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Winfree RL, Nolan E, Dumitrescu L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Gifford KA, Pechman KR, Seto M, Petyuk VA, Wang Y, Schneider J, Bennett DA, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. Variants in the MS4A cluster interact with soluble TREM2 expression on biomarkers of neuropathology. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:41. [PMID: 38760857 PMCID: PMC11101336 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk variants (rs1582763 and rs6591561) of the MS4A locus are genome-wide significant regulators of soluble TREM2 levels such that the minor allele of the protective variant (rs1582763) is associated with higher sTREM2 and lower AD risk while the minor allele of (rs6591561) relates to lower sTREM2 and higher AD risk. Our group previously found that higher sTREM2 relates to higher Aβ40, worse blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity (measured with the CSF/plasma albumin ratio), and higher CSF tau, suggesting strong associations with amyloid abundance and both BBB and neurodegeneration complicate interpretation. We expand on this work by leveraging these common variants as genetic tools to tune the interpretation of high CSF sTREM2, and by exploring the potential modifying role of these variants on the well-established associations between CSF sTREM2 as well as TREM2 transcript levels in the brain with AD neuropathology. Biomarker analyses leveraged data from the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (n = 127, age = 72 ± 6.43) and were replicated in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 399, age = 73 ± 7.39). Autopsy analyses were performed leveraging data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 577, age = 89 ± 6.46). We found that the protective variant rs1582763 attenuated the association between CSF sTREM2 and Aβ40 (β = -0.44, p-value = 0.017) and replicated this interaction in ADNI (β = -0.27, p = 0.017). We did not observe this same interaction effect between TREM2 mRNA levels and Aβ peptides in brain (Aβ total β = -0.14, p = 0.629; Aβ1-38, β = 0.11, p = 0.200). In contrast to the effects on Aβ, the minor allele of this same variant seemed to enhance the association with blood-brain barrier dysfunction (β = 7.0e-4, p = 0.009), suggesting that elevated sTREM2 may carry a much different interpretation in carriers vs. non-carriers of this allele. When evaluating the risk variant (rs6591561) across datasets, we did not observe a statistically significant interaction against any outcome in VMAP and observed opposing directions of associations in ADNI and ROS/MAP on Aβ levels. Together, our results suggest that the protective effect of rs1582763 may act by decoupling the associations between sTREM2 and amyloid abundance, providing important mechanistic insight into sTREM2 changes and highlighting the need to incorporate genetic context into the analysis of sTREM2 levels, particularly if leveraged as a clinical biomarker of disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Emma Nolan
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epidemiology Doctoral Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Liu WS, Zhang YR, Ge YJ, Wang HF, Cheng W, Yu JT. Inflammation and Brain Structure in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders: a Mendelian Randomization Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1593-1604. [PMID: 37736795 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vitro and post-mortem studies have reported the role of inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the association between inflammation and brain structure in vivo and the transcriptome-driven functional basis with relevance to neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. The aim of the present study is to identify the association among inflammation, brain structure, and neurodegenerative disorders at genetic and transcriptomic levels. Genetic variants associated with inflammatory cytokines were selected from the latest and largest genome-wide association studies of European ancestry. Neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and brain structure imaging measures were selected as the outcomes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted to identify the causal associations. Single-nucleus transcriptome data of the occipitotemporal cortex was further analyzed to identify the differential expressed genes in AD, which were tested for biological processes and protein interaction network. MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted TREM2 and sTREM2 were significantly associated with AD (TREM2: z-score = -9.088, p-value = 1.02 × 10-19; sTREM2: z-score = -7.495, p-value = 6.61 × 10-14). The present study found no evidence to support the causal associations between other inflammatory cytokines and the risks of AD, PD, ALS, or DLB. Genetically predicted TREM2 was significantly associated with the cortical thickness of inferior temporal (z-score = -4.238, p-value = 2.26 × 10-5) and pole temporal (z-score = -4.549, p-value = 5.40 × 10-6). In the occipitotemporal cortex samples, microglia were the main source of TREM2 gene and showed increasing expression of genes associated with inflammation and immunity. The present study has leveraged genetic and transcriptomic data to identify the association among TREM2, temporal lobe, and AD and the underlying cellular and molecular basis, thus providing a new perspective on the role of TREM2 in AD and insights into the complex associations among inflammation, brain structure, and neurodegenerative disorders, particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shi Liu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Ge
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Tsering W, Hery GP, Phillips JL, Lolo K, Bathe T, Villareal JA, Ruan IY, Prokop S. Transformation of non-neuritic into neuritic plaques during AD progression drives cortical spread of tau pathology via regenerative failure. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:190. [PMID: 38037144 PMCID: PMC10691154 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular aggregates of tau protein in form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The exact mechanism how these two protein aggregates interact in AD is still a matter of debate. Neuritic plaques (NP), a subset of Aβ plaques containing dystrophic neurites (DN), are suggested to be unique to AD and might play a role in the interaction of Aβ and tau. Quantifying NP and non-NP in postmortem brain specimens from patients with increasing severity of AD neuropathological changes (ADNC), we demonstrate that the total number of Aβ plaques and NP increase, while the number of non-NP stagnates. Furthermore, investigating the correlation between NP and NFT, we identified unexpected brain region-specific differences when comparing cases with increasingly more severe ADNC. In neocortical regions NFT counts increase in parallel with NP counts during the progression of ADNC, while this correlation is not observed in hippocampus. These data support the notion that non-NP are transformed into NP during the progression of ADNC and indicate that NP might drive cortical NFT formation. Next, using spatial transcriptomics, we analyzed the gene expression profile of the microenvironment around non-NP and NP. We identified an upregulation of neuronal systems and Ca-dependent event pathways around NP compared to non-NP. We speculate that the upregulation of these transcripts may hint at a compensatory mechanism underlying NP formation. Our studies suggest that the transformation of non-NP to NP is a key event in ADNC progression and points to regenerative failure as a potential driving force of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchen Tsering
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- College of Medicine, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela P Hery
