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Doncel-Pérez E, Guízar-Sahagún G, Grijalva-Otero I. From single to combinatorial therapies in spinal cord injuries for structural and functional restoration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:660-670. [PMID: 38886932 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in paralysis, sensory disturbances, sphincter dysfunction, and multiple systemic secondary conditions, most arising from autonomic dysregulation. All this produces profound negative psychosocial implications for affected people, their families, and their communities; the financial costs can be challenging for their families and health institutions. Treatments aimed at restoring the spinal cord after spinal cord injury, which have been tested in animal models or clinical trials, generally seek to counteract one or more of the secondary mechanisms of injury to limit the extent of the initial damage. Most published works on structural/functional restoration in acute and chronic spinal cord injury stages use a single type of treatment: a drug or trophic factor, transplant of a cell type, and implantation of a biomaterial. Despite the significant benefits reported in animal models, when translating these successful therapeutic strategies to humans, the result in clinical trials has been considered of little relevance because the improvement, when present, is usually insufficient. Until now, most studies designed to promote neuroprotection or regeneration at different stages after spinal cord injury have used single treatments. Considering the occurrence of various secondary mechanisms of injury in the acute and sub-acute phases of spinal cord injury, it is reasonable to speculate that more than one therapeutic agent could be required to promote structural and functional restoration of the damaged spinal cord. Treatments that combine several therapeutic agents, targeting different mechanisms of injury, which, when used as a single therapy, have shown some benefits, allow us to assume that they will have synergistic beneficial effects. Thus, this narrative review article aims to summarize current trends in the use of strategies that combine therapeutic agents administered simultaneously or sequentially, seeking structural and functional restoration of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos de Toledo, Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Israel Grijalva-Otero
- Medical Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
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Ghosh M, Pearse DD. Schwann Cell-Derived Exosomal Vesicles: A Promising Therapy for the Injured Spinal Cord. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17317. [PMID: 38139147 PMCID: PMC10743801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale-sized membrane vesicles released by cells into their extracellular milieu. Within these nanovesicles reside a multitude of bioactive molecules, which orchestrate essential biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, in the recipient cells. These bioactive properties of exosomes render them a promising choice for therapeutic use in the realm of tissue regeneration and repair. Exosomes possess notable positive attributes, including a high bioavailability, inherent safety, and stability, as well as the capacity to be functionalized so that drugs or biological agents can be encapsulated within them or to have their surface modified with ligands and receptors to imbue them with selective cell or tissue targeting. Remarkably, their small size and capacity for receptor-mediated transcytosis enable exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and access the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike cell-based therapies, exosomes present fewer ethical constraints in their collection and direct use as a therapeutic approach in the human body. These advantageous qualities underscore the vast potential of exosomes as a treatment option for neurological injuries and diseases, setting them apart from other cell-based biological agents. Considering the therapeutic potential of exosomes, the current review seeks to specifically examine an area of investigation that encompasses the development of Schwann cell (SC)-derived exosomal vesicles (SCEVs) as an approach to spinal cord injury (SCI) protection and repair. SCs, the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system, have a long history of demonstrated benefit in repair of the injured spinal cord and peripheral nerves when transplanted, including their recent advancement to clinical investigations for feasibility and safety in humans. This review delves into the potential of utilizing SCEVs as a therapy for SCI, explores promising engineering strategies to customize SCEVs for specific actions, and examines how SCEVs may offer unique clinical advantages over SC transplantation for repair of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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3
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Butler MB, Vellaiyappan SK, Bhatti F, Syed FEM, Rafati Fard A, Teh JQ, Grodzinski B, Akhbari M, Adeeko S, Dilworth R, Bhatti A, Waheed U, Robinson S, Osunronbi T, Walker B, Ottewell L, Suresh G, Kuhn I, Davies BM, Kotter MRN, Mowforth OD. The impact of phosphodiesterase inhibition on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1237219. [PMID: 37675134 PMCID: PMC10479944 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1237219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Study design Systematic review. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019150639). Searches were performed in MEDLINE and Embase. Studies were included if they evaluated the impact of PDE inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic or non-traumatic SCI. Data were extracted from relevant studies, including sample characteristics, injury model, and neurobehavioral assessment and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE checklist. Results The search yielded a total of 1,679 studies, of which 22 met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 144 animals. PDE inhibitors used include rolipram (n = 16), cilostazol (n = 4), roflumilast (n = 1), and PDE4-I (n = 1). The injury models used were traumatic SCI (n = 18), spinal cord ischemia (n = 3), and degenerative cervical myelopathy (n = 1). The most commonly assessed outcome measures were Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score (n = 13), and grid walking (n = 7). Of the 22 papers that met the final inclusion criteria, 12 showed a significant improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes following the use of PDE inhibitors, four papers had mixed findings and six found PDE inhibitors to be ineffective in improving neurobehavioral recovery following an SCI. Notably, these findings were broadly consistent across different PDE inhibitors and spinal cord injury models. Conclusion In preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic SCI, the administration of PDE inhibitors appeared to be associated with statistically significant improvements in neurobehavioral outcomes in a majority of included studies. However, the evidence was inconsistent with a high risk of bias. This review provides a foundation to aid the interpretation of subsequent clinical trials of PDE inhibitors in spinal cord injury. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=150639, identifier: CRD42019150639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B. Butler
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sundar K. Vellaiyappan
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faheem Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fazal-E-Momin Syed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Rafati Fard
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jye Quan Teh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Grodzinski
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melika Akhbari
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylva Adeeko
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Dilworth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aniqah Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Unaiza Waheed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Temidayo Osunronbi
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benn Walker
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Ottewell
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Suresh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D. Mowforth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Damle EB, Morrison VE, Cioma J, Volic M, Bix GJ. Co-administration of extracellular matrix-based biomaterials with neural stem cell transplantation for treatment of central nervous system injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1177040. [PMID: 37255752 PMCID: PMC10225608 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1177040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) present a particularly difficult challenge for modern medicine to address, given the complex nature of the tissues, obstacles in researching and implementing therapies, and barriers to translating efficacious treatments into human patients. Recent advancements in neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation, endogenous neurogenesis, and in vivo reprogramming of non-neural cells into the neuronal lineage represent multiple approaches to resolving CNS injury. However, we propose that one practice that must be incorporated universally in neuroregeneration studies is the use of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials to supply the architectural support and cellular microenvironment necessary for partial or complete restoration of function. Through consideration of developmental processes including neurogenesis, cellular migration, and establishment of functional connectivity, as well as evaluation of process-specific interactions between cells and ECM components, insights can be gained to harness and modulate native and induced neurobiological processes to promote CNS tissue repair. Further, evaluation of the current landscape of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering techniques external to the neurosciences provides key perspectives into the role of the ECM in the use of stem cell-based therapies, and the potential directions future neuroregenerative approaches may take. If the most successful of these approaches achieve wide-spread adoption, innovative paired NSC-ECM strategies for neuroregeneration may become prominent in the near future, and with the rapid advances these techniques are poised to herald, a new era of treatment for CNS injury may dawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan B. Damle
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Vivianne E. Morrison
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jozef Cioma
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Milla Volic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Enzyme Kinetics Features of the Representative Engineered Recombinants of Chondroitinase ABC I. Protein J 2023; 42:55-63. [PMID: 36715784 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC I) from Proteus vulgaris is an important enzyme in medicinal biotechnology due to its ability to help axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Its practical application involves solving several problems at the molecular and cellular levels. Structurally, most residues at the C-terminal domain of cABC I are arranged as organized strands, and only a small fraction of residues have helical conformation. The structural and functional features of modified residues on two specific helix fragments have previously been reported. The single mutant M889K has been combined with L679S and L679D mutants to make enzyme variants containing simultaneously modified helix. Here, the pH stability and temperature-based analysis of the transition state structure for the catalysis reaction were investigated. We found that double mutant L679D/M889K is the better choice to use in physiological conditions due to its higher pH stability at physiological pH as well as its different optimum temperature as compared with the (wild-type) WT protein. According to Arrhenius's analysis, the values of the Gibbs free energy of the transition state (∆G#) are not changed upon mutation. However, the relative contribution and absolute values of the enthalpy and entropy change to the total value of ∆G#, varied between the WT and mutants.
