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Kang Y, Hepojoki J, Maldonado RS, Mito T, Terzioglu M, Manninen T, Kant R, Singh S, Othman A, Verma R, Uusimaa J, Wartiovaara K, Kareinen L, Zamboni N, Nyman TA, Paetau A, Kipar A, Vapalahti O, Suomalainen A. Ancestral allele of DNA polymerase gamma modifies antiviral tolerance. Nature 2024; 628:844-853. [PMID: 38570685 PMCID: PMC11041766 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical modulators of antiviral tolerance through the release of mitochondrial RNA and DNA (mtDNA and mtRNA) fragments into the cytoplasm after infection, activating virus sensors and type-I interferon (IFN-I) response1-4. The relevance of these mechanisms for mitochondrial diseases remains understudied. Here we investigated mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome (MIRAS), which is caused by a common European founder mutation in DNA polymerase gamma (POLG1)5. Patients homozygous for the MIRAS variant p.W748S show exceptionally variable ages of onset and symptoms5, indicating that unknown modifying factors contribute to disease manifestation. We report that the mtDNA replicase POLG1 has a role in antiviral defence mechanisms to double-stranded DNA and positive-strand RNA virus infections (HSV-1, TBEV and SARS-CoV-2), and its p.W748S variant dampens innate immune responses. Our patient and knock-in mouse data show that p.W748S compromises mtDNA replisome stability, causing mtDNA depletion, aggravated by virus infection. Low mtDNA and mtRNA release into the cytoplasm and a slow IFN response in MIRAS offer viruses an early replicative advantage, leading to an augmented pro-inflammatory response, a subacute loss of GABAergic neurons and liver inflammation and necrosis. A population databank of around 300,000 Finnish individuals6 demonstrates enrichment of immunodeficient traits in carriers of the POLG1 p.W748S mutation. Our evidence suggests that POLG1 defects compromise antiviral tolerance, triggering epilepsy and liver disease. The finding has important implications for the mitochondrial disease spectrum, including epilepsy, ataxia and parkinsonism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Age of Onset
- Alleles
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/genetics
- DNA Polymerase gamma/genetics
- DNA Polymerase gamma/immunology
- DNA Polymerase gamma/metabolism
- DNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Founder Effect
- Gene Knock-In Techniques
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/enzymology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics
- Mitochondrial Diseases/immunology
- Mutation
- RNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- RNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Kang
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rocio Sartori Maldonado
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takayuki Mito
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mügen Terzioglu
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Manninen
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sachin Singh
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alaa Othman
- Swiss Multi-Omics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rohit Verma
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirmo Wartiovaara
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Swiss Multi-Omics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tuula Anneli Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Paetau
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cell and Metabolism Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUS Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland.
- HiLife, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Lempesis IG, Georgakopoulou VE, Reiter RJ, Spandidos DA. A mid‑pandemic night's dream: Melatonin, from harbinger of anti‑inflammation to mitochondrial savior in acute and long COVID‑19 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:28. [PMID: 38299237 PMCID: PMC10852014 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), a systemic illness caused by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), has triggered a worldwide pandemic with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to chronic, affecting practically every organ. Melatonin, an ancient antioxidant found in all living organisms, has been suggested as a safe and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection due to its good safety characteristics and broad‑spectrum antiviral medication properties. Melatonin is essential in various metabolic pathways and governs physiological processes, such as the sleep‑wake cycle and circadian rhythms. It exhibits oncostatic, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‑aging properties, exhibiting promise for use in the treatment of numerous disorders, including COVID‑19. The preventive and therapeutic effects of melatonin have been widely explored in a number of conditions and have been well‑established in experimental ischemia/reperfusion investigations, particularly in coronary heart disease and stroke. Clinical research evaluating the use of melatonin in COVID‑19 has shown various improved outcomes, including reduced hospitalization durations; however, the trials are small. Melatonin can alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in COVID‑19, improve immune cell function and provide antioxidant properties. However, its therapeutic potential remains underexplored due to funding limitations and thus further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Lempesis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Epameinondas Georgakopoulou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Infectious Diseases-COVID-19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Shyamsundar S, Pierson SK, Connolly CM, Teles M, Segev DL, Werbel WA, van Rhee F, Casper C, Brandstadter JD, Noy A, Fajgenbaum DC. Castleman disease patients report mild COVID-19 symptoms and mount a humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. BLOOD NEOPLASIA 2024; 1:100002. [PMID: 39044861 PMCID: PMC11265787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bneo.2024.