chewing movements, but failed to revert the decreased open-field locomotor activity induced by RES. In addition, CA in both doses prevented the decrease in TH immunostaining induced by RES in the SNpc and dorsal striatum. Taken together, our results suggest that CA shows a protective effect in a rat model of PD, preventing motor and neurochemical impairments induced by RES. Thus, the use of CA as a promising new strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of PD may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina F Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - José Marcos M Bispo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Gois
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Regina H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José R Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Marchioro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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Habtemariam S. Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenes: A Case of Small Molecules Punching above Their Weight. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010004. [PMID: 29267214 PMCID: PMC5795956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes belong to the terpenoids class of natural products and are bio-synthesized through the mevalonic acid pathway. Their small molecular weight coupled with high non-polar nature make them the most abundant components of essential oils which are often considered to have some general antioxidant and antimicrobial effects at fairly high concentrations. These compounds are however reported to have antidiabetic effects in recent years. Thanks to the ingenious biosynthetic machinery of nature, they also display a fair degree of structural complexity/diversity for further consideration in structure-activity studies. In the present communication, the merit of monoterpenes as antidiabetic agents is scrutinized by assessing recent in vitro and in vivo studies reported in the scientific literature. Both the aglycones and glycosides of these compounds of rather small structural size appear to display antidiabetic along with antiobesity and lipid lowering effects. The diversity of these effects vis-à-vis their structures and mechanisms of actions are discussed. Some key pharmacological targets include the insulin signaling pathways and/or the associated PI3K-AKT (protein kinase B), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways; proinflammatory cytokines and the NF-κB pathway; glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver; glucagon-like-1 receptor (GLP-1R); among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Pei B, Sun J. Pinocembrin alleviates cognition deficits by inhibiting inflammation in diabetic mice. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:42-49. [PMID: 29150085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most common diabetic complications in diabetes mellitus and is characterized by cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation. It has been reported that hyperglycemia can induce hippocampal and cortical neuronal damage, which can result in severe spatial learning and memory impairment. Pinocembrin (Pino) has been widely used in the therapy of cancer and other diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-viral activities. However, the effects of Pino on DE-induced cognition deficits and its precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Pino on cognition and its potential mechanisms in a DE mouse model induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 150mg/kg). Here, we demonstrated that Pino significantly improved the behavior and cognitive deficits of DE mice in open field tasks and the Morris water maze. Pino also markedly increased neuronal survival in the frontal cortex and hippocampal CA3 region. Furthermore, western blotting was performed to measure nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. The results demonstrated that Pino could suppress the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and decrease TNF-α expression in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of DE mice. Taken together, the results suggest that Pino alleviates cognition deficits by protecting neurons from inflammation injury in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suqian First Hospital, Jiangu Province Hospital at Suqian, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, PR China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suqian First Hospital, Jiangu Province Hospital at Suqian, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, PR China
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Hussein J, El-Bana M, Refaat E, El-Naggar ME. Synthesis of carvacrol-based nanoemulsion for treating neurodegenerative disorders in experimental diabetes. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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40
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An insight into anti-diabetic properties of dietary phytochemicals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hamed SA. Brain injury with diabetes mellitus: evidence, mechanisms and treatment implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:409-428. [PMID: 28276776 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1293521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa A. Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital , Assiut, Egypt
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Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract ameliorates memory impairments and inflammatory responses in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mnafgui K, Kchaou M, Ben Salah H, Hajji R, Khabbabi G, Elfeki A, Allouche N, Gharsallah N. Essential oil of Zygophyllum album inhibits key-digestive enzymes related to diabetes and hypertension and attenuates symptoms of diarrhea in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1326-1333. [PMID: 26439719 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1075049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Zygophyllum album L. (Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as Bougriba, is widely used to treat diabetes, digestive tract spasm, and hypertension in folk medicine, in Tunisia. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, and antihypertensive activities of the leaves of the essential oil from Zygophyllum album (OZA) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Males rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic-untreated group, diabetic-treated group with acarbose (10 mg/kg), and diabetic-treated rats with OZA (200 mg/kg) for 30 d. RESULTS At the end of the experimental period, the OZA significantly decreased the activity of α-amylase in pancreas and serum of the diabetic rats by 43% and 38%, respectively, which led to reduce the serum glucose level by 60% and lower of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) rate by 17% as compared with untreated diabetic animals. Moreover, the OZA treatment attenuated symptoms of diarrhea, improved lipid disorders, and hypertension through inhibiting the pancreatic lipase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities by 47% and 25%, respectively, in serum of diabetic rats. CONCLUSION OZA showed a good effect in the management of diabetes mellitus and exerted preventive action from related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Mnafgui
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Hospital of Sidi Bouzid , Tunisia
| | - Mouna Kchaou
- c Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Hichem Ben Salah
- c Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hajji
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Hospital of Sidi Bouzid , Tunisia
| | - Gaddour Khabbabi
- d Department of Nephrology , Hospital of Sidi Bouzid , Tunisia , and
| | - Abdelfattah Elfeki
- a Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Allouche
- c Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Neji Gharsallah
- e Plant Biotechnology Laboratory , Faculty of Sciences of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia