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Brown TE, Sorg BA. Net gain and loss: influence of natural rewards and drugs of abuse on perineuronal nets. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:3-20. [PMID: 35568740 PMCID: PMC9700711 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overindulgence, excessive consumption, and a pattern of compulsive use of natural rewards, such as certain foods or drugs of abuse, may result in the development of obesity or substance use disorder, respectively. Natural rewards and drugs of abuse can trigger similar changes in the neurobiological substrates that drive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. This review examines the impact natural rewards and drugs of abuse have on perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are specialized extracellular matrix structures that ensheathe certain neurons during development over the critical period to provide synaptic stabilization and a protective microenvironment for the cells they surround. This review also analyzes how natural rewards and drugs of abuse impact the density and maturation of PNNs within reward-associated circuitry of the brain, which may contribute to maladaptive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. Finally, we evaluate the relatively few studies that have degraded PNNs to perturb reward-seeking behaviors. Taken together, this review sheds light on the complex way PNNs are regulated by natural rewards and drugs and highlights a need for future studies to delineate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modification and maintenance of PNNs following exposure to rewarding stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Brown
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
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Abourehab MAS, Baisakhiya S, Aggarwal A, Singh A, Abdelgawad MA, Deepak A, Ansari MJ, Pramanik S. Chondroitin sulfate-based composites: a tour d'horizon of their biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9125-9178. [PMID: 36342328 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide, belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, acts as the primary element of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of diverse organisms. It comprises repeating units of disaccharides possessing β-1,3-linked N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc), and β-1,4-linked D-glucuronic acid (GlcA), and exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombogenic activities. It is a naturally acquired bio-macromolecule with beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and immensely low toxicity, making it the center of attention in developing biomaterials for various biomedical applications. The authors have discussed the structure, unique properties, and extraction source of CS in the initial section of this review. Further, the current investigations on applications of CS-based composites in various biomedical fields, focusing on delivering active pharmaceutical compounds, tissue engineering, and wound healing, are discussed critically. In addition, the manuscript throws light on preclinical and clinical studies associated with CS composites. A short section on Chondroitinase ABC has also been canvassed. Finally, this review emphasizes the current challenges and prospects of CS in various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Shreya Baisakhiya
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sector 1, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Akanksha Aggarwal
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Anshul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak-124021, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Deepak
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600128, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Costa G, Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM, Muir EM, Vaz SH. Bridging the gap of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system: A state of the art review on central axonal regeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1003145. [PMID: 36440273 PMCID: PMC9682039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is an important field of research with relevance to all types of neuronal injuries, including neurodegenerative diseases. The glial scar is a result of the astrocyte response to CNS injury. It is made up of many components creating a complex environment in which astrocytes play various key roles. The glial scar is heterogeneous, diverse and its composition depends upon the injury type and location. The heterogeneity of the glial scar observed in different situations of CNS damage and the consequent implications for axon regeneration have not been reviewed in depth. The gap in this knowledge will be addressed in this review which will also focus on our current understanding of central axonal regeneration and the molecular mechanisms involved. The multifactorial context of CNS regeneration is discussed, and we review newly identified roles for components previously thought to solely play an inhibitory role in central regeneration: astrocytes and p75NTR and discuss their potential and relevance for deciding therapeutic interventions. The article ends with a comprehensive review of promising new therapeutic targets identified for axonal regeneration in CNS and a discussion of novel ways of looking at therapeutic interventions for several brain diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Khalil AS, Hellenbrand D, Reichl K, Umhoefer J, Filipp M, Choe J, Hanna A, Murphy WL. A Localized Materials-Based Strategy to Non-Virally Deliver Chondroitinase ABC mRNA Improves Hindlimb Function in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200206. [PMID: 35882512 PMCID: PMC10031873 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury often results in devastating consequences for those afflicted, with very few therapeutic options. A central element of spinal cord injuries is astrogliosis, which forms a glial scar that inhibits neuronal regeneration post-injury. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) is an enzyme capable of degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), the predominant extracellular matrix component of the glial scar. However, poor protein stability remains a challenge in its therapeutic use. Messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery is an emerging gene therapy technology for in vivo production of difficult-to-produce therapeutic proteins. Here, mineral-coated microparticles as an efficient, non-viral mRNA delivery vehicles to produce exogenous ChABC in situ within a spinal cord lesion are used. ChABC production reduces the deposition of CSPGs in an in vitro model of astrogliosis, and direct injection of these microparticles within a glial scar forces local overexpression of ChABC and improves recovery of motor function seven weeks post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Daniel Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kaitlyn Reichl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jennifer Umhoefer
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mallory Filipp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Joshua Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Forward BIO Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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10
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Yousefifard M, Janzadeh A, Ali KM, Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi MH, Sarveazad A, Madani Neishaboori A, Hosseini M. Chondroitinase ABC Administration in Locomotion Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Basic Clin Neurosci 2022; 13:609-624. [PMID: 37313020 PMCID: PMC10258590 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1422.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to conduct a comprehensive and complete search of electronic resources to investigate the role of administrating Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in improving complications following Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI). Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases were searched until the end of 2019. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies conducted on rats and mice and summarized the data. Using the STATA 14.0 software, the findings were reported as pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 34 preclinical studies were included. ChABC administration improves locomotion recovery after SCI (SMD=0.90; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.20; P<0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that the differences in the SCI model (P=0.732), the severity of the injury (P=0.821), the number of ChABC administrations (P=0.092), the blinding status (P=0.294), the use of different locomotor score (P=0.567), and the follow-up duration (P=0.750) have no effect on the efficacy of ChABC treatment. Conclusion The findings of the present study showed that prescribing ChABC has a moderate effect in improving locomotion after SCI in mice and rats. However, this moderate effect introduces ChABC as adjuvant therapy and not as primary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Department of Physiology, Researcher at Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Mohamed Ali
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Researcher at Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Madani Neishaboori
- Researcher at Physiology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sinopoulou E, Spejo AB, Roopnarine N, Burnside ER, Bartus K, De Winter F, McMahon SB, Bradbury EJ. Chronic muscle recordings reveal recovery of forelimb function in spinal injured female rats after cortical epidural stimulation combined with rehabilitation and chondroitinase ABC. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2055-2076. [PMID: 35916483 PMCID: PMC9544922 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical level spinal cord injury (SCI) can severely impact upper limb muscle function, which is typically assessed in the clinic using electromyography (EMG). Here, we established novel preclinical methodology for EMG assessments of muscle function after SCI in awake freely moving animals. Adult female rats were implanted with EMG recording electrodes in bicep muscles and received bilateral cervical (C7) contusion injuries. Forelimb muscle activity was assessed by recording maximum voluntary contractions during a grip strength task and cortical motor evoked potentials in the biceps. We demonstrate that longitudinal recordings of muscle activity in the same animal are feasible over a chronic post-injury time course and provide a sensitive method for revealing post-injury changes in muscle activity. This methodology was utilized to investigate recovery of muscle function after a novel combination therapy. Cervical contused animals received intraspinal injections of a neuroplasticity-promoting agent (lentiviral-chondroitinase ABC) plus 11 weeks of cortical epidural electrical stimulation (3 h daily, 5 days/week) and behavioral rehabilitation (15 min daily, 5 days/week). Longitudinal monitoring of voluntary and evoked muscle activity revealed significantly increased muscle activity and upper limb dexterity with the combination treatment, compared to a single treatment or no treatment. Retrograde mapping of motor neurons innervating the biceps showed a predominant distribution across spinal segments C5-C8, indicating that treatment effects were likely due to neuroplastic changes in a mixture of intact and injured motor neurons. Thus, longitudinal assessments of muscle function after SCI correlate with skilled reach and grasp performance and reveal functional benefits of a novel combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sinopoulou