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in patients with impaired immunity, hematologic malignancies, and immunosuppressive regimens. COVID-19 can cause a cytokine storm with some patients benefiting from blockade of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL6). As Castleman disease (CD) is an atypical lymphoproliferative disorder that can involve a cytokine storm and often requires immunosuppressive therapies, including IL6 inhibition, we sought to evaluate outcomes following COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in CD patients. We administered a survey in April 2021 to characterize experiences with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among 300 CD patients enrolled in ACCELERATE, a natural history registry of CD patients. Among 128 respondents, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (16/95, 17%), severe disease (1/16, 6%), vaccination rates (112/128, 88%), and vaccine adverse effects after dose one (62/112, 55%) were comparable to the general U.S. population. While there were two cases of CD flares occurring shortly after SARS-CoV-2 infection (N=1) and vaccination (N=1), over 100 patients in this study that were infected and/or vaccinated did not experience CD flares. The median anti-spike titer six months after the second dose among CD patients was comparable to individuals with other immune-related diseases and healthy populations. Data from this small cohort suggest that, despite being on immunosuppressive therapies, CD patients do not appear to be at increased risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes and can mount a humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (#NCT02817997).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishravan Shyamsundar
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheila K. Pierson
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caoilfhionn M. Connolly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mayan Teles
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - William A. Werbel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Corey Casper
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua D. Brandstadter
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ariela Noy
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David C. Fajgenbaum
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Gil A, Hoag GE, Salerno JP, Hornig M, Klimas N, Selin LK. Identification of CD8 T-cell dysfunction associated with symptoms in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and Long COVID and treatment with a nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen agent in a retrospective case series. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100720. [PMID: 38327880 PMCID: PMC10847863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with post-acute sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC, i.e., Long COVID) have a symptom complex highly analogous to many features of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), suggesting they may share some aspects of pathogenesis in these similar disorders. ME/CFS is a complex disease affecting numerous organ systems and biological processes and is often preceded by an infection-like episode. It is postulated that the chronic manifestations of illness may result from an altered host response to infection or inability to resolve inflammation, as is being reported in Long COVID. The immunopathogenesis of both disorders is still poorly understood. Here, we show data that suggest Long COVID and ME/CFS may be due to an aberrant response to an immunological trigger-like infection, resulting in a dysregulated immune system with CD8 T-cell dysfunction reminiscent of some aspects of T-cell clonal exhaustion, a phenomenon associated with oxidative stress. As there is an urgent need for diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for these two related disabling disorders, here, in a retrospective case series, we have also identified a potential nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen treatment that has evidence of a good safety profile. This nebulized agent is comprised of five ingredients previously reported individually to relieve oxidative stress, attenuate NF-κB signaling, and/or to act directly to inhibit pathogens, including viruses. Administration of this treatment by nebulizer results in rapid access of small doses of well-studied antioxidants and agents with anti-pathogen potential to the lungs; components of this nebulized agent are also likely to be distributed systemically, with potential to enter the central nervous system. Methods and Findings: We conducted an analysis of CD8 T-cell function and severity of symptoms by self-report questionnaires in ME/CFS, Long COVID and healthy controls. We developed a CD8 T-cell functional assay, assessing CD8 T-cell dysfunction by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in a group of ME/CFS (n = 12) and Long COVID patients (n = 8), comparing to healthy controls (HC) with similar age and sex (n = 10). Magnet-enriched fresh CD8 T-cells in both patient groups had a significantly diminished capacity to produce both cytokines, IFNγ or TNFα, after PMA stimulation when compared to HC. The symptom severity questionnaire showed similar symptom profiles for the two disorders. Fortuitously, through a retrospective case series, we were able to examine the ICS and questionnaire data of 4 ME/CFS and 4 Long COVID patients in conjunction with their treatment (3-15 months). In parallel with the treatment pursued electively by participants in this retrospective case series, there was an increase in CD8 T-cell IFNγ and TNFα production and a decrease in overall self-reported symptom severity score by 54%. No serious treatment-associated side effects or laboratory anomalies were noted in these patients. Conclusions Here, in this small study, we present two observations that appear potentially fundamental to the pathogenesis and treatment of Long COVID and ME/CFS. The first is that both disorders appear to be characterized by dysfunctional CD8 T-cells with severe deficiencies in their abilities to produce IFNγ and TNFα. The second is that in a small retrospective Long COVID and ME/CFS case series, this immune dysfunction and patient health improved in parallel with treatment with an immunomodulatory, antioxidant pharmacological treatment with anticipated anti-pathogen activity. This work provides evidence of the potential utility of a biomarker, CD8 T-cell dysfunction, and suggests the potential for benefit from a new nebulized antioxidant/anti-pathogen treatment. These immune biomarker data may help build capacity for improved diagnosis and tracking of treatment outcomes during clinical trials for both Long COVID and ME/CFS while providing clues to new treatment avenues that suggest potential efficacy for both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - John P. Salerno
