1
|
Shete PA, Ghatpande NS, Varma ME, Joshi PV, Suryavanshi KR, Misar AV, Jadhav SH, Apte PP, Kulkarni PP. Chronic dietary iron overload affects hepatic iron metabolism and cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127422. [PMID: 38492476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron accumulation in organs affects iron metabolism, leading to deleterious effects on the body. Previously, it was studied that high dietary iron in various forms and concentrations influences iron metabolism, resulting in iron accumulation in the liver and spleen and cognitive impairment. However, the actual mechanism and impact of long-term exposure to high dietary iron remain unknown. As a result, we postulated that iron overload caused by chronic exposure to excessive dietary iron supplementation would play a role in iron dyshomeostasis and inflammation in the liver and brain of Wistar rats. METHODS Animals were segregated into control, low iron (FAC-Ferric Ammonium Citrate 5000 ppm), and high iron dose group (FAC 20,000 ppm). The outcome of dietary iron overload on Wistar rats was evaluated in terms of body weight, biochemical markers, histological examination of liver and brain tissue, and cognitive-behavioral studies. Also, gene expression of rat brain tissue involving iron transporters Dmt1, TfR1, iron storage protein Fpn1, inflammatory markers Nf-kB, Tnf-α, Il-6, and hepcidin was performed. RESULTS Our data indicate that excess iron supplementation for 30 weeks leads to decreased body weight, increased serum iron levels, and decreased RBC levels in iron fed Wistar rats. Morris water maze (MWM) studies after 30 weeks showed increased escape latency in the high iron dose group compared with the control group. Histological studies of the high iron dose group showed an iron accumulation in the liver and brain loss of cellular architecture, and cellular degeneration was observed. Excess iron treatment showed upregulation of the Dmt1 gene in iron metabolism and a remarkable increase in the Nf-kB gene in rat brain tissue. CONCLUSION The results show chronic excess iron supplementation leads to iron accumulation in the liver, leading to inflammation in Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Anil Shete
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
| | - Niraj Sudhir Ghatpande
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Mokshada Evameshwar Varma
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Pranav Vijay Joshi
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Komal Ravindra Suryavanshi
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
| | - Ashwini Vivek Misar
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Sachin Hanumantrao Jadhav
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Priti Parag Apte
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India.
| | - Prasad Padmakar Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schormair B, Zhao C, Bell S, Didriksen M, Nawaz MS, Schandra N, Stefani A, Högl B, Dauvilliers Y, Bachmann CG, Kemlink D, Sonka K, Paulus W, Trenkwalder C, Oertel WH, Hornyak M, Teder-Laving M, Metspalu A, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Polo O, Fietze I, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK, Ibrahim A, Bergmann M, Kittke V, Harrer P, Dowsett J, Chenini S, Ostrowski SR, Sørensen E, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Topholm Bruun M, Nielsen KR, Butterworth AS, Soranzo N, Ouwehand WH, Roberts DJ, Danesh J, Burchell B, Furlotte NA, Nandakumar P, Earley CJ, Ondo WG, Xiong L, Desautels A, Perola M, Vodicka P, Dina C, Stoll M, Franke A, Lieb W, Stewart AFR, Shah SH, Gieger C, Peters A, Rye DB, Rouleau GA, Berger K, Stefansson H, Ullum H, Stefansson K, Hinds DA, Di Angelantonio E, Oexle K, Winkelmann J. Genome-wide meta-analyses of restless legs syndrome yield insights into genetic architecture, disease biology and risk prediction. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1090-1099. [PMID: 38839884 PMCID: PMC11176086 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects up to 10% of older adults. Their healthcare is impeded by delayed diagnosis and insufficient treatment. To advance disease prediction and find new entry points for therapy, we performed meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies in 116,647 individuals with RLS (cases) and 1,546,466 controls of European ancestry. The pooled analysis increased the number of risk loci eightfold to 164, including three on chromosome X. Sex-specific meta-analyses revealed largely overlapping genetic predispositions of the sexes (rg = 0.96). Locus annotation prioritized druggable genes such as glutamate receptors 1 and 4, and Mendelian randomization indicated RLS as a causal risk factor for diabetes. Machine learning approaches combining genetic and nongenetic information performed best in risk prediction (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82-0.91). In summary, we identified targets for drug development and repurposing, prioritized potential causal relationships between RLS and relevant comorbidities and risk factors for follow-up and provided evidence that nonlinear interactions are likely relevant to RLS risk prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schormair
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Bell
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nathalie Schandra
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ambra Stefani
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Högl
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cornelius G Bachmann
- SomnoDiagnostics, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sonka
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Maris Teder-Laving
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Nicosia General Hospital Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Olli Polo
- Bragée ME/CFS Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingo Fietze
- Department of Pulmonology, Center of Sleep Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Abubaker Ibrahim
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Volker Kittke
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Harrer
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph Dowsett
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofiene Chenini
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Department of Haematology and BRC Haematology Theme, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Christopher J Earley
- Center for Restless Legs Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William G Ondo
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lan Xiong
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Desautels
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Markus Perola
- Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Research Program (CAMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Science of Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Dina
- L'institut du thorax, CNRS, INSERM, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Monika Stoll
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- PopGen Biobank and Institute of Epidemiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandre F R Stewart
- John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svati H Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Hannover, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David B Rye
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Science Research Centre, Fondazione Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neurogenetic Systems Analysis Group, Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich-Augsburg, Munich-Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1139-1152. [PMID: 38212377 PMCID: PMC11176077 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiang Y, Song X, Long D. Ferroptosis regulation through Nrf2 and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:579-615. [PMID: 38265475 PMCID: PMC10861688 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the background knowledge of ferroptosis in the nervous system, as well as the key role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating ferroptosis. The article takes Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as the starting point to explore the close association between Nrf2 and ferroptosis, which is of clear and significant importance for understanding the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) based on oxidative stress (OS). Accumulating evidence links ferroptosis to the pathogenesis of NDs. As the disease progresses, damage to the antioxidant system, excessive OS, and altered Nrf2 expression levels, especially the inhibition of ferroptosis by lipid peroxidation inhibitors and adaptive enhancement of Nrf2 signaling, demonstrate the potential clinical significance of Nrf2 in detecting and identifying ferroptosis, as well as targeted therapy for neuronal loss and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings provide new insights and possibilities for the treatment and prevention of NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiang
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Song
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingxin Long
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan M, He Q, Xiang W, Deng Y, Lin S, Zhang R. Natural compounds efficacy in Ophthalmic Diseases: A new twist impacting ferroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116230. [PMID: 38350366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a distinct form of cell death, is characterized by the iron-mediated oxidation of lipids and is finely controlled by multiple cellular metabolic pathways. These pathways encompass redox balance, iron regulation, mitochondrial function, as well as amino acid, lipid, and sugar metabolism. Additionally, various disease-related signaling pathways also play a role in the regulation of ferroptosis. In recent years, with the introduction of the concept of ferroptosis and the deepening of research on its mechanism, ferroptosis is closely related to various biological conditions of eye diseases, including eye organ development, aging, immunity, and cancer. This article reviews the development of the concept of ferroptosis, the mechanism of ferroptosis, and its latest research progress in ophthalmic diseases and reviews the research on ferroptosis in ocular diseases within the framework of metabolism, active oxygen biology, and iron biology. Key regulators and mechanisms of ferroptosis in ocular diseases introduce important concepts and major open questions in the field of ferroptosis and related natural compounds. It is hoped that in future research, further breakthroughs will be made in the regulation mechanism of ferroptosis and the use of ferroptosis to promote the treatment of eye diseases. At the same time, natural compounds may be the direction of new drug development for the potential treatment of ferroptosis in the future. Open up a new way for clinical ophthalmologists to research and prevent diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China.