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, The Center for Neural Repair, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aline Barroso Spejo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Naomi Roopnarine
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Emily R Burnside
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Katalin Bartus
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Fred De Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, UK
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12
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Chio JCT, Punjani N, Hejrati N, Zavvarian MM, Hong J, Fehlings MG. Extracellular Matrix and Oxidative Stress Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:184-207. [PMID: 34465134 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant disruption to neuronal, glial, vascular, and extracellular elements. The spinal cord extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises structural and communication proteins that are involved in reparative and regenerative processes after SCI. In the healthy spinal cord, the ECM helps maintain spinal cord homeostasis. After SCI, the damaged ECM limits plasticity and contributes to inflammation through the expression of damage-associated molecules such as proteoglycans. Recent Advances: Considerable insights have been gained by characterizing the origins of the gliotic and fibrotic scars, which not only reduce the spread of injury but also limit neuroregeneration. These properties likely limit the success of therapies used to treat patients with SCI. The ECM, which is a major contributor to the scars and normal physiological functions of the spinal cord, represents an exciting therapeutic target to enhance recovery post-SCI. Critical Issue: Various ECM-based preclinical therapies have been developed. These include disrupting scar components, inhibiting activity of ECM metalloproteinases, and maintaining iron homeostasis. Biomaterials have also been explored. However, the majority of these treatments have not experienced successful clinical translation. This could be due to the ECM and scars' polarizing roles. Future Directions: This review surveys the complexity involved in spinal ECM modifications, discusses new ECM-based combinatorial strategies, and explores the biomaterials evaluated in clinical trials, which hope to introduce new treatments that enhance recovery after SCI. These topics will incorporate oxidative species, which are both beneficial and harmful in reparative and regenerative processes after SCI, and not often assessed in pertinent literature. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 184-207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nayaab Punjani
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nader Hejrati
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Zhang Y, Yang S, Liu C, Han X, Gu X, Zhou S. Deciphering glial scar after spinal cord injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab035. [PMID: 34761050 PMCID: PMC8576268 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent disability, which is mainly caused by the loss of functional recovery. In this review, we aimed to investigate why the healing process is interrupted. One of the reasons for this interruption is the formation of a glial scar around the severely damaged tissue, which is usually covered by reactive glia, macrophages and fibroblasts. Aiming to clarify this issue, we summarize the latest research findings pertaining to scar formation, tissue repair, and the divergent roles of blood-derived monocytes/macrophages, ependymal cells, fibroblasts, microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and astrocytes during the process of scar formation, and further analyse the contribution of these cells to scar formation. In addition, we recapitulate the development of therapeutic treatments targeting glial scar components. Altogether, we aim to present a comprehensive decoding of the glial scar and explore potential therapeutic strategies for improving functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Shuhai Yang
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Ma J, Chen M, Ai J, Young MJ, Ge J. Enhanced migration of engrafted retinal progenitor cells into the host retina via disruption of glial barriers. Mol Vis 2021; 27:300-308. [PMID: 34035644 PMCID: PMC8131176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Migration and integration remain critical challenges for stem cell replacement therapy. Glial barriers play an important role in preventing cell migration and integration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanisms of chondroitinase ABC on the migration of murine retinal progenitor cells (mRPCs) transplanted into the subretinal space of B6 mice. Methods mRPCs were harvested from the neural retinas of P1 enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) B6 mice. Two μl containing 2 × 105 expanded RPCs alone or combined with chondroitinase ABC in suspension were injected into the subretinal space of the recipient B6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the recipient B6 retinas to evaluate the glial barrier formation and migration of the mRPCs. Western blotting was also used to check the expression of the glial barriers. Results Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin could be seen around the transplanted mRPCs in the B6 mice. Formation of glial barriers prevented the migration of donor cells into the retinal layers. Chondroitinase ABC promoted the migration and survival rates of the engrafted retinal progenitor cells in the retinal layers of recipient B6 mice. Injection induced upregulation of GFAP, chondroitin, and CD44 expression. Chondroitinase ABC disrupted the glial barriers. The CD44 around the mRPCs was much lower in the chondroitinase group. However, the CD44 in the retinal layers was considerably higher in the chondroitinase group. With the employment of chondroitinase ABC, more cells migrated into the outer nuclear layer or inner nuclear layer. The chondroitin and CD44 expression decreased 3 weeks after transplantation in the chondroitinase ABC group. Conclusions Chondroitinase ABC degraded glial barriers and enhanced the migration of transplanted mouse retinal progenitor cells. Chondroitinase ABC may also have induced activation of the CD44 signaling pathway to exert the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael J. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Wingert JC, Sorg BA. Impact of Perineuronal Nets on Electrophysiology of Parvalbumin Interneurons, Principal Neurons, and Brain Oscillations: A Review. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:673210. [PMID: 34040511 PMCID: PMC8141737 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.673210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures that surround specific neurons in the brain and spinal cord, appear during critical periods of development, and restrict plasticity during adulthood. Removal of PNNs can reinstate juvenile-like plasticity or, in cases of PNN removal during early developmental stages, PNN removal extends the critical plasticity period. PNNs surround mainly parvalbumin (PV)-containing, fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons in several brain regions. These inhibitory interneurons profoundly inhibit the network of surrounding neurons via their elaborate contacts with local pyramidal neurons, and they are key contributors to gamma oscillations generated across several brain regions. Among other functions, these gamma oscillations regulate plasticity associated with learning, decision making, attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. The detailed mechanisms by which PNN removal increases plasticity are only beginning to be understood. Here, we review the impact of PNN removal on several electrophysiological features of their underlying PV interneurons and nearby pyramidal neurons, including changes in intrinsic and synaptic membrane properties, brain oscillations, and how these changes may alter the integration of memory-related information. Additionally, we review how PNN removal affects plasticity-associated phenomena such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and paired-pulse ratio (PPR). The results are discussed in the context of the role of PV interneurons in circuit function and how PNN removal alters this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme C Wingert
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- Program in Neuroscience, Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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16
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Prager J, Ito D, Carwardine DR, Jiju P, Chari DM, Granger N, Wong LF. Delivery of chondroitinase by canine mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells alongside rehabilitation enhances recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113660. [PMID: 33647272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic paralysis and incontinence and remains a major worldwide healthcare burden, with no regenerative treatment clinically available. Intraspinal transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) are both promising therapies but limited and unpredictable responses are seen, particularly in canine clinical trials. Sustained delivery of chABC presents a challenge due to its thermal instability; we hypothesised that transplantation of canine olfactory mucosal OECs genetically modified ex vivo by lentiviral transduction to express chABC (cOEC-chABC) would provide novel delivery of chABC and synergistic therapy. Rats were randomly divided into cOEC-chABC, cOEC, or vehicle transplanted groups and received transplant immediately after dorsal column crush corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Rehabilitation for forepaw reaching and blinded behavioural testing was conducted for 8 weeks. We show that cOEC-chABC transplanted animals recover greater forepaw reaching accuracy on Whishaw testing and more normal gait than cOEC transplanted or vehicle control rats. Increased CST axon sprouting cranial to the injury and serotonergic fibres caudal to the injury suggest a mechanism for recovery. We therefore demonstrate that cOECs can deliver sufficient chABC to drive modest functional improvement, and that this genetically engineered cellular and molecular approach is a feasible combination therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Prince Jiju
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Neural Tissue Engineering, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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17