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Phillips
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kiara Lolo
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tim Bathe
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- College of Medicine, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan A Villareal
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Isabelle Y Ruan
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- College of Medicine, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Jauregui C, Blanco-Luquin I, Macías M, Roldan M, Caballero C, Pagola I, Mendioroz M, Jericó I. Exploring the Disease-Associated Microglia State in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2994. [PMID: 38001994 PMCID: PMC10669775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation, and specifically microglia, plays an important but not-yet well-understood role in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), constituting a potential therapeutic target for the disease. Recent studies have described the involvement of different microglial transcriptional patterns throughout neurodegenerative processes, identifying a new state of microglia: disease-associated microglia (DAM). The aim of this study is to investigate expression patterns of microglial-related genes in ALS spinal cord. METHODS We analyzed mRNA expression levels via RT-qPCR of several microglia-related genes in their homeostatic and DAM state in postmortem tissue (anterior horn of the spinal cord) from 20 subjects with ALS-TDP43 and 19 controls donors from the Navarrabiomed Biobank. RESULTS The expression levels of TREM2, MS4A, CD33, APOE and TYROBP were found to be elevated in the spinal cord from ALS subjects versus controls (p-value < 0.05). However, no statistically significant gene expression differences were observed for TMEM119, SPP1 and LPL. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a DAM-mediated inflammatory response is present in ALS, and TREM2 plays a significant role in immune function of microglia. It also supports the role of C33 and MS4A in the physiopathology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Jauregui
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Blanco-Luquin
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mónica Macías
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Roldan
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Caballero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inma Pagola
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuromuscular and Neuron Motor Diseases Research Group, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivonne Jericó
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuromuscular and Neuron Motor Diseases Research Group, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute of Health Research), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Moon SW, Zhao L, Matloff W, Hobel S, Berger R, Kwon D, Kim J, Toga AW, Dinov ID. Brain structure and allelic associations in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1034-1048. [PMID: 36575854 PMCID: PMC10018103 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, affects 6.5 million Americans and over 50 million people globally. Clinical, genetic, and phenotypic studies of dementia provide some insights of the observed progressive neurodegenerative processes, however, the mechanisms underlying AD onset remain enigmatic. AIMS This paper examines late-onset dementia-related cognitive impairment utilizing neuroimaging-genetics biomarker associations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants, ages 65-85, included 266 healthy controls (HC), 572 volunteers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 188 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Genotype dosage data for AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted from the imputed ADNI genetics archive using sample-major additive coding. Such 29 SNPs were selected, representing a subset of independent SNPs reported to be highly associated with AD in a recent AD meta-GWAS study by Jansen and colleagues. RESULTS We identified the significant correlations between the 29 genomic markers (GMs) and the 200 neuroimaging markers (NIMs). The odds ratios and relative risks for AD and MCI (relative to HC) were predicted using multinomial linear models. DISCUSSION In the HC and MCI cohorts, mainly cortical thickness measures were associated with GMs, whereas the AD cohort exhibited different GM-NIM relations. Network patterns within the HC and AD groups were distinct in cortical thickness, volume, and proportion of White to Gray Matter (pct), but not in the MCI cohort. Multinomial linear models of clinical diagnosis showed precisely the specific NIMs and GMs that were most impactful in discriminating between AD and HC, and between MCI and HC. CONCLUSION This study suggests that advanced analytics provide mechanisms for exploring the interrelations between morphometric indicators and GMs. The findings may facilitate further clinical investigations of phenotypic associations that support deep systematic understanding of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Moon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Research Institute of Medical ScienceKonkuk University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Lu Zhao
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - William Matloff
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Sam Hobel
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Ryan Berger
- Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Daehong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science and EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jaebum Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and EngineeringKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
| | - Ivo D. Dinov
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS)University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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scEpiLock: A Weakly Supervised Learning Framework for cis-Regulatory Element Localization and Variant Impact Quantification for Single-Cell Epigenetic Data. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070874. [PMID: 35883430 PMCID: PMC9312957 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin using a sequencing assay (scATAC-seq) allow cellular heterogeneity dissection and regulatory landscape reconstruction with an unprecedented resolution. However, compared to bulk-sequencing, its ultra-high missingness remarkably reduces usable reads in each cell type, resulting in broader, fuzzier peak boundary definitions and limiting our ability to pinpoint functional regions and interpret variant impacts precisely. We propose a weakly supervised learning method, scEpiLock, to directly identify core functional regions from coarse peak labels and quantify variant impacts in a cell-type-specific manner. First, scEpiLock uses a multi-label classifier to predict chromatin accessibility via a deep convolutional neural network. Then, its weakly supervised object detection module further refines the peak boundary definition using gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Finally, scEpiLock provides cell-type-specific variant impacts within a given peak region. We applied scEpiLock to various scATAC-seq datasets and found that it achieves an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of ~0.9 and an area under precision recall (AUPR) above 0.7. Besides, scEpiLock’s object detection condenses coarse peaks to only ⅓ of their original size while still reporting higher conservation scores. In addition, we applied scEpiLock on brain scATAC-seq data and reported several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) variants disrupting regulatory elements around known risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease, demonstrating its potential to provide cell-type-specific biological insights in disease studies.