- Inspiritol, Inc., Fairfield, CT, USA
- The Salerno Center for Complementary Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Liisa K. Selin
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Worcester, MA, USA
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5
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Sharma T, Mondal T, Khan S, Churqui MP, Nyström K, Thombare K, Baig MH, Dong JJ. Identifying novel inhibitors targeting Exportin-1 for the potential treatment of COVID-19. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:69. [PMID: 38240823 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear export protein 1 (XPO1) mediates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and plays a prominent role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. XPO1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to interfere with the lifecycle of many viruses. In our earlier study, we proved the inhibition of XPO1 as a therapeutic strategy for managing SARS-COV-2 and its variants. In this study, we have utilized pharmacophore-assisted computational methods to identify prominent XPO1 inhibitors. After several layers of screening, a few molecules were shortlisted for further experimental validation on the in vitro SARS-CoV-2 cell infection model. It was observed that these compounds reduced spike positivity, suggesting inhibition of SARS-COV-2 infection. The outcome of this study could be considered further for developing novel antiviral therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Sharma
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sajid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ketan Thombare
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Elnosary ME, Shreadah MA, Ashour ML, Nabil-Adam A. Predictions based on inflammatory cytokine profiling of Egyptian COVID-19 with 2 potential therapeutic effects of certain marine-derived compounds. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111072. [PMID: 38006751 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS A worldwide coronavirus pandemic has affected many healthcare systems in 2019 (COVID-19). Following viral activation, cytokines and chemokines are released, causing inflammation and tissue death, particularly in the lungs, resulting in severe COVID-19 symptoms such as pneumonia and ARDS. COVID-19 induces the release of several chemokines and cytokines in different organs, such as the cardiovascular system and lungs. RESEARCH IDEA COVID-19 and its more severe effects, such as an elevated risk of death, are more common in patients with metabolic syndrome and the elderly. Cytokine storm and COVID-19 severity may be mitigated by immunomodulation targeting NF-κB activation in conjunction with TNF- α -inhibition. In severe cases of COVID-19, inhibiting the NF-κB/TNF- α, the pathway may be employed as a therapeutic option. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study will elaborate on the Egyptian pattern for COVID-19 patients in the first part of our study. An Egyptian patient with COVID-19 inflammatory profiling will be discussed in the second part of this article using approved marine drugs selected to inhabit the significant inflammatory signals. A biomarker profiling study is currently being performed on Egyptian patients with SARS-COV-2. According to the severity of the infection, participants were divided into four groups. The First Group was non-infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Control, n = 16), the Second Group was non-intensive care patients (non-ICU, n = 16), the Third Group was intensive care patients (ICU, n = 16), and the Fourth Group was ICU with endotracheal intubation (ICU + EI, n = 16). To investigate COVID-19 inflammatory biomarkers for Egyptian patients, several inflammatory, oxidative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were measured. The following are examples of blood tests: CRP, Ferritin, D-dimer, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6., IL-Ib, CD8, NF-κB, MDA, and total antioxidants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the current study revealed many logical findings, such as the elevation of CRP, Ferritin, D-dimer, TNF- α, CD8, IL-6, IL-, NF-κB, and MDA. Where a significant increase showed in ICU group results (23.05 ± 0.30, 2.35 ± 0.86, 433.4 ± 159.3, 26.67 ± 3.51, 7.52 ± 1.48, 7.49 ± 1.04, 5.76 ± 1.31, 7.41 ± 0.73) respectively, and also ICU group results (54.75 ± 3.44, 0.65 ± 0.13, 460.2 ± 121.42, 27.43 ± 2.52, 8.63 ± 2.68, 10.65 ± 2.75, 5.93 ± 1.4, 10.64 ± 0.86) respectively, as well as ICU + EI group results (117.63 ± 11.89, 1.22 ± 0.65, 918.8 ± 159.27, 26.68 ± 2.00, 6.68 ± 1.08, 11.68 ± 6.16, 6.23 ± 0.07, 22.41 ± 1.39),respectively.The elevation in laboratory biomarkers of cytokines storm in three infected groups with remarkable increases in the ICU + EI group was due to the elevation of oxidative stress and inflammatory storm molecules, which lead to highly inflammatory responses, specifically in severe patients of COVID-19. Another approach to be used in the current study is investigating new computational drug compounds for SARS-COV-2 protective agents from the marine environment. The results revealed that (Imatinib and Indinavir) had the highest affinity toward Inflammatory molecules and COVID-19 proteins (PDB ID: -7CZ4 and 7KJR), which may be used in the future as possible COVID-19 drug candidates. CONCLUSION The investigated inflammatory biomarkers in Egyptian COVID-19 patients showed a strong correlation between IL6, TNF-α, NF-κB, CRB, DHL, and ferritin as COVID-19 biomarkers and determined the severity of the infection. Also, the oxidative /antioxidant showed good biomarkers for infection recovery and progression of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Elnosary
- Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, 11884 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Attia Shreadah
- Marine Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asmaa Nabil-Adam
- Marine Biotechnology and Natural Products Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Egypt.