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Daneshjou S, Dabirmanesh B, Rahimi F, Jabbari S, Khajeh K. Catalytic parameters and thermal stability of chondroitinase ABCI on red porous silicon nanoparticles. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:83-90. [PMID: 32979433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC, which digests extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, has been shown to enhance axonal regeneration. However, the utilization of this enzyme as therapeutics is notably restricted due to its thermal instability. Therefore, red luminescent porous silicon that hold promise for potential applications in biological/medical imaging was used as a carrying matrix for chondroitinase with the aim of enhancing its stability. Porous Si nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical etching of silicon wafers in ethanolic HF solution. The size of nanoparticles (210 nm) and the mean pore diameter (8 -20 nm) were determined using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Purified chondroitinase was then incorporated into the silicon pores. Results revealed similar Km and lower Vmax value for the immobilized enzyme when compared with the free enzyme. The immobilized chondroitinase exhibited about a 4 fold increase in stability at 37 °C after 50 min. It is likely possible that, the enzyme was protected inside the pores resulted in higher stability. Moreover, porous silicon was seen to be capable of holding the chondroitinase for repeated cyclic tests for three times. The cell viability assay exhibited no significant cytotoxicity for Psi-chondroitinase up to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Daneshjou
- Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Biological Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fereshteh Rahimi
- University of Tehran, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoura Jabbari
- Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Biological Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Biological Science, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Al Mamun A, Monalisa I, Tul Kubra K, Akter A, Akter J, Sarker T, Munir F, Wu Y, Jia C, Afrin Taniya M, Xiao J. Advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152033. [PMID: 33321368 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Over the past few decades, the exact molecular mechanisms describing secondary, persistent injuries, as well as primary and transient injuries, have attracted massive attention to the clinicians and researchers. Recent investigations have distinctly shown the critical roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and functional outcomes after SCI. In past years, some promising advances in immunotherapeutic options have efficaciously been identified for the treatment of SCI. In our narrative review, we have mainly focused on the new therapeutic strategies such as the maturation and apoptosis of immune cells by several agents, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as multi-factor combination therapy, which have recently provided novel ideas and prospects for the future treatment of SCI. This article also illustrates the latest progress in clarifying the potential roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in SCI, the progression and specification of prospective immunotherapy and outstanding issues in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ilma Monalisa
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Khadija Tul Kubra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jaheda Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chattogram-4318, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad Munir
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Masuma Afrin Taniya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China.
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19
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Qi HX, Liao CC, Reed JL, Kaas JH. Reorganization of Higher-Order Somatosensory Cortex After Sensory Loss from Hand in Squirrel Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4347-4365. [PMID: 30590401 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral dorsal column lesions (DCL) at the cervical spinal cord deprive the hand regions of somatosensory cortex of tactile activation. However, considerable cortical reactivation occurs over weeks to months of recovery. While most studies focused on the reactivation of primary somatosensory area 3b, here, for the first time, we address how the higher-order somatosensory cortex reactivates in the same monkeys after DCL that vary across cases in completeness, post-lesion recovery times, and types of treatments. We recorded neural responses to tactile stimulation in areas 3a, 3b, 1, secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), parietal ventral (PV), and occasionally areas 2/5. Our analysis emphasized comparisons of the responsiveness, somatotopy, and receptive field size between areas 3b, 1, and S2/PV across DCL conditions and recovery times. The results indicate that the extents of the reactivation in higher-order somatosensory areas 1 and S2/PV closely reflect the reactivation in primary somatosensory cortex. Responses in higher-order areas S2 and PV can be stronger than those in area 3b, thus suggesting converging or alternative sources of inputs. The results also provide evidence that both primary and higher-order fields are effectively activated after long recovery times as well as after behavioral and electrocutaneous stimulation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Qi
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chia-Chi Liao
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie L Reed
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Invited review: Utilizing peripheral nerve regenerative elements to repair damage in the CNS. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Rivera-Osorio J, Orozco-Suárez S, Vega-García A, García-Vences E, Sánchez-Torres S, Jiménez-Estrada I, Guizar-Sahagún G, Mondragon-Caso J, Fernández-Valverde F, Madrazo I, Grijalva I. Single vs. Combined Therapeutic Approaches in Rats With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32210903 PMCID: PMC7076126 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capability of the central nervous system is limited after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that inhibit spinal cord regeneration, resulting in deficient functional recovery. It has been shown that strategies, such as pre-degenerated peripheral nerve (PPN) grafts or the use of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or exogenous molecules, such as chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promote axonal growth and remyelination, resulting in an improvement in locomotor function. These treatments have been primarily assessed in acute injury models. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the ability of several single and combined treatments in order to modify the course of chronic complete SCI in rats. A complete cord transection was performed at the T9 level. One month later, animals were divided into five groups: original injury only (control group), and original injury plus spinal cord re-transection to create a gap to accommodate BMSCs, PPN, PPN + BMSCs, and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC. In comparison with control and single-treatment groups (PPN and BMSCs), combined treatment groups (PPN + BMSCs and PPN + BMSCs + ChABC) showed significative axonal regrowth, as revealed by an increase in GAP-43 and MAP-1B expression in axonal fibers, which correlated with an improvement in locomotor function. In conclusion, the combined therapies tested here improve locomotor function by enhancing axonal regeneration in rats with chronic SCI. Further studies are warranted to refine this promising line of research for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinnitsa Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jared Rivera-Osorio
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Vega-García
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guizar-Sahagún
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Proyecto Camina AC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Mondragon-Caso
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac México Campus Norte, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Madrazo
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Hospital de Especialidades CMN Siglo XXI IMSS, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurologicas, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Hering TM, Beller JA, Calulot CM, Snow DM. Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020029. [PMID: 32059349 PMCID: PMC7168311 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Hering
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-288-1393
| | - Justin A. Beller
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Christopher M. Calulot
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Diane M. Snow
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Recent advances in the therapeutic uses of chondroitinase ABC. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113032. [PMID: 31398353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies, using pre-clinical models of SCI, have demonstrated the efficacy of chondroitinase ABC as a treatment for spinal cord injury and this has been confirmed in laboratories worldwide and in several animal models. The aim of this review is report the current state of research in the field and to compare the relative efficacies of these new interventions to improve outcomes in both acute and chronic models of SCI. We also report new methods of chondroitinase delivery and the outcomes of two clinical trials using the enzyme to treat spinal cord injury in dogs and disc herniation in human patients. Recent studies have assessed the outcomes of combining chondroitinase with other strategies known to promote recovery following spinal cord injury and new approaches. Evidence is emerging that one of the most powerful combinations is that of chondroitinase with cell transplants. The particular benefits of each of the different cell types used for these transplant experiments are discussed. Combining chondroitinase with rehabilitation also improves outcomes. Gene therapy is an efficient method of enzyme delivery to the injured spinal cord and circumvents the issue of the enzyme's thermo-instability. Other methods of delivery, such as via nanoparticles or synthetic scaffolds, have shown promise; however, the outcomes from these experiments suggest that these methods of delivery require further optimization to achieve similar levels of efficacy to that obtained by a gene therapy approach. Pre-clinical models have also shown chondroitinase is efficacious in the treatment of other conditions, such as peripheral nerve injury, stroke, coronary reperfusion, Parkinson's disease and certain types of cancer. The wide range of conditions where the benefits of chondroitinase treatment have been demonstrated reflects the complex roles that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (its substrate) play in health and disease and warrants the enzyme's further development as a therapy.