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Zeng Y, Tan P, Ren C, Gao L, Chen Y, Hu S, Tang N, Chen C, Du S. Comprehensive Analysis of Expression and Prognostic Value of MS4As in Glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:795844. [PMID: 35734424 PMCID: PMC9207330 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.795844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignancy of the nervous system with high mortality rates. The MS4A family members have been reported as potential prognostic biomarkers in several cancers; however, the relationship between the MS4A family and glioma has not been clearly confirmed. In our study, we explored the prognostic value of MS4As as well as their potential pro-cancer mechanisms of glioma. Using bioinformatics analysis methods based on the data from public databases, we found that the expression of MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A6A, MS4A7, TMEM176A, and TMEM176B was significantly overexpressed in glioma tissues compared with that of normal tissues. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models revealed that high levels of MS4As can be associated with a poorer prognosis; TMEM176A, TMEM176B, age, WHO grade, and IDH status were identified as independent prognostic factors. Enrichment analysis predicted that MS4As were related to tumor-related pathways and immune response, which might regulate the process of MS4As promoting tumorigenesis. Additionally, we analyzed the correlations of MS4A expression with immune cells and immune inhibitory molecules. Finally, data from the cell culture suggested that knockdown of the TMEM176B gene contributes to the decreased proliferation and migration of glioma cells. In conclusion, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A6A, MS4A7, TMEM176A, and TMEM176B may act as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in glioma and play a role in forming the immune microenvironment in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Tan
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianxuan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shushu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shasha Du,
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8
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van Bree EJ, Guimarães RLFP, Lundberg M, Blujdea ER, Rosenkrantz JL, White FTG, Poppinga J, Ferrer-Raventós P, Schneider AFE, Clayton I, Haussler D, Reinders MJT, Holstege H, Ewing AD, Moses C, Jacobs FMJ. A hidden layer of structural variation in transposable elements reveals potential genetic modifiers in human disease-risk loci. Genome Res 2022; 32:656-670. [PMID: 35332097 PMCID: PMC8997352 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275515.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been highly informative in discovering disease-associated loci but are not designed to capture all structural variations in the human genome. Using long-read sequencing data, we discovered widespread structural variation within SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) elements, a class of great ape-specific transposable elements with gene-regulatory roles, which represents a major source of structural variability in the human population. We highlight the presence of structurally variable SVAs (SV-SVAs) in neurological disease-associated loci, and we further associate SV-SVAs to disease-associated SNPs and differential gene expression using luciferase assays and expression quantitative trait loci data. Finally, we genetically deleted SV-SVAs in the BIN1 and CD2AP Alzheimer's disease-associated risk loci and in the BCKDK Parkinson's disease-associated risk locus and assessed multiple aspects of their gene-regulatory influence in a human neuronal context. Together, this study reveals a novel layer of genetic variation in transposable elements that may contribute to identification of the structural variants that are the actual drivers of disease associations of GWAS loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J van Bree
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rita L F P Guimarães
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elena R Blujdea
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jimi L Rosenkrantz
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred T G White
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josse Poppinga
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Ferrer-Raventós
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Fleur E Schneider
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Clayton
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Haussler
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, 2628 XE Delft, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Colette Moses
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M J Jacobs
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Complex Trait Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal and synaptic loss and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of AD research has been dedicated to the understanding of two major AD hallmarks (i.e. Aβ and NFTs); however, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data indicate neuroinflammation as having a critical role in late-onset AD (LOAD) development, thus unveiling a novel avenue for AD therapeutics. Recent evidence has provided much support to the innate immune system's involvement with AD progression; however, much remains to be uncovered regarding the role of glial cells, specifically microglia, in AD. Moreover, numerous variants in immune and/or microglia-related genes have been identified in whole-genome sequencing and GWAS analyses, including such genes as TREM2, CD33, APOE, API1, MS4A, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, CR1, INPP5D, PICALM and PLCG2. In this review, we aim to provide an insight into the function of the major LOAD-associated microglia response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Jonas
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tanya Jain
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Weill Cornell, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Ma S, Bi W, Liu X, Li S, Qiu Y, Huang C, Lv R, Yin Q. Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis of the db/db Mouse Hippocampus Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Insights Into the Pathobiology of Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891039. [PMID: 35721719 PMCID: PMC9200615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DCD), is one of the complications of diabetes, which is characterized by a series of neurophysiological and pathological abnormalities. However, the exact pathogenesis of DCD is still unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) could discover unusual subpopulations, explore functional heterogeneity and identify signaling pathways and potential markers. The aim of this research was to provide deeper opinion into molecular and cellular changes underlying DCD, identify different cellular types of the diabetic mice hippocampus at single-cell level, and elucidate the factors mediating the pathogenesis of DCD. To elucidate cell specific gene expression changes in the hippocampus of diabetic encephalopathy. Single-cell RNA sequencing of hippocampus from db/m and db/db mice was carried out. Subclustering analysis was performed to further describe microglial cell subpopulations. Interestingly using immunohistochemistry, these findings were confirmed at the protein level. Single cell analysis yielded transcriptome data for 14621 hippocampal cells and defined 11 different cell types. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in the microglia compartments indicated that infection- and immune system process- associated terms, oxidative stress and inflammation play vital roles in the progression of DCD. Compared with db/m mouse, experiments at the protein level supported the activation of microglia, increased expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress damage in the hippocampus of db/db mouse. In addition, a major finding of our research was the subpopulation of microglia that express genes related to pro-inflammatory disease-associated microglia (DAM). Our research reveals pathological alterations of inflammation and oxidative stress mediated hippocampal damage in the db/db mice, and may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenkai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxin Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Clinical Education Administration, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
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11