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7
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Emadi E, Hamidi Alamdari D, Attaran D, Attaran S. Application of methylene blue for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A narrative review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:780-792. [PMID: 38800024 PMCID: PMC11127079 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.71871.15617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The newest virus from the SARS family of viruses called acute syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19 disease, was identified in China at the end of 2019. In March 2020, after it spread to 29 additional countries, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly starts through the respiratory tract and causes a wide spectrum of symptoms from asymptomatic infections to acute respiratory distress syndrome with multi-organ failure and vasoplegic shock. Among the many immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs that have been studied for the treatment of COVID-19, methylene blue (MB) may play an influential role. This article reviews the history of MB applications, the antiviral effects of MB against SARS-CoV-2, and the results of in vivo and in vitro studies of the use of MB in COVID-19. Based on studies, MB can simultaneously affect most of the host's harmful responses caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its multiple properties, including anti-hypoxemia, anti-oxidant, immune system modulator, and antiviral. The use of MB is associated with a reduction in the possibility of getting infection, and mortality, and can be used as a safe, effective, cheap, and available treatment option with minimal side effects for the clinical management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Emadi
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Daryoush Hamidi Alamdari
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Davood Attaran
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soroush Attaran
- Lung Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its Receptor Binding Domain Stimulate Release of Different Pro-Inflammatory Mediators via Activation of Distinct Receptors on Human Microglia Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6704-6714. [PMID: 37477768 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation associated with neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms persists well past the resolution of the infection, known as post-COVID-19 sequalae or long-COVID. The neuroimmune mechanism(s) involved in long-COVID have not been adequately characterized. In this study, we show that recombinant SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein stimulates release of pro-inflammatory IL-1b, CXCL8, IL-6, and MMP-9 from cultured human microglia via TLR4 receptor activation. Instead, recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) stimulates release of TNF-α, IL-18, and S100B via ACE2 signaling. These results provide evidence that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contributes to neuroinflammation through different mechanisms that may be involved in CNS pathologies associated with long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsilioni
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite 304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, 33759, USA
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9
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Marwaha B. Role of Tau protein in long COVID and potential therapeutic targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1280600. [PMID: 37953801 PMCID: PMC10634420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1280600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long COVID is an emerging public health burden and has been defined as a syndrome with common symptoms of fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive dysfunction, and others impacting day-to-day life, fluctuating or relapsing over, occurring for at least two months in patients with a history of probable or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection; usually three months from the onset of illness and cannot be explained by an alternate diagnosis. The actual prevalence of long-term COVID-19 is unknown, but it is believed that more than 17 million patients in Europe may have suffered from it during pandemic. Pathophysiology Currently, there is limited understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome, and multiple hypotheses have been proposed. Our literature review has shown studies reporting tau deposits in tissue samples of the brain from autopsies of COVID-19 patients compared to the control group, and the in-vitro human brain organoid model has shown aberrant phosphorylation of tau protein in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tauopathies, a group of neurodegenerative disorders with the salient features of tau deposits, can manifest different symptoms based on the anatomical region of brain involvement and have been shown to affect the peripheral nervous system as well and explained even in rat model studies. Long COVID has more than 203 symptoms, with predominant symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive dysfunction, which tauopathy-induced CNS and peripheral nervous system dysfunction can explain. There have been no studies up till now to reveal the pathophysiology of long COVID. Based on our literature review, aberrant tau phosphorylation is a promising hypothesis that can be explored in future studies. Therapeutic approaches for tauopathies have multidimensional aspects, including targeting post-translational modifications, tau aggregation, and tau clearance through the autophagy process with the help of lysosomes, which can be potential targets for developing therapeutic interventions for the long COVID. In addition, future studies can attempt to find the tau proteins in CSF and use those as biomarkers for the long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Marwaha
- Department of Cardiology, Adena Health System, Chillicothe, OH, United States
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10
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Ratre P, Chauhan P, Bhargava A, Tiwari R, Thareja S, Srivastava RK, Mishra PK. Nano-engineered vitamins as a potential epigenetic modifier against environmental air pollutants. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:547-564. [PMID: 35724323 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has emerged as a serious threat to human health due to close association with spectrum of chronic ailments including cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, nervous system dysfunctions, diabetes and cancer. Exposure to air-borne pollutants along with poor eating behaviours and inferior dietary quality irreversibly impacts epigenomic landscape, leading to aberrant transcriptional control of gene expression which is central to patho-physiology of non-communicable diseases. It is assumed that nutriepigenomic interventions such as vitamins can control such adverse effects through their immediate action on mitochondrial epigenomic-axis. Importantly, the exhaustive clinical utility of vitamins-interceded epigenetic synchronization is not well characterized. Therefore, improving the current limitations linked to stability and bioavailability issues in vitamin formulations is highly warranted. The present review not only sums up the available data on the role of vitamins as potential epigenetic modifiers but also discusses the importance of nano-engineered vitamins as potential epidrugs for dietary and pharmacological intervention to mitigate the long-term effects of air pollution toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ratre
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Prachi Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
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11
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Marchetti S, Gualtieri M, Pozzer A, Lelieveld J, Saliu F, Hansell AL, Colombo A, Mantecca P. On fine particulate matter and COVID-19 spread and severity: An in vitro toxicological plausible mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108131. [PMID: 37586275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on global public health. The spread of the disease was related to the high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 virus but incidence and mortality rate suggested a possible relationship with environmental factors. Air pollution has been hypothesized to play a role in the transmission of the virus and the resulting severity of the disease. Here we report a plausible in vitro toxicological mode of action by which fine particulate matter (PM2.5) could promote a higher infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 and severity of COVID-19 disease. PM2.5 promotes a 1.5 fold over-expression of the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme (ACE2) which is exploited by viral particles to enter human lung alveolar cells (1.5 fold increase in RAB5 protein) and increases their inflammatory state (IL-8 and NF-kB protein expression). Our results provide a basis for further exploring the possible synergy between biological threats and air pollutants and ask for a deeper understanding of how air quality could influence new pandemics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marchetti