| | - Qi He
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, China
| | - Ying Deng
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Shibin Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Riping Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zierfuss B, Wang Z, Jackson AN, Moezzi D, Yong VW. Iron in multiple sclerosis - Neuropathology, immunology, and real-world considerations. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104934. [PMID: 37579645 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element involved in a multitude of bodily processes. It is tightly regulated, as elevated deposition in tissues is associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Iron accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients is linked to neurotoxicity through mechanisms including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, misfolding of proteins, and ferroptosis. In the past decade, the combination of MRI and histopathology has enhanced our understanding of iron deposition in MS pathophysiology, including in the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxicity of iron-laden rims of chronic active lesions. In this regard, iron accumulation may not only have an impact on different CNS-resident cells but may also promote the innate and adaptive immune dysfunctions in MS. Although there are discordant results, most studies indicate lower levels of iron but higher amounts of the iron storage molecule ferritin in the circulation of people with MS. Considering the importance of iron, there is a need for evidence-guided recommendation for dietary intake in people living with MS. Potential novel therapeutic approaches include the regulation of iron levels using next generation iron chelators, as well as therapies to interfere with toxic consequences of iron overload including antioxidants in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Zierfuss
- The Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal H2X 0A9, Québec, Canada
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra N Jackson
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dorsa Moezzi
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Long H, Zhu W, Wei L, Zhao J. Iron homeostasis imbalance and ferroptosis in brain diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e298. [PMID: 37377861 PMCID: PMC10292684 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is maintained through the normal function of blood-brain barrier and iron regulation at the systemic and cellular levels, which is fundamental to normal brain function. Excess iron can catalyze the generation of free radicals through Fenton reactions due to its dual redox state, thus causing oxidative stress. Numerous evidence has indicated brain diseases, especially stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, are closely related to the mechanism of iron homeostasis imbalance in the brain. For one thing, brain diseases promote brain iron accumulation. For another, iron accumulation amplifies damage to the nervous system and exacerbates patients' outcomes. In addition, iron accumulation triggers ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent type of programmed cell death, which is closely related to neurodegeneration and has received wide attention in recent years. In this context, we outline the mechanism of a normal brain iron metabolism and focus on the current mechanism of the iron homeostasis imbalance in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Meanwhile, we also discuss the mechanism of ferroptosis and simultaneously enumerate the newly discovered drugs for iron chelators and ferroptosis inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haining Long
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wangshu Zhu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Liming Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jungong Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyShanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of MedicineShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qian ZM, Li W, Guo Q. Ferroportin1 in the brain. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 88:101961. [PMID: 37236369 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research, it remains unclear why certain brain regions of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have abnormally high levels of iron, although it has long been suggested that disrupted expression of iron-metabolizing proteins due to genetic or non-genetic factors is responsible for the enhancement in brain iron contents. In addition to the increased expression of cell-iron importers lactoferrin (lactotransferrin) receptor (LfR) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and melanotransferrin (p97) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), some investigations have suggested that cell-iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) may be also associated with the elevated iron observed in the brain. The decreased expression of Fpn1 and the resulting decrease in the amount of iron excreted from brain cells has been thought to be able to enhance iron levels in the brain in AD, PD and other NDs. Cumulative results also suggest that the reduction of Fpn1 can be induced by hepcidin-dependent and -independent pathways. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of Fpn1 expression in the brain and cell lines of rats, mice and humans, with emphasis on the potential involvement of reduced Fpn1 in brain iron enhancement in patients with AD, PD and other NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu China 226019.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu China 226019
| | - Qian Guo
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 881 Yonghe Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu D, Chen Q, Chen X, Han F, Chen Z, Wang Y. The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:217. [PMID: 37231000 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Recent breakthrough in materials science and nanotechnology provides a library of advanced materials with customized structure and property serving as a powerful toolkit for targeted drug delivery. In-depth research in the field of anatomical and pathological study on brain and BBB further facilitates the development of brain-targeted strategies for enhanced BBB crossing. In this review, the physiological structure and different cells contributing to this barrier are summarized. Various emerging strategies for permeability regulation and BBB crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, membrane coating, stimuli-triggered BBB disruption, and other strategies to overcome BBB obstacle are highlighted. Versatile drug delivery systems ranging from organic, inorganic, and biologics-derived materials with their synthesis procedures and unique physio-chemical properties are summarized and analyzed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive guideline for researchers in diverse fields, offering perspectives on further development of brain-targeted drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu L, Xian X, Tan Z, Dong F, Xu G, Zhang M, Zhang F. The Role of Iron Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Redox Homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: from the Perspective of Ferroptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2832-2850. [PMID: 36735178 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cell death is common. Novel cell death form-ferroptosis is discovered in recent years. Ferroptosis is an iron-regulated programmed cell death mechanism and has been identified in AD clinical samples. Typical characteristics of ferroptosis involve the specific changes in cell morphology, iron-dependent aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides, loss of glutathione (GSH), inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and a unique group of regulatory genes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that ferroptosis may be associated with neurological dysfunction in AD. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This article reviews the potential role of ferroptosis in AD, the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathological progression of AD through the mechanisms of iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis, as well as a range of potential therapies targeting ferroptosis for AD. Intervention strategies based on ferroptosis are promising for Alzheimer's disease treatment at present, but further researches are still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and intervention, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liang M, Chen L, He Q, Mi X, Qu L, Xie J, Song N. Intraperitoneal injection of iron dextran induces peripheral iron overload and mild neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system in C57BL/6 mice. Life Sci 2023; 320:121508. [PMID: 36858315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Elevated iron levels in the affected areas of brain are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated the influence of peripheral iron overload in peripheral tissues, as well as its entry into the brain regions on lysosomal functions. The survival of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system and motor coordination were also investigated. MAIN METHODS An intraperitoneal injection of iron dextran (FeDx) mouse model was established. Western blot was used to detect iron deposition and lysosomal functions in the liver, spleen, hippocampal (HC), striatum (STR), substantia nigra (SN) and olfactory bulb (OB). Iron in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by an iron assay kit. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were applied to detect dopaminergic neurons and fibers. Motor behavior was evaluated by gait analysis. KEY FINDINGS Iron was deposited consistently in the liver and spleen, and serum iron was elevated. While iron deposition occurred late in the HC, STR and SN, without apparently affecting CSF iron levels. Although cathepsin B (CTSB), cathepsin D (CTSD), glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and lysosome integrated membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2) protein levels were dramatically up-regulated in the liver and spleen, they were almost unchanged in the brain regions. However, CTSB was up-regulated in acute iron-overloaded OB and primary cultured astrocytes. The number of dopaminergic neurons in the SN remained unchanged, and mice did not exhibit significant motor incoordination. SIGNIFICANCE Intraperitoneal injection of FeDx in mice induces largely peripheral iron overload while not necessarily sufficient to cause severe disruption of the nigrostriatal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Liang
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mi
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Le Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ning Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Curcumin and N-Acetylcysteine Nanocarriers Alone or Combined with Deferoxamine Target the Mitochondria and Protect against Neurotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in a Co-Culture Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010130. [PMID: 36670992 PMCID: PMC9855117 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents most compounds from entering the brain, nanocarrier delivery systems are frequently being explored to potentially enhance the passage of drugs due to their nanometer sizes and functional characteristics. This study aims to investigate whether Pluronic® F68 (P68) and dequalinium (DQA) nanocarriers can improve the ability of curcumin, n-acetylcysteine (NAC) and/or deferoxamine (DFO), to access the brain, specifically target mitochondria and protect against rotenone by evaluating their effects in a combined Transwell® hCMEC/D3 BBB and SH-SY5Y based cellular Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. P68 + DQA nanoformulations enhanced the mean passage across the BBB model of curcumin, NAC and DFO by 49%, 28% and 49%, respectively (p < 0.01, n = 6). Live cell mitochondrial staining analysis showed consistent co-location of the nanocarriers within the mitochondria. P68 + DQA nanocarriers also increased the ability of curcumin and NAC, alone or combined with DFO, to protect against rotenone induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress by up to 19% and 14% (p < 0.01, n = 6), as measured by the MTT and mitochondrial hydroxyl radical assays respectively. These results indicate that the P68 + DQA nanocarriers were successful at enhancing the protective effects of curcumin, NAC and/or DFO by increasing the brain penetrance and targeted delivery of the associated bioactives to the mitochondria in this model. This study thus emphasises the potential effectiveness of this nanocarrier strategy in fully utilising the therapeutic benefit of these antioxidants and lays the foundation for further studies in more advanced models of PD.