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Cell therapy for spinal cord injury using induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2019; 11:75-80. [PMID: 31245451 PMCID: PMC6581851 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few decades, spinal cord injury (SCI) has been believed to be an incurable traumatic condition, but with recent developments in stem cell biology, the field of regenerative medicine has gained hopeful momentum in the development of a treatment for this challenging pathology. Among the treatment candidates, transplantation of neural precursor cells has gained remarkable attention as a reasonable therapeutic intervention to replace the damaged central nervous system cells and promote functional recovery. Here, we highlight transplantation therapy techniques using induced pluripotent stem cells to treat SCI and review the recent research giving consideration to future clinical applications.
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Key Words
- ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association
- C-ABC, chondroitinase ABC
- CSPGs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- CST, corticospinal tract
- CiRA, the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application
- Clinical application
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- GCV, ganciclovir
- GSI, γ-secretase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HMGB1, high mobility group box-1
- HSVtk, herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase
- Induced pluripotent stem cells
- MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction
- NHPs, nonhuman primates
- NPCs, neural precursor cells
- Neural precursor cells
- OPCs, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SLA, swine leukocyte antigen
- Spinal cord injury
- drNPCs, directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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Mohammadyari H, Shirdel SA, Jafarian V, Khalifeh K. Designing and construction of novel variants of Chondroitinase ABC I to reduce aggregation rate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 668:46-53. [PMID: 31103558 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC I) can degrade inhibitory molecules for axon regrowth at the site of damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). One of the main problems in the practical application is the possibility of structural changes that lead to the inactivation of the enzyme. In current work, three variants of cABC I was designed and constructed by manipulation of a short helix conformation (Gln678-Leu679-Ser680-Gln681); where Gln residues were converted to Glu. According to the enzyme kinetics studies, the catalytic efficiency of the Q681E and double mutant (Q678E/Q681E) increases in comparison with WT enzyme; while that of Q678E decreases. It was also shown that the rate of the inactivation of the enzyme variants over time is greater in WT and Q678E variants than that of the Q681E and double mutant. Negative values of entropy change of thermal inactivation measurements; demonstrate that inactivation of the WT and Q678E variants are mainly originated from aggregation. These observations can be explained by considering the repulsive electrostatic interaction between enzyme molecules that prevents protein aggregation over time. It is concluded that increasing the solubility of the Q681E and double mutant via favorable interactions of surface-exposed charged residues with dipole momentum of water molecules accompanied by the presence of intermolecular repulsive electrostatic interaction leads to decreasing the rate of aggregation in both long-term storage and heat-induced structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohammadyari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - S Akram Shirdel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahab Jafarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Khosrow Khalifeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
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26
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Biomaterials and Magnetic Stem Cell Delivery in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:171-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Loers G, Liao Y, Hu C, Xue W, Shen H, Zhao W, Schachner M. Identification and characterization of synthetic chondroitin-4-sulfate binding peptides in neuronal functions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1064. [PMID: 30705359 PMCID: PMC6355858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), up-regulated in and around the glial scar after mammalian spinal cord injury, have been suggested to be key inhibitory molecules for functional recovery by impeding axonal regrowth/sprouting and synaptic rearrangements. CSPG-mediated inhibition is mainly associated with the glycosaminoglycan chains of CSPGs, and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) is the predominant sulfated structure that regulates axonal guidance and growth in the adult nervous system. With the aim to find molecules that neutralize the inhibitory functions of C4S, we screened a phage display library for peptides binding to C4S. From the phage clones binding to C4S we selected three peptides for further analysis. We observed that these peptides bind to C4S, but not chondroitin-6-sulfate, heparin sulfate or dermatan sulfate, in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner, whereas the scrambled peptides showed highly reduced or no binding to C4S. The C4S-binding peptides, but not their scrambled counterparts, when added to cultures of mouse cerebellar neurons and human neuroblastoma cells, neutralized the inhibitory functions of the C4S- and CSPG-coated substrate on cell adhesion, neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that the C4S-binding peptides neutralize several inhibitory functions of CSPGs, suggesting that they may be beneficial in repairing mammalian nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Hu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Xue
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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28
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Li X, Liu D, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Han S, Chen B, Dai J. Scaffold-facilitated locomotor improvement post complete spinal cord injury: Motor axon regeneration versus endogenous neuronal relay formation. Biomaterials 2019; 197:20-31. [PMID: 30639547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Complete transected spinal cord injury (SCI) severely influences the quality of life and mortality rates of animals and patients. In the past decade, many simple and combinatorial therapeutic treatments have been tested in improving locomotor function in animals with this extraordinarily challenging SCI. The potential mechanism for promotion of locomotor function relies either on direct motor axon regeneration through the lesion gap or indirect neuronal relay bridging to functionally reconnect transected spinal stumps. In this review, we first compare the advantages and problems of complete transection SCI animal models with other prevailing SCI models used in motor axon regeneration research. Next, we enumerate some of the popular bio-scaffolds utilized in complete SCI repair in the last decade. Then, the current state of motor axon regeneration as well as its role on locomotor improvement of animals after complete SCI is discussed. Last, the current approach of directing endogenous neuronal relays formation to achieve motor function recovery by well-designed functional bio-scaffolds implantation in complete transected SCI animals is reviewed. Although facilitating neuronal relays formation by bio-scaffolds implantation appears to be more practical and feasible than directing motor axon regeneration in promoting locomotor outcome in animals after complete SCI, there are still challenges in neuronal relays formation, maintaining and debugging for spinal cord regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Dingyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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29
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Yuan H, Hu Y, Jiang L, Wang T. The research progress of miRNA/lncRNA associated with spinal cord injury. IBRAIN 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2019.tb00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Department of Spinal SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ting‐Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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30
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Hu J, Tu Y, Ding Z, Chen Z, Dellon AL, Lineaweaver WC, Zhang F. Alteration of Sciatic Nerve Histology and Electrical Function After Compression and After Neurolysis in a Diabetic Rat Model. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 81:682-687. [PMID: 30285992 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic rats are more sensitive to nerve entrapment. This study was conducted to evaluate nerve function and histological changes in diabetic rats after nerve compression and subsequent decompression. METHODS A total of 35 Wistar rats were included. The experimental group was divided into diabetic sciatic nerve compression group (DSNC, n = 5) and diabetic sciatic nerve decompression group (DSND, n = 20). The DSNC model was created by wrapping a silicone tube circumferentially around the nerve for 4 weeks, and then the DSND group accepted nerve decompression and was followed up to 12 weeks. The DSND group was equally divided into DSND 3 weeks (DSND3), 6 weeks (DSND6), 9 weeks (DSND9), and 12 weeks (DSND12) groups. Five rats were taken as normoglycemic control group (CR, n = 5), and another 5 rats as diabetic control group (DM, n = 5). The mechanical hyperalgesia of rats was detected by Semmes-Weinstein nylon monofilaments (SWMs) and by motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV). These 2 physiological indicators and histology of sciatic nerves were compared among different groups. RESULTS The SWM measurements improved toward normal values after decompression. The SWM value was significantly lower (more normal) in the DSNC groups than in the DSND group (P < 0.05). The MNCV was 53.7 ± 0.8 m/s in the CR group, whereas it was 28.4 ± 1.0 m/s in the DSNC group (P < 0.001). Six weeks after decompression, the MNCV was significantly faster than that in the DSNC group (P < 0.001). Histological examination demonstrated chronic nerve compression, which responded toward normal after decompression, but with degree of myelination never recovering to normal. CONCLUSIONS Chronic compression of the diabetic sciatic nerve has measureable negative effects on sciatic nerve motor nerve function, associated with a decline of touch/pressure threshold and degeneration of myelin sheath and axon. Nerve decompression surgery can reverse these effects and partially restore nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiji Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyou Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zenggan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A Lee Dellon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Joseph M. Still Burn and Reconstructive Center, Jackson, MS
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31
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Li X, Li J, Xiao Z, Dai J. [The role of glial scar on axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:973-978. [PMID: 30238720 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201806093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 'glial scar' has been widely studied in the regeneration of spinal cord injury (SCI). For decades, mainstream scientific concept considers glial scar as a 'physical barrier' to impede axonal regeneration after SCI. Moreover, some extracellular molecules produced by glial scar are also regarded as axonal growth inhibitors. With the development of technology and the progress of research, multiple lines of new evidence challenge the pre-existing traditional notions in SCI repair, including the role of glial scar. This review briefly reviewed the history, advance, and controversy of glial scar research in SCI repair since 1930s, hoping to recognize the roles of glial scar and crack the international problem of SCI regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R.China
| | - Jiayin Li
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R.China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R.China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101,
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32
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Zhao RR, Ackers-Johnson M, Stenzig J, Chen C, Ding T, Zhou Y, Wang P, Ng SL, Li PY, Teo G, Rudd PM, Fawcett JW, Foo RS. Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis in Pathological Remodeling. Circulation 2018; 137:2497-2513. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Heart failure is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and the search for novel therapeutic approaches continues. In the monogenic disease mucopolysaccharidosis VI, loss-of-function mutations in arylsulfatase B lead to myocardial accumulation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans, manifesting as myriad cardiac symptoms. Here, we studied changes in myocardial CS in nonmucopolysaccharidosis failing hearts and assessed its generic role in pathological cardiac remodeling.