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - M Gualtieri
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
| | - A Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - F Saliu
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - A L Hansell
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Environmental Exposures and Health at the University of Leicester, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - A Colombo
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - P Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Centre, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
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12
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Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D. Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Protein-Induced Activation of Microglia and Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Neuro-COVID. Cells 2023; 12:688. [PMID: 36899824 PMCID: PMC10001285 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a few months after the initial infection and develop post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), referred to as "Long-COVID," characterized by persistent physical and mental fatigue. However, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms affecting the brain are still not well-understood. There is increasing evidence of neurovascular inflammation in the brain. However, the precise role of the neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the disease severity of COVID-19 and long COVID pathogenesis is not clearly understood. Here, we review the reports that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and damage neurons either directly, or via activation of brain mast cells and microglia and the release of various neuroinflammatory molecules. Moreover, we provide recent evidence that the novel flavanol eriodictyol is particularly suited for development as an effective treatment alone or together with oleuropein and sulforaphane (ViralProtek®), all of which have potent anti-viral and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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13
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Thabet RH, Massadeh NA, Badarna OB, Al-Momani OM. Highlights on molecular targets in the management of COVID-19: Possible role of pharmacogenomics. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231153764. [PMID: 36717541 PMCID: PMC9893104 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231153764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
By the end of 2022, there had been a reduction in new cases and deaths caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the same time, new variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus were being discovered. Critically ill patients with COVID-19 have been found to have high serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-6. COVID-19-related mortality has been attributed in most cases to the cytokine storm caused by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Dexamethasone in low doses and immunomodulators such as IL-6 inhibitors are recommended to overcome the cytokine storm. This current narrative review highlights the place of other therapeutic choices such as proteasome inhibitors, protease inhibitors and nuclear factor kappa B inhibitors in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romany H. Thabet
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan,Romany H. Thabet, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Shafiq Irshidat Street, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Noor A. Massadeh
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar B. Badarna
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar M. Al-Momani
- Internship, Princess Basma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Irbid, Jordan
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14
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Pourfridoni M, Askarpour H. COVID-19 and the increase in schizophrenia incidence in the future: A hypothesis and a serious warning. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e978. [PMID: 36479392 PMCID: PMC9721364 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused a global pandemic, is brought on by the Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the COVID-19 pandemic started so recently, dealing with complications that emerge years later and have the potential to cause several crises for humanity is one of the issues we face in the post-COVID-19 age. Therefore, we wish to discuss a theory and potential dangers surrounding the probability of schizophrenia following COVID-19 infection in this study. Methods The literature search for this article has been entirely internet-based. Information was gathered using the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Results The results showed that multiple immune system changes brought on by COVID-19 have been identified as potential causes of schizophrenia. Conclusion It is predicted that one of the long-term effects of COVID-19 is an increase in the risk of schizophrenia incidence based on the results of this study, which looked at the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia as well as the pathogenic mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, healthcare staff should be prepared to handle any potential risks in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedyeh Askarpour
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini HospitalJiroft University of Medical SciencesJiroftIran
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15
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Adlimoghaddam A, Albensi BC, Eiser AR. Neurocovid, Neuroinflammation, and Nuclear Factor-κB: The Role for Micronutrients. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:916-918. [PMID: 36301557 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2022.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Adlimoghaddam
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Arnold R Eiser
- Penn Center for Public Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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16
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Ramos-Benitez MJ, Strich JR, Alehashemi S, Stein S, Rastegar A, de Jesus AA, Bhuyan F, Ramelli S, Babyak A, Perez-Valencia L, Vannella KM, Grubbs G, Khurana S, Gross R, Hadley K, Liang J, Mazur S, Postnikova E, Warner S, Holbrook MR, Busch LM, Warner B, Applefeld W, Warner S, Kadri SS, Davey RT, Goldbach-Mansky R, Chertow DS. Antiviral innate immunity is diminished in the upper respiratory tract of severe COVID-19 patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.11.08.22281846. [PMID: 36415460 PMCID: PMC9681051 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.08.22281846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding early innate immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial to developing targeted therapies to mitigate disease severity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection elicits interferon expression leading to transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to control viral replication and spread. SARS-CoV-2 infection also elicits NF-κB signaling which regulates inflammatory cytokine expression contributing to viral control and likely disease severity. Few studies have simultaneously characterized these two components of innate immunity to COVID-19. We designed a study to characterize the expression of interferon alpha-2 (IFNA2) and interferon beta-1 (IFNB1), both type-1 interferons (IFN-1), interferon-gamma (IFNG), a type-2 interferon (IFN-2), ISGs, and NF-κB response genes in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of patients with mild (outpatient) versus severe (hospitalized) COVID-19. Further, we characterized the weekly dynamics of these responses in the upper and lower respiratory tracts (LRTs) and blood of severe patients to evaluate for compartmental differences. We observed significantly increased ISG and NF-κB responses in the URT of mild compared with severe patients early during illness. This pattern was associated with increased IFNA2 and IFNG expression in the URT of mild patients, a trend toward increased IFNB1-expression and significantly increased STING/IRF3/cGAS expression in the URT of severe patients. Our by-week across-compartment analysis in severe patients revealed significantly higher ISG responses in the blood compared with the URT and LRT of these patients during the first week of illness, despite significantly lower expression of IFNA2, IFNB1, and IFNG in blood. NF-κB responses, however, were significantly elevated in the LRT compared with the URT and blood of severe patients during peak illness (week 2). Our data support that severe COVID-19 is associated with impaired interferon signaling in the URT during early illness and robust pro-inflammatory responses in the LRT during peak illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Ponce Health Science University and Ponce Research Institute, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sara Alehashemi