Collapse
|
15
|
Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
Collapse
|
16
|
The role of glutathione conjugation on the transcellular transport process of PEGylated liposomes across the blood brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122152. [PMID: 36055442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the growing evidence of improved drug delivery efficiency to the brain by ligand modification of PEGylated liposomes, the comprehensive knowledge of their transport processes and payload across the BBB is yet to be revealed. Herein, this study sought to understand the glutathione (GSH) ligand effect on transcellular transport mechanisms of liposomes through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by comparing PEGylated liposomes (PEG-L) and GSH PEGylated liposomes (GSH-PEG-L). Endocytosis and exocytosis of liposomes including the role of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) of brain endothelial cells (BECs) were assessed. Further pharmacokinetics and brain distribution analysis of gemcitabine loaded liposomes were carried in healthy rats to ascertain the in vivo applicability. Our findings suggested that the presence of GSH increased the cellular uptake of liposomes by up to 3-fold in human brain microvascular endothelial cells depending on the dose but not in astrocytes. The cell exposure to liposomes particularly GSH-PEG-L dramatically increased the cell secretion of small and microvesicles with liposomal components, though different liposomes preferred different vesicles for exocytosis. This correlated with GSH-PEG-L transport efficiency of 4% across the in vitro BBB model in 24 h, 1.7-fold higher than that of PEG-L (p < 0.05). In rats, while PEG-L and GSH-PEG-L showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles and prolonged circulation properties, 3.8% of the total injected dose (ID) of gemcitabine was found in the brain of the GSH-PEG-L group at 8 h post-injection, compared with 2.8% ID in the PEG-L group. A brain: blood concentration ratio of 1.27 ± 0.12 indicated that an active transport mechanism to cross the BBB for GSH-PEG-L. Overall, this study revealed that GSH augmented the transcellular transport efficiency of liposomes through BBB to improve targeted brain delivery by enhancing cellular uptake and vesicular exocytosis route of BECs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Electroacupuncture Reduces Cerebral Hemorrhage Injury in Rats by Improving Cerebral Iron Metabolism. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6943438. [PMID: 36016663 PMCID: PMC9398869 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6943438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effects of electroacupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui points on the expression of hepcidin (Hepc), transferrin (Tf), transferrin receptor (TfR), and ferritin (Ft) in rats with cerebral hemorrhage to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with acupuncture. Method The model of cerebral hemorrhage in rats was established by autologous blood injection method and treated by electroacupuncture (EA) at the acupoints of Baihui and Dazhui. Hepc siRNA was injected into the lateral ventricle 30 min before model preparation to produce the cerebral hemorrhage model. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to assess the neurological function, and the total iron content in brain tissue was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry; the expression of Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR in perihematoma tissue was detected using immunohistochemistry; the interference efficiency of Hepc siRNA was detected using western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The degree of neurological deficit showed a downward trend at 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days, and electroacupuncture significantly reduced the neurological deficit score at each time point (P < 0.01). Regarding total iron content in brain tissue, on the 3rd day, the 7th day, and the 14th day, the iron content of the hematoma tissue after intracerebral hemorrhage was reduced by electroacupuncture (P < 0.01). Regarding immunohistochemical results. Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR protein expressions on day 14 were significantly higher after cerebral hemorrhage (P < 0.01). After electroacupuncture, the expression of Hepc, Ft, Tf, and TfR protein was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Western blot and RT-PCR revealed that the interference efficiency of Hepc siRNA was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion Electroacupuncture can reduce neurological severity scores in rats with cerebral hemorrhage and may exert cerebral protective effects by reducing Hepc protein and gene expression; lowering Ft, Tf, and TfR protein expression; and promoting iron metabolism in the brain of rats with cerebral hemorrhage.