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Silva-Gomes R, Mapelli SN, Boutet MA, Mattiola I, Sironi M, Grizzi F, Colombo F, Supino D, Carnevale S, Pasqualini F, Stravalaci M, Porte R, Gianatti A, Pitzalis C, Locati M, Oliveira MJ, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A. Differential expression and regulation of MS4A family members in myeloid cells in physiological and pathological conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:817-836. [PMID: 34346525 PMCID: PMC9290968 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0421-200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MS4A gene family encodes 18 tetraspanin-like proteins, most of which with unknown function. MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcεRIβ), MS4A3 (HTm4), and MS4A4A play important roles in immunity, whereas expression and function of other members of the family are unknown. The present investigation was designed to obtain an expression fingerprint of MS4A family members, using bioinformatics analysis of public databases, RT-PCR, and protein analysis when possible. MS4A3, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A14 were expressed by myeloid cells. MS4A6A and MS4A14 were expressed in circulating monocytes and decreased during monocyte-to-Mϕ differentiation in parallel with an increase in MS4A4A expression. Analysis of gene expression regulation revealed a strong induction of MS4A4A, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A4E by glucocorticoid hormones. Consistently with in vitro findings, MS4A4A and MS4A7 were expressed in tissue Mϕs from COVID-19 and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interestingly, MS4A3, selectively expressed in myeloid precursors, was found to be a marker of immature circulating neutrophils, a cellular population associated to COVID-19 severe disease. The results reported here show that members of the MS4A family are differentially expressed and regulated during myelomonocytic differentiation, and call for assessment of their functional role and value as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marie-Astrid Boutet
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Inserm UMR 1229, Oniris, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Irene Mattiola
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Sironi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rémi Porte
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Gianatti
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Constantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Locati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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13
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Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646901. [PMID: 33815092 PMCID: PMC8012500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Corces MR, Shcherbina A, Kundu S, Gloudemans MJ, Frésard L, Granja JM, Louie BH, Eulalio T, Shams S, Bagdatli ST, Mumbach MR, Liu B, Montine KS, Greenleaf WJ, Kundaje A, Montgomery SB, Chang HY, Montine TJ. Single-cell epigenomic analyses implicate candidate causal variants at inherited risk loci for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1158-1168. [PMID: 33106633 PMCID: PMC7606627 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of neurological diseases have identified thousands of variants associated with disease phenotypes. However, most of these variants do not alter coding sequences, making it difficult to assign their function. Here, we present a multi-omic epigenetic atlas of the adult human brain through profiling of single-cell chromatin accessibility landscapes and three-dimensional chromatin interactions of diverse adult brain regions across a cohort of cognitively healthy individuals. We developed a machine-learning classifier to integrate this multi-omic framework and predict dozens of functional SNPs for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, nominating target genes and cell types for previously orphaned loci from genome-wide association studies. Moreover, we dissected the complex inverted haplotype of the MAPT (encoding tau) Parkinson's disease risk locus, identifying putative ectopic regulatory interactions in neurons that may mediate this disease association. This work expands understanding of inherited variation and provides a roadmap for the epigenomic dissection of causal regulatory variation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ryan Corces
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Gloudemans
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laure Frésard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Granja
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan H Louie
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Eulalio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shadi Shams
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Tansu Bagdatli
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell R Mumbach
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Baidu Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Yang Y, Shi X, Jiao Y, Huang J, Chen M, Zhou X, Sun L, Lin X, Yang C, Liu J. CoMM-S2: a collaborative mixed model using summary statistics in transcriptome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:2009-2016. [PMID: 31755899 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have deepened our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits, the mechanistic links that underlie how genetic variants cause complex traits remains elusive. To advance our understanding of the underlying mechanistic links, various consortia have collected a vast volume of genomic data that enable us to investigate the role that genetic variants play in gene expression regulation. Recently, a collaborative mixed model (CoMM) was proposed to jointly interrogate genome on complex traits by integrating both the GWAS dataset and the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset. Although CoMM is a powerful approach that leverages regulatory information while accounting for the uncertainty in using an eQTL dataset, it requires individual-level GWAS data and cannot fully make use of widely available GWAS summary statistics. Therefore, statistically efficient methods that leverages transcriptome information using only summary statistics information from GWAS data are required. RESULTS In this study, we propose a novel probabilistic model, CoMM-S2, to examine the mechanistic role that genetic variants play, by using only GWAS summary statistics instead of individual-level GWAS data. Similar to CoMM which uses individual-level GWAS data, CoMM-S2 combines two models: the first model examines the relationship between gene expression and genotype, while the second model examines the relationship between the phenotype and the predicted gene expression from the first model. Distinct from CoMM, CoMM-S2 requires only GWAS summary statistics. Using both simulation studies and real data analysis, we demonstrate that even though CoMM-S2 utilizes GWAS summary statistics, it has comparable performance as CoMM, which uses individual-level GWAS data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The implement of CoMM-S2 is included in the CoMM package that can be downloaded from https://github.com/gordonliu810822/CoMM. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China.,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Program in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Xingjie Shi
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Program in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Statistics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Program in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore.,Singapore Clinical Research Institute, 138669, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 117609, Singapore
| | - Can Yang
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Program in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
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16
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Ennerfelt HE, Lukens JR. The role of innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:225-246. [PMID: 32588460 PMCID: PMC7783860 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis has dominated Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for almost 30 years. This hypothesis hinges on the predominant clinical role of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in propagating neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventual cognitive impairment in AD. Recent research in the AD field has identified the brain-resident macrophages, known as microglia, and their receptors as integral regulators of both the initiation and propagation of inflammation, Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss, and memory decline in AD. Emerging studies have also begun to reveal critical roles for distinct innate immune pathways in AD pathogenesis, which has led to great interest in harnessing the innate immune response as a therapeutic strategy to treat AD. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation in AD onset and progression. Additionally, there has been mounting evidence suggesting pivotal contributions of environmental factors and lifestyle choices in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, we will also discuss recent findings, suggesting that many of these AD risk factors influence AD progression via modulation of microglia and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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17