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sydney Stein
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andre Rastegar
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ashley Babyak
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luis Perez-Valencia
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Seth Warner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Lindsay M. Busch
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Blake Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Willard Applefeld
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sarah Warner
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sameer S Kadri
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard T Davey
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy, and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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17
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Singh A, Singh P, Kumar R, Kaushik A. Exploring nanoselenium to tackle mutated SARS-CoV-2 for efficient COVID-19 management. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1004729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing public health measures and increasing vaccination rates, deaths and disease severity caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new emergent variants continue to threaten the health of people around the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies for research, diagnosis, treatment, and government policies to combat the variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Since the state-of-the-art COVID-19 pandemic, the role of selenium in dealing with COVID-19 disease has been widely discussed due to its importance as an essential micronutrient. This review aims at providing all antiviral activities of nanoselenium (Nano-Se) ever explored using different methods in the literature. We systematically summarize the studied antiviral activities of Nano-Se required to project it as an efficient antiviral system as a function of shape, size, and synthesis method. The outcomes of this article not only introduce Nano-Se to the scientific community but also motivate scholars to adopt Nano-Se to tackle any serious virus such as mutated SARS-CoV-2 to achieve an effective antiviral activity in a desired manner.
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18
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Paidas MJ, Cosio DS, Ali S, Kenyon NS, Jayakumar AR. Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19 in Experimental Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5970-5986. [PMID: 35831558 PMCID: PMC9281331 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported acute COVID-19 symptoms, clinical status, weight loss, multi-organ pathological changes, and animal death in a murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1) coronavirus mouse model of COVID-19, which were similar to that observed in humans with COVID-19. We further examined long-term (12 months post-infection) sequelae of COVID-19 in these mice. Congested blood vessels, perivascular cavitation, pericellular halos, vacuolation of neuropils, pyknotic nuclei, acute eosinophilic necrosis, necrotic neurons with fragmented nuclei, and vacuolation were observed in the brain cortex 12 months post-MHV-1 infection. These changes were associated with increased reactive astrocytes and microglia, hyperphosphorylated TDP-43 and tau, and a decrease in synaptic protein synaptophysin-1, suggesting the possible long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on defective neuronal integrity. The lungs showed severe inflammation, bronchiolar airway wall thickening due to fibrotic remodeling, bronchioles with increased numbers of goblet cells in the epithelial lining, and bronchiole walls with increased numbers of inflammatory cells. Hearts showed severe interstitial edema, vascular congestion and dilation, nucleated red blood cells (RBCs), RBCs infiltrating between degenerative myocardial fibers, inflammatory cells and apoptotic bodies and acute myocyte necrosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. Long-term changes in the liver and kidney were less severe than those observed in the acute phase. Noteworthy, the treatment of infected mice with a small molecule synthetic peptide which prevents the binding of spike protein to its respective receptors significantly attenuated disease progression, as well as the pathological changes observed post-long-term infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that COVID-19 may result in long-term, irreversible changes predominantly in the brain, lung, and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite # 1154, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Daniela S. Cosio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite # 1154, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Saad Ali
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Norma Sue Kenyon
- Microbiology & Immunology and Biomedical Engineering, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Arumugam R. Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite # 1154, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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19
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Correlations between Cytokine Levels, Liver Function Markers, and Neuropilin-1 Expression in Patients with COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101636. [PMID: 36298501 PMCID: PMC9611321 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study evaluated the correlations between cytokine levels, liver function markers, and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) expression in patients with COVID-19 in Egypt. The study also aimed to evaluate the accuracy sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of the tested laboratory parameters in identifying COVID-19 infection and its severity. Patients and Methods: Fifty healthy subjects and 100 confirmed patients with COVID-19 were included in this study. COVID-19 patients were separated into two groups based on the severity of their symptoms. Serum ALT, AST, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, IL-35, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) were estimated. We measured the gene expression for nuclear factor-kappa B p50 (NF-κB p50) and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and NRP-1 in blood samples using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). AUC and sensitivity and specificity for cytokine levels and NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65 and NRP-1 in identifying COVID-19 infection were also determined in both moderate and severe patient groups using receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Results: All patients with COVID-19 showed higher serum activities of liver enzymes, levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, IL-35 PGE2, and TXA2, and mRNA expression of NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65, and NRP-1 than healthy subjects. The severe group exhibited a significant increase in serum ALT, AST and IL-6 and a significant decrease in albumin, IL-1β, TXA2, and NF-κB p65 levels compared to the moderate group. In all patients (moderate and severe), all cytokines were positively correlated with NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65 and NRP-1 expression levels. Serum ALT and AST were positively correlated with CRP, cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, IL-35 and TXA2), and NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65 expression levels in both moderate and severe groups. They were also positively correlated with serum IL-1β level in the severe COVID-19 patient group and with NRP-1 expression in the moderate group. Using the logistic regression analysis, the most important four statistically significant predictors associated with COVID-19 infection in the study were found to be IL-6, TAX2, NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65. ROC analysis of these variables revealed that three of them had AUC > 0.8. In moderate cases, AUC of the serum TXA2 level and NF-κB p65 expression were 0.843 (95% CI 0.517−0.742, p < 0.001) and 0.806 (95% CI 0.739−0.874, p < 0.001), respectively. In the severe group, AUC of serum IL-6 level was 0.844 (95% CI 0.783−0.904, p < 0.001). Moreover, Il-6 had a sensitivity of 100% in both moderate and severe groups. Conclusions: This study concluded that liver injury in patients with COVID-19 may be strongly attributed to the cytokines storm, especially IL-6, which was positively correlated to NF-κB p50, NF-κB p65 and NRP-1 mRNA expression levels. Moreover, ROC analysis revealed that IL-6, TXA2, and NF-κB p65 could be useful in predicting the possibility of infection with COVID-19, and IL-6 could be of possible significance as a good predictor of the severity and disease progress. However, RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection is essential to confirm infection and further clinical studies are required to confirm this elucidation.