Collapse
|
18
|
Iron, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137267. [PMID: 35806270 PMCID: PMC9266893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the brain homeostasis, either directly via the formation of abnormal proteins or cerebral hypo-perfusion, or indirectly via peripheral inflammation, will activate microglia to synthesise a variety of pro-inflammatory agents which may lead to inflammation and cell death. The pro-inflammatory cytokines will induce changes in the iron proteins responsible for maintaining iron homeostasis, such that increased amounts of iron will be deposited in cells in the brain. The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which is directly involved in the inflammatory process, can significantly affect iron metabolism via their interaction with iron-regulatory proteins (IRPs). This underlies the importance of ensuring that iron is maintained in a form that can be kept under control; hence, the elegant mechanisms which have become increasingly well understood for regulating iron homeostasis. Therapeutic approaches to minimise the toxicity of iron include N-acetyl cysteine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds and iron chelation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Isasi E, Figares M, Abudara V, Olivera-Bravo S. Gestational and Lactational Iron Deficiency Anemia Impairs Myelination and the Neurovascular Unit in Infant Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3738-3754. [PMID: 35381889 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a prevalent health problem among pregnant women and infants, particularly in the developing countries that causes brain development deficits and poor cognitive outcomes. Since tissue iron depletion may impair myelination and trigger cellular hypoxic signaling affecting blood vessels, we studied myelination and the neurovascular unit (NVU) in infant rats born to mothers fed with an iron deficient (ID) or control diet from embryonic day 5 till weaning. Blood samples and brains of rat pups at postnatal day (PND) 14 and 30 were analyzed. PND 14 ID rats had severe microcytic hypochromic anemia that was almost reversed at PND 30 although hypomyelination and astrocyte immature phenotype in the corpus callosum were significant at that age. In CA1 hippocampal region, PND 14 and PND 30 ID rats showed significant reduced expression of the receptor β of the platelet-derived growth factor localized in pericytes and associated to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) immunopositive capillaries. Shorter AQP4 + capillaries and reduced AQP4 expression were also evidenced in PND 14 and PND 30 ID rats. In addition, pericyte membrane permeability through large-pore channels was transiently increased in ID rats at PND 14 but not at PND 30, while the blood-brain barrier permeability was not affected. Remarkably, transient increased pericyte permeability found in PND 14 ID rats was not directly related to iron depletion, suggesting the involvement of other iron deficiency anemia-induced mechanisms. In summary, severe ID during gestation and lactation produces persistent hypomyelination and significantly affects hippocampal pericytes and astrocytes in the NVU which may trigger impaired neurovascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Isasi
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 3318, Italia Av., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martin Figares
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Abudara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 3318, Italia Av., 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang F, Wang J, Shen Y, Li H, Rausch WD, Huang X. Iron Dyshomeostasis and Ferroptosis: A New Alzheimer’s Disease Hypothesis? Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:830569. [PMID: 35391749 PMCID: PMC8981915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.830569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in many physiological processes of the human body, but iron is continuously deposited in the brain as we age. Early studies found iron overload is directly proportional to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein, both of which are related to the AD pathogenesis, are associated with brain iron metabolism. A variety of iron metabolism-related proteins have been found to be abnormally expressed in the brains of AD patients and mouse models, resulting in iron deposition and promoting AD progression. Amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, two pathological hallmarks of AD, can also promote iron deposition in the brain, forming a vicious cycle of AD development-iron deposition. Iron deposition and the subsequent ferroptosis has been found to be a potential mechanism underlying neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases. Iron chelators, antioxidants and hepcidin were found useful for treating AD, which represents an important direction for AD treatment research and drug development in the future. The review explored the deep connection between iron dysregulation and AD pathogenesis, discussed the potential of new hypothesis related to iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis, and summarized the therapeutics capable of targeting iron, with the expectation to draw more attention of iron dysregulation and corresponding drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Diseases, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf-Dieter Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Geriatric Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobo Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Halcrow PW, Lynch ML, Geiger JD, Ohm JE. Role of endolysosome function in iron metabolism and brain carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:74-85. [PMID: 34139350 PMCID: PMC8627927 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron, the most abundant metal in human brain, is an essential microelement that regulates numerous cellular mechanisms. Some key physiological roles of iron include oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, embryonic neuronal development, formation of iron-sulfur clusters, and the regulation of enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Because of its physiological and pathological importance, iron homeostasis must be tightly regulated by balancing its uptake, transport, and storage. Endosomes and lysosomes (endolysosomes) are acidic organelles known to contain readily releasable stores of various cations including iron and other metals. Increased levels of ferrous (Fe2+) iron can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via Fenton chemistry reactions and these increases can damage mitochondria and genomic DNA as well as promote carcinogenesis. Accumulation of iron in the brain has been linked with aging, diet, disease, and cerebral hemorrhage. Further, deregulation of brain iron metabolism has been implicated in carcinogenesis and may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of brain tumors around the world. Here, we provide insight into mechanisms by which iron accumulation in endolysosomes is altered by pH and lysosome membrane permeabilization. Such events generate excess ROS resulting in mitochondrial DNA damage, fission, and dysfunction, as well as DNA oxidative damage in the nucleus; all of which promote carcinogenesis. A better understanding of the roles that endolysosome iron plays in carcinogenesis may help better inform the development of strategic therapeutic options for cancer treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Miranda L Lynch
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Joyce E Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bardestani A, Ebrahimpour S, Esmaeili A, Esmaeili A. Quercetin attenuates neurotoxicity induced by iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:327. [PMID: 34663344 PMCID: PMC8522232 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been proposed as targeted carriers to deliver therapeutic molecules in the central nervous system (CNS). However, IONPs may damage neural tissue via free iron accumulation, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin (QC) have been proven due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, poor solubility and low bioavailability of QC have also led researchers to make various QC-involved nanoparticles to overcome these limitations. We wondered how high doses or prolonged treatment with quercetin conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (QCSPIONs) could improve cognitive dysfunction and promote neurogenesis without any toxicity. It can be explained that the QC inhibits protein aggregation and acts against iron overload via iron-chelating activity, iron homeostasis genes regulation, radical scavenging, and attenuation of Fenton/Haber-Weiss reaction. In this review, first, we present brain iron homeostasis, molecular mechanisms of iron overload that induced neurotoxicity, and the role of iron in dementia-associated diseases. Then by providing evidence of IONPs neurotoxicity, we discuss how QC neutralizes IONPs neurotoxicity, and finally, we make a brief comparison between QC and conventional iron chelators. In this review, we highlight that QC as supplementation and especially in conjugated form reduces iron oxide nanoparticles neurotoxicity in clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Bardestani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Ebrahimpour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeili