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Liu X, Mo Y, Gong J, Li Z, Peng H, Chen J, Wang Q, Ke Z, Xie J. Puerarin ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:417-23. [PMID: 26686502 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that Diabetes is a high risk of learning and memory deficits. Puerarin, an isoflavonoid extracted from Kudzu roots, has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-diabetic properties which are useful in the treatment of various diseases. Recently, Puerarin was found to have the effects on learning and memory performances in humans and animal models. However, up to now, there is no detailed evidence on the effect of Puerarin on diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD). In this study, we designed to assess the effects of Puerarin on diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) using a streptozotocin (STZ)-injected rat model and exploring its potential mechanism. Diabetic rats were treated with Puerarin (100 mg/kg per d) for 7 days. The learning and memory function was evaluated by morris water maze test. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetylase (ChAT), oxidative indicators [malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6) were measured in hippocampus by using corresponding commercial kits. mRNA and Protein levels of Bcl-2 were analyzed by RT-PCR and Westernblot. The results showed that supplementation of Puerarin improved the learning and memory performances compared with the STZ group by the morris water maze test. In addition, Puerarin supplement significantly prevented AChE and MDA activities, increased ChAT and SOD activities, and alleviated the protein level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus compared with the STZ group. Moreover, the pretreatment with Puerarin also significantly increased the Bcl-2 expression. It is concluded that Puerarin possesses neuroprotection to ameliorate cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapototic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchu Liu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhi Mo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Gong
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Peng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Chen
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichao Wang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowen Ke
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Xie
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Patel SN, Pandya K, Clark GJ, Parikh MC, Lau-Cam CA. Comparison of taurine and pantoyltaurine as antioxidants in vitro and in the central nervous system of diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:103-12. [PMID: 26616540 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study has comparatively evaluated the antiradical and antilipid peroxidizing actions of taurine (TAU) and its N-pantoyl analog pantoyltaurine (PTAU) in vitro, and has determined the extent to which these findings agree with the in vivo ability of these compounds to prevent changes in plasma glucose and in indices of oxidative stress in the plasma, brain and spinal cord induced by the diabetogen streptozotocin (STZ) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Using free radical-generating and oxidizing systems, PTAU was found more effective than TAU in scavenging DPPH, hydroxyl, peroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals and peroxynitrite, and in preventing lipid peroxidation of a brain homogenate by iron (III)-dopamine and the oxidation of dopamine by iron (III). On the other hand, when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a 1.2mM/kg dose, 75min and 45min before a single i.p., 60mg/kg, dose of (STZ), TAU was about equipotent with PTAU in attenuating STZ-induced increases in glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and the loss of reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma collected at 24h post STZ. Moreover, the analysis of concurrently collected brain and spinal cords samples revealed that both TAU and PTAU were able to equally reverse the increases in MDA and NO concentrations and to effectively counteract the decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio caused by STZ. Likewise, both compounds were very effective in preventing the losses of tissue catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. A comparison of the results for spinal cord and for brain parts such as the cerebellum, cortex and brain stem suggested the existence of regional differences in antioxidant potency between TAU and PTAU, especially in terms of antioxidant enzymes. In general, differences in antiradical and antioxidant potencies between TAU and PTAU derived from in vitro test are not reliable indicators of the antioxidant potencies these compounds may subsequently manifest in a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket N Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
| | - Kashyap Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
| | - George J Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
| | - Mitul C Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
| | - Cesar A Lau-Cam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
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Zhou X, Zhang F, Hu X, Chen J, Wen X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Tang R, Zheng K, Song Y. Inhibition of inflammation by astaxanthin alleviates cognition deficits in diabetic mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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JIANG ZHENSONG, PU ZHICHEN, HAO ZHENHAI. Carvacrol protects against spinal cord injury in rats via suppressing oxidative stress and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5349-54. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chen W, Xu B, Xiao A, Liu L, Fang X, Liu R, Turlova E, Barszczyk A, Zhong X, Sun CLF, Britto LRG, Feng ZP, Sun HS. TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol protects brain from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Mol Brain 2015; 8:11. [PMID: 25761704 PMCID: PMC4337201 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that suppression of TRPM7 reduced neuronal death in adult rat ischemic brain injury. It was reported that carvacrol blocked TRPM7 and attenuated brain injury in an adult rat MCAO model. The effects of carvacrol on neonatal stroke remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of carvacrol on neuronal injury and behavioral impairment after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice and the potential signaling pathway underlying these effects. RESULTS Carvacrol inhibited TRPM7 current in HEK293 cells over-expressing TRPM7 and TRPM7-like current in hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Carvacrol (>200 μM) reduced OGD-induced neuronal injury in cortical neurons. 24 hours after HI, TRPM7 protein level in the ipsilateral hemisphere was significantly higher than in the contralateral hemisphere. Carvacrol (30 and 50 mg/kg) pre-treatment reduced brain infarct volume 24 hours after HI in a dose-dependent manner. Carvacrol pre-treatment also improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Furthermore, animals pre-treated with carvacrol had fewer TUNEL-positive cells in the brain compared to vehicle-treated animals 3 days after HI. Carvacrol pre-treatment also increased Bcl-2/Bax and p-Akt/t-Akt protein ratios and decreased cleaved caspase-3 protein expression 24 hours after HI. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol pre-treatment protects against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by reducing brain infarct volume, promoting pro-survival signaling and inhibiting pro-apoptotic signaling, as well as improving behavioral outcomes. The neuroprotective effect may be mediated by the inhibition of TRPM7 channel function. Carvacrol is a potential drug development target for the treatment of neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Aijiao Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Barszczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Christopher L F Sun
- Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Luiz R G Britto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Yilmaz E, Ergün S, ilmaz S. Influence of Carvacrol on the Growth Performance, Hematological, Non-Specific Immune and Serum Biochemistry Parameters in Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.65054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Friedman M. Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7652-7670. [PMID: 25058878 DOI: 10.1021/jf5023862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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