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Frost GR, Jonas LA, Li YM. Friend, Foe or Both? Immune Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:337. [PMID: 31920620 PMCID: PMC6916654 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuronal death and synaptic loss, and inflammation in the brain. AD research has, in large part, been dedicated to the understanding of Aβ and NFT deposition as well as to the pharmacological reduction of these hallmarks. However, recent GWAS data indicates neuroinflammation plays a critical role in AD development, thereby redirecting research efforts toward unveiling the complexities of AD-associated neuroinflammation. It is clear that the innate immune system is intimately associated with AD progression, however, the specific roles of glia and neuroinflammation in AD pathology remain to be described. Moreover, inflammatory processes have largely been painted as detrimental to AD pathology, when in fact, many immune mechanisms such as phagocytosis aid in the reduction of AD pathologies. In this review, we aim to outline the delicate balance between the beneficial and detrimental aspects of immune activation in AD as a more thorough understanding of these processes is critical to development of effective therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R. Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Lauren A. Jonas
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Manhattan, NY, United States
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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18
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Liu C, Yu J. Genome-Wide Association Studies for Cerebrospinal Fluid Soluble TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:297. [PMID: 31708768 PMCID: PMC6823606 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Rare variants in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have been identified as risk factors for AD. Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a potential and novel biomarker of neuroinflammation implicated in the onset and progression of AD. To explore the roles of CSF sTREM2 on the pathogenesis of AD, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by using the data from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We found CSF sTREM2 levels were elevated with the disease stages, but there was no significant difference between that of AD patients and normal participants. CSF sTREM2 was positively correlated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated-tau levels (ρ > 0.35, p < 1e-06; ρ > 0.32, p < 1e-05, respectively) for all disease states. We identified the most significant CSF sTREM2 related locus was rs7232 (FDR = 3.01e-08), a missense variant in MS4A6A gene of chromosome 11. Moreover, we also detected rs7232 was highly associated with MS4A6A gene expression (FDR = 1.37e-18). In addition, our pathway analysis for our significant GWAS results showed that biological processes for regulation of viruses and immune response were highly overrepresented or enriched. Our study suggests that CSF sTREM2 plays an informative role in AD progression. Moreover, CSF sTREM2 and AD is highly related to viral infections and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changan Liu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Misra A, Chakrabarti SS, Gambhir IS. New genetic players in late-onset Alzheimer's disease: Findings of genome-wide association studies. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:135-144. [PMID: 30381536 PMCID: PMC6206761 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_473_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) or sporadic AD is the most common form of AD. The precise pathogenetic changes that trigger the development of AD remain largely unknown. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple genes which are associated with AD; most notably, these are ABCA7, bridging integrator 1(B1N1), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), CD33, clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CRI), ephrin type-A receptor 1 (EPHA1), membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A (MS4A) and phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) genes. The proteins coded by the candidate genes participate in a variety of cellular processes such as oxidative balance, protein metabolism, cholesterol metabolism and synaptic function. This review summarizes the major gene loci affecting LOAD identified by large GWASs. Tentative mechanisms have also been elaborated in various studies by which the proteins coded by these genes may exert a role in AD pathogenesis have also been elaborated. The review suggests that these may together affect LOAD pathogenesis in a complementary fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Misra
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Indrajeet Singh Gambhir
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade over 40 loci have been associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most studies have either focused on identifying risk loci or performing unbiased screens without a focus on protective variation in AD. Here, we provide a review of known protective variants in AD and their putative mechanisms of action. Additionally, we recommend strategies for finding new protective variants. RECENT FINDINGS Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified both common and rare protective variants associated with AD. These include variants in or near APP, APOE, PLCG2, MS4A, MAPT-KANSL1, RAB10, ABCA1, CCL11, SORL1, NOCT, SCL24A4-RIN3, CASS4, EPHA1, SPPL2A, and NFIC. SUMMARY There are very few protective variants with functional evidence and a derived allele with a frequency below 20%. Additional fine mapping and multi-omic studies are needed to further validate and characterize known variants as well as specialized genome-wide scans to identify novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea J Andrews
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Brian Fulton-Howard
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Alison Goate
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Katsumata Y, Nelson PT, Estus S, Fardo DW. Translating Alzheimer's disease-associated polymorphisms into functional candidates: a survey of IGAP genes and SNPs. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 74:135-146. [PMID: 30448613 PMCID: PMC6331247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) is a consortium for characterizing the genetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identified and/or confirmed 19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AD are located on non-coding DNA regions, and their functional impacts on AD are as yet poorly understood. We evaluated the roles of the IGAP SNPs by integrating data from many resources, based on whether the IGAP SNP was (1) a proxy for a coding SNP or (2) associated with altered mRNA transcript levels. For (1), we confirmed that 12 AD-associated coding common SNPs and five nonsynonymous rare variants are in linkage disequilibrium with the IGAP SNPs. For (2), the IGAP SNPs in CELF1 and MS4A6A were associated with expression of their neighboring genes, MYBPC3 and MS4A6A, respectively, in blood. The IGAP SNP in DSG2 was an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for DLGAP1 and NETO1 in the human frontal cortex. The IGAP SNPs in ABCA7, CD2AP, and CD33 each acted as eQTL for AD-associated genes in brain. Our approach for identifying proxies and examining eQTL highlighted potentially impactful, novel gene regulatory phenomena pertinent to the AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - David W. Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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22