- School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang X, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Hippocampal-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189902. [PMID: 34576065 PMCID: PMC8472822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly recognized type of cell death that is different from traditional forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. It is caused by the accumulation of intracellular iron, promoting lipid peroxidation and leading to cell death. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. An increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of proteins, and cell death. The hippocampus is an important brain region for learning, memory, and emotional responses, and is also a sensitive part of the brain to the dysfunctional homeostasis of transition metals. Damage of hippocampal structure and function are intimately involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, ferroptosis is playing an increasingly important role in treatment areas of central nervous system diseases. Thus, we provide an overview of ferroptosis regulatory mechanisms, such as lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and iron metabolism in this review. We also highlight the role of ferroptosis in hippocampal-related diseases and investigate a theoretical basis for further research on the role of ferroptosis in nervous system disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62733778; Fax: +86-10-62733199
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li C, Shi L, Wang Y, Peng C, Wu L, Zhang Y, Du Z. High-fat diet exacerbates lead-induced blood-brain barrier disruption by disrupting tight junction integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1412-1421. [PMID: 33749115 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) can damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in humans. High-fat diet (HFD) also has been suggested to impair neurocognitive function. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a rigorous permeability barrier for maintaining homeostasis of CNS. The damage of BBB caused by tight junctions (TJs) disruption is central to the etiology of various CNS disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether HFD could exacerbate Pb exposure induced the destruction of BBB integrity by TJs disruption. To this end, we measured cell viability assay, trans-endothelial electrical resistance assay, horseradish peroxidase flux measurement, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence experiments. The results showed that palmitic acid (PA), the most common saturated fatty acid found in the human body, can increase the permeability of the BBB in vitro which formed in bEnd.3 cells induced by Pb exposure, and decrease the expression of TJs, such as zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Besides, we found that PA could promote the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway induced by Pb. MMP-9 inhibitor or JNK inhibitor could increase BBB integrity and up-regulate the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin after treatment, respectively. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor could down-regulate the expression of MMP-9. In conclusion, these results suggested that HFD exacerbates Pb-induced BBB disruption by disrupting TJs integrity. This may be because PA promotes the activation of JNK pathway and then up-regulated the expression of MMP-9 after Pb-exposure. It is suggested that people with HFD exposed to environmental Pb may cause more serious damage to the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu L, Liu M, Liang J, Li N, Yang D, Cai J, Zhang Y, He Y, Chen Z, Ma T. Ferroptosis as a New Mechanism in Parkinson's Disease Therapy Using Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659584. [PMID: 34163356 PMCID: PMC8215498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. To date, among medications used to treat PD, only levodopa exhibits a limited disease-modifying effect on early-onset PD, but it cannot delay the progression of the disease. In 2018, for the first time, the World Health Organization included traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in its influential global medical compendium. The use of TCM in the treatment of PD has a long history. At present, TCM can help treat and prevent PD. Iron metabolism is closely associated with PD. Ferroptosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, is a recently discovered form of iron-dependent cell death. The research literature indicates that ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons is an important pathogenetic mechanism of PD. TCM may thus play unique roles in the treatment of PD and provide new ideas for the treatment of PD by regulating pathways associated with ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijun Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Liang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Cai
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mursaleen L, Noble B, Somavarapu S, Zariwala MG. Micellar Nanocarriers of Hydroxytyrosol Are Protective against Parkinson's Related Oxidative Stress in an In Vitro hCMEC/D3-SH-SY5Y Co-Culture System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060887. [PMID: 34073115 PMCID: PMC8226543 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a natural phenolic antioxidant which has neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Due to issues such as rapid metabolism, HT is unlikely to reach the brain at therapeutic concentrations required for a clinical effect. We have previously developed micellar nanocarriers from Pluronic F68® (P68) and dequalinium (DQA) which have suitable characteristics for brain delivery of antioxidants and iron chelators. The aim of this study was to utilise the P68 + DQA nanocarriers for HT alone, or in combination with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), and assess their physical characteristics and ability to pass the blood–brain barrier and protect against rotenone in a cellular hCMEC/D3-SH-SY5Y co-culture system. Both HT and HT + DFO formulations were less than 170 nm in size and demonstrated high encapsulation efficiencies (up to 97%). P68 + DQA nanoformulation enhanced the mean blood–brain barrier (BBB) passage of HT by 50% (p < 0.0001, n = 6). This resulted in increased protection against rotenone induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress by up to 12% and 9%, respectively, compared to the corresponding free drug treatments (p < 0.01, n = 6). This study demonstrates for the first time the incorporation of HT and HT + DFO into P68 + DQA nanocarriers and successful delivery of these nanocarriers across a BBB model to protect against PD-related oxidative stress. These nanocarriers warrant further investigation to evaluate whether this enhanced neuroprotection is exhibited in in vivo PD models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Mursaleen
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (L.M.); (B.N.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Cure Parkinson’s, 120 New Cavendish Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W 6XX, UK
| | - Brendon Noble
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (L.M.); (B.N.)
| | - Satyanarayana Somavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.G.Z.)
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- Centre for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK; (L.M.); (B.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.G.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zacchi P, Belmonte B, Mangogna A, Morello G, Scola L, Martorana A, Borelli V. The Ferroxidase Hephaestin in Lung Cancer: Pathological Significance and Prognostic Value. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638856. [PMID: 34094919 PMCID: PMC8170403 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hephaestin (HEPH) belongs to a group of exocytoplasmic ferroxidases which contribute to cellular iron homeostasis by favouring its export. Down-regulation of HEPH expression, possibly by stimulating cell proliferation due to an increase in iron availability, has shown to correlate with poor survival in breast cancer. The lung is particularly sensitive to iron-induced oxidative stress, given the high oxygen tension present, however, HEPH distribution in lung cancer and its influence on prognosis have not been investigated yet. In this study we explored the prognostic value of HEPH and its expression pattern in the most prevalent histotypes of lung cancers, namely lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. In silico analyses, based on UALCAN, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Kaplan–Meier plotter bioinformatics, revealed a significant correlation between higher levels of HEPH expression and favorable prognosis, in both cancer histotypes. Moreover, TIMER web platform showed a statistically significant association between HEPH expression and cell elements belonging to the tumor microenvironment identified as endothelial cells and a subpopulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, further confirmed by double immunohistochemical labeling with cell type specific markers. Taken together, these data shed a light on the complex mechanisms of local iron handling lung cancer can exploit to support tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangogna
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gaia Morello
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Scola
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Martorana
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Violetta Borelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ficiarà E, Munir Z, Boschi S, Caligiuri ME, Guiot C. Alteration of Iron Concentration in Alzheimer's Disease as a Possible Diagnostic Biomarker Unveiling Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4479. [PMID: 33923052 PMCID: PMC8123284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of all organs, including the brain, requires iron. It is present in different forms in biological fluids, and alterations in its distribution can induce oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. However, the clinical parameters normally used for monitoring iron concentration in biological fluids (i.e., serum and cerebrospinal fluid) can hardly detect the quantity of circulating iron, while indirect measurements, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, require further validation. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in brain iron metabolism, homeostasis, and iron imbalance caused by alterations detectable by standard and non-standard indicators of iron status. These indicators for iron transport, storage, and metabolism can help to understand which biomarkers can better detect iron imbalances responsible for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Zunaira Munir