Methods:
Healthy and diseased human and rat left ventricles were subjected to histological and immunostaining methods to analyze glycosaminoglycan distribution. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted and analyzed for quantitative and compositional changes with Alcian blue assay and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Expression changes in 20 CS-related genes were studied in 3 primary human cardiac cell types and THP-1–derived macrophages under each of 9 in vitro stimulatory conditions. In 2 rat models of pathological remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction or isoprenaline infusion, recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB), clinically used as enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VI, was administered intravenously for 7 or 5 weeks, respectively. Cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation were assessed by echocardiography and histology. CS-interacting molecules were assessed with surface plasmon resonance, and a mechanism of action was verified in vitro.
Results:
Failing human hearts displayed significant perivascular and interstitial CS accumulation, particularly in regions of intense fibrosis. Relative composition of CS disaccharides remained unchanged. Transforming growth factor–β induced CS upregulation in cardiac fibroblasts. CS accumulation was also observed in both the pressure-overload and the isoprenaline models of pathological remodeling in rats. Early treatment with rhASB in the transverse aortic constriction model and delayed treatment in the isoprenaline model proved rhASB to be effective at preventing cardiac deterioration and augmenting functional recovery. Functional improvement was accompanied by reduced myocardial inflammation and overall fibrosis. Tumor necrosis factor–α was identified as a direct binding partner of CS glycosaminoglycan chains, and rhASB reduced tumor necrosis factor–α—induced inflammatory gene activation in vitro in endothelial cells and macrophages.
Conclusions:
CS glycosaminoglycans accumulate during cardiac pathological remodeling and mediate myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. rhASB targets CS effectively as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Justus Stenzig
- Genome Institute of Singapore (J.S., S.L.N., R.S.Y.F.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (C.C., G.T., P.M.R.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Tao Ding
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Yue Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Peipei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Shi Ling Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore (J.S., S.L.N., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Peter Y. Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
| | - Gavin Teo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (C.C., G.T., P.M.R.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (C.C., G.T., P.M.R.), Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- Glycoscience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland (P.M.R.)
| | - James W. Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.W.F.)
| | - Roger S.Y. Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore (R.R.Z., M.A.-J., T.D., Y.Z., P.W., P.Y.L., R.S.Y.F.)
- Genome Institute of Singapore (J.S., S.L.N., R.S.Y.F.)
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Silva C, Oliveira K, Lavor M, Silva J, Rosado I, Taguchi T, Fukushima F, Caldeira F, Torres B, Milani P, Azevedo S, Motta G, Siano G, Goes A, Serakides R, Melo E. Benefícios da condroitinase abc associada a células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão espinhal aguda em ratos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da condroitinase associada às células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão aguda da medula espinhal, utilizaram-se 50 ratos Lewis, distribuídos igualmente nos grupos: controle negativo (CN), tratamento com placebo (PLA), condroitinase (CDN), células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) e condroitinase mais células-tronco mesenquimais (CDN+CTM). Todos os animais tiveram a medula espinhal exposta por laminectomia, e os grupos PLA, CDT, CTM e CDT+CTM sofreram também trauma medular compressivo. Após sete dias, procedeu-se à reexposição da medula espinhal, quando os grupos PLA e CTM receberam 4µL de líquido cefalorraquidiano artificial via intralesional, e os grupos CDT e CDT+CTM receberam o mesmo líquido contendo 2,2U de condroitinase. Após 14 dias da cirurgia inicial, todos os animais receberam 0,2mL de PBS via endovenosa, contudo, nos grupos CTM e CDT+CTM, esse líquido continha 1x106 CTM. Avaliou-se a capacidade motora até o 28o dia pós-trauma e, posteriormente, as medulas espinhais foram analisadas por RT-PCR, para quantificação da expressão gênica para BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, KDR e PECAM-1, e por imunoistoquímica, para detecção das células-tronco GFP injetadas (anti-GFP), quantificação dos neurônios (anti-NeuN) e da GFAP e vimentina, para avaliação da cicatriz glial. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do Prism 5 for Windows, com o nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à capacidade motora. O grupo CDT+CTM apresentou maior imunoexpressão de neurônios viáveis do que o placebo. No CTM, houve maior expressão dos fatores neurotróficos BDNF e VEGF. E no CDT, houve menor imunoexpressão de vimentina. Concluiu-se que a associação CDT+CTM favorece a viabilidade neuronal após o trauma, que o tratamento com CTM promove aumento na expressão dos fatores tróficos BDNF e VEGF e que o tratamento com condroitinase é efetivo na redução da cicatriz glial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J.F. Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - P.F. Milani
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - G.R. Motta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G.F. Siano
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A.M. Goes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - E.G. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pearson CS, Mencio CP, Barber AC, Martin KR, Geller HM. Identification of a critical sulfation in chondroitin that inhibits axonal regeneration. eLife 2018; 7:37139. [PMID: 29762123 PMCID: PMC5976435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of mammalian CNS neurons to regenerate their axons derives from a combination of intrinsic deficits and extrinsic factors. Following injury, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) within the glial scar inhibit axonal regeneration, an action mediated by the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of CSPGs, especially those with 4-sulfated (4S) sugars. Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) selectively cleaves 4S groups from the non-reducing ends of GAG chains without disrupting other, growth-permissive motifs. We demonstrate that ARSB is effective in reducing the inhibitory actions of CSPGs both in in vitro models of the glial scar and after optic nerve crush (ONC) in adult mice. ARSB is clinically approved for replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI and therefore represents an attractive candidate for translation to the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Amanda C Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Fu Q, Zou MM, Zhu JW, Zhang Y, Chen WJ, Cheng M, Liu CF, Ma QH, Xu RX. TRIM32 affects the recovery of motor function following spinal cord injury through regulating proliferation of glia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45380-45390. [PMID: 28514764 PMCID: PMC5542194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms limit the axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we identify tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is barely detected in glial cells in the normal uninjured spinal cord, exhibits strong expression in both astrocytes and microglia following SCI. We further observe that deficiency of TRIM32 results in increased numbers of astrocytes and microglia, which is accompanied by enhanced proliferation of both cells and increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-10. The axonal regeneration is impaired in the spinal cord of TRIM32-/- mice following SCI, which is indicated by increased distances of the corticospinal tracts (CST) fiber to the lesion site and less axonal sprouting. We further show that deficiency of TRIM32 results in delay motor recovery following SCI. Therefore, TRIM32 is a novel essential positive factor modulating axonal regeneration and the recovery of motor function following SCI, possibly through suppressing proliferation of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The 251st Hospital of P.L.A., Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-Jin Chen
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mei Cheng
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, P.L.A. Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Nagoshi N, Okano H. iPSC-derived neural precursor cells: potential for cell transplantation therapy in spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:989-1000. [PMID: 28993834 PMCID: PMC11105708 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that transplantation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the NPCs had been mostly harvested from embryonic stem cells or fetal tissue, raising the ethical concern. Yamanaka and his colleagues established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which could be generated from somatic cells, and this innovative development has made rapid progression in the field of SCI regeneration. We and other groups succeeded in producing NPCs from iPSCs, and demonstrated beneficial effects after transplantation for animal models of SCI. In particular, efficacy of human iPSC-NPCs in non-human primate SCI models fostered momentum of clinical application for SCI patients. At the same time, however, artificial induction methods in iPSC technology created alternative issues including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, and tumorigenicity after transplantation. To overcome these problems, it is critically important to select origins of somatic cells, use integration-free system during transfection of reprogramming factors, and thoroughly investigate the characteristics of iPSC-NPCs with respect to quality management. Moreover, since most of the previous studies have focused on subacute phase of SCI, establishment of effective NPC transplantation should be evaluated for chronic phase hereafter. Our group is currently preparing clinical-grade human iPSC-NPCs, and will move forward toward clinical study for subacute SCI patients soon in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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37