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Xu M, Jin X, Zhang C, Liao H, Wang P, Zhou Y, Song Y, Xia L, Wang L. TLR2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in PPV1-induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:397-407. [PMID: 35729483 PMCID: PMC9213050 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) mainly induces severe reproductive failure in pregnant swine, and causes huge economic losses to the swine industry. Cell apoptosis induced by PPV1 infection has been identified the major cause of reproductive failure. However, the molecular mechanism was not fully elucidated. In this study, the potential mechanism of PPV1 induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells was investigated. Our results showed that PPV1 induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells. Further studies revealed toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was involved in the PPV1-mediated apoptosis. TLR2 siRNA significantly decreased the apoptosis. Finally, our study showed NF-κB was activated by TLR2 during PPV1-induced apoptosis. The activation of NF-κB signaling was demonstrated by the phosphorylation of p65, p65 nuclear translocation and degradation of inhibitor of kappa B α (IκBα). Together, these results provided evidence that the recognition between PPV1 and PK-15 cells was mainly through TLR2, and then induction of the NF-κB signaling pathway activation, which further induces apoptosis. Our study could provide information to understand the molecular mechanisms of PPV1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Hang Liao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Pingli Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yue Song
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Lu Xia
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Linqing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan, China.
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21
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Hasanvand A. COVID-19 and the role of cytokines in this disease. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:789-798. [PMID: 35505267 PMCID: PMC9064717 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to activate and mature proinflammatory cytokines in the body. Cytokine markers are a group of polypeptide signalling molecules that can induce and regulate many cellular biological processes by stimulating cell receptors at the surface. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be associated with activation of innate immunity, and an increase in neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and natural killer cells has been observed, as well as a decrease in T cells including CD4+ and CD8. It is noteworthy that during the SARS-CoV-2 infection, an increase in the secretion or production of IL-6 and IL-8 is seen in COVID-19 patients along with a decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ and T cells in general. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to significantly increase Th2, Th1/Th17 cells and antibody production in the body of patients with COVID-19. Specific immune profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to secondary infections and dysfunction of various organs in the body. It has been shown that Interleukins (such as IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18), IFN-γ, TNF-α,TGF-β and NF-κB play major roles in the body's inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most important goal of this review is to study the role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hasanvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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22
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Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Mechanisms and clinical evidence to support melatonin's use in severe COVID-19 patients to lower mortality. Life Sci 2022; 294:120368. [PMID: 35108568 PMCID: PMC8800937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection is due to its high mortality related to seasonal flu. To date, few medicines have been developed to significantly reduce the mortality of the severe COVID-19 patients, especially those requiring tracheal intubation. The severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection not only depend on the viral virulence, but are primarily determined by the cytokine storm and the destructive inflammation driven by the host immune reaction. Thus, to target the host immune response might be a better strategy to combat this pandemic. Melatonin is a molecule with multiple activities on a virus infection. These include that it downregulates the overreaction of innate immune response to suppress inflammation, promotes the adaptive immune reaction to enhance antibody formation, inhibits the entrance of the virus into the cell as well as limits its replication. These render it a potentially excellent candidate for treatment of the severe COVID-19 cases. Several clinical trials have confirmed that melatonin when added to the conventional therapy significantly reduces the mortality of the severe COVID-19 patients. The cost of melatonin is a small fraction of those medications approved by FDA for emergency use to treat COVID-19. Because of its self-administered, low cost and high safety margin, melatonin could be made available to every country in the world at an affordable cost. We recommend melatonin be used to treat severe COVID-19 patients with the intent of reducing mortality. If successful, it would make the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic less fearful and help to return life back to normalcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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A BioID-Derived Proximity Interactome for SARS-CoV-2 Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030611. [PMID: 35337019 PMCID: PMC8951556 DOI: 10.3390/v14030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and has caused a major health and economic burden worldwide. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins behave in host cells can reveal underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and assist in development of antiviral therapies. Here, the cellular impact of expressing SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins was studied by global proteomic analysis, and proximity biotinylation (BioID) was used to map the SARS-CoV-2 virus–host interactome in human lung cancer-derived cells. Functional enrichment analyses revealed previously reported and unreported cellular pathways that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We have established a website to host the proteomic data to allow for public access and continued analysis of host–viral protein associations and whole-cell proteomes of cells expressing the viral–BioID fusion proteins. Furthermore, we identified 66 high-confidence interactions by comparing this study with previous reports, providing a strong foundation for future follow-up studies. Finally, we cross-referenced candidate interactors with the CLUE drug library to identify potential therapeutics for drug-repurposing efforts. Collectively, these studies provide a valuable resource to uncover novel SARS-CoV-2 biology and inform development of antivirals.