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Neuroscience Research Center, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao T, Guo X, Sun Y. Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation in the Aging Retina: Implication of Ferroptosis in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Aging Dis 2021; 12:529-551. [PMID: 33815881 PMCID: PMC7990372 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic. Iron accumulation and reduced efficiency of intracellular antioxidative defense systems predispose the aging retina to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by retinal iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The mechanisms underlying AMD include oxidative stress-mediated death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and subsequent death of retinal photoreceptors. Understanding the mechanism of the disruption of iron and redox homeostasis in the aging retina and AMD is crucial to decipher these mechanisms of cell death and AMD pathogenesis. The mechanisms of retinal cell death in AMD are an area of active investigation; previous studies have proposed several types of cell death as major mechanisms. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death pathway, has been associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is initiated by lipid peroxidation and is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the aging retina and AMD, with an emphasis on ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tantai Zhao
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Thomsen MS, Humle N, Hede E, Moos T, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB. The blood-brain barrier studied in vitro across species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236770. [PMID: 33711041 PMCID: PMC7954348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BECs) supported by pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB maintains homeostasis and protects the brain against toxic substances circulating in the blood, meaning that only a few drugs can pass the BBB. Thus, for drug screening, understanding cell interactions, and pathology, in vitro BBB models have been developed using BECs from various animal sources. When comparing models of different species, differences exist especially in regards to the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Thus, we compared primary mice, rat, and porcine BECs (mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs) cultured in mono- and co-culture with astrocytes, to identify species-dependent differences that could explain the variations in TEER and aid to the selection of models for future BBB studies. The BBB models based on primary mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs were evaluated and compared in regards to major BBB characteristics. The barrier integrity was evaluated by the expression of tight junction proteins and measurements of TEER and apparent permeability (Papp). Additionally, the cell size, the functionality of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, and the expression of the transferrin receptor were evaluated and compared. Expression and organization of tight junction proteins were in all three species influenced by co-culturing, supporting the findings, that TEER increases after co-culturing with astrocytes. All models had functional polarised P-gp efflux transporters and expressed the transferrin receptor. The most interesting discovery was that even though the pBECs had higher TEER than rBECs and mBECs, the Papp did not show the same variation between species, which could be explained by a significantly larger cell size of pBECs. In conclusion, our results imply that the choice of species for a given BBB study should be defined from its purpose, instead of aiming to reach the highest TEER, as the models studied here revealed similar BBB properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Humle
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva Hede
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang G, Qian C, Zhang C, Bao Y, Liu MY, Jiang F, Li W, Liu Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Hepcidin attenuates the iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Transl Res 2021; 229:53-68. [PMID: 32932001 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a key role in secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and hepcidin is able to reduce brain iron in iron-overloaded rats by down-regulating iron transport proteins including ferroportin 1 and transferrin receptor 1. These led us to hypothesize that hepcidin might reduce iron-mediated neurotoxicity by inhibiting iron accumulation in ICH brain. Here, we examined effects of Ad-hepcidin (hepcidin expression adenovirus) on the nonheme iron contents, expression of hepcidin, ferritin and iron transport proteins, neuronal cell survival, water contents in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ICH-induced apoptosis, neurological deficit by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, NeuN Immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Fluoro-Jade B staining, behavioral performance and Morris water-maze tests in 510 rats. We demonstrated that hepcidin could significantly suppress the ICH-induced increase in iron and ferritin in brain tissues and CSF by inhibiting expression of iron transport proteins, increase neuronal survival by attenuating ICH-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, neurodegeneration and brain edema, as well as effectively improve ICH-induced behavioral and cognitive deficit in rats. The findings collectively showed that hepcidin could effectively attenuate iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after ICH in rats. This naturally existing protein can potentially be developed into a therapeutic drug for the treatment of ICH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Meng-Yue Liu
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Urrutia PJ, Bórquez DA, Núñez MT. Inflaming the Brain with Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010061. [PMID: 33419006 PMCID: PMC7825317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and neuroinflammation are pathological conditions found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron and inflammation are intertwined in a bidirectional relationship, where iron modifies the inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating macrophages, and in turn, these cells secrete diffusible mediators that reshape neuronal iron homeostasis and regulate iron entry into the brain. Secreted inflammatory mediators include cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), notably hepcidin and nitric oxide (·NO). Hepcidin is a small cationic peptide with a central role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hepcidin can reduce iron export from neurons and decreases iron entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (Fpn1). Likewise, ·NO selectively converts cytosolic aconitase (c-aconitase) into the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), which regulates cellular iron homeostasis through its binding to iron response elements (IRE) located in the mRNAs of iron-related proteins. Nitric oxide-activated IRP1 can impair cellular iron homeostasis during neuroinflammation, triggering iron accumulation, especially in the mitochondria, leading to neuronal death. In this review, we will summarize findings that connect neuroinflammation and iron accumulation, which support their causal association in the neurodegenerative processes observed in AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Daniel A. Bórquez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, 8370007 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Marco Tulio Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29787360
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brain-Targeted Delivery of Pre-miR-29b Using Lactoferrin-Stearic Acid-Modified-Chitosan/Polyethyleneimine Polyplexes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100314. [PMID: 33076502 PMCID: PMC7602608 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of brain therapeutics is largely hampered by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), mainly due to the failure of most (bio) pharmaceuticals to cross it. Accordingly, this study aims to develop nanocarriers for targeted delivery of recombinant precursor microRNA (pre-miR-29b), foreseeing a decrease in the expression of the BACE1 protein, with potential implications in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment. Stearic acid (SA) and lactoferrin (Lf) were successfully exploited as brain-targeting ligands to modify cationic polymers (chitosan (CS) or polyethyleneimine (PEI)), and its BBB penetration behavior was evaluated. The intracellular uptake of the dual-targeting drug delivery systems by neuronal cell models, as well as the gene silencing efficiency of recombinant pre-miR-29b, was analyzed in vitro. Labeled pre-miR-29b-CS/PEI-SA-Lf systems showed very strong fluorescence in the cytoplasm and nucleus of RBE4 cells, being verified the delivery of pre-miR-29b to neuronal cells after 1 h transfection. The experiment of transport across the BBB showed that CS-SA-Lf delivered 65% of recombinant pre-miR-29b in a period of 4 h, a significantly higher transport ratio than the 42% found for PEI-SA-Lf in the same time frame. Overall, a novel procedure for the dual targeting of DDS is disclosed, opening new perspectives in nanomedicines delivery, whereby a novel drug delivery system harvests the merits and properties of the different immobilized ligands.