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Koh CH, Pronin S, Hughes M. Chondroitinase ABC for neurological recovery after acute brain injury: systematic review and meta-analyses of preclinical studies. Brain Inj 2018; 32:715-729. [PMID: 29436856 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1438665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Damage to critical brain regions causes deficits in important neurological functions. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has been shown to promote neuroplasticity and may ameliorate neurological deficits caused by disease or trauma. This systematic review identifies and evaluates preclinical studies of ChABC as a treatment for acute brain injury. METHODS Four databases were searched for studies relating to ChABC and brain or brain injuries. Controlled studies in mammals with acute brain injuries treated with ChABC were included in meta-analyses of neurobehavioural outcomes. Means and standard deviations from the fifth day of treatment were extracted, and normalised mean differences were calculated. RESULTS Of 775 identified records, 16 studies administered ChABC after acute brain injury, of which 9 reported neurobehavioural outcomes. The estimated treatment effect on neurological recovery over the duration of included studies was 49.4% (CI: 30.3-68.4% with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment, p = 0.0002). The mechanisms of action may involve decreasing astroglial scar formation, promoting neuronal sprouting, and selective synaptic strengthening of sprouting neurites and activated neural pathways. CONCLUSIONS The summary of published evidence suggests that ChABC treatment is effective in improving neurological outcomes in preclinical models of acute brain injury. However, more studies are needed for better assessment of the specific translational potential of ChABC. ABBREVIATIONS AVM - Arteriovenous Malformation; ChABC - Chondroitinase ABC; CI - Confidence Interval; CSPG - Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycans; HKSJ - Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman; MCA - Middle Cerebral Artery; NMD - Normalised Mean Difference; NSPC - Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells; PI - Prediction Interval; SD - Standard Deviation; SMD - Standardised Mean Difference; TBI - Traumatic Brain Injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Koh
- a Edinburgh Medical School , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Savva Pronin
- a Edinburgh Medical School , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hughes
- b Translational Neurosurgery Unit , Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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38
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Su W, Matsumoto S, Sorg B, Sherman LS. Distinct roles for hyaluronan in neural stem cell niches and perineuronal nets. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:272-283. [PMID: 29408010 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is a tightly regulated process where neural stem cells (NSCs), especially in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, proliferate and differentiate into new neurons that form new circuits or integrate into old circuits involved in episodic memory, pattern discrimination, and emotional responses. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the hyaluronan (HA)-based extracellular matrix of the SGZ may regulate neurogenesis by controlling NSC proliferation and early steps in neuronal differentiation. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that perturbations in this matrix, including HA accumulation with aging, could impact adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and that alterations to this matrix could be beneficial following insults to the central nervous system that impact hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Integrative Biosciences Department, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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39
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Li X, Dai J. Bridging the gap with functional collagen scaffolds: tuning endogenous neural stem cells for severe spinal cord injury repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:265-271. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) induces massive proliferation of spinal cord neural stem cells (NSCs), which are considered a promising cell source for therapeutic neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100101
- China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100101
- China
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40
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Nakagawa H, Takada M. Promoting functional recovery by inhibition of repulsive guidance molecule-a after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:981-982. [PMID: 29926821 PMCID: PMC6022473 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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41
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Carwardine D, Prager J, Neeves J, Muir EM, Uney J, Granger N, Wong LF. Transplantation of canine olfactory ensheathing cells producing chondroitinase ABC promotes chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan digestion and axonal sprouting following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188967. [PMID: 29228020 PMCID: PMC5724818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treating spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been demonstrated in experimental SCI models and naturally occurring SCI in dogs. However, the presence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of the glial scar can inhibit efficient axonal repair and limit the therapeutic potential of OECs. Here we have used lentiviral vectors to genetically modify canine OECs to continuously deliver mammalian chondroitinase ABC at the lesion site in order to degrade the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. We demonstrate that these chondroitinase producing canine OECs survived at 4 weeks following transplantation into the spinal cord lesion and effectively digested chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans at the site of injury. There was evidence of sprouting within the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion and an increase in the number of corticospinal axons caudal to the lesion, suggestive of axonal regeneration. Our results indicate that delivery of the chondroitinase enzyme can be achieved with the genetically modified OECs to increase axon growth following SCI. The combination of these two promising approaches is a potential strategy for promoting neural regeneration following SCI in veterinary practice and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Prager
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Neeves
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Uney
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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42
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Gilbert EAB, Vickaryous MK. Neural stem/progenitor cells are activated during tail regeneration in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:285-309. [PMID: 28980312 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As for many lizards, the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) can self-detach its tail to avoid predation and then regenerate a replacement. The replacement tail includes a regenerated spinal cord with a simple morphology: an ependymal layer surrounded by nerve tracts. We hypothesized that cells within the ependymal layer of the original spinal cord include populations of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that contribute to the regenerated spinal cord. Prior to tail loss, we performed a bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiment and found that a subset of ependymal layer cells (ELCs) were label-retaining after a 140-day chase period. Next, we conducted a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of these cells before, during, and after tail regeneration. Our findings show that SOX2, a hallmark protein of NSPCs, is constitutively expressed by virtually all ELCs before, during, and after regeneration. We also found that during regeneration, ELCs express an expanded panel of NSPC and lineage-restricted progenitor cell markers, including MSI-1, SOX9, and TUJ1. Using electron microscopy, we determined that multiciliated, uniciliated, and biciliated cells are present, although the latter was only observed in regenerated spinal cords. Our results demonstrate that cells within the ependymal layer of the original, regenerating and fully regenerate spinal cord represent a heterogeneous population. These include radial glia comparable to Type E and Type B cells, and a neuronal-like population of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting cells. We propose that spinal cord regeneration in geckos represents a truncation of the restorative trajectory observed in some urodeles and teleosts, resulting in the formation of a structurally distinct replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A B Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M K Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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43
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Filous AR, Schwab JM. Determinants of Axon Growth, Plasticity, and Regeneration in the Context of Spinal Cord Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:53-62. [PMID: 29030051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that underlie recovery after injury of the central nervous system have rarely been definitively established. Axon regrowth remains the major prerequisite for plasticity, regeneration, circuit formation, and eventually functional recovery. The attributed functional relevance of axon regrowth, however, will depend on several subsequent conditional neurobiological modifications, including myelination and synapse formation, but also pruning of aberrant connectivity. Despite the ability to revamp axon outgrowth by altering an increasing number of extracellular and intracellular targets, disentangling which axons are responsible for the recovery of function from those that are functionally silent, or even contributing to aberrant functions, represents a pertinent void in our understanding, challenging the intuitive translational link between anatomical and functional regeneration. Anatomic hallmarks of regeneration are not static and are largely activity dependent. Herein, we survey mechanisms leading to the formation of dystrophic growth cone at the injured axonal tip, the subsequent axonal dieback, and the molecular determinants of axon growth, plasticity, and regeneration in the context of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Filous