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Andrews SJ, Ismail Z, Anstey KJ, Mortby M. Association of Alzheimer's genetic loci with mild behavioral impairment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:727-735. [PMID: 30378268 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) describes the emergence of later-life neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) as an at-risk state for incident cognitive decline and dementia, and for some as a potential manifestation of prodromal dementia. How NPS mechanistically link to the development of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood, with potential mechanisms including shared risk factors related to both NPS and cognitive impairment, or AD pathology promoting NPS. This is the first exploratory study to examine whether AD genetic loci as a genetic risk score (GRS), or individually, are a shared risk factor with MBI. Participants were 1,226 older adults (aged 72-79; 738 males; 763 normal cognition) from the Personality and Total Health Through Life project. MBI was approximated in accordance with Criterion 1 of the ISTAART-AA diagnostic criteria using a transformation algorithm for the neuropsychiatric inventory. A GRS was constructed from 25 AD risk loci. Binomial logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and education examined the association between GRS and MBI. A higher GRS and APOE*ε4 were associated with increased likelihood of affective dysregulation. Nominally significant associations were observed between MS4A4A-rs4938933*C and MS4A6A-rs610932*G with a reduced likelihood of affective dysregulation; ZCWPW1-rs1476679*C with a reduced likelihood of social inappropriateness and abnormal perception/thought content; BIN1-rs744373*G and EPHA1-rs11767557*C with higher likelihood of abnormal perception/thought content; NME8-rs2718058*G with a reduced likelihood of decreased motivation. These preliminary findings suggest a common genetic etiology between MBI and traditionally recognized cognitive problems observed in AD and improve our understanding of the pathophysiological features underlying MBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea J Andrews
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Ron and Rene Centre for Healthy Brain Aging Research, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Ron and Rene Centre for Healthy Brain Aging Research, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Ron and Rene Centre for Healthy Brain Aging Research, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lifecourse Ageing Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Moyra Mortby
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Lifecourse Ageing Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Hammond TR, Dufort C, Dissing-Olesen L, Giera S, Young A, Wysoker A, Walker AJ, Gergits F, Segel M, Nemesh J, Marsh SE, Saunders A, Macosko E, Ginhoux F, Chen J, Franklin RJM, Piao X, McCarroll SA, Stevens B. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Microglia throughout the Mouse Lifespan and in the Injured Brain Reveals Complex Cell-State Changes. Immunity 2018; 50:253-271.e6. [PMID: 30471926 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1154] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, rapidly change states in response to their environment, but we lack molecular and functional signatures of different microglial populations. Here, we analyzed the RNA expression patterns of more than 76,000 individual microglia in mice during development, in old age, and after brain injury. Our analysis uncovered at least nine transcriptionally distinct microglial states, which expressed unique sets of genes and were localized in the brain using specific markers. The greatest microglial heterogeneity was found at young ages; however, several states-including chemokine-enriched inflammatory microglia-persisted throughout the lifespan or increased in the aged brain. Multiple reactive microglial subtypes were also found following demyelinating injury in mice, at least one of which was also found in human multiple sclerosis lesions. These distinct microglia signatures can be used to better understand microglia function and to identify and manipulate specific subpopulations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Connor Dufort
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Young
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alec Wysoker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alec J Walker
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Gergits
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Nemesh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Beth Stevens
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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24
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Kwok MK, Lin SL, Schooling CM. Re-thinking Alzheimer's disease therapeutic targets using gene-based tests. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:461-470. [PMID: 30314892 PMCID: PMC6446018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating condition with no known effective drug treatments. Existing drugs only alleviate symptoms. Given repeated expensive drug failures, we assessed systematically whether approved and investigational AD drugs are targeting products of genes strongly associated with AD and whether these genes are targeted by existing drugs for other indications which could be re-purposed. Methods We identified genes strongly associated with late-onset AD from the loci of genetic variants associated with AD at genome-wide-significance and from a gene-based test applied to the most extensively genotyped late-onset AD case (n = 17,008)-control (n = 37,154) study, the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project. We used three gene-to-drug cross-references, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Drugbank and Drug Repurposing Hub, to identify genetically validated targets of AD drugs and any existing drugs or nutraceuticals targeting products of the genes strongly associated with late-onset AD. Findings A total of 67 autosomal genes (forming 9 gene clusters) were identified as strongly associated with late-onset AD, 28 from the loci of single genetic variants, 51 from the gene-based test and 12 by both methods. Existing approved or investigational AD drugs did not target products of any of these 67 genes. Drugs for other indications targeted 11 of these genes, including immunosuppressive disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs targeting PTK2B gene products. Interpretation Approved and investigational AD drugs are not targeting products of genes strongly associated with late-onset AD. However, other drugs targeting products of these genes exist and could perhaps be re-purposing to combat late-onset AD after further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ki Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Lin Lin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Patrick Manson Building (North Wing), 7 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, United States.
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25
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Pavón-Romero GF, Pérez-Rubio G, Ramírez-Jiménez F, Ambrocio-Ortiz E, Bañuelos-Ortiz E, Alvarado-Franco N, Xochipa-Ruiz KE, Hernández-Juárez E, Flores-García BA, Camarena ÁE, Terán LM, Falfán-Valencia R. MS4A2-rs573790 Is Associated With Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: Replicative Study Using a Candidate Gene Strategy. Front Genet 2018; 9:363. [PMID: 30254660 PMCID: PMC6141666 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a set of diseases of the unified airway, and its physiopathology is related to disruption of the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA). Genetic association studies in AERD had explored single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in several genes related to many mechanisms (AA metabolism, inflammation, drug metabolism, etc.) but most lack validation stages in second populations. Our aim is to evaluated whether contribution to susceptibility of SNPs reported in other populations are associated with AERD in Mexican Mestizo patients. We developed a replicative study in two stages. In the first, 381 SNPs selected by fine mapping of associated genes, (previously reported in the literature), were integrated into a microarray and tested in three groups (AERD, asthma and healthy controls -HC-) using the GoldenGate array. Results associated to risk based on genetic models [comparing: AERD vs. HC (comparison 1, C1), AERD vs. asthma (C2), and asthma vs. HC (C3)] were validated in the second stage in other population groups using qPCR. In the first stage, we identified 11 SNPs associated with risk in C1.The top SNPs were ACE-rs4309C (p = 0.0001) and MS4A2-rs573790C (p = 0.0002). In C2, we detected 14 SNPs, including ACE-rs4309C (p = 0.0001). In C3, we found MS4A2-rs573790C (p = 0.001). Using genetic models, C1 MS4A2-rs57370 CC (p = 0.001), and ACE-rs4309 CC (p = 0.002) had associations. In C2 ACE-rs4309 CC (p = 0.0001) and C3 MS4A2-rs573790 CC (p = 0.001) were also associate with risk. In the second stage, only MS4A2-rs573790 CC had significance in C1 and C3 (p = 0.008 and p = 0.03). We concluded that rs573790 in the MS4A2 gene is the only SNP that supports an association with AERD in Mexican Mestizo patients in both stages of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi F Pavón-Romero