Collapse
|
36
|
Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 32867052 PMCID: PMC7551829 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in numerous cellular processes. Any disruption of iron homeostasis leads to either iron deficiency or iron overload, which can be detrimental for humans' health, especially in elderly. Each of these changes contributes to the faster development of many neurological disorders or stimulates progression of already present diseases. Age-related cellular and molecular alterations in iron metabolism can also lead to iron dyshomeostasis and deposition. Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism. Besides, since iron plays an important role in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, dietary iron homeostasis should be considered with caution. Recently, there has been increased interest in sex-related differences in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. These differences have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review we will discuss the latest discoveries in iron metabolism, age-related changes, along with the sex differences in iron content in serum and brain, within the healthy aging population and in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Manthe RL, Loeck M, Bhowmick T, Solomon M, Muro S. Intertwined mechanisms define transport of anti-ICAM nanocarriers across the endothelium and brain delivery of a therapeutic enzyme. J Control Release 2020; 324:181-193. [PMID: 32389778 PMCID: PMC7720842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of drug delivery systems with tissues is key for their application. An example is drug carriers targeted to endothelial barriers, which can be transported to intra-endothelial compartments (lysosomes) or transcellularly released at the tissue side (transcytosis). Although carrier targeting valency influences this process, the mechanism is unknown. We studied this using polymer nanocarriers (NCs) targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial-surface glycoprotein whose expression is increased in pathologies characterized by inflammation. A bell-shaped relationship was found between NC targeting valency and the rate of transcytosis, where high and low NC valencies rendered less efficient transcytosis rates than an intermediate valency formulation. In contrast, an inverted bell-shape relationship was found for NC valency and lysosomal trafficking rates. Data suggested a model where NC valency plays an opposing role in the two sub-processes involved in transcytosis: NC binding-uptake depended directly on valency and exocytosis-detachment was inversely related to this parameter. This is because the greater the avidity of the NC-receptor interaction the more efficient uptake becomes, but NC-receptor detachment post-transport is more compromised. Cleavage of the receptor at the basolateral side of endothelial cells facilitated NC transcytosis, likely by helping NC detachment post-transport. Since transcytosis encompasses both sets of events, the full process finds an optimum at the intersection of these inverted relationships, explaining the bell-shaped behavior. NCs also trafficked to lysosomes from the apical side and, additionally, from the basolateral side in the case of high valency NCs which are slower at detaching from the receptor. This explains the opposite behavior of NC valency for transcytosis vs. lysosomal transport. Anti-ICAM NCs were verified to traffic into the brain after intravenous injection in mice, and both cellular and in vivo data showed that intermediate valency NCs resulted in higher delivery of a therapeutic enzyme, acid sphingomyelinase, required for types A and B Niemann-Pick disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Manthe
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR) and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Maximilian Loeck
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Tridib Bhowmick
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR) and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR) and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR) and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) of the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institution of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08910, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Helgudottir SS, Routhe LJ, Burkhart A, Jønsson K, Pedersen IS, Lichota J, Moos T. Epigenetic Regulation of Ferroportin in Primary Cultures of the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3526-3539. [PMID: 32542592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroportin plays an essential role for iron transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). To maintain the integrity of the BBB, the BCECs gain support from pericytes and astrocytes, which together with neurons form the neurovascular unit (NVU). The objectives of the present study were to investigate ferroportin expression in primary cells of the NVU and to determine if ferroportin mRNA (Fpn) expression is epigenetically regulated. Primary rat BCECs, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons all expressed ferroportin mRNA at varying levels, with BCECs exhibiting the highest expression of Fpn, peaking when co-cultured but examined separately from astrocytes. Conversely, Fpn expression was lowest in isolated astrocytes, which correlated with high DNA methylation in their Slc40a1 promoter. To provide further evidence for epigenetic regulation, mono-cultured BCECs, pericytes, and astrocytes were treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and sodium butyrate (SB), which significantly increased Fpn and ferroportin protein in BCECs and pericytes. Furthermore, 59Fe export from BCECs was elevated after treatment with VPA. In conclusion, we present first time evidence stating that Fpn expression is epigenetically regulated in BCECs, which may have implications for pharmacological induction of iron transport through the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Sara Helgudottir
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisa J Routhe
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katrine Jønsson
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge S Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jacek Lichota
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 7E, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee NJ, Ha SK, Sati P, Absinta M, Nair G, Luciano NJ, Leibovitch EC, Yen CC, Rouault TA, Silva AC, Jacobson S, Reich DS. Potential role of iron in repair of inflammatory demyelinating lesions. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4365-4376. [PMID: 31498148 DOI: 10.1172/jci126809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory destruction of iron-rich myelin is characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although iron is needed for oligodendrocytes to produce myelin during development, its deposition has also been linked to neurodegeneration and inflammation, including in MS. We report perivascular iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions that was mirrored in 72 lesions from 13 marmosets with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Iron accumulated mainly inside microglia/macrophages from 6 weeks after demyelination. Consistently, expression of transferrin receptor, the brain's main iron-influx protein, increased as lesions aged. Iron was uncorrelated with inflammation and postdated initial demyelination, suggesting that iron is not directly pathogenic. Iron homeostasis was at least partially restored in remyelinated, but not persistently demyelinated, lesions. Taken together, our results suggest that iron accumulation in the weeks after inflammatory demyelination may contribute to lesion repair rather than inflammatory demyelination per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael J Lee
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecil C Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Section on Human Iron Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hede E, Christiansen CB, Heegaard CW, Moos T, Burkhart A. Gene therapy to the blood-brain barrier with resulting protein secretion as a strategy for treatment of Niemann Picks type C2 disease. J Neurochem 2020; 156:290-308. [PMID: 32072649 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of many diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the inability of several therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Genetically modifying brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) denotes an approach to overcome the limitations of the BBB by turning BCECs into recombinant protein factories. This will result in protein secretion toward both the brain and peripheral circulation, which is particularly relevant in genetic diseases, like lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), where cells are ubiquitously affected both in the CNS and the periphery. Here we investigated transfection of primary rat brain capillary endothelial cells (rBCECs) for synthesis and secretion of recombinant NPC2, the protein deficient in the lysosomal cholesterol storage disease Niemann Pick type C2. We demonstrate prominent NPC2 gene induction and protein secretion in 21% of BCECs in non-mitotic monocultures with a biological effect on NPC2-deficient fibroblasts as verified from changes in filipin III staining of cholesterol deposits. By comparison the transfection efficiency was 75% in HeLa-cells, known to persist in a mitotic state. When co-cultured with primary rat astrocytes in conditions with maintained BBB properties 7% BCECs were transfected, clearly suggesting that induction of BBB properties with polarized conditions of the non-mitotic BCECs influences the transfection efficacy and secretion directionality. In conclusion, non-viral gene therapy to rBCECs leads to protein secretion and signifies a method for NPC2 to target cells inside the CNS otherwise inaccessible because of the presence of the BBB. However, obtaining high transfection efficiencies is crucial in order to achieve sufficient therapeutic effects. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15050.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hede
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christine B Christiansen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian W Heegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Molecular Nutrition, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jia Y, Deng H, Qin Q, Ma Z. JWH133 inhibits MPP+-induced inflammatory response and iron influx in astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
42
|