- Spinal Cord Injury Division, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Spinal Cord Injury Division, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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44
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Janzadeh A, Sarveazad A, Yousefifard M, Dameni S, Samani FS, Mokhtarian K, Nasirinezhad F. Combine effect of Chondroitinase ABC and low level laser (660nm) on spinal cord injury model in adult male rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:90-99. [PMID: 28716393 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI) there are many recoveries inhibiting factors such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and inflammation. The present study investigated the combinational effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) as anti-inflammatory agent and Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) enzyme as CSPG digesting factor on spinal cord after injury. This study performed on 44 male Wistar rats, spinal cord injury induced by a clip compression injury. Animals received two-weeks treatment of 660nm low level laser (LLL) and intraspinal injection of 1μg ChABC. Functional recovery, cavity size, myelination, axonal projections around the cavity, fibroblast invasion and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSk 3β), CSPG and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression were evaluated. In statistical evaluation p<0.05 considered significant. Result showed the combination of LLLT and ChABC have more effect on reduction of cavity size, improvement of myelination and number of axons around the cavity and decreasing the expression of GSK3β, CSPG and AQP4 expression compared to LLLT and ChABC alone. In the laser and laser+enzyme groups AQP4 expression decreased significantly after SCI. Functional recovery, improved in LLLT and ChABC treated animals, but higher recovery belonged to the combination therapy group. The current study showed combination therapy by LLLT and ChABC is more efficient than a single therapy with each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Janzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Dameni
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Sahraneshin Samani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Mokhtarian
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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45
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Pan Q, Guo Y, Kong F. Poly(glycerol sebacate) combined with chondroitinase ABC promotes spinal cord repair in rats. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1770-1777. [PMID: 28901688 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Urumqi 830091 China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology; Shanghai Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Shanghai 201103 China
| | - Fanyong Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 200437 China
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46
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2-Arachidonoylglycerol Reduces Proteoglycans and Enhances Remyelination in a Progressive Model of Demyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8385-8398. [PMID: 28751457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2900-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to undergo remyelination is a critical impediment to recovery in multiple sclerosis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate at demyelinating lesions creating a nonpermissive environment that impairs axon regeneration and remyelination. Here, we reveal a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of CSPGs deposition in a progressive model of multiple sclerosis, the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Treatment with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-AG degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces CSPGs accumulation and astrogliosis around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. Inhibition of 2-AG hydrolysis augments the number of mature oligodendrocytes and increases MBP, leading to remyelination and functional recovery of mice. Our findings establish a mechanism for 2-AG promotion of remyelination with implications in axonal repair in CNS demyelinating pathologies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans contributes to the failure in remyelination associated with multiple sclerosis. Here we unveil a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan accumulation in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. The treatment during the chronic phase with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. The increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol tone promotes remyelination in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis ameliorating motor dysfunction.
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Cetuximab modified collagen scaffold directs neurogenesis of injury-activated endogenous neural stem cells for acute spinal cord injury repair. Biomaterials 2017; 137:73-86. [PMID: 28544974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) activated by spinal cord injury (SCI) primarily generate astrocytes to form glial scar. The NSCs do not differentiate into neurons because of the adverse microenvironment. In this study, we defined the activation timeline of endogenous NSCs in rats with severe SCI. These injury-activated NSCs then migrated into the lesion site. Cetuximab, an EGFR signaling antagonist, significantly increased neurogenesis in the lesion site. Meanwhile, implanting cetuximab modified linear ordered collagen scaffolds (LOCS) into SCI lesion sites in dogs resulted in neuronal regeneration, including neuronal differentiation, maturation, myelination, and synapse formation. The neuronal regeneration eventually led to a significant locomotion recovery. Furthermore, LOCS implantation could also greatly decrease chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) deposition at the lesion site. These findings suggest that endogenous neurogenesis following acute complete SCI is achievable in species ranging from rodents to large animals via functional scaffold implantation. LOCS-based Cetuximab delivery system has a promising therapeutic effect on activating endogenous neurogenesis, reducing CSPGs deposition and improving motor function recovery.
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Chondroitin sulfates and their binding molecules in the central nervous system. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:363-376. [PMID: 28101734 PMCID: PMC5487772 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the central nervous system (CNS) matrix. Its sulfation and epimerization patterns give rise to different forms of CS, which enables it to interact specifically and with a significant affinity with various signalling molecules in the matrix including growth factors, receptors and guidance molecules. These interactions control numerous biological and pathological processes, during development and in adulthood. In this review, we describe the specific interactions of different families of proteins involved in various physiological and cognitive mechanisms with CSs in CNS matrix. A better understanding of these interactions could promote a development of inhibitors to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rodríguez-Barrera R, Flores-Romero A, Fernández-Presas AM, García-Vences E, Silva-García R, Konigsberg M, Blancas-Espinoza L, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Soria-Zavala K, Suárez-Meade P, Ibarra A. Immunization with neural derived peptides plus scar removal induces a permissive microenvironment, and improves locomotor recovery after chronic spinal cord injury. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:7. [PMID: 28056790 PMCID: PMC5217189 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization with neural derived peptides (INDP) as well as scar removal—separately—have shown to induce morphological and functional improvement after spinal cord injury (SCI). In the present study, we compared the effect of INDP alone versus INDP with scar removal on motor recovery, regeneration-associated and cytokine gene expression, and axonal regeneration after chronic SCI. Scar removal was conducted through a single incision with a double-bladed scalpel along the stump, and scar renewal was halted by adding α,α′-dipyridyl. Results During the chronic injury stage, two experiments were undertaken. The first experiment was aimed at testing the therapeutic effect of INDP combined with scar removal. Sixty days after therapeutic intervention, the expression of genes encoding for TNFα, IFNγ, IL4, TGFβ, BDNF, IGF1, and GAP43 was evaluated at the site of injury. Tyrosine hydroxylase and 5-hydroxytryptamine positive fibers were also studied. Locomotor evaluations showed a significant recovery in the group treated with scar removal + INDP. Moreover; this group presented a significant increase in IL4, TGFβ, BDNF, IGF1, and GAP43 expression, but a decrease of TNFα and IFNγ. Also, the spinal cord of animals receiving both treatments presented a significant increase of serotonergic and catecholaminergic fibers as compared to other the groups. The second experiment compared the results of the combined approach versus INDP alone. Rats receiving INDP likewise showed improved motor recovery, although on a lesser scale than those who received the combined treatment. An increase in inflammation and regeneration-associated gene expression, as well as in the percentage of serotonergic and catecholaminergic fibers was observed in INDP-treated rats to a lesser degree than those in the combined therapy group. Conclusions These findings suggest that INDP, both alone and in combination with scar removal, could modify the non-permissive microenvironment prevailing at the chronic phase of SCI, providing the opportunity of improving motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Biología Experimental, UAMI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adrián Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Elisa García-Vences
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Mina Konigsberg
- Lab. Bioenergética y Envejecimiento Celular, UAMI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Liliana Blancas-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Hospital de Pediatría CMN Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Soria-Zavala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paola Suárez-Meade
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico. .,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Daneshjou S, Dabirmanesh B, Rahimi F, Khajeh K. Porous silicon nanoparticle as a stabilizing support for chondroitinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:852-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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