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ramírez-Jiménez
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ambrocio-Ortiz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisé Bañuelos-Ortiz
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Alvarado-Franco
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen E Xochipa-Ruiz
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Juárez
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz A Flores-García
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángel E Camarena
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis M Terán
- Department of Immunogenetics and Allergy, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Biomedicine in the Post-Genomic Era, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Wang X, Yan J, Yao X, Kim S, Nho K, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Shen L, Huang H. Longitudinal Genotype-Phenotype Association Study through Temporal Structure Auto-Learning Predictive Model. J Comput Biol 2018; 25:809-824. [PMID: 30011249 PMCID: PMC6067099 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of high-throughput genotyping and neuroimaging techniques, imaging genetics has drawn significant attention in the study of complex brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research on the associations between genotype and phenotype improves the understanding of the genetic basis and biological mechanisms of brain structure and function. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease; therefore, the study on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and longitudinal variations of neuroimaging phenotype is crucial. Although some machine learning models have recently been proposed to capture longitudinal patterns in genotype-phenotype association studies, most machine-learning models base the learning on fixed structure among longitudinal prediction tasks rather than automatically learning the interrelationships. In response to this challenge, we propose a new automated time structure learning model to automatically reveal the longitudinal genotype-phenotype interactions and exploits such learned structure to enhance the phenotypic predictions. We proposed an efficient optimization algorithm for our model and provided rigorous theoretical convergence proof. We performed experiments on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort for longitudinal phenotype prediction, including 3123 SNPs and 2 biomarkers (Voxel-Based Morphometry and FreeSurfer). The empirical results validate that our proposed model is superior to the counterparts. In addition, the best SNPs identified by our model have been replicated in the literature, which justifies our prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Ma J, Zhang W, Tan L, Wang HF, Wan Y, Sun FR, Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. MS4A6A genotypes are associated with the atrophy rates of Alzheimer's disease related brain structures. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58779-58788. [PMID: 27244883 PMCID: PMC5312275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6A (MS4A6A) has been identified as susceptibility loci of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whereas little is known about the potential roles of these variants in the brain structure and function of AD. In this study, we included a total of 812 individuals from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Using multiple linear regression models, we found MS4A6A genotypes were strongly related to atrophy rate of left middle temporal (rs610932: Pc = 0.017, rs7232: Pc = 0.022), precuneus (rs610932: Pc = 0.015) and entorhinal (rs610932, Pc = 0.022) on MRI in the entire group. In the subgroup analysis, MS4A6A SNPs were significantly accelerated the percentage of volume loss of middle temporal, precuneus and entorhinal, especially in the MCI subgroup. These findings reveal that MS4A6A genotypes affect AD specific brain structures which supported the possible role of MS4A6A polymorphisms in influencing AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu-Rong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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28
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Efthymiou AG, Goate AM. Late onset Alzheimer's disease genetics implicates microglial pathways in disease risk. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:43. [PMID: 28549481 PMCID: PMC5446752 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly heritable complex disease with no current effective prevention or treatment. The majority of drugs developed for AD focus on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which implicates Aß plaques as a causal factor in the disease. However, it is possible that other underexplored disease-associated pathways may be more fruitful targets for drug development. Findings from gene network analyses implicate immune networks as being enriched in AD; many of the genes in these networks fall within genomic regions that contain common and rare variants that are associated with increased risk of developing AD. Of these genes, several (including CR1, SPI1, the MS4As, TREM2, ABCA7, CD33, and INPP5D) are expressed by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. We summarize the gene network and genetics findings that implicate that these microglial genes are involved in AD, as well as several studies that have looked at the expression and function of these genes in microglia and in the context of AD. We propose that these genes are contributing to AD in a non-Aß-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G. Efthymiou
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
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29
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Wang X, Yan J, Yao X, Kim S, Nho K, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Shen L, Huang H. Longitudinal Genotype-Phenotype Association Study via Temporal Structure Auto-Learning Predictive Model. RESEARCH IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, RECOMB ... : PROCEEDINGS. RECOMB (CONFERENCE : 2005- ) 2017; 10229:287-302. [PMID: 29696245 PMCID: PMC5912922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56970-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
With rapid progress in high-throughput genotyping and neuroimaging, imaging genetics has gained significant attention in the research of complex brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The genotype-phenotype association study using imaging genetic data has the potential to reveal genetic basis and biological mechanism of brain structure and function. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, thus, it is crucial to look into the relations between SNPs and longitudinal variations of neuroimaging phenotypes. Although some machine learning models were newly presented to capture the longitudinal patterns in genotype-phenotype association study, most of them required fixed longitudinal structures of prediction tasks and could not automatically learn the interrelations among longitudinal prediction tasks. To address this challenge, we proposed a novel temporal structure auto-learning model to automatically uncover longitudinal genotype-phenotype interrelations and utilized such interrelated structures to enhance phenotype prediction in the meantime. We conducted longitudinal phenotype prediction experiments on the ADNI cohort including 3,123 SNPs and 2 types of biomarkers, VBM and FreeSurfer. Empirical results demonstrated advantages of our proposed model over the counterparts. Moreover, available literature was identified for our top selected SNPs, which demonstrated the rationality of our prediction results. An executable program is available online at https://github.com/littleq1991/sparse_lowRank_regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Computer Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- BioHealth, Indiana University School of Informatics & Computing, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- BioHealth, Indiana University School of Informatics & Computing, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Heng Huang
- Computer Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
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30