Branca JJV, Maresca M, Morucci G, Mello T, Becatti M, Pazzagli L, Colzi I, Gonnelli C, Carrino D, Paternostro F, Nicoletti C, Ghelardini C, Gulisano M, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Pacini A. Effects of Cadmium on ZO-1 Tight Junction Integrity of the Blood Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6010. [PMID: 31795317 PMCID: PMC6928912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic environmental pollutant released from the smelting and refining of metals and cigarette smoking. Oral exposure to cadmium may result in adverse effects on a number of tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, its toxicity has been related to neurological disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Under normal conditions, Cd barely reaches the brain in adults because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however, it has been demonstrated that Cd-dependent BBB alteration contributes to pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. However, the mechanism underlying Cd-dependent BBB alteration remain obscure. Here, we investigated the signaling pathway of Cd-induced tight junction (TJ), F-actin, and vimentin protein disassembly in a rat brain endothelial cell line (RBE4). RBE4 cells treated with 10 μM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) showed a dose- and time-dependent significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This phenomenon was coincident with the alteration of the TJ zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), F-actin, and vimentin proteins. The Cd-dependent ROS increase elicited the upregulation of GRP78 expression levels, a chaperone involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that induces caspase-3 activation. Further signal profiling by the pannexin-1 (PANX1) specific inhibitor 10Panx revealed a PANX1-independent increase in ATP spillage in Cd-treated endothelial cells. Our results point out that a ROS-dependent ER stress-mediated signaling pathway involving caspase-3 activation and ATP release is behind the BBB morphological alterations induced by Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Junio Valerio Branca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Mario Maresca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Morucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (T.M.); (M.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (I.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (I.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Donatello Carrino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Ferdinando Paternostro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.M.); (C.G.); (L.D.C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Pacini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (G.M.); (D.C.); (F.P.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yanase K, Uemura N, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Fujihara R, Matsumoto K, Shirakami G, Araki N, Ueno M. Immunoreactivities for hepcidin, ferroportin, and hephaestin in astrocytes and choroid plexus epithelium of human brains. Neuropathology 2019; 40:75-83. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yanase
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuji Fujihara
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Gotaro Shirakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Thomsen LB, Linemann T, Birkelund S, Tarp GA, Moos T. Evaluation of Targeted Delivery to the Brain Using Magnetic Immunoliposomes and Magnetic Force. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213576. [PMID: 31683542 PMCID: PMC6861967 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have great prospects for drug delivery purposes, as they can be designed with various surface coatings and conjugated with drugs and targeting moieties. They also have a unique potential for precise delivery when guided by magnetic force. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) denotes the interface between the blood and brain parenchyma and hinders the majority of drugs from entering the brain. Red fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles were encapsulated in liposomes and conjugated to antibodies targeting the rat transferrin receptor (OX26) to form magnetic immunoliposomes. These magnetic immunoliposomes enhanced the uptake by rat brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) in vitro. In situ brain perfusion in young rats high in the endogenous expression of transferrin receptors by BCECs, revealed enhanced uptake of magnetic immunoliposomes when compared to naked magnetic nanoparticles or non-targeted magnetic liposomes. When applying the external magnetic force, the magnetic nanoparticles were detected in the brain parenchyma, suggesting transport across the BBB. Ultrastructural examination of the immunoliposomes, unfortunately, was unable to confirm a complete encapsulation of all naked nanoparticles within the liposomes, suggesting that the data on the brain could derive from particles being released from the liposomes under influence of external magnetic force; hence hypothesizes on external magnetic force as a qualifier for dragging targeted magnetic immunoliposomes through the BBB. In conclusion, our results suggest that transport of magnetic nanoparticles present in BCECs by targeted delivery to the transferrin receptor may undergo further transport into the brain when applying magnetic force. While magnetic immunoliposomes are targetable to BCECs, their design to enable further transport across the BBB when applying external magnetic force needs further improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Linemann
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Laboratory of Medical Mass Spectrometry, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Gitte Abildgaard Tarp
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Johnsen KB, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T. Targeting the transferrin receptor for brain drug delivery. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
46
|
Markova V, Holm C, Pinborg AB, Thomsen LL, Moos T. Impairment of the Developing Human Brain in Iron Deficiency: Correlations to Findings in Experimental Animals and Prospects for Early Intervention Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030120. [PMID: 31416268 PMCID: PMC6789712 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the necessity of iron for a variety of cellular functions, the developing mammalian organism is vulnerable to iron deficiency, hence causing structural abnormalities and physiological malfunctioning in organs, which are particularly dependent on adequate iron stores, such as the brain. In early embryonic life, iron is already needed for proper development of the brain with the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neuro-progenitor cells. This is underpinned by the widespread expression of transferrin receptors in the developing brain, which, in later life, is restricted to cells of the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers and neuronal cells, hence ensuring a sustained iron supply to the brain, even in the fully developed brain. In embryonic human life, iron deficiency is thought to result in a lower brain weight, with the impaired formation of myelin. Studies of fully developed infants that have experienced iron deficiency during development reveal the chronic and irreversible impairment of cognitive, memory, and motor skills, indicating widespread effects on the human brain. This review highlights the major findings of recent decades on the effects of gestational and lactational iron deficiency on the developing human brain. The findings are correlated to findings of experimental animals ranging from rodents to domestic pigs and non-human primates. The results point towards significant effects of iron deficiency on the developing brain. Evidence would be stronger with more studies addressing the human brain in real-time and the development of blood biomarkers of cerebral disturbance in iron deficiency. Cerebral iron deficiency is expected to be curable with iron substitution therapy, as the brain, privileged by the cerebral vascular transferrin receptor expression, is expected to facilitate iron extraction from the circulation and enable transport further into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Markova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Pharmacosmos A/S, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Holm
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anja Bisgaard Pinborg
- Fertility Clinic, Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Lykke Thomsen
- Pharmacosmos A/S, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Qian ZM, Ke Y. Brain iron transport. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1672-1684. [PMID: 31190441 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron is a crucial participant and regulator of normal physiological activity. However, excess iron is involved in the formation of free radicals, and has been associated with oxidative damage to neuronal and other brain cells. Abnormally high brain iron levels have been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases, including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the key question of why iron levels increase in the relevant regions of the brain remains to be answered. A full understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms involved in brain iron transport and metabolism is therefore critical not only for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for excess iron accumulation in the brain but also for developing pharmacological interventions to disrupt the chain of pathological events occurring in these neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted, but to date no effort to synthesize these studies and ideas into a systematic and coherent summary has been made, especially concerning iron transport across the luminal (apical) membrane of the capillary endothelium and the membranes of different brain cell types. Herein, we review key findings on brain iron transport, highlighting the mechanisms involved in iron transport across the luminal (apical) as well as the abluminal (basal) membrane of the blood-brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and iron uptake and release in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia within the brain. We offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this important topic, and provide new insights into the potential causes of abnormally increased iron levels in regions of the brain in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ingrassia R, Garavaglia B, Memo M. DMT1 Expression and Iron Levels at the Crossroads Between Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:575. [PMID: 31231185 PMCID: PMC6560079 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is an essential prerequisite for metabolic and neurological functions throughout the healthy human life, with a dynamic interplay between intracellular and systemic iron metabolism. The development of different neurodegenerative diseases is associated with alterations of the intracellular transport of iron and heavy metals, principally mediated by Divalent Metal Transporter 1 (DMT1), responsible for Non-Transferrin Bound Iron transport (NTBI). In addition, DMT1 regulation and its compartmentalization in specific brain regions play important roles during aging. This review highlights the contribution of DMT1 to the physiological exchange and distribution of body iron and heavy metals during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. DMT1 also mediates the crosstalk between central nervous system and peripheral tissues, by systemic diffusion through the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), with the involvement of peripheral iron homeostasis in association with inflammation. In conclusion, a survey about the role of DMT1 and iron will illustrate the complex panel of interrelationship with aging, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ingrassia
- Section of Biotechnologies, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Möller HE, Bossoni L, Connor JR, Crichton RR, Does MD, Ward RJ, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Ronen I. Iron, Myelin, and the Brain: Neuroimaging Meets Neurobiology. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:384-401. [PMID: 31047721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although iron is crucial for neuronal functioning, many aspects of cerebral iron biology await clarification. The ability to quantify specific iron forms in the living brain would open new avenues for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and understanding pathogenesis of diseases. A modality that allows assessment of brain tissue composition in vivo, in particular of iron deposits or myelin content on a submillimeter spatial scale, is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multimodal strategies combining MRI with complementary analytical techniques ex vivo have emerged, which may lead to improved specificity. Interdisciplinary collaborations will be key to advance beyond simple correlative analyses in the biological interpretation of MRI data and to gain deeper insights into key factors leading to iron accumulation and/or redistribution associated with neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1A, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lucia Bossoni
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sharma G, Sharma AR, Lee SS, Bhattacharya M, Nam JS, Chakraborty C. Advances in nanocarriers enabled brain targeted drug delivery across blood brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:360-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|