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24
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Magdy R, Hussein M. Could SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be a Novel Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis? Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:251-254. [PMID: 35235939 PMCID: PMC9059011 DOI: 10.1159/000521891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the healthcare community worldwide. The SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system; however, strong evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can be neuroinvasive, resulting in several neurological complications. It was previously assumed that some coronaviruses are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology via various mechanisms. The mechanisms involved in coronavirus-induced central demyelination are complex and largely redundant. Molecular mimicry was proposed to be one of the possible mechanisms. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier, dysregulation in several inflammatory cytokines, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases were also thought to induce central demyelinating pathology. This raises a question about the possible role of SARS-CoV-2 as a novel risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Magdy
- Department of Neurology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Hussein
- Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- *Mona Hussein,
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25
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Saleh RA, Shaban E. COVID-19 neurological manifestations: correlation of cerebral MRI imaging and lung imaging—Observational study. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8488926 DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the current pandemic, there is an increased incidence of neurologic/neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Neurologic manifestations may be coincident or result of disease and its therapy. In the emergency department, orientation of the clinician with this issue is crucial for accurate decision making to limit the spread of infection during neurologic treatment. This study aimed to be familiar with MRI findings in patients with Neuro-COVID. Seventy patients presented with neurologic/neuropsychiatric manifestation either post COVID or during hospitalization underwent cerebral MRI from April 2020 to June 2021 (39 men and 31women; mean age 43.27, age range from 16 to 69 years). Results Headache (80%), is the most prevalent neurological manifestations followed by smell and taste impairment (62.9%) and stroke symptoms (45.7%). Low mood and anxiety (17.1%), prolonged fatigue (14.3%) and depression (7.1%) are the most common psychiatric symptoms. Infarctions, hematoma and demyelinating disease are the most prevalent findings. There is a week positive correlation between MRI findings and CT chest finding but without statistical significance (P-value 0.2). Conclusions Cerebrovascular disease and demyelinating lesions are common manifestations of COVID 19. Familiarity of neurologists and radiologist in the emergency department and in-patient with this issue is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and the spread of infection.
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May DG, Martin-Sancho L, Anschau V, Liu S, Chrisopulos RJ, Scott KL, Halfmann CT, Peña RD, Pratt D, Campos AR, Roux KJ. A BioID-derived proximity interactome for SARS-CoV-2 proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34580671 PMCID: PMC8475972 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.17.460814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and has caused a major health and economic burden worldwide. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins behave in host cells can reveal underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and assist in development of antiviral therapies. Here we use BioID to map the SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interactome using human lung cancer derived A549 cells expressing individual SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Functional enrichment analyses revealed previously reported and unreported cellular pathways that are in association with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We have also established a website to host the proteomic data to allow for public access and continued analysis of host-viral protein associations and whole-cell proteomes of cells expressing the viral-BioID fusion proteins. Collectively, these studies provide a valuable resource to potentially uncover novel SARS-CoV-2 biology and inform development of antivirals.
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27
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Emanuele S, Celesia A, D’Anneo A, Lauricella M, Carlisi D, De Blasio A, Giuliano M. The Good and Bad of Nrf2: An Update in Cancer and New Perspectives in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7963. [PMID: 34360732 PMCID: PMC8348506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a well-known transcription factor best recognised as one of the main regulators of the oxidative stress response. Beyond playing a crucial role in cell defence by transactivating cytoprotective genes encoding antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, Nrf2 is also implicated in a wide network regulating anti-inflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming. Such a broad spectrum of actions renders the factor a key regulator of cell fate and a strategic player in the control of cell transformation and response to viral infections. The Nrf2 protective roles in normal cells account for its anti-tumour and anti-viral functions. However, Nrf2 overstimulation often occurs in tumour cells and a complex correlation of Nrf2 with cancer initiation and progression has been widely described. Therefore, if on one hand, Nrf2 has a dual role in cancer, on the other hand, the factor seems to display a univocal function in preventing inflammation and cytokine storm that occur under viral infections, specifically in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). In such a variegate context, the present review aims to dissect the roles of Nrf2 in both cancer and COVID-19, two widespread diseases that represent a cause of major concern today. In particular, the review describes the molecular aspects of Nrf2 signalling in both pathological situations and the most recent findings about the advantages of Nrf2 inhibition or activation as possible strategies for cancer and COVID-19 treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Adriana Celesia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.D.); (A.D.B.); (M.G.)
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