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Sanyal R, Polyak MJ, Zuccolo J, Puri M, Deng L, Roberts L, Zuba A, Storek J, Luider JM, Sundberg EM, Mansoor A, Baigorri E, Chu MP, Belch AR, Pilarski LM, Deans JP. MS4A4A: a novel cell surface marker for M2 macrophages and plasma cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:611-619. [PMID: 28303902 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MS4A4A is a member of the membrane-spanning, four domain family, subfamily A (MS4A) that includes CD20 (MS4A1), FcRβ (MS4A2) and Htm4 (MS4A3). Like the first three members of this family, transcription of MS4A4A appears to be limited to hematopoietic cells. To evaluate expression of the MS4A4A protein in hematopoietic cell lineages and subsets we generated monoclonal antibodies against extracellular epitopes for use in flow cytometry. In human peripheral blood we found that MS4A4A is expressed at the plasma membrane in monocytes but not in granulocytes or lymphocytes. In vitro differentiation of monocytes demonstrated that MS4A4A is expressed in immature but not activated dendritic cells, and in macrophages generated in the presence of interleukin-4 ('alternatively activated' or M2 macrophages) but not by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide ('classically' activated or M1 macrophages). MS4A4A was expressed in the U937 monocytic cell line only after differentiation. In normal bone marrow, MS4A4A was expressed in mature monocytes but was undetected, or detected at only a low level, in myeloid/monocytic precursors, as well as their malignant counterparts in patients with various subtypes of myeloid leukemia. Although MS4A4A was not expressed in healthy B lymphocytes, it was highly expressed in normal plasma cells, CD138+ cells from multiple myeloma patients, and bone marrow B cells from a patient with mantle cell lymphoma. These findings suggest immunotherapeutic potential for MS4A4A antibodies in targeting alternatively activated macrophages such as tumor-associated macrophages, and in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria J Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Zuccolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mandip Puri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lili Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luc Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ania Zuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jan Storek
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne M Luider
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen M Sundberg
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adnan Mansoor
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Baigorri
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Belch
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda M Pilarski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie P Deans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:925-33. [PMID: 26754641 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency coding variants in TREM2 are associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, while loss of functions mutations in the gene lead to an autosomal recessive early-onset dementia, named Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). TREM2 can be detected as a soluble protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and its CSF levels are elevated in inflammatory CNS diseases. We measured soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in the CSF of a large AD case-control dataset (n = 180) and 40 TREM2 risk variant carriers to determine whether CSF sTREM2 levels are associated with AD status or mutation status. We also performed genetic studies to identify genetic variants associated with CSF sTREM2 levels. CSF, but not plasma, sTREM2 was highly correlated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated-tau levels (r = 0.35, P < 1×10(-4); r = 0.40, P < 1×10(-4), respectively), but not with CSF Aβ42. AD cases presented higher CSF sTREM2 levels than controls (P = 0.01). Carriers of NHD-associated TREM2 variants presented significantly lower CSF sTREM2 levels, supporting the hypothesis that these mutations lead to reduced protein production/function (R136Q, D87N, Q33X or T66M; P = 1×10(-3)). In contrast, CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in R47H carriers compared to non-carriers (P = 6×10(-3)), suggesting that this variant does not impact protein expression and increases AD risk through a different pathogenic mechanism than NHD variants. In GWAS analyses for CSF sTREM2 levels the most significant signal was located on the MS4A gene locus (P = 5.45 × 10(-07)) corresponding to one of the SNPs reported to be associated with AD risk in this locus. Furthermore, SNPs involved in pathways related to virus cellular entry and vesicular trafficking were overrepresented, suggesting that CSF sTREM2 levels could be an informative phenotype for AD.
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Villegas-Llerena C, Phillips A, Garcia-Reitboeck P, Hardy J, Pocock JM. Microglial genes regulating neuroinflammation in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 36:74-81. [PMID: 26517285 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and microglia, the brain's resident phagocyte, are pivotal for the immune response observed in AD. Microglia act as sentinel and protective cells, but may become inappropriately reactive in AD to drive neuropathology. Recent Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified more than 20 gene variants associated with an increased risk of late-onset AD (LOAD), the most prevalent form of AD [1]. The findings strongly implicate genes related to the immune response (CR1, CD33, MS4A, CLU, ABCA7, EPHA1 and HLA-DRB5-HLA-DRB1), endocytosis (BIN1, PICALM, CD2AP, EPHA1 and SORL1) and lipid biology (CLU, ABCA7 and SORL1) [2-8], and many encode proteins which are highly expressed in microglia [1]. Furthermore, recent identification of a low frequency mutation in the gene encoding the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 protein (TREM2) confers increased risk of AD in LOAD cohorts with an effect size similar to that for APOE, until recently the only identified genetic risk factor associated with LOAD [9,10(••)] (Figure 1). The present review summarises our current understanding of the probable roles of microglial genes in the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes in AD and their relation to other processes affecting the disease's progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Villegas-Llerena
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK
| | - Pablo Garcia-Reitboeck
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK
| | - Jennifer M Pocock
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1 N 1PK, UK.
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33
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Wes PD, Holtman IR, Boddeke EW, Möller T, Eggen BJ. Next generation transcriptomics and genomics elucidate biological complexity of microglia in health and disease. Glia 2015; 64:197-213. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Department of NeuroscienceSection Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik W.G.M. Boddeke
- Department of NeuroscienceSection Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart J.L. Eggen
- Department of NeuroscienceSection Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen The Netherlands
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Abstract
The small, calcium-sensor protein, calmodulin, is ubiquitously expressed and central to cell function in all cell types. Here the literature linking calmodulin to Alzheimer's disease is reviewed. Several experimentally-verified calmodulin-binding proteins are involved in the formation of amyloid-β plaques including amyloid-β protein precursor, β-secretase, presenilin-1, and ADAM10. Many others possess potential calmodulin-binding domains that remain to be verified. Three calmodulin binding proteins are associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles: two kinases (CaMKII, CDK5) and one protein phosphatase (PP2B or calcineurin). Many of the genes recently identified by genome wide association studies and other studies encode proteins that contain putative calmodulin-binding domains but only a couple (e.g., APOE, BIN1) have been experimentally confirmed as calmodulin binding proteins. At least two receptors involved in calcium metabolism and linked to Alzheimer's disease (mAchR; NMDAR) have also been identified as calmodulin-binding proteins. In addition to this, many proteins that are involved in other cellular events intimately associated with Alzheimer's disease including calcium channel function, cholesterol metabolism, neuroinflammation, endocytosis, cell cycle events, and apoptosis have been tentatively or experimentally verified as calmodulin binding proteins. The use of calmodulin as a potential biomarker and as a therapeutic target is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danton H. O’Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristeen Eshak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A. Myre
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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